
4* % 



£*.« 



<K 



,0 -7- < O 

^TrO. * n „ O • O . 



'of 





















o V 









' 






V 




o V 

°o 






.,-. 



"* 






























'V 



,.'■/...■ 



<#*v- °. y' ^;v* V , ,<;#;iv-. "... ^ . - -"- % ,° o * 
























^ % vvv,v' " y W : v^ ^' % -a& 






^^ v x ;-- %y 












: . 






THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



SECRETARY (IK THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 



1913-1914 



IN TWO PARTS— PART 1 




X*Cl 



'V 



km 



■^^FF; 'i.f J 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1021 



.•luno^rap;, 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



Smithsonian Institution, 
Bureau of American Ethnology, 

Washington, D. C, August 15, 1914. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the Thirty- 
fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. 

With appreciation of your aid in the work under my 
charge, 

Very respectfully, yours, 

F. W. Hodge, 
Ethnologi,st-in-Charge. 
Dr. Charles D. Walcott, 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 



CONTENTS 



REPORT OF THE ETHNOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE 

Page- 
Systematic researches 9 

Special researches 23 

Manuscripts 29 

Publications 31 

Illustrations 34 

Library 34 

Collections 35 

Property 36 

Miscellaneous 36 

Recommendations 37 

Note on the accompanying paper 39 

ACCOMPANYING PAPER 

Ethnology of the Kwakiuth, by Franz Boas 41 



REPORT OF THE ETHNOLOGISTINCHARGE 



THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 

OF THE 

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



F. W. Hodge, Ethnologist-in-Charge 



THE operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology 
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, were con- 
ducted in accordance with authority granted by the 
act of Congress approved June 23, 1913, making appro- 
priations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government, 
and with a plan of operations submitted by the ethnologist- 
in-charge and approved by the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution. The provision of the act authorizing the re- 
searches of the Bureau of American Ethnology is as follows : 

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among 
the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the exca- 
vation and preservation of archieologic remains, under the direction 
of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries or compensation of 
all necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and 
periodicals, including payment in advance for subscriptions, 842,000 

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES 

The systematic researches were conducted by the regular 
staff of the bureau, consisting of nine ethnologists, including 
the ethnologist-in-charge and several special investigators. 
These operations may be summarized as follows: 

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, was occupied dur- 
ing most of the year with the administrative affairs of the 
bureau. Considerable attention, however, was devoted to 
the preparation of the annotated bibliography of the Pueblo 
Indians, which is probably more extensive than that of any 



10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

other group of tribes, as Pueblo written history commenced 
in the year 1539, and the writings pertaining thereto are 
exceedingly voluminous. The bibliography is recorded on 
cards, the number of which is now about 1,900. The cata- 
loguing of the vast amount of manuscript material bearing on 
the subject has been somewhat simplified by the recent publi- 
cation of Bolton's Guide to Materials for the History of the 
United States in the Principal Archives of Mexico, published 
by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Twitchell's 
Spanish Archives of New Mexico, although without consulta- 
tion of the documents themselves it is not possible to give 
more than the title in most cases. In the spring Mr. Hodge 
made a brief visit to the library of the Presbyterian Board 
of Home Missions in New York City, where he was enabled 
to record the titles of numerous published writings on mis- 
sionary efforts among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, not 
accessil >le elsewhere. In this bibliographical work he has had 
the assistance of Mrs. Frances S. Nichols and Miss Florence 
M. Poast. Mr. Hodge continued to represent the bureau on 
the Smithsonian Advisory Committee on Printing and Publi- 
cation, and the Smithsonian Institution on the United States 
Board on Geographic Names. 

Early in the autumn of 1913 Mr. Hodge made a reconnois- 
sance of a group of ruins, evidently prehistoric, on a mesa 
rising from the southwestern margin of the Cebollita Valley, 
aboul 20 miles south of Grant, Valencia County, New Mexico, 
and only a few yards from the great lava flow that has spread 
over the valley to the westward for many miles. While no 
very definite information regarding the origin of this ruined 
pueblo has yet been obtained, there is reason to suppose that 
it was occupied by ancestors of the Tanyi, or Calabash, clan 
of the Acoma Tribe, and is possibly the one known to them 
as Kowina. 

These ruins consist of a number of house groups forming a 
compound. That the structures were designed for defense 
is evident, for not only are they situated on an almost impreg- 
nable height rising about 200 feet above the valley, but the 
houses themselves partake of the form of fortifications, 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT ] 1 

while the only vulnerable point of the mesa is protected at 
the rim by means of a rude breastwork of stones. Moreover, 
the outer walls of the buildings, some of which still stand to a 
height of several feet, are pierced only with loopholes, 
entrance to the structures doubtless having been gained by 
means of portable ladders, as in some of the pueblos of to-day. 
The houses of the great compound, consisting of four com- 
pact groups of buildings, were evidently "terraced" on the 
plaza side, the rooms facing this court perhaps having been 
only a single story in height. As a further protection to the 
pueblo, the eastern side was defended by a low wall, pierced 
by three gatewaylike openings, extending from the north- 
eastern to the southeastern corner of the compound. 

The rooms indicated in the ground plan of the four house 
groups number approximately 95 (for the northern group), 
58 (eastern group), 32 (central group), and 102 (southeastern 
group), or an aggregate of 287 rooms. At the time of its 
occupancy the number of rooms in the compound probably 
approximated 550. In addition, there are traces of four or 
five single-story rooms abutting on the defensive wall bound- 
ing the northeastern part of the compound. A short dis- 
tance from the southwestern angle of the southwestern house 
group are two smaller detached houses, the southernmost one 
consisting of 24 rooms in a long tier, 2 rooms deep, extending 
approximately north-northwest and south-southeast. The 
other structure, about 55 feet northwestward, is rectangular 
and contains 11 rooms in its ground plan. Four kivas are 
traceable among the rooms of the main compound — one in 
the northwestern, one in the central, and two in the south- 
western group. In each case, so far as is determinable 
without excavation, the outer walls of the kivas are rectangu- 
lar, while the inner walls are circular and slightly recessed a 
short distance above the floor. 

About 500 feet southeastward from the main compound, 
at the edge of the mesa, stand the well-preserved walls of 
another structure, consisting of a double row of rooms, the 
outer wall, or that overlooking the mesa rim, extending 28 
and 15 feet, respectively, beyond the northwestern and south- 



12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

western corners of the building proper, in order to give 
further protection. The length of this outer wall from angle 
to angle is about 132 feet. It exhibits one of the finest ex- 
amples of masonry to be seen in the ancient pueblo ruins of 
the Southwest, for not only have the building stones been 
dressed to shape, but their faces have been finished by peck- 
ing, with such labor as to confirm the belief that the ancient 
village was designed for permanent occupancy. The south- 
ern corner of the outer defensive wall is not only curved, but 
the stones of which it is built are rounded by careful pecking, 
a most unusual feature in pueblo architecture. That this 
last structure was designed to protect the most vulnerable 
part of the mesa is evident from the fact that the outer wall 
is without openings of any kind and extends beyond the rooms 
of the structure, and because the adjacent mesa rim is pro- 
tected by a rude low wall, especially at such points as re- 
quired ready defense against attack from below. As already 
noted, the walls of these ruins are noteworthy by reason of 
the excellence of their masonry, special effort having been 
made to produce a pleasing effect in the exterior faces. Of 
the inner walls so much can not be said; but as there is no 
question that when the houses were occupied the rooms were 
smoothly plastered, there was little need of the elaborate 
finish accorded the exposed masonry. Slight attention was 
paid either to regularity in the shape of the stones or to 
smoothness of surface in building the inner walls, nor was the 
aboriginal mason more particular in bonding the inner and 
outer courses than in " breaking" the joints of the outer face. 
It seems remarkable that, possessed of such patience and ex- 
pertness as the buildings here display in other ways, they 
seem to have been unaware of the necessity of avoiding the 
construction of their walls in such manner that in places as 
many as six or seven vertical joints occur practically in line. 
In this brief report only mere mention can be made of many 
other interesting architectural features of these ruins, as well 
as of another pueblo ruin, more or less circular in shape, 
situated a few miles northeastward on a low mesa at the ex- 
treme head of Cebollita Valley, which here forms a small but 
beautiful canyon. 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 

The inhabitants of the great compound first described 
obtained their water supply by means of two principal 
reservoirs fed by the drainage from the great sandstone 
shelf on the southern slope of the mesa summit. These 
reservoirs are natural depressions in the rock, but the capac- 
ity of the larger one, which measures 35 by 90 feet and is 
about 5 feet in maximum depth, has been greatly augmented 
on the western side by an artificial retaining wall 14 feet 
long and 10 feet in thickness, with an exposed face of 2h 
feet on the reservoir side. So well did this reservoir evi- 
dently serve the ancient mesa dwellers that during seasons 
of unusual rain, water still stands to a considerable depth 
within the depression. The smaller reservoir is triangular 
in outline and measures about 15 by 19 feet. An inter- 
esting feature in connection with the larger reservoir is the 
remains of a rude dike extending 60 feet along the rocky 
shelf above referred to, built for the purpose of diverting the 
flow of rain water from its natural course into the reservoir. 

It is not yet known where the ancients of this pueblo 
customarily buried their dead, but probably the interments 
were made in the talus of the mesa, as is the case with the 
Hopi, of Arizona, to-day. There was found, however, in the 
corner of the shallow cavern in the northern face of the mesa, 
above the talus, a small cist, formed by a low and broken 
wall of masonry, which contained the somewhat incomplete 
skeletons of two adult females, one incomplete skeleton of 
a boy, and the incomplete and defective skeletons of two 
infants. With one exception these remains had been greatly 
disturbed by rats, which had burrowed their way through 
the bones and their accompaniments to the bottom of the 
cist and fairly filled the repository with cactus spines, excreta, 
and other debris of nest building. The remains were accom- 
panied with several pottery vessels, chiefly bowls, one of 
which was covered with a well-preserved mat, plaited of a 
fibrous plant which Mr. Lyster H. Dewey, of the Department 
of Agriculture, identifies as a scirpus, and almost certainly 
Scripus validus. The ornamentation of this pottery, as well 
as of the numerous sherds scattered about the ruins, consists 
of plain red, black on red, white on red, plain black, black 



14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

on white, brown on white, brown on red, and many other 
combinations of color. All the decorations noted were in 
geometrical designs. 

On the northern face of the mesa, but practically hidden 
from view except from one point in the valley below, is a 
small house shelter of excellent masonry, built beneath an 
overhanging ledge of the cliff which forms the roof. This 
shelter, which is provided with a single small opening over- 
looking the valley to the northward, was seemingly designed 
as a lookout station either for watching the crops or an ap- 
proaching foe. Across the valley, on the eastern side of the 
first great mesa directly opposite that on which the ruins 
are situated, is another small cliff lodge, now accessible only 
by artificial means. Examination of the interior, as in the 
case of the cliff lodge above described, yielded nothing of 
interest. Farther up the valley, on the northern side, in 
plain view near the base of a mesa, is a larger cliff lodge, filled 
to a considerable depth with detritus from the soft stone 
forming the roof and side walls. Examination of the floor 
of this lodge a few years ago by Mr. Hodge yielded a few 
corncobs, one or two small objects made of yucca leaves, 
and a wooden drumstick of a form such as the Zuni now 
employ. 

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent the month of 
July, 1913, in the office continuing the preparation of his 
monographic report on the aborigines of the West Indies, 
especially describing the many objects from these islands 
in the noteworthy collection of George G. Heye, Esq., of 
New York. He made a visit to New York toward the close 
of the month to study recent additions to this collection and to 
supervise the preparation of the illustrations for his report. 
It became necessaiy, in order to make this memoir as com- 
prehensive as possible, to investigate types of the Guesde 
collection, now owned by the Museum fur Volkerkunde in 
Berlin. Accordingly Doctor Fewkes went to Europe at his 
personal expense and spent August, September, and October 
studying these types and also many undescribed Porto Rican 
and other West Indian objects in various museums. Draw- 
ings of about 140 specimens, many of which have not been 



ADMIKISTRATIVE EEPOET 15 

described, were made during the course of these studies in 
Berlin. He also visited the museum at Copenhagen, Den- 
mark, which contains many old specimens from the Danish 
West Indies and some rare types of prehistoric objects from 
Porto Rico, all of which were either drawn or photographed. 
West Indian objects were found also in the museum collec- 
tions of Leipzig, Dresden, and Vienna. Some time was 
given to an examination of the dolmens and megaliths in 
the neighborhood of Berlin and elsewhere in northern 
Germany, and of the numerous mounds and prehistoric 
workshops on the island of Rugen in the Baltic Sea. 

Doctor Fewkes spent his vacation on the shore of the 
Mediterranean, which he crossed, visiting the most striking 
ruins in Egypt, penetrating' as far south as Assouan, and 
making special studies of the remaining evidences of neo- 
lithic man at Abyclos and El Kab on the banks of the Nile. 
He had always in mind a study of prehistoric irrigation in 
this region, with a view to comparing the works with similar 
remains in Arizona. In the museums at Cairo and Assouan 
Doctor Fewkes examined considerable material dating back 
to late neolithic times and found a remarkable similarity 
not only in architectural features but also in stone imple- 
ments, basketry, bone implements, and other artifacts from 
the valley of the Nile and those from our Southwest. One of 
the important features of the visit to Egypt was a study of 
methods of excavation and repair of ruins adopted by Egyp- 
tologists. On his return from Egypt Doctor Fewkes passed 
through Greece and southern Italy and was able to acquaint 
himself with the method of excavation and repair of ancient 
ruins in these countries, especially those on the Acropolis 
and at Pompeii. 

Doctor Fewkes arrived in Washington in April and imme- 
diately resumed work on his report on the aborigines of the 
West Indies, which was continued during April and the 
greater part of May. In the latter month he again took the 
field and spent the whole of June in archeological research in 
the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. In this work he was able 
to enlarge our knowledge of the distribution of pottery 
symbols and to add important collections to the National 



15 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

Museum. The Mimbres Valley is practically the northern 
extension into the United States of an inland basin known in 
Chihuahua as the Sierra Madre Plateau. The fact that its 
drainage does not connect with any stream that flows into 
the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean imparts a peculiar character 
to its geographical environment. On the southern part of 
this plateau, as along the Casas Grandes River, mounds and 
ruins of large size are well known, from which have been 
taken some of the finest pottery in the Southwest; but the 
archeology of the extension of this plateau into New Mexico 
has never been adequately examined. In his brief recon- 
noissance Doctor Fewkes collected evidence that the prehis- 
toric culture of the Mimbres Valley was strikingly character- 
istic. The decorated pottery from the ruins in this valley is 
unlike that of any other region. It consists mainly of mor- 
tuary food bowls, which the prehistoric inhabitants were 
accustomed to break or "kill" and place over the heads of 
the deceased, who were buried beneath the floors of the 
houses. About 60 specimens of beautiful pottery, more than 
half of which are ornamented with painted figures of human 
beings and animals, were found or purchased. As these are 
the first examples ever brought to the National Museum from 
this region, the results are gratifying. They afford through 
their geometrical ornamentation, and especially because of 
the life forms which predominate, an interesting insight into 
the ancient culture of the Pueblo region to the north and in 
the Gila Valley to the west. It is Mexican in type, and some 
of the fragments are practically identical in form and orna- 
mentation with the beautiful pottery from Casas Grandes. 
Chihuahua. 

During the year Doctor Fewkes added about 350 pages of 
manuscript to his report on the aborigines of the West 
Indies, which was approaching completion at the close of the 
year. 

Shortly before the close of the preceding fiscal year Mr. 
James Mooney, ethnologist, proceeded to the reservation of 
the East Cherokee Indians in western North Carolina for the 
purpose of continuing the translation and elucidation of the 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 17 

large body of sacred formulas, written in the Cherokee 
language and alphabet, which he had obtained from the native 
priests and their surviving relatives some years ago, and 
about one-thiixl of which he had already translated, with ex- 
planatory notes. In connection with this work a large num- 
ber of plants noted in the formulas as of medicinal or other 
value were collected and transferred to the division of botany 
of the National Museum for scientific identification. In this 
collection were several specimens of the native corn of the 
Cherokee, still cultivated as sacred by a few of the old con- 
servatives. On examination by the experts of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture this corn was found to be a new and 
hitherto undescribed variety of special food importance under 
cultivation. Return was made from the field early in 
October, 1913. 

In June. 1914, a brief trip was made into Prince Georges and 
Charles Counties, Maryland, for the purpose of investigating 
the status and origin of some persons of supposedly Indian 
descent, concerning whom several inquiries had come to the 
bureau. Mr. Mooney found, as he had supposed, that these 
people, numbering in all several hundred, weie, like the 
Pamunkey of Virginia and the so-called Croatan of North 
Carolina, a blend of the three races, Indian, Negro, and White, 
with the Indian blood probably predominating. They con- 
stitute and hold themselves a separate caste, distinct from 
both white and negro. They probably represent the mongrel- 
ized descendants of the Piscataway tribe, and are sometimes 
locally distinguished among themselves as "We-Sort," that 
is, "Our Sort." 

On June 22, 1914, Mr. Mooney again started for the East 
Cherokee to continue work on the sacred formulas, with a 
view to speedy publication. 

His time in the office during the winter and spring was 
occupied chiefly with the extended investigation of former 
Indian population, together with routine correspondence and 
replies to letters of inquiry. On request of the Department 
of Justice he prepared an extended deposition on tribal 
ranges and Indian depredations in northern Mexico and 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 2 



18 BTJBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

along the Rio Grande, which was officially characterized as 
one of the most important and interesting that had ever 
come before the department. 

In pursuance of his investigations of the Creek Indians 
and allied tribes, Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, pro- 
ceeded to Oklahoma early in July to attend the busk cere- 
monies, and was present at those of the Eufaula, Hilibi, 
Fish Pond, and Tukabachi Creeks. Notes were taken on 
all of these and photographs obtained of various features of 
all but the last. At the same time, with the valued assist- 
ance of Mr. G. W. Grayson, of Eufaula, Doctor Swanton 
gathered further ethnological information from some of the 
old people, and continued this work after the ceremonies 
ceased. Somewhat later he visited the small body of Indians 
in Seminole County who still retain a speaking knowledge of 
Hitchiti, and added about 40 pages of text to that previously 
obtained, besides correcting a portion of Gatschet's Hitchiti 
vocabulary. He made an arrangement with an interpreter 
by which 100 pages of additional text were received after 
his return to Washington. 

While some time was devoted to studies of the Alabama, 
Hitchiti, and Choctaw languages, most of Doctor Swanton's 
attention while in the office during the year was centered on 
two particular undertakings. One of these was the proof 
reading of the Choctaw-English section of Byington's Choc- 
taw Dictionary, and the compilation, with the efficient help 
of Miss M. C. Rollins, of an English-Choctaw index, which 
will comprise about 350 printed pages, to accompany it. 
The other was work on the first draft of an extended report 
on the Creek confederacy, of which the historical part, con- 
sisting of 300 typewritten pages, is practically completed. 

At the beginning of the year Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnolo- 
gist, undertook the work of editing and copying the Seneca 
text " Shagowenotha, or The Spirit of the Tides," which was 
recorded by him in the form of field notes in 1896 on the 
Cattaraugus Reservation, New York. This particular piece 
of work, forming a text of 3,692 native words, was completed 
in August, 1913. The task of making a literal, almost an 
etymological, interlinear translation of this text was next 



ADMINISTBATIVE REPORT 19 

undertaken and was completed in November, yielding an 
aggregate of 11,411 English words in the rendering. The 
other of the two native texts in Seneca, "Doadanegen and 
Hotkwisdadegena," which was recorded in the form of field 
notes by Mr. Hewitt in 1896, was next edited and copied; 
this work was completed by the close of December and 
consists of 4,888 native Seneca words. The literal inter- 
linear translation of this text then taken up was completed 
in February, 1914, making 14,664 English words in the ren- 
dering. 

On finishing these translations Mr. Hewitt commenced the 
reading and digesting of the Seneca material of the Jate 
Jeremiah Curtin for the purpose of providing notes and 
explanations to the stories, a task that was made the more 
difficult by the fact that Mr. Curtin's field notes of explana- 
tion and identification are not available. One of the longest 
of the stories collected by Mr. Curtin, "Doonogaes and 
Tsodiqgwadon," comprising 149 typewritten pages, required 
144 notes varying in length from three or four lines to sev- 
eral pages; but this story is of exceptional length. The 
entire Curtin material has now been reread and annotated. 
Mr. Hewitt also completed the notes for his introduction to 
the "Seneca Myths and Fiction," and the final writing was 
almost finished by the close of the year. 

As opportunity offered, Mr. Hewitt continued to work on 
a sketch of the Iroquois language, and he has now in hand 
about 75 pages of manuscript, in addition to a considerable 
body of notes and diagrams for incorporation into final form. 

Mr. Hewitt also made a week's study of the voluminous 
manuscript " Dictionary of Words that have been Made 
Known in or Introduced into English from the Indians of 
North, Central, and South America," compiled by the late 
William R. Gerard, with a view of ascertaining its value 
for publication by the bureau. This examination was made 
difficult by the fact that the compiler of the dictionary had 
access to many works which were not available for Mr. 
Hewitt. 

Unfortunately the work summarized above was often 
interrupted, owing to the need of frequently calling on Mr, 



20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

Hewitt for the preparation of data for replies to correspond- 
ents, whose inquiries pertained to linguistic, historical, 
sociological, and technical matters. In connection with this 
work there were prepared 110 letters, rarely exceeding a 
page in length, although some occupied several pages and 
required considerable study and research in gathering the 
needed data for reply. 

During the year Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, 
recorded the rituals and accompanying songs of five addi- 
tional Osage ceremonies, known as Wawatho", Wadoka 
Weko, Y\ r azhi n gao, Zhi n gazhi n ga Zhazhe Thadse, and Wex- 
thexthe. Of these the Wawatho 11 is complete; the record 
fills about 150 pages, including songs, diagrams, and illus- 
trations. This ceremony, which is of religious significance 
and is reverenced by all the people, has been obsolete for 
about 20 years, and there now remain only two men in the 
tribe who remember it in most of its details. It was a peace 
ceremony that held an important place in the great tribal 
rites of the Osage, for through its influence friendly relations 
were maintained among the various gentes composing the 
tribe, and it was also the means by which friendship with 
interrelated tribes was established and preserved. Early 
French travelers mention this ceremony as being performed 
by the Osage in one of the tribes of the Illinois confederacy 
during the second decade of the eighteenth century. Unlike 
the Osage war ceremonies, which are complex and composed 
of several steps or degrees, the Wawatho" is simple and 
complete in itself. The " pipes, " sometimes called calumets, 
which are employed in its performance, consist of a number 
of sacred symbolic articles, each of which, with its attendant 
ritual, was in the keeping of a certain gens of the tribe. 
The assembling of these articles formed an essential part of 
the ceremony, for it was on this occasion that the ritual, 
which explained both the significance of and the precepts 
conveyed by the sacred articles, had to be recited. This 
Wawatho 11 ceremony resembled that of the Omaha, Pbnca, 
Oto, and Pawnee tribes, differing only in minor details. To 
the intelligent thinking class the aims and purposes of the 
ceremony are clear, but there are among the Osage, as 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 21 

among other tribes, those who can not comprehend fully 
the deeper, broader teachings of such a rite, and because of 
this restricted view superstitious beliefs regarding it now 
prevail among the lower classes. 

The record of the Wadoka Weko, one of the seven war 
ceremonies, consists of 89 pages of manuscript, with 32 
songs. This rite, which is the sixth degree of the war 
ceremony, is divided into eight parts, exclusive of the 
introductory rites, and consists of rituals and songs per- 
taining to the ceremonial cutting of the scalps for distribu- 
tion among the various gentes for their sacred packs. One 
of these parts has to do with the odo n , or " honors, " won by 
the warriors in battle. While this ceremony is recorded 
completely, it is not yet ready for publication, since it is 
one of seven interdependent degrees the study of which is 
not yet finished. 

Wazhi n gao, the bird ceremony for boys, is another of the 
seven degrees, and is regarded as important. It has been 
transcribed in full, but the notes thereon have not yet been 
elaborated for publication. 

Zhi n gazhi n ga Zhazhe Thadse (naming of a child), a cere- 
mony that bears no direct relation to any other, is regarded 
as essential to the proper rearing of a child, and is still prac- 
ticed. This ceremony has been recorded in its entirety, but 
still lacks the descriptive annotation necessary before publica- 
tion. 

The Wexthexthe, or tattooing ceremony, the last of the 
five recorded by Mr. La Flesche, was taken down from its 
recitation by one of the men who had participated therein. 
This transcription is still, in a measure, fragmentary, but 
enough has been obtained to give a fair idea of the signifi- 
cance of the tattoo designs employed. The notes on the 
Wexthexthe are not yet prepared for publication, as there 
is still a possibility of recording the ceremony in its entirety. 
A set of the implements used by the Osage in tattooing have 
been obtained for illustration and have been deposited in 
the National Museum. There has also been placed in the 
museum a ivaxdbeto n ga, or great sacred pack, which once 
belonged to Waceto n zhi n ga, a prominent man of the tribe, 



22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOJ.ni,\ 

who died in 1910. After much persuasion his widow re- 
luctantly consented to part with this sacred article, together 
with its buffalo-hair and rush-mat cases. This pack consists 
of the skin and plumage of a white pelican, the bird which 
in Osage mythology revealed through a dream the mysteries 
of tattooing and provided the implements therefor. 

All the above-described ceremonies studied by Mr. La 
Flesche have still a strong hold on the Osage people; this, 
together with the fact that every initiated person acquired 
his knowledge at great expense, has made it almost impossible 
to record the ceremonies in full from those who have been 
induced to speak about them. 

Mrs. M. ('. Stevenson, ethnologist, continued her studies of 
the ethnology of the Tewa Indians of New Mexico, devoting 
special attention to the pueblo of San Ildefonso, with a view 
of elaborating her memoir on this group of tribes, which con- 
sists of about 400 pages of manuscript, material relating to 
almost every phase of Tewa customs and beliefs having been 
added in whole or in part during the course of the year. 
Perhaps the most important of the new data gathered by 
Mis. Stevenson on these interesting sedentary people relate 
to their ceremonies with respect to human sacrifice. The 
conservatism of the Tewa and the secrecy with which most 
of their numerous rites are conducted make them a difficult 
subject of study and one requiring considerable time. Mrs. 
Stevenson's memoir had reached such a stage of completion 
thai at the close of the year she was making final arrange- 
ments for acquiring the materials still needed for illustrations. 

Shortly after the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. Truman 
Michelson, ethnologist, proceeded to Tama, Iowa, to renew 
his researches among the Fox Indians. After successfully 
commencing these studies he proceeded to Tongue River 
Reservation in Montana for the purpose of studying the 
remnant of the Sutaio Tribe incorporated with the Cheyenne. . 
It seems that some ethnological information can still be 
obtained in regard to specific Sutaio matters, but little of the 
language remains. Doctor Michelson compiled a fairly large 
Sutaio vocabulary, but fewer than a dozen words are funda- 
mentally different from the corresponding Cheyenne terms. 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 2.3 

Such grammatical forms as could be obtained indicate that 
Sutaio sheds little or no light on the divergent Algonquian 
type of the Cheyenne language. 

Returning to Tama to renew his Fox studies, Doctor 
Michelson succeeded in elucidating the social organization 
almost to completeness. It appears that the two major 
divisions of the tribe are not purely for rivalry in athletics, 
but rather are ceremonial. Doctor .Michelson was successful 
also in obtaining the very long myths of the culture hero and 
the Mother of all the Earth. It is evident that the actual 
Fox society still corresponds in a measure to that given in the 
myths. 

In October Doctor Michelson proceeded to Kansas to in- 
vestigate the Sauk and Fox of the Missouri. A reconnois- 
sance only was made here, and some of the Fox material 
obtained at Tama was translated. In November he re- 
turned to Washington, and in January, 1914, visited the 
Carlisle Indian School for the purpose of studying special 
points of grammar and phonetics with some of the Sauk 
and Fox pupils. Thence he made a trip to New York City, 
taking with him one of the pupils for the purpose of con- 
sulting Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the bureau, 
on certain mooted points pertaining to the Fox language. 
While in New York a few tracings were made with the 
Rousselot apparatus. 

In May Doctor Michelson again visited Carlisle for the 
purpose of making a translation of the story of a sacred 
bundle of the Fox Indians, which he has recently procured. 

Toward the end of the fiscal year Doctor Michelson de- 
voted some time to the problem whether the Yurok and 
Wiyot languages of California were Algonquian, as had been 
recently claimed, and reached the conclusion that the existing 
evidence does not justify such a classification 

SPECIAL RESEARCHES 

Work on the Handbook of American Indian Languages 
was continued under the personal direction and editorship of 
Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist. Part 2, which is in 
preparation, is to contain grammatical sketches of the 



24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

Takelma, Coos, Siuslaw, and Alsea languages of Oregon; 
the Kutenai, of Montana ; and the Chukchee. The Takelma 
sketch was published in advance in separate form in 1912. 
During the present year the printing of the sketch of the Coos, 
by Leo J. Frachtenberg, which forms pages 297-429 of part 
2, was finished. The manuscript of the Siuslaw, also by 
Doctor Frachtenberg, was completed and revised, and, 
except for a small part, is in galley form. The Chukchee 
sketch likewise has been set up in galleys and revised, and 
new material on the dialects of the language, having become 
available, has been added. The printing of the sketch pro- 
ceeded necessarily slowly, since the notes had to be read by 
the author, Mr. Waldemar Bogoras, who lives in Russia. 
A full treatment of this grammar is particularly desirable, 
since it serves to define the relationships of the American 
languages toward the west. Doctor Frachtenberg, a fuller 
report of whose work will follow, has made progress with his 
studies of the Alsea. The grammatical material and the 
texts have been extracted and studied, and the latter, which 
are to form the basis of the sketch, have been copied for the 
printer. Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, a valued collaborator, 
whose untimely death we lament, furnished a sketch of the 
Kutenai language. It was necessary to make a detailed 
study of this sketch. This was done by Doctor Boas partly 
during the winter in New York with the help of a Kutenai 
boy and partly during the month of June among the In- 
dians of Montana and British Columbia. The report on 
this sketch was completed. A certain amount of prepara- 
tory work for the sketch of the Palish language was also 
done, more particularly a map showing the distribution of 
the Salish dialect, based on researches by James Teit, was 
completed. The expense of the field work for this map, 
which has occupied four yours, was met by Mr. Homer E. 
Sargent, of Chicago, to whose lively interest in the Hand- 
book and related subjects we are deeply indebted. The 
vocabularies on which the map is based are in an advanced 
stage of preparation. Much time was devoted by Doctor 
Boas during the year to the preparation of a report on the 
mythology of the Tsimshian Indians, based on material 



ADMINISTRATIVE EEPOET 25 

written during a period of 10 years by Henry W. Tate, 
himself a Tsimshian. Owing to his recent death it was 
necessary to close the collection, the expenses of which have 
been defrayed from private sources. The monograph was 
completed and is in type for publication in the Thirty-first 
Annual Report. 

Brief reference to the researches of Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, 
ethnologist, has been made in connection with the preparation 
of part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian Languages. 
The beginning of the fiscal year found Doctor Frachtenberg 
in the field in Oregon, where, from June to September, he was 
engaged in linguistic and ethnologic work on the Kalapooian 
family. During these months he collected a number of gram- 
matical notes and nine texts in the dialect of the so-called 
Calapooia Proper, but owing to lack of sufficient means for 
continuing this field work he was compelled to discontinue it 
in October. The linguistic researches into the Kalapooian 
family brought out a number of interesting points, of which 
the most salient are as follows: Phonetically the family is 
related closely to the Lutuamian (Klamath) and Sahaptin 
groups. Certain pronominal forms and a few numerical 
terms are identical with the Klamath and Sahaptin forms. 
In all other respects, chiefly morphological, Kalapooian bears 
close resemblance to the Coos, Siuslaw, and Yakonan stocks. 
A particularly close affiliation exists between this and the 
Coos family in the phonetic structure of words. While the 
phonetics of both languages are divergent, both are what may 
be termed vocalic languages and are practically free from any 
difficult consonantic clusters. The Calapooia texts thus far 
obtained deal chiefly with the Coyote cycle and are identical 
with myths found among the Coos, Molala, Klamath, Maidu, 
Chinook, Alsea, Takelma, Salish, and other tribes of the 
Pacific area. The mythology as a whole is typical of that 
region in the absence of true creation myths and in the multi- 
tude of transformation stories. 

A survey of the linguistic phase of the Kalapooian stock 
shows it to embrace the following dialects : Calapooia Proper 
(also called Marysville), Chelamela, Yamhill, Atfalati, Wa- 
pato Lake, Ahantsayuk, Santiam, Lakmayut, and Yonkallat. 



26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

These dialects show certain degrees of interrelationship, 
which may be formulated as follows: Calapooia, Santiam, 
Lakmayut, and Ahantsayuk form one closely related group; 
another group embraces the Yamhill and Atfalati dialects, 
while Yonkallat seems to constitute a group of its own. No 
information as to the Chelamela dialect could be obtained. 

In July Doctor Frachtenberg received what seemed to be 
trustworthy information that some Willapa Indians were still 
living at Bay Center, Washington, but on visiting that point 
he found the reputed Willapa to be in fact members of the 
Chehalis tribe, thus proving conclusively that the Willapa 
are entirely extinct. 

Doctor Frachtenberg returned to New York late in October 
and was engaged until the beginning of December in the 
preparation of the Siuslaw grammatical sketch for the Hand- 
book of American Indian Languages, additional work on 
which became necessary because of the fact that during his 
stay in the field he had received further information con- 
cerning this extinct stock. In December Doctor Frachten- 
berg took up his duties in Washington, becoming first engaged 
in supplying references from the Siuslaw texts in the gram- 
matical sketch of that language. At the close of the year 
this sketch was in type. Doctor'Frachtenberg also prepared 
for publication a Siuslaw-English and English-Siuslaw vocab- 
ulary, containing 90 typewritten pages. He furthermore 
prepared an English-Coos glossary, which may be utilized in 
the near future, as it has been found desirable to add such 
a glossary to each volume of native texts. 

On completion of this work Doctor Frachtenberg com- 
menced the preparation of the Alsea texts collected by Dr. 
Livingston Farrand in 1900 and by himself in 1910. These 
texts, consisting of 31 myths, tales, and narratives, and com- 
prising 195 typewritten pages, will be submitted in the near 
future with a view to publication as a bulletin of the bureau. 

At the close of the fiscal year Doctor Frachtenberg was 
preparing for another field season in Oregon, with the view 
of finishing his studies of the Kalapooian stock and of con- 
ducting similar researches among the Quileute. 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 27 

Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the National Museum, continued his 
work on the preparation of the Handbook of American An- 
tiquities for the bureau, reaching the practical completion of 
part 1 and making much headway in the preparation of part 
2; progress in this work, however, was necessarily delayed 
owing to the pressure of many duties connected with a head 
curatorship in the National Museum. 

During August, 1913, Mr. Holmes made a visit to Luray, 
Virginia, for the further study of an ancient village site near 
that place and the examination of certain implement-making 
sites in the vicinity. In June he visited Missouri for the pur- 
pose of studying certain collections owned in St. Louis and 
for "the reexamination of an ancient iron and paint mine at 
Leslie. It was found, however, that recent mining opera- 
tions had been carried so far that traces of the aboriginal 
work at the mine were practically obliterated, and besides the 
mine was found to be filled with water, making effective 
examination impossible. From St. Louis he proceeded to 
Chicago, where studies were made of certain collections with 
a view of obtaining data necessary to the completeness of the 
Handbook of American Antiquities. 

In her studies of Indian music Miss Frances Densmore made 
two trips to the Standing Rock Reservation, South Dakota 
(one in July and August, 1913, and one in June, 1914), where 
she engaged in investigations at Bullhead, McLaughlin, and 
the vicinity of the Martin Kenel School. This research com- 
pleted the field work for the proposed volume of Sioux music, 
the material for which, subsequently prepared for publica- 
tion, consists of 323 pages of manuscript, 98 musical tran- 
scriptions of songs, 20 technical analyses of songs, and 33 
original illustrations. 

The practical use which musical composers are making of 
the results of Miss Densmore's studies is very gratifying. Mr. 
Carl Busch has adapted for orchestral purposes four of the 
songs rendered by Miss Densmore and published by the bu- 
reau, as follows: (1) Chippewa Vision, (2) Farewell to the 
Warriors, (3) Love Song, (4) Lullaby. Mr. Heinrich Ham- 
mer, of Washington, has composed a Sun Dance Rhapsody 



28 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

and a Chippewa Rhapsody. Mr. Charles Wakefield Cadman 
has composed, for the voice, two of the Chippewa songs, 
"From the Long Room of the Sea" and "Ho, Ye Warriors 
on the Warpath." Mr. S. N. Penfield has harmonized two 
vocal quartets, "Manitou Listens to Me" and "Why Should 
I be Jealous?" For the violin Mr. Alfred Manger has pre- 
pared a "Fantasie on Sioux Themes," and Mr. Alberto Bim- 
boni has well advanced toward completion an opera bearing 
the title "The Maiden's Leap." Certain of the orchestral 
arrangements have been played by the Chicago Symphony 
Orchestra (formerly known as the Thomas Orchestra) , as well 
as by the symphony orchestras of Washington, Minneapolis, 
and Kansas City. It is interesting to note the demand for 
Sioux themes in advance of their publication. These have 
been furnished in manuscript as far as possible to those de- 
siring them for specific and legitimate use. Two of the com- 
positions in the foregoing list are based on such themes. 

Work on the volume of Sioux music is approaching com- 
pletion. This will be larger than either of the bulletins on 
Chippewa music, and, while the same general plan has been 
followed, there will be much that is neAv, both in subject 
matter and in style of illustration. 

During the year work on the Handbook of Aboriginal 
Remains East of the Mississippi was continued by Mr. D. I. 
Bushnell, jr., under a small allotment from the bureau, and 
ipproximately 90,300 words of manuscript were recorded 
on cards geographically arranged. The entire amount of 
manuscript now completed is about 321,000 words, and the 
bibliography thus far includes 306 titles. As a result of the 
notes received from the Wisconsin Archeological Society, 
through the courtesy of its secretary, Mr. Charles E. Brown, 
of Madison, every county of that State will be well repre- 
sented in the Handbook. It is to be regretted that more 
information regarding aboriginal remains is not forthcoming 
from certain other parts of the country east of the Mississippi, 
especially the New England States, which at this writing are 
not adequately represented. The bureau is indebted to 
Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, of the department of archeology 
of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, for the gen- 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 29 

erous use of original data gathered by him in Maine in ad- 
vance of its publication by the academy. 

Mr. James Murie, as opportunity offered and the limita- 
tions of a small allotment made by the bureau for these 
studies allowed, continued his observations on the ceremonial 
organization and rites of the Pawnee tribe, of which he is a 
member. The product of Mr. Murie's investigation of the 
year, which was practically finished but not received in 
manuscript form at the close of June, is a circumstantial 
account of " The Going After the Mother Cedar Tree by the 
Bear Society," an important ceremony which has been 
performed only by the Skidi band during the last decade. 

In the last annual report attention was directed to a 
proposed series of handbooks of the Indians of the several 
States and to the arrangements that had been made for 
such a volume, devoted to the tribes of California, by Dr. 
A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California. The author 
has submitted sections of the manuscript of this work for 
suggestion, and, although his university duties have delayed 
its completion, there is every reason to believe that when the 
material is finished and published it will form an excellent 
model for the entire series. It has been hoped that the 
pecuniary means necessary for the preparation of these State 
handbooks would be provided in accordance with the esti- 
mate of an appropriation submitted for this purpose, but 
unfortunately the desired provision was not made. 

Prof. Howard M. Ballou, of Honolulu, has submitted from 
time to time additional titles for the List of Works Relating 
to Hawaii, compiled in collaboration with the late Dr. 
Cyrus Thomas. The material for this bibliography is in the 
hands of Mr. Felix Neumann for final editorial revision, and 
it is expected that the entire manuscript will soon be ready 
for composition. 

MANUSCRIPTS 

The large collection of manuscripts in possession of the 
bureau has been in continuous charge of Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt. 
A few noteworthy additions were made during the year 
besides those prepared or which are in process of preparation 



30 BUREAU 0E AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

by members of the staff. Among these may be mentioned 
the " Dictionary of Words that have been Made Known in 
or Introduced into English from the Indians of North, 
Central, and South America," by the late William R. Gerard, 
a work requiring many years of assiduous labor. The manu- 
script was acquired for a nominal consideration from Mrs. 
Gerard, and it is the design to publish the dictionary as 
soon as it can be given the customary editorial attention. 
Before his death Mr. Gerard presented to the bureau an 
original manuscript of 31 pages, with 21 diagrarrs, on 
" Terminations of the Algonquian Transitive and Indefinite 
Verbs and their Meanings," to which Dr. Truman Michelson 
has appended a criticism. 

Additional manuscripts worthy of special note are the 
following: 

J. P. Dunn: Translation of Miami-Peoria Dictionary, Part 2, Alter 
to Assomtr. The original of this dictionary is hi the John Carter 
Brown Library, of Providence, through whose courteous librarian, 
Mr. George Parker Winship, the bureau has been provided with a pho- 
tostat copy. 

J. P. Duim: Translation of the History of Genesis, second chapter, 
from the Miami-Peoria Dictionary above cited. 

Cyrus Byington: Manuscript notebook, 1844-1848 and 1861. 
Kindly presented by Mrs. Eliza limes, daughter of this noted mission- 
ary to the Choctaw. 

James A. Gilfillan : Chippewa Sentences. A small quarto notebook 
kindly presented by Miss Emily Cook, of the Office of Indian Affairs. 

Parker Marshall: Various memoranda on the location of the 
Natchez Trace. 

H. A. Scomp: Comparative Choctaw and Creek Dictionary, con- 
sisting of 1,0.54 sheets, 20 by 36 inches. 

Francisco Pareja: Confessionario, in Spanish and Timuqua. Pho- 
tostat copy furnished by the courtesy of the New York Historical 
Society. 

Francisco Pareja: Catechismo, hi Timuqua. Photostat copy fur- 
nished by the courtesy of the. New York Historical Society. 

Francisco Pareja: Explicacion de la Doctruia, hi Timuqua. Pho- 
tostat copy furnished by the courtesy of the New York Historical 
Society. 

V. C. Fredericksen : Origin of the Eskimo and their Wanderings, 
with photographs. (The author is a Danish missionary in Green- 
land.) 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 31 

From time to time the bureau has been put to considerable 
expense in having photostat copies made of unique manu- 
scripts and of excessively rare books indispensable to its 
researches. It is therefore fortunate that the opportunity 
was afforded, late in the fiscal year, to acquire a photostat 
apparatus which has since been in constant service. The 
urgent need of such an instrument was made especially mani- 
fest when the Rev. George Worpenberg, S. J., librarian of St. 
Marys College, St. Marys, Kansas, generously accorded the 
bureau the privilege of copying a number of valuable original 
linguistic manuscripts in the archives of the college, pertain- 
ing chiefly to the Potawatomi and including a dictionary and 
a grammar recorded by the late Father Maurice Gailland. 
Manuscript copies of these voluminous linguistic works could 
have been made only after infinite labor by an expert and at 
an expense far exceeding the entire cost of the photostat ap- 
paratus. By the close of the year the making of the fac- 
simile reproductions had been commenced by Mr. Albert 
Sweeney, under the immediate direction of Mr. De Lancey 
Gill, illustrator. 

An opportunity was afforded at the close of the year to 
replace the wooden partition and ceiling of the manuscript 
room with terra cotta and to install a fireproof door and 
window coverings, thus giving for the first time adequate pro- 
tection to the bureau's large collection of priceless unpub- 
lished material. 

PUBLICATIONS 

The editorial work of the bureau has been continued by 
Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor, who has been assisted from time to 
time by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. The following publications 
were received from the press during the year: 

Bulletin .53, '/Chippewa Music — II," by Frances Densmore. 

Bulletin 56, " Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians," by Junius Hen- 
derson and John P. Harrington. 

"Coos: An Illustrative Sketch," by Leo J. Frachtenberg. Extract 
from Handbook of American Indian Languages (Bulletin 40, part 2). 

The status of other publications, now in press, is as follows : 

The proof reading of the Twenty-ninth Annual Report, the 

accompanying paper of which, entitled " Ethnogeography of 



32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

the Tewa Indians," by John P. Harrington, is an exhaustive 
memoir presenting many technical difficulties, was nearly 
completed during the year. About two-thirds of the memoir 
is in page form. 

The Thirtieth Annual Report, comprising originally, in ad- 
dition to the administrative section, three memoirs: (1) 
"Tsimshian Mythology," by Franz Boas; (2) "Ethnobotany 
of the Zuni Indians," by Matilda Coxe Stevenson; (3) "An 
Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-lore of the Guiana In- 
dians," by Walter E. Roth. Extensive additions to the 
first-named memoir, received after the report had been put 
into type, necessitated the division of the contents, and ac- 
cordingly this section was transferred to the Thirty-first Re- 
port. Approximately two-thirds of "Tsimshian Mythology" 
has been paged, and the Zuni memoir also, now the first ac- 
companying paper of the Thirtieth Annual, is in process of 
paging. 

To the Thirty-second Report will be assigned a memoir 
entitled " Seneca Myths and Fiction," collected by Jeremiah 
Curtm and J. N. B. Hewitt and edited with an introduction 
by the latter, the manuscript of which is about ready for 
editorial revision. 

Bulletin 40 (pt. 2), "Handbook of American Indian 
Languages." The work on this bulletin has been carried 
along steadily under the immediate supervision of its editor, 
Doctor Boas. Two sections — Takelma and Coos— have been 
issued in separate form (aggregating 429 pages), and two 
additional sections, dealing with the Chukchee and Siuslaw 
languages respectively, are in type, the former being " made 
up" to the extent of about 50 pages. 

Bulletin 46, "A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language," 
by Cyrus Byington (edited by John R. Swanton and Henry 
S. Halbert). The first (Choctaw-English) section of this 
work was completed during the year and is practically ready 
for the press. The manuscript of the second section (English- 
Choctaw directory), comprising 36,008 entries on cards, was 
sent to the Printing Office April 30 to June 13, but no proof 
had been received at the close of the year. 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 33 

Bulletin 55, "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians," by 
Wilfred W. Robbins, John P. Harrington, and Barbara 
Freire-Marreco. After this bulletin was in type it was 
found advisable to incorporate a considerable amount of 
valuable material, subsequently gathered and kindly offered 
by Miss Freire-Marreco. The change involved recasting in 
a large measure the original work. The second galley proof 
is in the hands of Miss Freire-Marreco for final revision. 

Bulletin 57, " An Introduction to the Study of the Maya 
Hieroglyphs," by Sylvanus Griswold Morley. The manu- 
script and illustrations of this memoir were submitted to 
the Public Printer the latter part of April. Engraver's 
proof of the illustrations, with the exception of a few pieces 
of color work, have been received and approved. Owing to 
the heavy pressure of public business, the Printing Office 
had been unable to furnish proof of the letterpress by the 
close of the year. 

Bulletin 58, " List of Publications of the Bureau of Ameri- 
can Ethnology." The page proof of this bulletin is in the 
hands of the printers for slight correction, preparatory to 
placing it on the press. 

The total number of publications of the bureau distributed 
during the year was 12,819, classified as follows: 

Eeport volumes and separate papers 2,810 

Bulletins 9,943 

Contributions to North American Ethnology 22 

Introductions 5 

Miscellaneous publications 39 



Total 12,819 

As during several years past the extensive correspondence 
arising from the constant demand for the publications of 
the bureau has been in immediate and efficient charge of 
Miss Helen Munroe and Mr. E. L. Springer, of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, assisted by Mr. Thomas F. Clark, jr. 
The distribution of publications has been made in accord- 
ance with law and with entire satisfaction by the office of 
the Superintendent of Documents on order of the bureau. 

75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 3 



34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

The preparation of the illustrations for the publications 
of the bureau, the making of photographs of the members 
of delegations of Indians visiting Washington, and the 
developing and printing of negatives made by the staff of 
the bureau during the prosecution of their field work have 
been in charge of Mr. DeLancey Gill, illustrator, assisted 
successively by Mr. Walter Stenhouse and Mr. Albert 
Sweeney. In addition the numerous photostat copies of 
manuscripts and books, aggregating about 2,500 exposures, 
have been made under Mr. Gill's supervision, as elsewhere 
mentioned. Of the visiting deputations, representing 17 
tribes, 79 photographic exposures were made; 92 negatives 
of ethnologic subjects were required for reproduction as 
illustrations; 512 negatives made by the members of the 
staff in the field were developed and 381 prints made there- 
from; 105 photographs were printed for presentation to 
Indians and 627 for publication, exchange, and special dis- 
tribution. In addition to the photographic work, which 
constitutes the major part of the illustrative material 
required by the bureau, 54 drawings were made for repro- 
duction. 

The series of photographs, representing 55 tribes, which 

had been exhibited by the New York Public Library and 

the Public Library Commission of Indiana, was borrowed 

in June by the Providence Public Library for a similar 

purpose. 

LIBRARY 

The reference library of the bureau, which consists of 
19,240 books, about 12,894 pamphlets, and several thousand 
unbound periodicals, has been in continuous charge of Miss 
Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Mrs. Ella Slaughter. Dur- 
ing the year 708 books were accessioned, of which 143 were 
acquired by purchase and 137 by gift and exchange, the 
remaining 428 being represented by volumes of serials that 
hitherto had been neither bound nor recorded. The peri- 
odicals currently received numbered 629, of which only 16 
were obtained by purchase, the remainder being received 
through exchange. Of pamphlets, 150 were acquired. Dur- 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 35 

ing the year 1,195 volumes were sent to. the bindery, and of 
these 695 were bound and returned to the bureau. 

The endeavor to supply deficiencies in the sets of publica- 
tions of institutions of learning has continued without 
remission. Among the more important accessions of this 
kind during the year were Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur 
Erdkunde zu Berlin, 20 volumes; Institute Geografico 
Argentino, Boletin, 10 volumes; and Konigliches Museum 
fiir Volkerkunde, Veroffentlichungen, 8 volumes. 

The librarian has prepared a monthly bulletin of accessions 
for the use of the staff, and has furnished information and 
compiled bibliographic notes for the use of correspondents. 
In addition to the constant drafts on the library of the 
bureau requisition was made on the Library of ( Jongress dur- 
ing the year for an aggregate of 300 volumes for official use, 
and in turn the bureau library was frequently consulted by 
officers of other Government establishments. 

An appropriation having been made by Congress, in 
behalf of the Institution, for installing modern steel book- 
stacks in the eastern end of the large exhibition hall on the 
first floor of the Smithsonian building, and provision having 
been made for affording the proposed increased facilities to 
the library of the bureau, which for four and a half years 
had been installed in the eastern galleries of the hall men- 
tioned, the books therein were removed in February to the 
gallery and main floor of the western end of the hall and the 
eastern galleries were demolished. Although this work of 
removal occupied two weeks, it was done without confusion 
and practically without cessation of the library's activities. 
The new stacks were in process of erection before the close 
of the fiscal year. 

COLLECTIONS 

The following collections were acquired by the bureau or 
by members of its staff, and, having served the purpose of 
study were transferred to the National Museum, as required 
by law. 

Eight fragments of ancient British pottery. Gift to the bureau by 
Rev. Robert C. Nightingale, Swaffam, Norfolk, England. (55735.) 



3G BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

Potsherds, fragments of human bones, and three heads. Gift to 
the bureau by Mrs. Bruce Keid, Port Arthur, Texas. (55758.) 

Parts of five skeletons (three complete skulls and fragments of two 
skulls) from a burial cist in a cave about 20 miles south of Grant, 
New Mexico. Collected by F. W. Hodge, Bureau of American Eth- 
nology. (56134.) 

Thirty-one ethnological objects from the Cherokee and Catawba 
Indians. Collected by James Mooney, Bureau of American Eth- 
nology. (56312.) 

Six photographs of Aztec antiquities. Purchased from W. W. 
Blake, City of Mexico. (56609.) 

Stone- phallus from Mesa Verde, Colorado. Gift to the bureau by 
II. C. Lay, Telluride, Colorado. (56719.) 

Arrow point found on the north fork of Roanoke River, about 3 
miles from Blacksburg, Virginia. Gift to the bureau by Prof. 
Otto C. Burkhart, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Vir- 
ginia. (56679.) 

PROPERTY 

The principal property of the bureau consists of its library, 
comprising approximately 35,000 books and pamphlets, a 
huge collection of manuscripts for reference or in process of 
preparation for publication, and several thousand photo- 
graphic negatives. With the exception of a portion of the 
library, this material could not be duplicated. In addition, 
the bureau possesses a photostat apparatus with electric- 
light equipment, several cameras, dictagraphs, and other 
appliances for use in conducting scientific research in the 
field and the office, necessary office furniture and equipment, 
and a limited supply of stationery, supplies, etc. Also under 
control of the bureau, but in immediate custody of the Public 
Printer, as required by law, is a stock of numerous publica- 
tions, chiefly annual reports and bulletins. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Quarters. — The only improvements made in the quarters 
occupied by the bureau in the Smithsonian building, as set 
forth in the last report, have been those incident to the 
reconstruction of the library and the fireproofing of the 
manuscript room, above alluded to, and the painting of the 
walls of four rooms, made necessary partly by inadequate 



ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 37 

lighting. In addition to the space previously occupied, a 
room on the fourth floor of the eastern end of the Smith- 
sonian building was assigned temporarily to the bureau for 
the use of two members of its staff. 

Office force. — The personnel of the office has remained 
unchanged, with the exception of the resignation of one 
messenger boy and the appointment of another. It has 
been necessary to employ a copyist from time to time in 
connection witli the editing of Byington's Choctaw Dic- 
tionary. The correspondence of the bureau has been con- 
ducted in the same manner as set forth in the last annual 
report and as hereinbefore mentioned. 

EECOMMENDATIOXS 

The chief needs of the Bureau of American Ethnology lie 
in the extension of its researches to fields as yet unexploited. 
Attention has frequently been called to the necessity of 
pursuing studies among Indian tribes which are rapidly 
becoming extinct, or modified by their intimate contact with 
civilization. These researches can not be conducted unless 
the means are provided, since the present limited scientific 
corps, with inadequate allotments of money to meet the 
expenses of extended field investigations, is not equal to the 
immense amount of work to be done. Unfortunately many 
opportunities for conducting these researches which were 
possible a few years ago have passed away, owing to the 
death of older Indians who alone possessed certain knowledge 
of their race. Much can still be done, however, if only the 
means are afforded. 

It is scarcely necessary to repeat, in connection with this 
general recommendation, the estimate for an increase, 
amounting to $24,800, in the appropriation for the bureau 
and the brief reasons for urging the grant of this additional 
sum, inasmuch as these items will be found in the printed 
Estimates of Appropriations, 1915-16. 

F. W. Hodge, 
Ethnologist-in- Charge . 



NOTE OX THE ACCOMPANYING PAPER 

A paper of considerable importance, edited by I>r. Franz Boas, of 

Columbia University, is appended to this report. The material for 
the paper was collected and recorded by Mr. George Hunt, a mixed- 
blood Kwakiutl. of Fort Rupert, British Columbia, who is respon- 
sible for the accuracy, the authenticity, and the character of the 
contents of the paper. Mr. Hunt also collaborated in a similar way 
with Or. Boas in a former work, entitled "The Social Organization 
and th.e Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians" published in the 
Report of the United Stales National Museum for the year ending 
June 30, 1895. 

The accompanying paper, entitled "Ethnology of the Kwakiutl,'' 
deals with the arts and industries, the methods and devices employed 
in hunting and fishing, the methods and means of gathering and 
preserving other kinds of food, the recipes for preparing food for 
consumption, and the beliefs and customs of a group of several 
tribes or peoples, more or less closely related, who dwell on the 
Pacific coast of North America, in the vicinity of Fort Rupert, on 
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and are called the Kwakiutl. 

The languages spoken by these tribes belong to the Wakashan 
linguistic stock, which, as constituted by Powell, is composed of two 
large groups of fundamentally related languages, to one of which 
the name Kwakiutl is applied, and the name Nootka to the other. 
In 1(104 the Kwakiutl group of dialects was spoken by 2,173 persons 
a number which is, however, gradually decreasing. 

The name Kwakiutl. in its original and more restricted sense, was 
applied to this group of tribes, consisting of the Walas-Kwakiutl 
(Great Kwakiutl), Komoyue, Guetela, and Komkutis. But in time 
the Komoyue camped at Tsaite, and a portion of the Kwakiutl who 
emigrated from their congeners are known as the Matilpe. By enu- 
merating the Matilpe and the Komoyue apart from the other tribes 
or septs, the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs limits the name 
Kwakiutl to the Guetela, Komkutis. and the Walas-Kwakiutl (Great 
Kwakiutl ). 

The Kwakiutl are essentially a fisher folk, and so to them all 
other gainful pursuits are of secondary importance. 

Many Indian tribes, distinct in physical characteristics and dis- 
tinct also in languages, but who are one in culture, occupy the 
Pacific coast of America between Juan de Fuca Strait and Yakutat 
Bay. This they are because, in large measure, their industries and 

39 



40 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

arts, their beliefs and customs, differ so markedly from those of all 
other Indian peoples. Notwithstanding this great uniformity of 
culture, however, a closer study of the elements of it discloses many 
things that are peculiar to single tribes, which show that this cul- 
ture is the natural result of a gradual and convergent development 
from several distinct sources or centers, every one of these tribes 
having added something peculiar to itself to the sum of this develop- 
ment. 

The territory occupied by these tribes is a mountainous coast, 
deeply indented by numerous sounds and fiords, which encompass 
many islands, both large and small. Travel along the coast is very 
easy by means of canoes, but access to inland places is quite difficult, 
rugged hills and dense forests rondering travel here very trying, even 
forbidding. A few fiords deeply indent the mainland, and the 
valleys, opening into them, make possible access to the center of the 
high ranges, separating the highlands of the interior from the coastal 
lands, establishing an effective barrier between the people of the 
coast and those of the interior. These barriers have forced these 
tribes to occupy a rather isolated area, and thus they have devel- 
oped a culture peculiar to themselves, without marked traces of 
intrusive influence. 

The following are Kwakiutl groups and subgroups of peoples: 
Haisla dialect — Kitamat and Kitlope. Ileiltsuk dialect — Bella- 
bella, China Hat, Nohuntsitk, Somehulitk, and Wikeno. Kwakiutl 
dialect: Koskimo suhJialtrt -Klaskino, Koprino, Koskimo, and 
Quatsino; Nawiti siibdialed -Nakomgilisala and Tlatlasikoala; Kiva- 
Jciutl subdialect — Awaitlala, Goasila, Guauaenok, Hahuamis, Koek- 
satenok, Kwakiutl (including Matilpe), Lekwiltok, Mamalelekala, 
Nakoaktok, Nimkish, Tenaktak. Tlauitsis, and Tsawatenok. The 
Hoyalas subdialect formerly constituted a Kwakiutl division or 
group, which is now extinct and whose affinities are unknown. 

Among the Kwakiutl proper there is a •'ceremonial of cannibal- 
ism" which is the most important part of the ritual to which it be- 
longs. It is the belief of the living Kwakiutl that cannibalism was 
introduced among them from the Heiltsuk about 1S30. On the 
other hand, the Tsimshian claim that they acquired this revolting 
custom from the Heiltsuk about 1S20. This would seem to indicate 
that cannibalism was limited for a time to the comparatively small 
habitat of the Heiltsuk. But there is no evidence that it originated 
with the Heiltsuk. 



ACCOMPANYING PAPER 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 

BASED ON DATA COLLECTED BY GEOBGE HUNT 

By FRANZ BOAS 



PREFACE 

The materia] contained in the following pages was collected partly 
in connection with the work of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 
partly after the close of the expedition, largely with funds provided 
by friends interested in the scientific work of the Department of 
Anthropology in Columbia University. 

After winking with me in 1893, 1897, and 1900, during which time 
he gained much practice in writing the Kwakiutl language, Mr. Hunt 
spent several weeks in New York in 1901. During this time the gen- 
eral plan of work was decided upon, and, following instructions and 
questions sent out by me, Mr. Hunt recorded data relating to the 
material culture, the social life, customs, and beliefs of the Kwakiutl 
Indians. So far as accuracy and contents are concerned, he is re- 
sponsible for the material contained in this book. It will be noticed 
that a number of data have been recorded several times, generally 
at intervals of several years, and the agreement, of the statements 
is a guaranty of the accuracy of the record. Much of the information 
in regard to cookery was obtained by Mi'. Hunt from Mrs. Hunt, 
who was born in Fort Rupert, and who was thoroughly familiar with 
the duties of a good housewife. In 1900 I had the opportunity of 
obtaining a considerable amount of information from her, which will 
be recorded in a general ethnological discussion of the material con- 
tained in these volumes. 

I have classified the material according to contents, an undertaking 
which has sometimes led to the necessity of breaking up a record 
containing data relating to material culture, customs, and beliefs. 

Mi - . Hunt has taken pains to make his descriptions as accurate as 
possible. This procedure has given rise to a certain amount of 
repetition that could not be eliminated by the editor. 

The order in which the material contained in the present volume 
was written by Mi-. Hunt is indicated in the critical remarks at the 
end of Part 2 of this work. 

In accordance with the rules laid down in the report on tran- 
scribing American languages, adopted by a committee of the American 
Anthropological Association and printed by the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, I have adhered to the alphabet used in the previous publica- 
tions on the Kwakiutl. 

Franz Boas. 

November, 1916. 

45 



EXPLANATION OF ALPHABET USED IN RENDERING 
INDIAN SOUNDS 



i e, i, i\ a, 6, o u 
I e, e, a, a, el, 6 u 

e obscure e, as in flower. 

i e are probably the same sound, intermediate between the continental values 

of i and e. 

i i in hill. 

e e in fell. 

a has its continental value. 

6 German o in I oil 

o it are probably the same sound, intermediate between the continental values 

of o and it. 
e a somewhat doubtful sound, varying greatly in its pronunciation among 

different individuals between e and el. 

a German a in Bar. 

& aw in law. 

« indicates that the preceding consonant is pronounced with u position of the 

mouth. 



■Sonant 



Fortis 



Spirant 
surd 



Velar 

Palatal 

Anterior palatal 
Alveolar 

Labial 

Lateral 

Glottal stop 



9, 

</(»■) 

9' 
d 

idz) 
b 



k(w) 



{ts) 
P 



h!(w) 

t! 
t! 

its!) 

pl 

l! 



x(w) 



In this whole series the sonant is harder than the corresponding English sound. The 
surd is pronounced with a full breath, while the fortis is a surd with increased air 
pressure in the oral cavity, produced by muscular pressure of tongue, palate, and 
cheeks, accompanied by glottal or lingual closure, which shuts the lungs off from 
the oral cavity. This produces great stress and suddenness of articulation. The 
sonant is so strong that it is easily mistaken for a surd. 

The velar series are k sounds pronounced with the soft palate, x corresponds to ch 
in German Bach. The palatal series corresponds to our g (hard) and k. x is like r, but 
pronounced farther forward, g' and k' sound almost like gy and ky (with consonantic 
y); x' is the German ch in ich. d, t, and s are almost dental, l, l, and z! are pro- 
nounced with tip of tongue touching the lower teeth, the back of the tongue extending 
transversely across the hard palate, so that the air escapes suddenly near the first 
molars. The sounds are affricative. In I the tip of the tongue is in the same posi- 
tion, but the back of the tongue is narrower, so that the air escapes near the canine 
teeth; the sound is purely spirant. / is the same as the English sound. £ is a very- 
faint glottal stop. The exclamation mark is \ised throughout to indicate increased 
stress of articulation and glottalization. 

■47 



CONTENTS 



I. Industries 

Page 

The making of dishes 57 

Dish for pounding salal-berries 59 

The making of boxes 60 

The making of oil-boxes 82 

Sewing with cedar-withes 93 

Care of canoe 94 

Wooden sail 97 

Mat sail and mast 100 

The making of horn spoons (1) 102 

The making of horn spoons (2) 104 

Cedar-bark breaker 109 

Bag of sea-lion hide 109 

Spruce-roots and cedar- withes Ill 

Cedar-withes 115 

Spruce-roots (1) 116 

Spruce-roots (2) 118 

Cedar-withes 120 

Cedar-bark (1) 120 

Cedar-mats 125 

Shredding cedar-bark • . . . 126 

Yellow cedar-bark 129 

Cedar-bark (2) 130 

Shredding cedar-bark 132 

Open-work basket 134 

Cedar-bark basket (1) 136 

Basket for viburnum-berries 138 

Basket for wild carrots _• 139 

Cedar-bark basket (2) 139 

Huckleberry-basket 140 

Box for picking salmon-berries 140 

Tump-line 141 

Back-protector 142 

Belt 143 

Implement for peeling cedar-bark 143 

Spade 144 

Digging-stick for clover 140 

Digging-stick for roots 149 

Digging-stick for cryptocbiton 150 

Hook for devil-fish (1) 151 

Hook for devil-fish (2) 152 

Spear for sea-eggs 154 

Hook for picking elderberries 155 

Pole for gathering eel-grass 155 

Flounder-spear 157 

Fishing-tackle for llounders 157 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 4 49 



50 TABLE OF CONTENTS |eth. ann. 3:, 



Fish-trap for perch 159 

Net for sea-eggs L63 

Staging for drying roots 166 

Frame for drying berries KIT 

Rack for holding baskets 171 

II. Hunting, Fishing, and Food-Gathering 

Goat-hunting 173 

Sealing 174 

Catching flounders 17S 

Fishing kelp-fish 181 

Fishing perch 18'! 

Gathering herring-spawn 1 84 

Catching devil-fish 1S5 

Gathering seaweed 185 

Digging clover 18G 

Digging cinquefoil-roots 188 

Digging sea-milkwort 194 

Digging bracken-root 195 

Digging fern-root 195 

Gathering fern-roots 196 

Digging erythronium 197 

Digging lupine-roots 198 

Digging carrots 200 

Digging lily-bulbs 201 

Picking elderberries 204 

Picking salal-berries 205 

Picking currants 208 

Picking huckleberries 209 

Picking s dmon-berries 211 

Picking crabapples 213 

Picking viburnum-berries 210 

Picking chokecherries 218 

Picking dogwood-berries 220 

Picking gooseberries 221 

III. Preservation of Food 

Cutting dog-salmon 223 

Roasted old salmon 223 

Middle piece of salmon 225 

Backbones of salmon 226 

Split salmon. 227 

Fresh roasted backbone 229 

Pectoral fins of dog-salmon 230 

Dog-salmon cheeks 23 1 

Roasted dog-salmon heads 234 

Dog-salmon spawn (1) 235 

Dog-salmon spawn (2) 235 

Quarter-dried salmon 236 

Spawn of silver-salmon 237 

Sockeye-salmon 238 

Old sockeye-salmon 239 

Roasted silver-salmon 241 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 51 



Halibut 241 

Dried codfish 253 

Herring-spawn 254 

Preserving roots 255 

Elderberries 255 

Salal-berries : 264 

Salal-berries and elderberries mixed 269 

Currants 275 

Viburnum-berries 281 

Crabapples 286 

Qotlxole 290 

Qotlxole mixed with oil 291 

Curing seaweed (1) 292 

Curing seaweed (2) 295 

Boiled huckleberries 296 

Viburnum-berries with oil 300 

The first dog-salmon of the season 302 

IV. Recipes 

Roasted salmon 305 

Blistered salmon '..... 30S 

Scorched salmon 309 

Preserved brittle salmon 310 

Cold roasted-salmon 312 

Old salmon, roasted 313 

Boiled salmon 313 

Old dried salmon 315 

Fresh dried salmon 316 

Green salmon 316 

Soaked green salmon (1) 318 

Soaked green salmon (2) 319 

Salmon preserved in cellars 322 

Middle part of salmon , cold or boiled 323 

Split-backs 325 

Soaked backbones, boiled or blistered 325 

Fins and tails 327 

Salmon-cheeks 329 

Fresh salmon-heads 331 

Preserved salmon-heads 332 

Steamed salmon-heads 334 

Boiled salmon-heads 336 

Mush of boiled salmon-heads 338 

Milky salmon-spawn 339 

Salmon-spawn with salmon-berry sprouts : 342 

Sticky salmon-spawn 343 

P.oasted salmon-spawn 344 

Boiled spawn of silver-salmon 345 

Sockeye-salmon 346 

Silver-salmon 34S 

Sun-dried salmon (Gwasila) 350 

Boiled silver-salmon 353 

Boiled salmon-guts 355 

Fresh halibut-heads and backbone 357 

Halibut-tips 359 



52 TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Dried halibut 360 

Halibut skin and meat 361 

Blistered half-dried halibut 363 

Boiled dried halibut 364 

Scorched halibut-skin 365 

Poked halibut-skin : 367 

Boiled halibut-edges 368 

Roasted halibut-edges 370 

Dried halibut-head 371 

Dried halibut-stomach, boiled and soaked 373 

Soaked dried halibut- fins 375 

Halibut-spawn 377 

Middle piece of halibut 378 

Fresh codfish (1) 379 

Fresh codfish (2) 382 

Tainted codfish 386 

Codfish-head 388 

Roasted codfish 390 

Another kind of roasted codfish 391 

Red cod 392 

Black cod. - 392 

Kelp-fish (1) 393 

Kelp-fish (2) 397 

Kelp-fish (3) 400 

Broiled dried kelp-fish .' 402 

Split kelp-fish 403 

Boiled kelp-fish gills and stomachs 405 

Roasted kelp-fish 408 

Perch 410 

Roasted perch 413 

Flounder 413 

Flounder eaten with spoons 417 

Steamed flounder 418 

Fresh herring-spawn on cedar-branches 422 

Soaked herring-spawn 422 

Half-soaked herring-spawn 424 

Eating herring-spawn 425 

Herring-spawn with kelp 426 

Herring-spawn with salmon-berry shoots 428 

Mountain-goat butchering 428 

Stomach-fat of mountain-goat 432 

Mountain-goat brisket 436 

Steamed mountain-goat meat 439 

Cooking mountain-goat meat 441 

Roasted mountain-goat meat 443 

Mountain-goat skin 443 

Boiled mountain-goat meat 445 

Porpoise 446 

Seal butchering 451 

Steamed seal-meat 461 

Seal-head 462 

Whale 464 

Boiled whale-tail 468 



boas] TABLE OP CONTENTS 53 

Page 

Boiled devil-fish 470 

Scorched devil-fish 472 

Devil-fish with oil 473 

Steamed devil-fish 474 

Boiled sea-slugs 475 

Roasted sea-slugs 479 

Baked sea-slugs 480 

Roasted chiton 480 

Boiled chiton : 483 

Large chiton 484 

Baked large chiton 486 

Boiled large chiton 487 

Raw and roasted sea-eggs 488 

Boiled sea eggs 491 

Raw sea-eggs 493 

Flat sea-eggs 494 

Picking flat sea-eggs off the rock at low water 496 

Blue sea-eggs 498 

Barnacles 499 

Another way of preparing barnacles 504 

Cryptochiton 506 

Baked cryptochiton 50S 

Winkles 509 

Eel-grass 510 

Seaweed 514 

Powdered seaweed 515 

Salmon-spawn with seaweed 516 

Clams with seaweed 516 

Fern-root (1) 517 

Eating fern-roots 523 

Fern-root (2) 524 

Fern-root (3) 526 

Cooking clover 527 

Another way of cooking clover 531 

Baked clover-root 533 

Raw clover-root 534 

Cinquefoil 535 

Erythronium 544 

Boiled erythronium 547 

Raw and baked erythronium 548 

Boiled lupine-roots 550 

Steamed lupine-roots 552 

Carrots 553 

Sea-milkwort 557 

Lily 560 

Boiled lily-bulbs 563 

Elderberry cakes 564 

Unripe elderberries 567 

Salal-berry cakes 569 

Raw salal-berries 571 

Cakes of currants 572 

Raw currants 575 

Mashed currants and salal-berries 577 



54 TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Huckleberries 580 

Mashed huckleberries 581 

Cleaning huckleberries 582 

Viburnum-berries with water and oil 583 

Ripe sucked viburnum-berries 585 

Steamed viburnum-berries 586 

Brittle rrabapples 593 

Ciabapples and oil 594 

Mashed steamed crabapples 594 

Salal-berries and crabapples 594 

Bunch-berries 596 

Gooseberries 597 

Currants 601 

Solomon's s -al 601 

V. Beliefs and Customs 

Signs 603 

Body feelings as signs 603 

Cries of the Raven 606 

Eating 607 

Picking huckleberries . 607 

Customs relating to sealing 607 

Customs relating to porpoise-hunting 608 

Customs relating to salmon-fishing: 

Dog-salmon 609 

Silver-salmon 610 

Sockeye-salmon 612 

Customs relating to fish traps 613 

Customs relating to sea-eggs 614 

Beliefs relating to the devil-fish 614 

Customs relating to canoe-building 615 

Customs relating to fern-roots 616 

Customs relating to currants 616 

Customs relating to cedar-bark 616 

Customs rslating to the felling of trees 617 

Prayers 619 

Prayer to young cedar 619 

Weather charms 620 

Hunting taboos 637 

Means of having children 644 

Birth 649 

Treal ment of infants: 

Washing the new-born child 656 

Forming the head of the child 657 

Cradling the child 658 

Treatment of the infant '. . 666 

Twins 673 

Cauterizing 694 

Cripples 696 

Navel-string 697 

Maturity 699 

The sweat-bath 702 

Death 705 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 55 



The ghost country 710 

The soil of man 713 

Shamanism 728 

K-!almodelanaga 733 

The initiation of one of the Ts!6ts!ena of the Awa £ ilEla 742 

VI. Social Customs 

Customs relating to eating 750 

Distribution of porpoise 750 

Distribution of seal 750 

Feast of currants 751 

Huckleberry feast 754 

Viburnum-berry feast 755 

Salmon-berry feast 760 

Crabapple feast 762 

Feast of salal-berries and crabapples mixed 768 

Feast of qotlxole 775 

Social position and marriage laws 776 

Chief's daughter 776 

Chieftainess 779 

Endogamy 781 

Marrying outside of one's tribe 782 

The eagles 784 

Names and crests of the Maamtag'ila 785 

Names 786 

Speeches delivered in feasts 78S 

Swear-words 793 

Index i 



I. INDUSTRIES 

The Making of Dishes. — The dish-maker takes | along his ax 1 
when he goes into the woods. When he | reaches a patch of alder- 
trees, he picks out a good one | that has no knots and that is not 
twisted, for he is || careful that it is straight when it is split in 5 
two. After he has found | a good one, he chops it down. It must 
be six spans | around at the bottom. When it falls down, he chops 
off | one fathom length from the tough part at the butt, | and he 
measures off four spans in length and || chops it off there. After it 10 
has been cut off, he splits it in two j straight through the heart of 
the wood. After it has been split in two, he chops off | the heart of 
the wood, so that the block is one span thick. | He chops it off 
carefully, so that it is level and that it has no twist, | for the heart 
of the tree will be the bottom of the dish. When this is done, || he 15 
chops out the sides so that they are wide in the middle. The dish 
is one span wide | at each end, and it is one span and four | fingers 
wide in the middle, for it bulges out. | The bottom part of the end 
is one short span long, | and the height is one hand-width, || including 20 
the thumb. | The bottom is one short span | wide and three span^ 



The Making of Dishes (Loqwelax-: loqlwe). — Wa, hi- Em daax u sa i 
loqwelaenoxwaxa loq!wes sobayowaxs lag laxa SL!e. Wa, gil- 
£ mese lag"aa laxa l lasmadzEXEkulaxs lae doq!iix £ idxa eketElaxa 
k!ease LlEiiak'a. Wa, he £ mesexs k - !esae kMllpsla qa £ s he £ mae 
doqwasoseda naqlEqe lax kiixsEntsE £ we. Wii, g-fPmese q!axa 5 
ekaxs lae soplExodxa q !el !Ep !EnX'se e sta liixEns q !waq !wax"ts !SL- 
na £ yex, yix wag'itlEXLaasas. Wa, g-il £ mese t!ax -£ IdExs lae tEm- 
k'odxa £ nEmp!Enk*e laxEiis baLax qa lawayes t!Eingults!EXLa £ yas. 
Wii, la biil £ Idxa mo]i!Enkas wasgEmas laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana- 
£ yexs lae tEinx u sEndEq. Wa, g-il £ mese laxsExs lae kuxsEndEq 10 
naq!Eqax domaqas. Wa, g-ihmese kiixsaakiixs lae sopalax 
domaqas qa e nEmdEnes lawoyas hayaqaxa domaqe. Wii, lit 
aekMa sopalaq qa nEqEles. Wii, he f mis qa k'leses sElgwasnokwa 
qaxs he £ mae awabEwesa loq !wes domaqe. Wii, gil'mese gwalExs 
lae sosEbEnodzEiidEq qa lexoyowes yixs £ nEmdEnae wiidzExg'iwa- 15 
sasa oba £ yasa loqlwe. Wa, la modEnbaleda £ nEmp!Enke laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix £ wadzEgoyiiwasa laxes k'akilxalaena^ye. 
Wii, la oxsg'iwa £ yas £ iiEmp!Enk-6sta laxEns ts!Ex u ts!ana £ yaxsEns 
q!wiiq!wax - ts!ana f yex. Wa, laEmxLa laxs £ wi J laEn q!w5q!wax - ts!a- 
na e yex le £ weiis qomax yix £ w;ilagiik ilasas. Wii, la r iiEmp!Eng - a,pa 20 
awabayasexEns ts!Ex u ts!ana £ yasEns q !waq !waxts !ana £ yex yix £ wii- 
dzEgabasas. Wii, lii modEn laxEns q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ j T es yix 

57 



58 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ietii. ann. 35 

and I four finger -widths long. | This is the size of the large feasting- 

25 dish when a feast is given to many tribes. || When the sides have been 
chopped, it is | in this way: \<-~ ^~ ^ ~>Then he puts it right-side 

up and chops out the inside. [ so that it is hollow. | The 

bark is still on that partWC ^; ^ _> that will be the inner side. 

Now he chops it off; and | he only stops chopping it when it is two 

30 finger-widths || thick all around and at both ends. Then he carries 
it I home on his shoulder, and he puts it, down in his house, | takes 
his adz, and adzes the bottom so that it is level. | When this is 
done, he adzes the outside. It | is adzed well. Then he also adzes 

35 the ends well || on the outside; and when this is done, he adzes along 
the sides | so as to make them thin, lie just feels the thickness. | 
After this has been done, he take- his small crooked knife and j 
scoops out two grooves on the outer side. When this is done, he | 

40 takes spawn of the dog-salmon, chews it, and spits it into || his paint- 
dish. He takes coal and rub3 it in I the place where is the salmon- 
spawn that has been spit out. When it is really | black, he takes his 
paint-brush, dips the end of the | ^^-^-j^-^^ paint-brush 

into the black color, and paints all ify^-- ^~t^| :ll ' ,,ull( l I 

the rim of the dish, in this way: D When this 

45 is done, || he puts it away, mi that it V^T "^^ dries. Then 

it is done. | ^~-±*c±£^z^z^-^ 

23 mamoplEnk'Elayas laxEnsq!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yex yix E wasgEmabasa. 
GaEinxat! l5q!iisa £ walase klwelasxi qleqtegala k!wel lelqwala- 

25 La e ya. Wii, gll £ mese gwal sopalax ewanodza £ yasexs lae g"a 
gwalega (fig.). 

Wa, lii hangaElsaq qa £ s sobslEg Indeq qa lobEg'ax^des. LaEm 
axale XEklumas lax ogug - a £ yas. Wa, he e me la sop!etso £ se. Wii, 
al £ mese gwal sobElEglqexs lae mahlEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex 

30 yix wagwasas ha-stala i.E="wis waxsbElExse. Wii, la wektlaqexs 
lae na £ nak u laxes gokwe. Wa, la hangalllas laxes gokwaxs lae 
ax'edxes k-!imLayowe qa £ s k!trnl £ Idex awaba £ yas qa nEqEles. 
Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae k!iml £ ldEx ewanodza £ yas. Wa, laEm 
aekMaxs lae klimLaq. Wii, lii aek'Ia k - !tml £ idEX oxsg'iwa £ yas 

:?5 laxa L!asadza £ yas. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae k" KmLElEgEndEq 
qa pElsgEmx £ ides. Wa, laEm aEm plexwax wagwasas. Wii, 
gil £ mese gwabsxs lae ax £ edxes ama £ ye xElxwala klwedaya qa e s 
k!wet!edexa malts !aqe lax 6xsgiwa £ yas. Wii, g'IFmese gwalExs 
lae ax £ edxa ge £ niisa gwaxnise qa £ s malex £ wideq qa £ s kwets lilies 

40 laxes k!at!aase. Wii, lii ax £ edxa dzEgute qa £ s yildzEltsIiile lax 
la qlotslEwatsa kwesdEkwe ge £ na. Wa, gil £ mese la alak'lala la 
tslultoxs lae ax £ edxes habayowe. Wii, lii hapstEnts oba £ yasa 
hftbayowe laxa tsloltowe gElyaya qa £ s k - !at!edes lax awrstiis 
6guliixta £ yasa loqlwe g'a gwaleg - a (fig.). Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs 

45 lae gexaq qa lEmx £ w!des. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 59 

This size of dish is used at a feast by six men. | If it is three 46 
spans | long, then two 1 guests eat out of [ one dish. It is used in 
lesser feasts. || The dish for a feast to the host's own nuniaym 2 50 
is two spans and a half long. | It is used by three guests. | A 
dish two spans long | is used by husband and wife | and their chil- 
dren; and those that are one span and four finger-widths || long are 55 
used for the chief's daughter | and the chief's son. Two (a man and j 
his friend) eat out of it tooj | and the dish for a woman whose hus- 
band is away is | smallest. It is one span long. | It is only for one 
person. || That is all now. | "0 

Dish for pounding Salal-Berries. — The husband ! of the woman 
first goes to get a good piece of cedar-wood without knots, three | 
spans long and | four spans |] wide and one short span high. | He 65 
takes his ax and chops out | the inside, until it is hollow and like 
a box. When j it gets thin, he takes his hand-adz, turns it bottom- 
side up, | and adzes it over finely at the bottom and the ends, || so 70 
that it does not slant; and after he has finished the outer side, | 
he puts it bottom downward and he adzes it inside, so that there are 

Wa, heEm qlELlalasosa k!wele bebEgwanEme £ wala £ yasa loqhve. 46 
Wa, glFmese yudux"p!Enk'e laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana E yexylx £ was- 
gEmg ig'aasasa loqlwaxs lae maema £ leda k.'wele bebEgwanEmxa 
£ nal £ nEmexLa loqlwa. Wa, laEni la laxa gwasa^ye klwelasa. Wa, 
he-'mis loqlQsa khvelasaxes £ nE £ memota babELalas £ wasgEmgi- 50 
g'aase loqlwa. Wa, laEni yaeyudoxulasosa khvele bebEgwanEma. 
Wa, he e misa malplEiike laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex yix -'wasgEm- 
g'ig'aasasa loqlwe. Wa, laEm helExstalilats !esa hayasEkala 
LE £ wis sasEme. Wa, he £ misa modEiibalaxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex 
laxa £ nEinp!Enkas £ wasgEing igaase helExstalil liUogiiinsa k!edele 55 
uriiin LaWElgEma £ yasa g'IgEma £ ye. Wit, laEm maltaq LE £ wis £ iie- 
mokwe. Wit, he £ mis loqlusa tstedaqaxs laasnokwaes hvwuiiEnui 
ama £ yinxa £ yasa leloq!weda £ nEmp!Enk - as £ \vasgEmg"ig'aase laxEns 
q!wiiq!wax-ts!ana £ yex. Wa, laEm helExstallltsa £ nEmokwe. Wa, 
aEin £ wl £ la laxeq . 60 

Dish for pounding Salal-Berries. — Wa, heEm gil ax £ etso £ s hVwuiiE- 
masa tstedaqa ek'e klwaxLawaxa k* lease iJEnaka. Wa, lit yudux u - 
plEnk' laxEns q!waq!waxts!fin;ryex yix £ wasgEmasas. Wa, la 
modEnbaleda £ nEmp!Enk'e laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix 
wadzEwasas. Wa, lii ts!Ex"ts!iina £ ye £ wiilasgEmasas laxEns q!wa- 65 
£ q!wax'ts!an;« £ yex. Wa, lit ax £ edxes sobayowe qa £ s sopledex 
5ts!aLas qa £ s loptslodeq qa yuwes gwex'sa gildase. Wa, gll- 
£ mese la pElsgEinxs lae ax £ edxes kllmLayuwe. Wa, lii qEp!Elsa- 
qexs lae. aek'!a k' IiniLEltsEmdEq LE £ wis awaba £ ye LE £ wis oba £ ye 
qa kleses senoqwa. Wa, g p il £ mese gwalxa osgEma £ yaxs lae 70 
hangaElsaq qa £ s k' limLElEgindeq qa k" leases tEuxtslas. Wa, 

1 Evidently a mistake, instead of four. 

" A numiym is one of the subdivisions of the tribe. See pp. 795 et seq. 



60 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth. ann. 30 

72 110 lumps. I After he has finished this, he takes his straight knife 
and I his bent knife, and he cuts all around the corners with the 
straight knife, | around the inside of what he is working at; and 

75 after he has done so, || he takes his crooked knife and shaves out the 
inside until it is very | smooth. This is the box for pounding salal- 
berries, and it is | just like a box after it is finished. Now the box 
for pounding salal-berries is finished, | for it is called that way. | 
1 The Making- of Boxes. — Now 1 will talk again | about her husband, 
who has to make a box for the lily-bulbs. | 

He takes his wedge-basket, | his stone hammer, and his ax, and 
5 he goes to a || patch of cedar-trees in the woods, looking for a good 
tree, | the bark of which runs straight up and down, without a twist. 
When | he finds one of this kind, he chops the cedar-tree | down 
on the side on which the branches are, so that it falls on its back | 
when it falls. When he passes the heart of the tree while chopping, 

10 he goes around || and chops the smooth side; and .when it falls, it 
goes down on the side where it has been chopped in | deeply, and 
falls on its back. Now the cedar-tree lies on its back; | and the 
smooth side, which is the best side, is on top. He chops it off two | 
fathoms from the foot of the tree; and when | he has chopped down 

15 to the heart of it, he measures || eight spans, beginning at the place 



72 gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes nExx'ala k'lawayowa LE £ wis 
XElxwala k'lawayowa. Wii, la xiitse £ stalasa nExx'iila k'lawayo 
lax ewanux u ts!awases eaxElasE £ we. Wa, g'IFmese gwalExs lae 

75 ax £ edxes xElxwala k'lawayowa qa £ s xElxiilEg indes lfiq qa alak'la- 
les qese ogug'a £ yasa lEg'atslaxa nEkliile. Wa, la yiiEm la 
gwex'sa g'ildasaxs lae gwala. Wa, laEm gwala lEg'atslaxa nEk lu- 
te qaxs he £ mae LegEmse. 
1 The Making of Boxes. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwex - sx' £ IdEl 
lax la £ wunEmas yixs lae xEselax -£ id x'okumatsleLe xaxExadzEma. 
Wa, heEm ax £ etsoses qlwaatslases tet lEX'SE £ yase LEmlEmgn £ ya. 
Wa, he £ mises pElpElqe LE £ wis sobayowe. Wa, la qas £ ida qa £ s la 
5 laxa wllg'ixEkiila laxa aLle alax ek'etElasa welkwe. Wa, he e misa 
nEqEmg'ustawas ts!ageg'a £ yexa k'lese k'!ilplEna £ ya. Wa, g'il- 
e mese qlaxa he gwex'se, lae hex' £ idaEm s5plExodEq gwek'lotlE- 
xawa £ yes sop !Ex6tsE £ we laxa LlEnxk' !6tlEna £ yas qa tlexilses 
qo t!ax' £ idi.o. Wa, g'il £ mese laklodile sobela £ yas lae lak'lotlExoda 

10 qa £ s sopk' laedzEndeq. Wa, la gwagwaaqaxs lae t!ax' £ ld laxa wun- 
qElas sobele laxa awig'a £ yas. Wa, la £ me tlek'lEsa welkwe. Wa, 
laEm ek - lEk' laesala yixa wllEmas. Wa, la tEmx £ wldxa mal- 
plEnk'e laxEns ba^ax g'ag'iLEla laxa oxLa £ yas. Wa, g'il £ mese 
lalaqe tEmkwa £ yas lax d5maqasexs lae bal £ Itses qlwaqlwax'tsla- 

15 na £ ye qa malgiinalplEnk'es £ wasgEmasas g-agiLEla lax tEmkwa- 



r^ ^~o 



boas] INDUSTRIES 61 

where he | chopped into it; and when he has chopped down to | the 16 
heart of the tree, he chops off more chips, in order to | spread it 
wider for the wedges to be put in. When | the wedges can lie on 
the sloping chopped side, he drives them in in this way: The first 

one || that he drives ha is the longest one of 20 
the board wedges at | the far side from where 
he stands. 1 He takes the next shorter one | next to it and drives 
it in close to the one that he has driven in, and | he takes the 
next shorter one and drives it in | close to the one that he drove 
before; and || the seven wedges are one shorter than the other as 25 
they are driven into the end of the tree; and the one nearest | 
to the workman is the shortest wedge. Then he | strikes the top 
of each once while he is striking them with his stone hammer, | and 
he strikes them backward and forward. | As soon as the wood 
splits, he pries it off so that it falls on its back, and he marks || 
on the end the thickness of two fingers. Then | he takes his ax 30 
and drives it in on the mark that he put on the wood. | After 
he has done so, he again takes up his wedges and | puts them 
in as he did before when splitting out the block. | He continues 
doing this as he keeps on splitting them off. Only || the first (board) 35 
that he splits off is thick. The next one is only one | finger-width 
thick I if the cedar is very good, for generally the first one split off 



£ yasexs lae tEmx £ wldEq. Wa, g il £ mese lalaqe tEmkwa £ yas lax 16 
domaqas lae sag ililaxes tEmkwa £ ye qa qwesglles saostowa qaxs 
LEmgasilae qaes LEmlEmg'ayowe. Wa, gtFmese kelak'lale i.Em- 
lEmgayas la dex £ widayo laxa ga gwaleg'a {fig-) lae he g'il 
degwIlbEndayowa g'ilt !Eg'a £ yases latlayowe LEnig'ayowa lax 20 
qwesot !Ena £ yases Laxwalaase. Wa, la ax £ edxa ts !ats lakwalaga- 
wa £ ye qa £ s dex £ waLElodes laxa mak'ala laxa la degwilba £ ya. Wii, 
laxae ax £ edxa ts!ats!akwalagawa £ yas qa £ s dex £ waLElodes laxa 
mak'alaxat! laxa la dedegwilba £ ya. Wa, la £ me ts !Egu £ nakuleda 
aLEbotslaqe LEmlEmgayoxs lae dedegwilba £ ya. HeEm mak'ala 25 
laxa lat!aenoxweda ts !Ek !waga £ yasa LEmlEmg'ayowas. Wa, la 
£ nal £ nEmp lEiixtodalases pElpElqaxs lae pElgEtE £ weses pElpElqe 
laxa LEmlEmg'ayowe. Aeiii aedaaqi £ lalaxs pElgEtayaaq. Wii, 
gil £ mese xox £ widExs lae k!wet!edEq qa nELaxes. Wa, la xiildEl- 
bEndxa maldEiias wagwase laxEiis q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wii, lii 30 
ax £ edxes sobayowe qa £ s maelbEndes nEgElEnexa la xtildEkwa. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwalEXs lae et!ed ax £ edxes LEmlEmgayowe. Wii, 
heEmxaawise gwiile gwalaasdasexs liixde latlodxa tEmgikwe. 
Wa, axsa £ mese he gwegilaxa la hanal lat!aso £ s. Wii, laLa 
£ nEm £ Em wakweda g'aloyas qaxs a £ mae la £ nal £ nEmdEn laxEiis 35 
q!waq!\vax"ts!ana £ yex. yix wagwasasa la memakila lat.'alayos 
yixs Lomae eka welkwe qaxs hemEnala £ mae pei>ax £ wideda gale 

'See Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 328, fig. 54. The figure shows the 
order of the wedges. The split is placed vertically, not horizontally as described here. 



62 . ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 86 

38 runs outward: | therefore the first one that is split off is thick. | 
As soon as it has been split, he carries the boards out as he is going 

40 home; || and when he has carried them all out, he takes his adz | 
and adzes them smooth. When he has finished | one side, he turns 
them over and adzes the other side also; so that they all have the 
same | thickness. When they are half a finger-width thick, | they 

45 are done, and he puts them on edge. Then he adzes down || one 
edge to make it straight ; and after that has been done, he puts them 
down flat, | takes a piece of cedar-stick and splits it so that it is 
thin, and | he takes his straight knife and cuts off the end so that | it 
is square at the end. He measures one span | and a short span, 

50 beginning at the end that he cut off, || and there he cuts it off. He 
uses this as a measure for the width | of the box that he is making. 
He puts it down and takes his | straight knife, and again puts on 
edge the board out of which | he is making the box. Then he shaves 
off the edge smooth, so that it is very | straight and smooth; and 

55 when it is really [| straight, he puts it down Hat. Then he takes his | 
cedar-stick measure and puts it down on one end of the box | that 
he is making. The end of the measure is (lush with the | straight 
edge that he has shaved off. He marks with his knife 1 the other end 



38 latodayowa. Wii, he £ mis lagitas wakwa g'ale latoyos. Wa, 
gtl £ mese wIweIx'sexs lae yilx £ ult lalaqexs lae na £ nak u laxes gokwe. 

40 Wii, gil £ mese £ wllolt!axs lae hex'ldaEm &x £ edxes k"!imLayowe 
qa c s k' iiniLEldzodeq qa neiiEmadzowes. Wa, giPmese gwala 
apsadzE £ yaxs lae lex £ IdEq qa £ s k' liniLEldzodexaaq qa '"nEinokwes 
wagwasas. Wa, gil £ mese la k'lodEne wagwasas laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yex lae gwala. Wa, la klottelsaq qa £ s k!Enil £ Idex 

45 apsEmxa £ yas qa nEqEles. Wa, gil £ mese gwalEXs lae paxElsaq 
qa £ s ax £ edexa klwaXLawe qa £ s xox £ wideq qa wllEiies. Wii, la 
ax £ edxes nEXxala klawayowa qa £ s k'!imtodex oba £ yas qa 
£ nEmabes 6ba £ yas. Wii, lii bal £ Itses q!waq!waxts!ana £ yaxa £ nEm- 
plEnke he £ mesa ts!Ex u ts!ana £ ye giig-iLEla laxa k!imtba £ yasexs 

50 lae k' IlmtodEq. Wa, laEm mEnyayonox u LEs qa £ wiidzE £ wasLEses 
WElasE £ weda XEselasE £ was. Wa, lii kat!Elsaq qa £ s ax £ edexes 
nExx'iila klawayowa. Wii, laxae etled k - lot !Elsaxes WElasE- 
£ weda xEselasE £ was. Wii, aekla k!ax £ wldxa awEnxa £ ye qa ala- 
k'lales la nEqEla. Wii, he £ mes qa qeses. Wa, gil £ mese la ala- 

55 k'lala la iiEqElaxs lae xwelaqa paxElsaq. Wii, la ax £ edxes klwax- 
Lawe niEnyayowa qa £ s k'adEdzodes lax apsba £ yases wulasE £ weda 
XEselasE £ was. Wii, laEm £ nEmabale msnyayas LE £ wa nEqEnxa- 
£ yas ylx lax'de k'laxwasos. Wii, lii xiiltletses kliiwayowe lax 
£ walalaasas 6ba £ yas mEnyayas. Wa, -la 'laxa apsba £ ye. Wa, 



lio.-.s] INDUSTRIES 63 

to which the measure reaches, and he goes to the other end of the 
board || and does the same thing there, in this way: 



n 0- 



f>0 



(1) is the measure at the one end, and (2) when 
he moves it to the other end; and | he marks it 
with his knife at (3), as he did before, and at (4); and | after he 
finishes measuring it, he takes his hand-adz and | adzes off (5). 
Now he splits it off, so that the width is greater than || the height 65 
of the box which he is going to make ; and he takes | the piece that 
he has split off from the edge of the box that he is making, and 
shaves | one edge off with his knife so that it is straight; and when 
it is quite ] straight, he places it on one end of (3), and he places 
the | straight-edge on the mark that he has put on, and he also 
puts it || at the other end of the mark that he made at (4), and 70 
he marks with his straight | knife along the straight-edge. As soon 
as | the mark that he makes is plain, he takes off the straight- 
edge and puts it away, and | he takes his hand-adz and adzes 
down toward the mark that he put on, | as far as its end. As soon 
as he finishes adzing it, and when || he comes close to the mark that 75 
he has put on, he puts down his adz and | he takes his straight 
knife and shaves it. | He shaves it off smooth and straight. | After 
he has finished it, he shaves off the other end, so that all the | chop- 
ping-marks come off; and when the rough end has been finished, || 
he takes up his straight-edge and another piece of thin split cedar- go 



heEmxaawise gwex £ IdEq ga gwiileg'a (fig-)- Wa,, heEm mEii- qq 
yayose (1) laxa apsba £ ye. Wii, he £ mis (2) yixs labEnd laq qa £ s 
xfdt!edeses k - !awayowe lax (3) laxes gwex ,£ idaasax (4). Wa, 
gil £ mese gwal mEnsaqexs lae ax £ edxes k"!hnLayowe qa £ s k!im- 
Lodex (5). Wii, laEm xowsyodEq qaxs awila £ mae £ wadzogawa £ ye 
wulasE £ was lax £ walasgEinasLasa xEtsEmLe. Wa, la ax £ edxes 65 
xowEyowe liix awEnxa £ yases wulasE £ we qa £ s k" !ax £ wldeses k'!a- 
wayowe lax apsEiixa £ yas qa nEqEles. Wii, gil £ mese la alaklala 
la nsqElaxs la kadEdzots apsba £ yas lax (3). Wa, laEm hex- 
sta £ ye nEgEnosEliis lax xulta £ yas. Wa, laxae kadEdzotsa 
apsba £ yas lax xulta £ yas lax (4). Wa, la xflltletses nExx'ala 70 
k - !iiwayowe lax awEnxa £ yasa uEgEnose. Wii, g'tl £ mese la 
awElx - se xult a £ j T asexs lae axodxes nEgEnose qa £ s lii g'exaq. Wa, 
la. ax £ edxes kliniLayowe qa £ s kliniLale lalak' lEnaxes xulta £ ye 
hebEndalax oba £ ya^. Wii, gil £ mese gwal k'limLalaq yixs lae 
ex - ak - !Endxes xulta £ yaxs lae gigalllaxes kliniLayowe. Wii, la 75 
ax £ edxes nExxala k'lawayowa qa £ s k'!ax £ wideq. Wa, laEm 
aek'laxs lae k"!axwaq qa nEqEles; wa, he £ mis qa qeses. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwiilExs lae k'!ax £ widEx apsba £ yas qa lawayes sopa- 
£ yasxa le £ noqwa. Wa, giPmese £ wl £ lawa lenoxba £ yasexs lae etled 
ax'edxes nEgEnose LE £ wa ogu £ lamaxat! xok u wil £ En klwaxxawa. go 



64 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. SB 

81 wood, | and he cuts off the end of the cedar-stick that he took up last. | 
He measures it off three spans long. | There he cuts it off, and with 
it he measures the board | at which he is working, in this way, 

85 slanting: As soon || as he finds the end of the measure, 

he marks j_ vj it | in the middle of the board with his knife, 

and he | measures it with his cedar-stick, in this way: 

He is trying i__^ to find the middle; | and as soon as 

he has found (~~ "j the middle of the board, he marks it with 

his | knife in the middle, and he takes a cedar-stick 

90 and || he cuts off again one finger-width. | Then he takes his drill and 
drills through the end. As | soon as the drill-hole goes through, he 
puts it on the board out of which he is making a box. | He tries to 
put the end of the drill as the end shows at the | under side of the 

95 cedar-stick measure at the mark in the middle of || the board at 

which he is working, in this way: i 1 As soon as | the 

end of the drill goes in a little 1 1 1 at the middle of 

the board at which he is working, he bevels | the other end of the 
measure, and he marks along it at the end of the beveled meas- 
ure, | on the edge of the board at which he is working; and he 
100 turns || the free end which has been beveled so that it goes to the 
other edge, and | he marks its end. After he has done so, he takes 
off | his beveled measure and he takes his straight-edge and | puts 

81 Wa, la k'ltmtbEndxa aiagawa £ ye ax £ etsos klwaxLawa. Wa, la 
baHdxa yudux u p!Enke lfixEns qlwilqlwax'tslana^Ox laxa xf>kwe 
khvaxxawaxs la? k'limttslEndEq. W:'i, 1:1 mEns £ IdEs laxa wQlasE- 
£ was g*a gwalcg'a (fig.)- Wa, laEm senoqwala. Wa, g"il s mese 

S5 qliix £ walagilasas oba £ yasa mEnyayaxs lar xultletses kliiwa- 
yowe lax nEgEdza £ yasos wulasE £ wG xEselasE £ wa. Wa, Li mEn- 
s^Itsa klwaxLawe ga gwalega (fig-). Wa, laEm q!aq!aax nEgEdza £ yas 
(1). Wa, g - il £ mese qlaxa nEgEdza £ yasexs lae xultletses k - !iiwa- 
yowe laxa nEgEdza £ yas. Wa, lii ax £ edxa klwaxLawa qa £ s 

U0 etlede klimtodxa £ nEmdEnr> lax Oba £ yas laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!a- 
na e yex. Wii, lii ax e edxes sElEme qa £ s sElx*sodex oba £ yas. Wii, 
g]l £ mese lax'sawe sEla £ yas la<~ kadEdzuts laxi"s wulasE e we xesc- 
lasE £ wa. Wa, laEm nanaxstE £ was oba f yasa sElEmax nelbalaf- lax 
bEnadzE £ yasa mEnyayowf' klwaxLawa laxa xulta £ ye lax nEgEdza- 

95 £ yas wulasE £ was XEsrlasE £ wa g'a gwaleg"a (fig.). Wa, g"ii e mese 
nEXstodEq laC- xaiJEx^d sELx £ Ida qa xaLlEbEtes oba £ yas sElEmas 
lax nEgEdza £ 3 r asrs wulasE £ we xEsrlasE £ wa. Wii, lii senogiidzots 
apsba £ yas qa £ s xult!?dex wulgllasas oba £ yasa sendgudza £ yr' mEn- 
yayo lax apsEnxa £ yases wElasE £ we. Wa, laxat" mElbax -£ idEq 
100 qa £ s senogudzodes qa £ s gwebax ,£ Ides laxa apsEnxa £ yi\ Wa, laxae 
xult!i~dEx wulgllasas oba £ yas. Wit, g!l £ mese gwfdExs laf- ax £ aLE- 
lodxes sOnogwayowo mEnyayowa. Wii, lii ax £ C'dxos nEgEnose qa £ s 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 65 

it down on the thin mark on each | edge. He wants the measure 
to lie || on the end of the beveled mark (1). | The straight edge of 
his measure is turned towards the rough end of | the board at which he 

is working, in this manner, . and he marks it with his 

straight knife. | Now he ~^> takes off the straight-edge 



and he puts it down, and | r "* he takes his straight knife 

and cuts along with it at || the mark, so that the end is smooth | and 10 
so that it does not slant. As soon as the rough end has been cut 
off, | he takes the cedar-stick and splits it so that it is thin and 
square. | It is another measure. He splits out two pieces, and he 
measures | them so that one of them is two spans long || where he 15 
cuts it off with his straight knife and puts it down. Then | he 
takes up one of the square split cedar-sticks and cuts off | one end 
of it square, and he measures it so that it is | one long span and 
one short span | long; and he cuts it off with his knife. || The cedar- 20 
stick two spans in length | is to be the measure for the long side 
of the box, and the measure for the short side | is one short span 
and one long span. First he takes | the shorter measure and puts 
it down on one edge of | the box that he is making, beginning at 
the place where he cut the edge smooth. || He puts down the 25 

kadEdzodes lax WElba £ yases xulta £ ye laxa apsEnxa £ ye LE £ wa awun- 3 
xa £ yasa &psEnxa £ ye. Wii, la e me £ nex - qa £ nEniEnxiiles nEgEnosa 
lo £ oba £ yasa senogudz:i £ yf> xulta £ ya lax (1). Wa, laxae guyinxa e ya 5 
nEgEnodza £ yas nEgEiidsas laxa lenoxba £ yas wulasE £ was xEselasE- 
£ wa. Wa, lit g'a gwalega {fig.). Wa, la xult!etses iiExxiila kMawayowe 
laq. Wii, laEin ax £ aLElodxes nEgEudse cia £ s lcatlahleq. Wii, lit 
ax £ edxes UExxala klawayowa qa £ s xiildElEiia £ yes laxes UEqEla 
xiiltay £ a. Wfi, laEin xultaqexs lae xultodEq qa qeses oba £ yas. Wa 10 
he c mis qa k" leases senogwats. Wa, giPmese lawiiye lenoxba £ yas lae 
ax £ edxa klwaxLawe qa £ s xox £ w!deq qa wTlEnes k - !EWElx £ una ogu- 
daEinxae lax mEnyayiis. Wii, lii maltslaqe xii £ yas. Wii, lii bal £ Itses 
q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ ye qa malplEnk'es £ wasgEmasasa £ nEmts!aqas lae 
k-!imtts!Entses liExxiila klawayowe laq. Wii, lii k-at!alllaq qa £ s 15 
ax £ edexa '"iiEmtslaqe xok u k - !EWElx £ un klwaxLawa qa £ s k!imt5dex 
dba £ yas qa £ iiEmabes. Wii, laxae bal £ itses q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ ye laq 
qa £ iiEmp!Enk'es laxEns g"ilt lax bata. Wii, he^misa ts!Ex"ts!ana £ ye 
esEg'iwa £ yasexs lae k!imtotses k - !awayowe laq. Wii, beEin iueii- 
yayoltsexa g ildolasLases wi!lasE £ we xEselasE £ wa malplEnk'as £ was- 20 
gEmase klwaxLawa. Wii, h(' ;£ mis mEiiyayoltsexa ts!Eg - olixsa esEg'E- 
yowasa ts !Ex u ts !ana £ ye k!waxLawa. Wii, he £ mis g Tl a,x £ etso £ seyedf 
ts!Ekwagawa £ ye mEnyayowa qa £ s kadEdzodes lax apsEnxa £ yases 
wfdasE £ we giigiLEla laxa la aek - !aak" xuttslaakwa. Wii, laKin £ de- 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 ,"> 



66 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

25 measure at the end of the board at which he is working in this 
way: | and he cuts in a little with his straight knife 
as far | as | the end of the cedar measure goes. After 
hehas done so, | he takes off the measure and puts 
it down on the other edge, | in this way: i= and he marks 

30 the end with his knife. || After he has •= done so, he 

takes off the measure and puts it down. | He takes his straight- 
edge and lays it down along | the ends of the measures, in this 

way: n . After he has put down | the straight-edge al the 

marks, | he cuts along it with his | knife on the board 

that he U is working. After doing so, he puts down || 

35 the straight-edge and he takes up the longer cedar-stick | measure 
and he puts it down on the edge of the board on which he is working. | 
He puts the end of his measure on the mark which he made | for the 

short end, in this manner, and lie makes a small 

mark | at its end. After be has done so, he takes 

40 off the measure || for the long side and puts it 

down on the other edge, and he | does the same as lie did before 
when he measured it. After | he lias done so, he takes off the measure, 
puts it down. | takes his straight-edge, and puts it down along the 
marks. Now | he turns the straight-edge along the two marks 

When 



45 that he has made || on the board, in this way: 
the straight-edge is | on the marks on the 



_ board, 



9 _ mabaleda mEiiyayowe lo £ oba £ yasa W&lasE £ was ga gwalega (fig.). 
Wii, lii xfu.h'.x £ id xutletses iiK.xxiila k'.awayowe lax -walalaasas oba- 
£ yasa niEivyayowe klwaxLawa. Wii, gil'mese gwahexs lac ax'ai.i:- 
lodxes mEiiyayowe qa £ s lii k"adEdzots laxa apsEnxa £ ye ga. gwii- 
lega i fig.)- Wa, laxae xul< letses k"!awayowe lax £ walalaasas oba £ yas 
Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae ax'ai.Elodxes mEnyayowe qa £ s katlall- 
leqexs lae ax £ edxes nsgEnose qa £ s k - adEdzodes lax £ walaiaasdas 
oba £ yasa mEiiyayowe g - a gwiileg-a (jig.). Wii, giFmese la nExstave 
nEgEiiodza £ yas nEgEiiosas lax xiilta £ yasexs lae xQldElEneses k!a- 
wayowe laxes wulasE £ we. Wii. g il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ aLElodxes 
nEgEiiose qa £ s kat lallleqexs lae ax £ edxa giltagawa £ ye k!wax £ En 
menyayowa qa £ s k'adEdzodes lax awiinxa £ yases wiilasE £ we. Wii, 
laEin MiEinahale oba £ yasa mEnyayowe LE £ wa la xiddEk" qaeda ts!E- 
i'-olaLe, g'a gwalega (fig.). Wii, lii xiliJEx-ld xiiltledEx £ walag"i- 
lasas oba £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ aLElodxes mEnyoyaxa 
n g ildola qa £ s kadEdzodes laxa apsEnxa £ yas. Wii, laxae heEin 
o-wex £ ldqes gwex -£ idaasaxa g-ilx £ Ide mEns £ Itso £ s. Wii, gilmiese 
GwalExs lae ax £ aLElodxes mEnyayowe qa^s geg'allleqexs lae 
&x £ edxes nEgEimse qa £ s kadEdzodes laxa lii xuldEkwa. Wii, laEm 
gwenodza £ ya nEgEnodza £ yas laxa male xwexulte lax wax'SEnxa £ yas 

45 wulasE £ was ga gwaleg'a (fig.). Wii, g-fPmese liEqEmstaya HEgEnose 
lax xwexultEivxa £ yas wulasE £ wasexs lae xuldeteneq yises nExxala 



EOASJ INDUSTRIES 67 

he cuts along it with his straight | knife. After doing so, he takes 47 
off his I straight-edge and puts it down. He takes the measure for | 
the short side and puts it down on the edge of the hoard on which he 
is working, starting at the || mark which he put on, and he puts a 50 
small mark at the end of 1 this measure. He takes off the measure 
for the short side and | puts it down on the other edge (of the hoard), 
and he does as | he did before. After he has marked it, he takes it 
off I and puts it down. Then he takes his straight-edge and puts it 
down || on the r 
this manner: L 



hoard at which he is working, in 55 
He takes his straight | knife and 
cuts close along the straight-edge, and | he takes it off after he 
has finished and puts it down. Then he takes | his measure for 
the long side and lavs it down along the edge from | the place that 
he has marked, and he puts a small mark at its end. || Then he takes 60 
it off and puts it down on the other edge of the | board at which lie 
is working, and he makes a small mark at its end. Then | he takes 
his measure, puts it down, and takes his | straight-edge and lays it 
on. As soon as the straight-edge has been placed j on the small 
marks, he takes his knife || and marks along it. After this has been 65 
done, he measures the | thickness (l) 1 of the end by means of a 
split cedar-stick; and when he has found | the thickness, he lays it 

klawayowa laq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalEXs lae ax s ai.Elf>dxes nsgE- 47 
nose qa £ s katlallleq. Wa, laxae et!ed ax £ edxes niEnvayaxa ts!E- 
g'ola qa-s kadEdzodes lax awunxa £ yases wulasE £ we gagiLEla luxes 
xultexde. Wa, laxae xaidEX'^d xultledEx '"walalaasas oba £ yas 5Q 
niEnyayas. Wa, laxae ax £ aLElodxes niEnvayaxa ts.'Eg'ofa qa £ s 
k'adEdzodes laxa apsEiixa £ ye. Wa, laxae heEm gwex £ Idqes 
gwex £ idaasaxa g'ilx'de. Wa, g'il £ mese gwfd xfdtaqexs lae ax £ aLE- 
lodEq qa-s k'atlaliles. Wa, lii ax £ edxes nEgEnose qa £ s k'adEdzo- 
des liixes wfdasE ; we ga gwaleg'a {fig.). Wa, laxae ax £ edxes QExxala 55 
kMawayowa qa e s xultledes laxa magilEna £ yaxes nEgEnose. Wa, 
la ax £ aLEl(3dqexs lae gwala qa £ s gig - alileq. Wa la ax-'edxes niEn- 
vayaxa g'ildola (ia £ s kadEdzodes iaxaaxa awunxa'ye g'flgiLEla 
laxes xulta £ ye. Wa, lii xai.!Ex-Id xultledEx f walalaasas 6ba £ yas. 
Wa, lii ax e aLElodEq cia £ s lii kadEclzots laxa apsEnxa £ yases wula- 60 
sE £ we. Wa, laxae xaL!Ex'ld xultledEx £ walalaasas oha'yas. Wa 
lii ax'"aLElodxes niEnyayowe qa £ s g - eg - alileq. Wa, lii ax £ edxes nE- 
gEnose qa £ s k'adEdzodes laq. Wa, g'il £ mese iiEciEmstode nEo-Eiio- 
dza £ yas laxa la xaL!aak u xfddEkwaxs lae ax'edxes k'lawayowe 
qa £ s xuldElEna £ yeq. Wa, g'iFmese gwalExs lae niEiis-IdEx wa- 65 
gwasas (1) xa 6ba £ ye yisa xokwe klwaxLawa. Wii, g'Jl £ mese qlalax 
\vfiL;wasasexs lae kadliEntsa klwaxEne niEnvavo lax £ waxsEnxa £ ya 

1 See flKure on p. 68. 



68 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. AKN.S5 

67 off at the end of the board with Ins cedar-stick measure on the two 
edges | (5), starting from the mark that he made between 4 and 5'. | 

70 He marks each end with the straight knife, and. after || doing so, he 
takes off his measure, puis it down, takes I his straight-edge, and lays 
it down between (4) and (5); and ' when the straight-edge is on the 

marks, lie marks | it with his straight knife. ^_^ Then 

he cuts off the end so 1 that it is in this way: | i| g | j| 1\ After 

75 he has done so. he takes his || straight knife and 

outs straight into the cutting at il I across the whole | width ot the 
board at which he is Working; and after he has cut through half the | 
thickness of t ho hoard t hat is being n ade, he cuts at (2), and | cuts, it 
to the same depth as he cut the first. Then he cuts in at (3); and | 

80 after he has cut halt through the thickness of the board, || he cuts at 
(4), and when he has cut half through he stops. | Then he goes hack 
to (1). He takes his straight-edge and lays it on | the board at which 
he is working. He measures the width of half a little | finger from the 
mark at (1) and marks it, and | he docs the same at the other edge. 

85 After doing so, he takes his || straight-edge and lay- il down on ther.e 
marks and cuts along on the right-hand ^^^__^_^__^ side of 
the first mark which he pu1 on, in this way: | '[[ '|| s|| <|| and he 
also j marks on the right-hand side of (2) and on 

the right-hand side of | (3); and after do.ing so, he takes his straight- 
edge and | puts it down. Then he takes his whetstone and sharpens his || 

68 (5), g'ag'iLEla lax xulta c yas lax a £ wagawa £ yas (4) lo £ (5). Wa, 
lii xulxultbEndBq vises nExxiila kMawayowe Iaq. Wa, g"]l £ mese 

70 gwalExs lae ax e aLElodxes mEnyayowe qa £ s g'igallleqexs lae ax £ - 
edxes nEgEnose qa £ s lii k'adEdzots lax awagawa £ yas (4) lG £ (5). Wa, 
giPmese nEqEmstode iiEgEnod/.a-yas lax xulta £ yasexs lae xuUeIe- 
neses nExxiila k'lawayowe laq. Wa, laEm xultslEndEq qa lawa- 
yes qa g"asgwaleg - a {fig.). Wa, gil £ mese gwahexs lae ax £ edxes iiex- 

75 x'iila klawayowa qa £ s nExbEtEnde xultledEx (1) labEndEX ^wadzE- 
wasases wulasE'Ve. Wa, gil £ mese nEg5yode £ walabEdasas xulta- 
£ yas lax wagwasasa wiilasE £ wasexs lae et led xiitledEx (2). Wii, 
hfeEmxaawise £ walabEte xuta £ yas laqexs lae et led xut ledEx (3). Wa, 
g-il £ Einxaawise nicxsEnde xuta e yas lax w&gwasases wiilasE £ waxs lae 

80 xiitledEX (4). Wa, gil £ mese nExsEnde xuta £ yas laqexs lae gwala. 
Wii, lii aedaaqa lax (1). Wii, laEm ax £ edxes nEgEnose qa £ s kadi:- 
dzodes laxes wiilasE £ we. W'ii, la mEns £ idxa MiEindEiie laxEns ssltla- 
x - ts!ana £ yex g - ag"iLEla lax xuta £ yas (1). Wii. lii xultledEq. Wii. la- 
xae lieEin gwex -£ idxa apsba £ yas. Wii, g"il £ mese gwatexs lae ax £ edxes 

85 nEgEnose qa £ s kadEdzodes laxa la xuldEkwaxs lae xuldElEneq lax 
helk'ldt lEiuryases g-ilxde xulta\ya, xa ga gwaleg'a (fig.). Wii, laxae 
etled xultled h<lk lot!Eiia £ yas (2). Wii, laxae xiilt ledEx hehV!ot!E- 
na £ yas (3). Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ aLElodxes iiEgEnosEla qa £ s 
g - ig"alileq. Wii, lii ax £ edxes tlesEme tlegayowa qa £ s t!ex' £ alabEn- 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 69 

straight knife- so that it is very sharp. When the knife is very | 90 
sharp, he cuts into the last line that he puts on. | The knife is held 
(with the hand) slanting | to the righl ; and when the cut reaches 
the bottom of the cut that has been made j straight down, a tri- 
angular piece comes off. || Then he shaves it out clean, so that the 95 
kerf is smooth. Now (1) | has been cut out. Then he does the 
same at (2) as he | did at (1); and after he has done so, he does it 
at (3), I and he does what he did at (2). After he has | done so, he 
splits off one-half the thickness of I he board at (4) with his || knife, 200 
and then he splits it off. Now he shaves it off so that it is 
smooth and | very straight, so that the joint is smooth, for that 
is I the name, of (4). As soon as he has finished, 

it is in this way: ' " ' /= ^ After | this has been done, he turns 

over the board at which he is working. He takes his j straight-edge 
and puts it on the board. Then he lays it on the back, || just over 5 

the . — ^ r p groove that he cut at (1). When it is in this 

way, 1234 I he marks straight over the groove along the 

side of this straight-edge. I He wants the board to be thin between 
the kerf | and the mark on the hack at (1 ); and he does the same [ 
at (2) and (3). As soon as this is done, he takes his crooked || knife \q 
and sharpens it on the whetstone; and when | it is very sharp, he 



dexes nExxala klawavowa qa alak"!ales exba. Wa, giFmese la ala- 90 
k!ala laexbe iiExxala k!awayase\s lae xut ledxes ale xulta £ yn. Wii, 
laEm oliile 5xta £ yas xiida-yas k' !awayowa gwagwaakales oxta £ ye la- 
xEns hi'lk' !otts!ana ; 'yex. Wa, g"il £ mese laxte xut !etsE £ was laxa 6xi>a- 
£ yasa nExbEta xiitas lae aicm k - atwults!owe xwatmotas. Wa, laEm 
aEmaek'!axs lae k - !ax £ w!dEq qa qestowesa xiita £ yas. Wa, heEin (1) 95 
g'ale xut!etsos. Wa, lii et!edEX (2). Wa, la heEmxat! gwex £ IdEq 
laxes gwex' £ idaasax (1). Wa, g'iFmese gwatexs lae etledEx (3). 
Wa, la heEmxat! gwex -£ IdEq laxes gwex -£ Idaasax (2). Wa, gil- 
miese gwatexs lae naq fegEndalax wagwasas (4) vises xiidayowe 
k'lawayowaxs lae pak'lodEq. Wa, laEm aek - !axs lae kMaxwaq qa 200 
alak"!ales nEqEla. Wa, he £ mis qa qesesa sakoda £ ye qaxs he £ mae 
LegEms (4). Wa, g'iTmese gwalExs lae g'a gwaleg'a {fig.). Wa, g'il- 
£ rnese gwalExs lae lex'Ehlaxes wulasE £ we. Wa, la ax e edxes nEgE- 
nose qa £ s kadEdzodes laxes wulasE £ we. Wii, la kadegints lax 
nExsawasa la xudElts JEwakwa lax (1). Wii, giPmese la g'a gwaleg'a 5 
(fig.) la UExsasa xudElts .'EWakwaxs lae xaxjEX^Id xiddElEnexes iie- 
gEnosEla- Wa, a £ mese gwanala qa pElbida'wesa awagawa £ yasa xihIeI- 
tstewakwe LE £ wa xudek - a £ ye lax (1). Wa, la heEmxat! gwex £ I- 
dEx (2) lo £ (3). Wa, g iTmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes XElxwala 
kMawayowa qa £ s t !ex £ Ideq laxes t!eg'ayowe t!esEme. Wit, gil- 
£ mese alak'lala la exbaxs lae xElxuldzodEX modEne laxEns qlwa 



10 



70 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. AN.V. 35 

12 shaves off four finger- | widths on the upper side of the cut that he has 
just made. It is two | finger-widths that he shaves off on each | 
side of the mark that he put on, in this way: , — ^ ., R , As 

15 soon as the hack || at (1), (2), and (3) has been 

hollowed out, and | they have all the same thickness, he stops shav- 
ing it off. Then lie | takes well-splitting red-pine wood and splits 
it | like tongs. The pieces are four | spans long and three linger- || 

2" widths thick. They are split out square. There are | two pieces. 
Then he puts them down n on the hoard at which 

lie is working, in this way: so | that the ends of 

the board-protector pro j eel u equally on both sides 

of the | board. As soon as the board is in the center of the 
board-protector, lie marks | the edges of the board at which he is 

25 working. After doing so, || he takes off the board-protector. He 
takes his straight | knife and cuts out a notch at the place where 
he made a mark for | both edges of the board. Then he adds to it 
one | finger-width, so that it is a little longer than the width of the 
plank, | and he shaves the wood out between the two marks, so that 

,30 the part removed is half the || thickness of the plank at which he is 
working, and he puts it down. Then he takes up the other piece, and 
he | measures it by the. part t hat he has - finishe ' 

and he imitates what he has done |__f— grr=|— |- I befai 

As soon | as it is done, it is in this way: ' U "— 

the board-protector when it is finished. | 



This is 



12 q!wax - ts!ana £ yex lax nEXEna £ yases ale xult.rva. Wa, laEm mae- 
maldEn laxEiis q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix xElxuldzotsE £ was lax 
wax - sot!Ena £ yasa xfildF.kwexa ga gwaleg'a {fig.) . Wa, gil'niese la 

15 xulboyfile (1) yix awlg;ryase\s lae ogwaqax (2); wa la et!edEx(3). 
Wa g'il £ mese la £ nEmf>kwe wlwSgwasas lae gwal xElxiildzE £ waq. Wii, 
la ax £ edxa wiinagulexa eg'aqwa lax x&sE £ we. Wii, lit xox £ wIdEq qa 
yowes gwex - sa tslesLalax. Wa, la moplEnke £ wiisgEmasas laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wii, lii yfidux"dEne £ wagidaasas laxEns 

9n q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex laxes k!Ewfilk!wena £ ye. Wii, lit hexsEiidEq qa 
maltsles. Wii, lii kadF.d/.ots laxes wiilasE £ we ga gwiilega {fig.) qa 
k' leases g"iltagawes oba £ yasa L!EbEdza £ ye lax waxsEnxa £ yases wula- 
se £ w6. Wii, g'tl £ mese nalnaqEloyaleda L !EbEdza £ yaxs lae. xiiltletses 
nExxiila k'lawayo lax walEnxa £ yases wiilasE £ we. Wii, gil £ mese 

•>c trwalExs lae ax £ aEElodxa LlEbEdza £ ye. Wii, lii ax £ edxes nExxala 
k'.awayowa qa £ s k - limtbEtEndexes xwexiilta £ ye lax wulg - Ilasas wax- 
sEnxa £ yases wiilasE £ we. Wii, laEm g inwasa £ nEindEne laxEns q!wa- 
ci!waxts!ana £ yex cia g'fig llstiiles lax £ wiidzEwasases wulasE £ we. Wii, 
lii k'.ax'wldEx awagawa c yases k" !imtbEtEnda £ ye qa iiExsEndesex 

•mi wii»wasases wiilasE £ we. Wii, lii gigalilasexs lae ax £ edxa apsEX'se qa £ s 
mEns £ !des laxa la gwala. Wii lii nanaxts tewax gwiilaasas. Wii, gil- 
£ mese gwabsxs lae ga gwaleg'a {fig.) yixa LtebEdzayaxs lae gwala. 



boas J INDUSTRIES 71 

As soon as it is finished, he takes twisted cedar-withes and he ties 33 
them | to the ends of (1) and (2) and ties them on tightly; and he twists 
them on so that || the hoard-protector can not get out of shape. Then 35 
he puts the hoard-protector on the hoard. | After doing this, he takes 
up another piece of red-pine wood and j splits it so that it is two 
finger-widths in thickness, | and it is also square. He takes his 
straight knife | and shaves it off on one side so that it is straight; 
and when || it is very straight, lie shaves off the under side, | which 40 
is to lie flat on the plank. When this is also | straight, he puts it 
down on the plank on which he is working. This will he the instru- 
ment for bending the corners | when he bends the corners of the 
board at which he is working. | After he has done so, he goes to get 
driftwood for heating stones; || and when he has the driftwood, he 45 
piles it up in a heap close | to the tire. He takes a basket, goes down 
to | the beach in front of the house, and puts medium-sized stones into 
it; | and when he thinks he has as many as lie can carry, he carries 
them up the beach | into the house in which he is making the box. 
He pours || them out by the side of the fire. Then he goes down to 50 
the beach again, j carrying his basket, and he puts more stones | into 
it (some Indians call this " putting stones into the | stone-carrying 
basket"); and when he has as many as he thinks he can carry, he | 



Wii, gil £ mese gwala lae ax £ edxa sElbEkwe dswexa qa £ s qEx £ aLE- 33 
lodes lax (1) eo £ (2). W&, laEin lalak!ut!axs lae mElg - aaLElots qa 
kMeses qlwequleda LlEbEdza £ ye qo lal LlEbEdzodLEs laxa wulasE'we. 35 
Wa g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 6gu £ la £ maxat ! wunagula qa £ s 
xox £ wIdexa maldEne laxEns q !waq !waxts!ana £ yex yix wagidasas. 
Wa, kiEmxae k!EWElx £ iina. Wa, lii ax £ cdxes UExxiila klilwa- 
yowa qa £ s aek'le k"!ax £ wid apsot !Ena £ yas qa nioqEles. Wa, gil- 
£ mese fdaklala la nsqElaxs lae etled k!ax £ wIdEx DEnk - lot hsna- 40 
£ yasxa kadEdzayayoi.as lax wulasE £ was. Wa, g - il £ Emxaawise la 
nE(|Elaxs lae k adi'.dzots laxes wrdasE £ we. Wa, heEm kogwayuwe 
qo lal kox £ widElxes wiilasE £ wexa k!EWElx £ une wunagula. Wa, 
giFmese gwalExs lae hex £ idaEm anex £ edxa q!exa e le qa £ s tleqwa- 
pEla. Wii, g ihniese Ialxa q!exa £ laxs lae mogwalllas lax mag in 45 
walisases lsgwlle. Wii, lii ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s lii bants !es lax 
L!Eina £ isases g'okwe. Wii, lii xE £ x u ts lalasa ha £ yal £ a tlesEm laq. 
Wii, giPmese gwanala ldk"sexs lae k!ox £ usdcsElaq qa £ s lii k - !o- 
gwlLElaq laxes wule £ lase gokwaxes willasE £ we gokwa qa £ s lii gugE- 
nolisas laxes lsgwlle. Wii, lii xwelaqEntslesa laxa L!Ema £ ise k!5x- 50 
klotElaxes t!:igats!e lExa £ ya. Wii, laxae etled t liixts lalasa tlesEme 
laq. Wii, la E nekeda waokwe baklumas XE £ x u ts lalasa tlesEme laxes 
xEgwatsle tlesEma. Wii, g iPEmxaawise gwanala l5k"sexs lae 
k-loqidisaq qa £ s lii k' !ox £ usdesElaq qa £ s lii klogwlLElaq laxes 



72 ETHNOLOGY OF Tl IK KWAKIUTL [bth.aNS.3b 

55 takes (the basket) up the beach and into the || house in which he is 
making the box, and he ,uoes and empties it out by the side of the 
lire. When | he thinks he has enough, he builds up the fire with 
driftwood, | piling it on crosswise; and after building the lire, lie 
puts on | the stones on the crossed driftwood; and when he has put 

Gi on | the stones, the box-maker takes the basket, : ; carries it down to 
the beach, and gathers dulco, which | he throws into his basket. When 
it is full, | he carries it on his back up the beach and puts it down 
close | to the fireand stones, lie empties it out on the floor, which he 
is going to dig out to | put the red-hot stones in. Then he takes 

65 his || basket again, goes down to t he beach, carrying his basket, and | 
brings up dead eel-grass from the high-water mark. He puts it | in 
the basket; and when it is full, | he carries it up the beach on his 
back, and he puts it down near t lie pile of dulce. After he has done 

70 so, he takes his || drib 1 and well-splitting cedar-wood and puts them 
down S close to the basket with eel-grass; and he takes the board | at 
which he is working and put- it down on a level place on the 
floor of the house. Then | he takes his wife's digging-stick which 
-he uses for diguing clams, | and he pushes the point of the digging--! ick 

75 into the floor at ; j 3 each end || of the grooves on the 

edge of the board [~ ~| at which he has been work- 

ing, in this way, * i { from (1 I to | (4), and also from 



55 wfilldasaxes wulasE £ we qa £ s la gugKnolisas laxes lsgwlie. Wa, gil- 
s mese kotaq laEm helalaxs lac- lEqwelax ,£ Itsa q!exa £ le. Wa laF.in 
gayi £ lalas. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal lEqwelaxs lae t laqEyindalasa 
t !csF,me laxa gayidalakwe q!exa £ la. Wa g ihniese wIlkEyindeda 
tlesEmaxa lEgwIlaxs laeda wu £ lenoxwe k'loqiilllaxa lE\a £ ye qa £ s la 

60 k!oqunts!esEla([ laxa L,!Ema £ ise qa £ s le klidgilaxa LlEsidEkwe qa £ s 
la lExtslalas laxes idEsidEgwatsIe lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese qotlaxs 
lae 0XLEX' £ ldaq qa £ s lii oxLosdesr.laq qa £ s la o.XLEg'alilas lax onali- 
sases t!eqwapa £ ye lEgWlla; wa, qa £ s gux £ al!les laxes £ lap lalilasLe qa 
xE £ x"ts!Ewasltsa xix'ExsEmala tlesEma. Wa, laxae et!ed dax^Idxes 

65 lE.xa\ve qa £ s lii xwelaqEnts !es laxa l !Ema £ ise k' loqulaxes lExa £ ye. Wii, 
lii ax £ edxa ts !ats Issmote laxa ya £ x u motasa yExwa qa £ s Isxtslales 
laxes tsats '.EsmSdats !e lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ F.mxaawise qotlaxs lae 
(").\i.Ex- c IdEq qa £ s lii oxLOsdesElaq qa £ s lii oxLEgalilaq lax magin- 
walilasa niEwele LlE-i.lF.kw a. Wii. g lFmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes 

70 sF.lF.me LE £ wa egaqwa lax xasEwe klwaxLawa qa £ s lii gigalllas lax 
mag inwalilasa ts !ats hrssmodats !e lExa £ ya. Wii, laxae fix £ edxes wula- 
sE e weqa £ s pax £ aliles laxa E nEmaele lax awlnagwflases gokvve. Wii, 
lii ax £ edEX klflakwases gEiiEme, ylx dzegayowasexa giiweqlanEme. 
Wa, IB, ts!Ex u bEtalllas oba £ yasa k'lilakwe lax wax - sba £ yasa xwexti- 

75 ta £ ye lax wax - sEnxa £ yas wiilasE £ wasxa ga gwaleg'a (Jig.) lax (1) lo £ 
(4)'. Wii, lii etiedEX (2) i,o £ (5); wii, laxae §t!edEx (3) lo £ (6). Wa, 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 73 

(2) to (5), and also from (3) to (6). As soon | as he has made 77 
the holes straight down at each end of the grooves, | he takes 
up the board at which he is working, and he puts it down on 
edge in the corner of the house. [ Then he digs up the sod from 
(1) to (4) four fingers || wide and a short span deep: and when SO 
it is deep j enough, he digs up from (2) to (5), doing the | same 
as before; and after doing so, he digs it up from (3) to | (6); and 
when it is deep enough, it is this way. 1 || This hole is called the 85 
" steaming-place of the box-maker for t lie box-board." ' After lie has 
dug them, he takes his tongs, | picks up the red-hot stones, and 
puts them into | (1) ; and when he has covered the whole length of 
the hole and it is nearly | filled, he does the same at (2), putting 
in the red- || hot stones ; and when it is also nearly full, he puts [ 90 
red-hot stones into (3); and when | that is also nearly full, he 
puts down his tongs, takes the | dulee, and places it on top of 
the red-hot | stones; and he does not stop putting on dulee until 
it is level with the || floor. He does this in the two holes beside 95 
the first one into which he | put dulee. As soon as he finishes 
with the dulee. he takes eel-grass and puts it over the dulee; 
and after this is. done | in the three holes, he takes | the board 
at which he is working and places it on top of it, laving the || kerfs 300 

g-iPmese e wl £ la la kwax u kuwlle nEqEla £ s wax'sba £ yasa xwexutaAaxs 77 
lae ax £ alilaxes wulasE £ we qa £ s la k" !ox £ >vahlas lax onegwilases gokwe. 
Wa, la gagilil Laplidxa ttek'a lax (1) lalaa lax (4) xa modEiias 
£ wadzEgas laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, la ts !Ex u ts !ana £ ye SO 
£ walal)Etalilasas laxEns q !waq !wax - ts !ana £ yex. Wa, gil £ mese hela- 
bEtalllExs lae et led 'laplklEX (2) lalaa lax (5). Wa, laxae hSEm 
gwex" £ IdEq. AV:i, gil £ mese gwalExs lae etled E lap!ldEX (3) lalaa lax 
(6). Wa, g'l^Emxaawise helaliEtalllExs lae g'a gwaleg'a. 1 W'ii, 
heEm LegadEs klalasasa wrwu £ lenoxwaxs xEselaaxa xEtsEme, yixa 85 
la £ lal>Egwelkwa. Wa, g JPniese gwal '"lapaxs lae axfedxes klipLalaa 
qa £ s k'!ip!ldes laxa x'lx'ExsEinala tlesEma cja's lii k"!ipts!ots lax 
(1). Wa, g'iFmese mEgugiltslaxte E lapa £ ya loxs lae halsElaEm k'!es 
qot!a; wa, laxae et IccIex (2). Wa, laEinxae kltptslalasa xlx-exse- 
mala t !esEm laq. Wa, g - il £ EmxaawIse Elaq qot laxs lae et led k!ip!id- 90 
xa xixExsEmala tlesEma qa £ s la k"!ipts!alas lax (3). Wa, g'il £ Em- 
xaawlse Elaq qotlaxs lae k'at lalllaxes k'lipLalaa qa £ s la tEX £ ed laxa 
LlESLlEkwe qa £ s lii lEXEltsIaxstalas lax okiVya'Aasa x'lx'ExsEmala 
t lesEma. Wa, al £ mese gwal hsxasa 1. !esi. lEkwaxs lae £ iiEm;'ig-as LE £ wa 
awlnagwfle. Wa, la hastaEm gWEx -£ idxa matdzEqe ogu £ la lax g - ilxde 95 
lExts!utsd £ s. Wa, g"il £ mese gwaltsa L !esl lEkwaxs lae ax £ edxa ts!a- 
tslEsmote qa £ s lExEvindes laxa LlESLlEkwe. Wa, laEinxae e naxwaEm 
he gwex £ Idqexs yudux"dzEqae. Wa, giPmese gwabexs lae ax £ ed- 
xes wulasE £ we qa £ s paqEyallles laq. Wa, laEm nanaxstE £ wasa 

1 The ditches here described are dug from points indicated by the numbeis on the sketch on p. 72. 



74 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.S5 

300 over the places where the steam comes out; and when the kerfs 
are right over | the places where he put the red-hot stones, he | takes 
the eel-grass and throws it on top of the | board at which lie is 
working, right over the kerfs, in tins way; 1 and when it is | piled 
5 on thickly, he takes his bailer, tills it with || water, lifts up one 
end of the board, and | pours on the water into the three holes 
where the | box-maker is steaming the board. After he has poured 
on | the water, he puts down the board so that it lies on the | 

10 steam. He takes his tongs, picks up red-hot j| stones, and places 
them on top of the eel-grass | which he put on last along 
the three kerfs; and ! when he has put the red-hot stones close 
together, he takes eel-grass | and throws it on top. Then he puts 
down his tongs, ] takes his bailer, fills it with water, and pours it 

15 along || the three rows of red-hol stones which are covered with | eel- 
grass. After finishing this, lie takes more eel-grass j and throws it 
over the red-hot stones as the steam is coming out. | Then he takes 
his straight knife and | splits cedar-wood into thin pieces. lie 

^)(l shaves them oil' || so thai they are sharp, and measures them so thai 
they are four finger-widths | long; then he cuts them off. When | 
he has made many of these, lie stops. These will be the pegs for the | 

300 xuta\ve laxa la k!ah:la. Wa, g"il £ mese la e naxwa nEqEmsta £ ya 
xwexiilta £ ye laxa la xexE £ x u ts!EWax u sa xix - ExsEmala tlesEmxs lac 
ax £ ed laxa ts !ats lEsmote qa £ s texEdzodes lax ek" !adzE £ yases wiilasE- 
£ we lax iiExsawasa xwexulta £ ye, ga gwiileg a. 1 Wa, g il £ mese la 
wakwa ts !ats tesmStas lae ax £ edxes tsalayowe qa £ s tsex' £ icles laxa 
5 E wape. Wa, la l !Elg"ostodEx apsba £ yases WElasE £ we. Wa, he £ mis 
la gugELEyindaatsesa £ wape maxwa laxa yudux u dzEqe k"!alasasa 
wewirienoxwaxs xEselaaxa xEtsEme. Wit, gilmiese gwal gflqasa 
E wape laqexs lae paqaxotses wulasE £ we qa £ s paqEyindes laxa la 
kMfilr.la. Wa, la ax £ edxes k" lipL&laa qa £ s k - lip lides laxa xix exse- 

10 mala tlesEma qa £ s k - ItpEyindales laxa lEXF.dza've ts !ats tesmota 
IfdiEiid.dax DEgElEna £ yasa xwexulta £ ye laxes yudux"ts!aqae. Wa, 
g-il £ mes.e la tas&leda x'ix"ExsEmala tlesEmxs lae Sx £ edxa ts!ats!ES- 
mote qa £ s lEXEyindales laq. Wa, la g"ig"alllaxes k - !ipLalaa qa £ s 
ax £ edexes tsalayowe <|a"s tsex -£ Ides laxa £ wape qa £ s tsadzElEna £ yes 

j 5 laxa yudux u ts!agE £ nakula xixExsEmfila tlesEma la tetexEyalaxa 
t ^atslEsmote. Wa, g iHmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa waokwe ts!ats!ES- 
niota qa £ s lEXEyindales laxa xIxExsEmala tlesEmxs lae k'laMda. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax^edxes nExxiila k'lawayowa qa E s 
xox ; wides laxa klwaxLawe qa wIswEltowes. Wa, la k!ax £ w!dEq 

90 qa wIsWElbes. Wa, la mEns £ idEq qa modEnes laxEns qlwaqlwax- 
ts!ana £ yex yix awasgEmasasexs lae k - limtts tendEq. Wa, gil £ mese 
qlenEme k!axwa £ yasexs lae gwaia. Wa, hi'i-.m i.abEmltsexes xEse- 

1 That is, over the kerfs as indicated in the figure on p. 72. 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 75 

box that ho is making. After this is finished, he takes up the 23 
well-splitting | cedar-wood and splits it not quite as thick as the || 
little finger. He splits up much of this. When | this is done, lie takes 25 
a long cedar-bark rope and putsil into | the water in order to soak it. 
He dips it up and down, so that it gets | soaked quickly; and when 
it is soaked, he takes it out of the water. He shakes off | the water 
and lays it out straight, so that it does not get tangled when lie puts 
it around || the box that he is making when he bends the corners. 30 
When everything is ready, | he takes the board-protector and the 
instrument for bending the corners, | so that they are also ready. 
Then he | takes the tongs and picks up the hot eel-grass and the | hot 
stones that are on top of the box-board. He || puts them down at a 35 
place not far from where the box-board is being steamed; | and when 
they are all off from the hoard, lie takes the | board-protector and 
puts it over the end of the board, in this way: djT_fr i | Now 

the board-protector is near the end of the J box- 

board. Then | he takes the implement for {jtnlj^ bend- 

ing the corners (1, 4),' and puts it on towards the side of kerf [| (1, 4), 40 
very near to the body of the kerf. He steps | with both feet on the ends 
of the bending-tool at | (1,4).-' Then he takes hold of the | endsofthe 
board-protector with his hands, anil he pulls it up, to bend the corner of 

lasE £ we. Wii, g'ih'inese gwatexs lae et!ed ax £ edxa egaqwa k!wax- 23 
Lfrwa lax xiisE £ we qa £ s xox £ wideq. Wii, la halsElaEin wiswEltoga- 
wesens sElt!ax"ts!ana £ yex. Wii, laEmxae qleiiEme xayas. Wii, gil- 25 
£ mese gwfdExs lae ax £ edxa gilt !a dEnsen dEiiEma qa £ s lExstEndes 
laxa £ wape qa pex £ wides. Wii, laEm dzobEltalas qa hamakweles 
pex £ wlda. Wii, gTb'mese pex £ wldExs lae axwiistEndEq qa £ s k'telalex 
£ wfibEk!Ena £ yas qa £ s L!ax £ allles qa k\'eses xoHkIeI qo lal qEx'SEmdEl 
laxes wulasE £ WE qo lal k - 5x £ wklLEq. Wii, g'iFmese la maxwa gwalT- 30 
Iexs lae ax £ edxes LlEbEdza £ ye qa gilxes gaela LE £ wa k'ogwayowe 
qa g'iixes ogwaqa gaela. Wii, g'iTmese maxvva gwalllExs lae ax £ - 
edxes klipLalaa qa £ s k!?p!ldes laxa tstelqwa ts!ats!Esmota LE £ wa 
ts!Elts!ElxsEme tlesEma lax ek' !adzE £ yases xEselasE £ we, qa £ s k!ip!a- 
lilEles laxa k'!ese qwesalalrl laxes nEg'asaxes xEselasE £ we. Wii, 35 
giFmese £ wdg Eldzowe xeselasE £ wasexs lae dax £ idxes LtebE- 
dzir'ye qa £ s q!ox £ waLElodes lax oba £ yases xEselasE £ we ga gwiileg'a 
(fg.). Wii, laEm maxba £ ya L!EbEdzii £ ye lax xEselasE £ was. Wii, laxae 
dax" £ idxa k'ogwayowe (1, 4) qa £ s k'adEdzodes laxa gwek'!otsta £ ye 
lax (1,4) xiita'ya. Wii, laEm max' £ Enex xilta £ yas. Wii, lii t!epa- 40 
lases waxsoltsedza £ ye gog ignyo lax waxsba £ yases k'ogwayowe 
(1,4). Wii, lii diidEbEntses wax - sdlts!ana £ ye lax wax'sba £ yasa l!e- 
bEdza £ ye. Wii, lamie gElqostodEq qa kox £ w!des k'losiis xesela- 

' These are the kerfs in order: 1,4; 2, 5; 3, 6. See figure on p. 72. 
2 That is, the ends of the tool. 



76 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Iktii. ann. 35 

the box I that he is making; and when he lias bent it over enough, lie 

45 takes off the board-protector || and puts it on the other end at (2, 5): 
and | when it is near the kerf at (2, 5), he stops the board-protector, 
and he [ takes off the instrument for bending the comer and puts it 
down at (2, 5). He | steps on the ends with his feet, | takes hold of 

50 the board-protector with his hands, and pulls it upward; || and he 
only stops pulling when it is bent up enough. Then | he places the 
board-protector at the <>t herside of (3, 6), and | he docs as he did before 
when he bent with it. Now the | three kerfs are bent, forming the 
corners of the box that he is making. As soon as | this is done, he 

55 takes the long cedar-bark rope and tit's it around || the box that he is 
making, which has now the shape of a box. Then he puts together 
the j two end joints of thi' box that he is making to iit them; and he 
pulls the | cedar-bark rope tight, twisting it around. He winds ll 
around many times, | so that the box that he is making does not get 
twisted. After doing so, ] he takes his drill and drills holes through 

(ill the two ends, in this way: ^-^s. I After he has put the drill- 

holes through, he pulls out fxl ^> the drill, puts it down, | and 
takes up one of the cedar \ }; J pegs which he shaved to a 
point, | puts it into the inouth xt^ to wet it with saliva so j that 
it is | slippery; and when it is wet all over with saliva, he puts 

(15 it into the drill-hole before it gets dry || and drives it in with 
a round stone; and when [ the peg does not go in any farther wdien 

SE £ was. Wa, g'iPmese hehtle k-o<|W;ryas, lac ax ; T>dxes r. !F.l>K«l/.;i\ e 

45 qa £ s la <| !ox-waLElots Iaxa apsba e ye lax (2,5). Wa, g - il £ mese exa- 
klEndEX xiita £ yas (2, 5) lac walases LlEbEdz.rAe. Wa, la ax £ a- 
i.Elodxa kogwayowe qa £ s la katstots lax (2,5). Wa, laxae t!et!E- 
bEntses gogEguyowe lax waxsba £ yasa k'ogwayowe. Wa, la dadE- 
bEiitses wiixsolts!ana £ ye laxa i,!i:bE(l/.;i ; \axs lae gElqostodEq. 

50 Wa, laEmxac ah'Em gwal gElqaqexs lne helalc k"oqwa £ yas. Wa, 
la aEm kax £ aLEl6dxa LlEbEdza £ ye lax apsot !Ena £ yas (3,6). Wa, 
laxae aF.m nEqEingilt F.wcxes gale k'oqwasos. Wa, la £ me £ wl £ la 
k"5gEkwa yudux u ts!aqe xiita £ ya lax xEselasE £ was. Wii, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae ax'cdxa g - ilt!a dEnsEii dEnEma qa £ s qExsEmdes 

55 laxes xEselasE £ waxs lae q lolatsEmala. Wa, la £ me aeklax sako- 
da £ yases xEselasE'Ve qa bEnbEgales. Wa, lii ta:k!wet !edxa qEX"SE- 
ma £ ye giltla dEnsEii dEnEma. Wa, heme q!ep!ene £ steda qEXSE- 
ma £ ye qa kleses qhveqflle xEselasE £ was. Wa, gil £ mese gwala lae 
ax £ edxes SElEme qa £ s sElEmxodesxa sakodaexa ga gwiilega {fig.). 

t;o Wii, g il £ mese laxsawe sEla £ yasexs lae lexodxes SElEme qa £ s kat !a- 
lllesexs lae dagilllaxa £ nEmts!aqe laxes k'!axwa £ ye Lit bEm khvax £ - 
Ena qa £ s hamklEndeq qa klfinxElaleses k!uneL!Exaw r a £ yas qa 
tsax -£ Enes. Wii, g il £ mese la haniElxEnfdaxa k!iineL!Exawa £ yaxs 
lae hayalomalaa dexostots laxes si;la : yc yixs k'!es £ mae lEmx e unx £ - 

65 Ida. Wii, laEm deqwasa loxsEine tlesEm laq. Wa, g il £ mese gwal 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 77 

he drives it in, he drills another hole at the other corner, ] and when the 67 
drill-hole goes through, he pulls out the drill, | puts it down, and takes 
up another cedar peg, and | does as he did before with the first one. 
He drives it in || with a round stone: and after doing so, he measures | 70 
three finger-widths, beginning with the first | peg that he drove in, 
and he drills another hole through it; | and when it is through, he 
pulls out his drill and puts it down. | He wets the peg with saliva, 
and I drives it in with the stone. He continues doing this | in all the 75 
holes which he makes at distances of three finger-widths apart, | and 
there is one cedar peg in each of them. | That is the way in which in 
ancient times the people | pegged the corner joint of a box with cedar 
pegs. The present Indians || sew them togetherwith twisted, thin cedar- SO 
withes, which arc soaked for four days in | urine to make them soft, 
and so that they do not | rot quickly, for they have a red color. Only 
two J finger-widths apart are the drill-holes for cedar-withes | on the 
corner joint of the box that is being made. After the pegging || has 85 
been finished, the box-maker unties the cedar-bark rope with which | 
he kept it together, and he puts it away. Then he takes the board 
that will be the bottom of | the box, and his adz, and he puts them 

sEx"ts!eda LabEm deqwaxs lae et!ed sElxsodxa apsEnxa £ ye. 66 
Wa, g il'Emxaawisc laxsawe sEla J yasexs lae lexodxes sElEine qa £ s 
gigalilesexs lae dag"illlaxa £ nEints!aqe k!wax £ En LabEma. Wa, la 
hcEinxat! gwex" £ idqes g'ilxde gwex" £ idaasa. Wa, la dex £ wltsa 
loxsEine t!esEm laq. Wa, gilmese gwalExs lae niEns £ aLElotsa 70 
yudux u dEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex giigrLEla lax giLxde 
Lap !ltso £ sesa k!wax £ Ene LabEma. Wii, he e mis la et!ed sEbr £ Itsosf\ 
Wa, g - il £ mese laxsaxs lae lexodxes sElEine qa £ s g'igahles. Wii, 
laxae et!ed khmx-Eiidxa LsibEine laxes k!uneL!Exawa e ye qa e s 
etlede dex'wltsa t!esEme laq. Wa, ax - sa e mese he gwegilaq 75 
lal)Endales sEla £ yexa yudux u dEnes awalagalaase laxEns q!waq!wax - - 
ts!ana £ yex. Wii, he-'mis la qhvalxostalaxa klwax'Ene LabEma. 
Wit, heEm gwegilatsa gildzEse bEgwanEinaxs Lapaasa k!wax £ Ene 
LabEm lax sak'oda^yases xEselasE^we. Wii, laLoxda alex bakhim 
t !bmt tegotsa sElbEkwe wll £ Eii hapstalll mop!Enxwa s ses e nala laxa SO 
kwatsle qa alak'lales la pekweda dEwexe, Wii, he £ mis qa kMeses 
gEyol c[!uls £ idExs lae L!aL!Ex £ iina. Wii, laLa hamaldEngala laxEns 
q!waq!wax"ts!ana e yex yix awalagalaasasa sEla £ ye qaeda dEwexaxs 
t !Emt !Egoyaaxa salroda £ yasa xEsela. Wii, g'iFmese gwal Lapaqexs 
lae qwelklwetEndxa qEX'sEma £ ye gilt!a dEnsEn dEnEina qa E s 85 
qEs £ edeq qa £ s lii g'exaq. Wa, lii ax £ edxa paq lExsdeLases xEsela- 
sE £ we LE e wis k'liniLayowe. Wii, lii pax £ alllaq qa £ s k'limLEldza- 



78 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL Leth.ann.sb 

88 ( Ic iwn flat, and he adzes off the flat side | to make it smooth. When it is 
very smooth and level, | he turns over what is to be the bottom of the 

90 box, for that is its name, and || he adzes it again. After he has 
adzed it, he takes | split cedar-sticks and the box that he is making, 
and he puts it down on the floor, in this way : i | Then he takes 

one of the split cedar-sticks and. measures il / ^v | crosswise at 
the four corners. He firsl puts the j cedar N. S measure in at 

!*5 (1), going across to (2), and he pushes the 7 end || of the 

measure into the inner corner at ('_'), and he marks the distance of 
the corner j on the measure from (1). Then he takes his measure | 
and puts it crosswise at (3), and pushes the measure | into the corner 
at (4); and when the distance of the corners from (3) [to (4) is the 
same as the distance of the corners from (1) to (2), then the box is 
400 not awry || that is made by the box-maker. Then he takes his 
straight | knife and cuts oil' his measures where he has marked them, | 
and he takes another split cedar-stick and | puts it down so that the 
end is equal to the end that he has cut off, and he | cuts them to the 
o same length; and he does the same to the two other || cedar-sticks, so 
that they have the same measure in length. | After he has done 
so, he puts one end of the cedar-stick in the [ corner of the 
box that he is making, close to the upper rim, and he puts the 
other | end of the (same) stick in the upper corner at (2), in this 



ss yeq qa E nEmadz6x £ wides. Wa, g'il £ mese alak'Iiila la £ nEmadzoxs 
lae le.vEhlaxa paq texsdayalase qaxs he £ mae LegEmse qa £ s ogwaqe 

90 k - IimLEldzodEq. Wii, g"il £ mese gwal k'imi.F.ld/,E £ weqexs lae ax'edxa 
xokwe klwaxi.awa LE £ vvis xEselasE £ we. Wa, la hang'alilaq {fig.). 
Wa, la dax'Idxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa xokwe klwaxLawa qa £ s niEnsi'liiles 
laxa mowe kMeklosa. Wa, bfeEm g - il k - at laLElodaatsesa mEnya. 
yowe klwaxLawe (1) la hayosEla lax (2). Wa, laEin sEkale oba- 

95 £ yasa mEnyayowe lax oneqwas (2). Wii. lii xult'.edEX WElgllasas 
laxa mEnyayowe lax oneqwas (1). Wii, lii ax £ aLElodxes mEnyayowe 
qa £ s lii kat laLElots lax (3). Wii, lii sEkale oluryasa mEnyayowe 
lax oneqwas (4). Wii, gih'mese arcm UExstode £ wadzEqaw!lasas (3) 
lo £ (4) lax £ wadzEqawllasas (1) l<V ('_')• Wa, laEin k'les k!we £ x u sE- 
400 male xeselasE £ wasa WE £ lenoxwe. Wii, & £ mese la dax'ldxes nExx'iila 
k'lawayowa qa £ s k - limttslEndexes mEnyayowe nExstodxa xuldE- 
kwe. Wii, lii etled dax'Idxa ogu £ la £ maxat ! xok u klwaxLawa qa £ s 
kakEtodes qa £ nEmabales LE £ wa la k!imtts!aakwa. Wii, lii klimt- 
tslEndaxaaq qa £ nEmasgEmes. Wii, lii etledxa malts laqe ogu £ la 
5 klwaxLawa k" limk' limtts lalaq qa -ne'namasgEmes LE £ wa mEnyayo- 
we. Wa, gil £ mese gwfila lae k"it lalts lots oba £ yasa klwaxxawe laxa 
k'losiises wiilasE £ we laxa mag'ixsta £ yas otsl&was. Wa, lii cp^t lal- 
ts lots apsba £ yas liixa nEqawa (2) klosaxa ga gwSlega {fig.). Wa, lii 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 79 

way: i Then | he takes the other measured split cedar- 

stick /l\ and puts || one end in at (3), and the other end lo 
at (4) 3 \^ / Now | it is this way. JL He does the same 

with y[ two split | measured / _V cedar-sticks at the 

other side ui the box that he is making. \. / | lie takes his drill 
and drills through the two joints of Y^ the box that he is 

As soon as he has drilled through, he 
cedar peg, pulls out his drill, and | 15 
the place where his drill was before. | 



making, | in this way 
takes || a well-shavcc 
puts the cedar peg ii 

Then he takes up the "^ stone with his right hand, | and he 

drives in the cedar peg. When the peg does not go any farther, | he 
takes his drill and drills a hole at a distance || of three finger-widths, 20 
beginning at the hole which he drilled first; | and when the drill has 
gone through, he pulls out the drill and | puts a cedar peg in the place 
where the drill had been, [ and he takes the stone and drives in the 
cedar peg. | He continues doing this until he finishes driving in the 
pegs || in the box that he is making. When it has been pegged, he 25 
takes some of what was left | when he split the boards for making the 
box. He takes a | broad short board and puts it down. He takes 
his | adz and adzes it all over so that it is level; and | when the 
ridges that were on it have been adzed off, he turns it over and || 
does the same on the other side. When the ridges that were on it 30 

tied dax' £ Idxa £ nEmts!aqe xox"niEnek u kfwaxLawa qa kit lalts lodes 
oba-yas (3)k - !osas. W&, la qEt lalts lots apsba £ yas lax (4). Wa,lag - a in 
gwalaxs lac gwala (fig-). Wii, laxae heEm gwex £ Itsa malts !aqe 
xdx u niEiiEk" k'waxLawa laxa epsana £ yases wulasE e we. Wii, la 
ax-edxes sidEine qa £ s sElx"sodexa wrwaqoda £ yas oba £ yases wttlasE- 
e wexa g'a gwalega {fig.). Wii, gilmiese lax'sawe sida-'yas lae ax'edxa 
aeklaakwe k!;ik 11 klwaxLawa; wii, la lexodxes seIeuic. Wa, la 15 
L layogwaaLElotsa k!wax £ Ene LabEm lax k" lEqwalaasdases SElEme. 
Wa, lii dax £ Itses helk" lolts !ana £ yo laxa tlesEme. Wii, lit de £ x £ - 
wits laxa k!wax £ Ene LabEma. Wii, gih'mese gwal sE-x"ts!a de- 
qwe LabEmasexs lae etled dax-Idxes sElEme qa £ s sElxsodes 
laxa yudux u dEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex g'iigir.Ela lax g'ale 20 
SEles. Wit, g'ilmiese laxsawe SEla £ yas lae lexodxes SElEme. Wii, 
lii l layogwaaLElotsa k !wax £ Ene LabEm lax k' lEqwalaasdases SElEme. 
Wii, laxae diix'idxa tlesEme qa £ s dex £ wides laxa k!wax £ Ene LabEma. 
Wii, ox - sii £ mese he gwegila IabEndalax Lapax £ wadzosgEmasases wu- 
lasE £ WE. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la la LabEkwa lae ax-edxa g'ayole laxes 25 
latlanEme yixs laxde latla qa £ s xeselasE £ wa. W r ii, la £ me ax £ edxa 
wadzowe tslEgudzo latlaakwa qa £ s pax £ alileq. Wii, lii ax £ edxes 
k limi.ayowe qa £ s k'liniLEldzodes laq qa £ nEmadz6x e wides. Wii, 
giFmese £ wi £ la klimLiilax t let !Enxdza e yas lae lex'IdEq qa £ s hexat! 
gwex ,£ ldEX apsadza £ yas. Wii, g -£ ilEmxaawise '"wFlawe tletlEnxdza- 30 



80 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. akn. 36 

31 have also been adzed off, | he adzes it on the surface, so that it is 
level; and after | he has finished, he turns it over; and after | he has 
done so, he takes the box that he is making and puts it on the | bottom 
board of the box that he is making, in this way, . and 

35 he marks it all round with the straight knife \\ r \ \ || on 



the outside of the box that he is making. As \ \ ' ' \ soon 

as his marks go around, | he takes off the box " ■■ ■ ' that 

he is making and puts it down, and he takes up again | his straight 
knife and cuts off the edges along | the mark that had been made; and 
when it has been cut off all along the mark, | he cuts off the ends along 

40 the marks; and when the two ends are off,|j he takes up again the box 
that he is making and puts it on again. Then | he marks along the 
inside of the box, | on the bottom board of the box that he is making; 
and | when he has marked all around it, he takes off the box that he is 
making and puts it down. | Then he takes his straight knife and cuts 

45 along || the mark that he put on first; and when he has cut half the 
width of the little finger j in depth all around the bottom board of 
the box, he | cuts it off and removes it. As soon as he finishes, it is in 
this way: 
puts it on 

50 he takes 



□ 



| Then he takes the box that he is making and 
| so that the inside tits well to the bottom. Then 
his || drill and drills in a slanting direction in 
this way: / Sx A | turning the box that he is making upside 
down. He f "■•■■■ •■ ■ < - I puts one foot | on the bottom board of the box 
that he is I / making; and when his drill comes through, | 

,jl e yasexs lae eEkla kliniLEldzodEq qa £ nEmadzowcs. Wa, giFmese 
gwala lae lex'-IdEq qa £ s hexat ! gwex-'Idxa apsadzE £ yas. Wa, g il £ - 
Emxaawise gwalExs lae ax £ edxes wulasE £ we qa £ s handzodes laxa pa- 
qlE.xsdei.as wulasE £ was (fig.). Wa, la xultse £ stalases HExxala k' lawa- 

3,5 yowe lax L !asadzE e yases wulasE £ we. Wa, gil £ mese lii £ sta xiilhrya- 
sexs lae ax £ aLElodxes wulasE £ we qa £ s hfmg'allles. Wa, laxae dax £ Id- 
xes nExxida klawayowa, qa e s k!ax £ wldex ewunxa-yas lalak'lE- 
naxes xulta £ ye. Wa, g'H e mese laklEnde k - !axwa £ yas laqexs lae 
xults!F,ndEx waxsba'vas. \V;i, g - iHmese £ wl £ lawa wax - sba £ yaxs lae 

40 xwelaqa dax £ Idxes wulasE £ we qa £ s handzodes laq. Wa, laxae 
xuldioltslalax otslawases wQlasE £ we. Wa, laEin xultstrstalax £ wala- 
laasas otslawases wfdasE'we laxa piiq lExsdeLases wulasE £ we. Wii, 
gil £ mese l;'i £ ste xidta £ yasexs lae ax £ aLElodxes wulasE £ we qa £ s hang'a- 
lileq. Wa, la dax £ idxes nExxala k"!awayowa c[a £ s xuldElEmryexes 

45 gilx'de xiilta £ ya. Wa, gikniese klodEn laxEns sElt!ax"ts!ana £ yex 
yix £ walabEdasas xulta £ yas lax &we £ st;isa paqlExsdeLas wfllasE £ was, 
lae k'laxalaq qa lawiiyes. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae g'a gwaleg'a 
(Jig.). Wii, lii dax -£ Idxes wulasE £ we qa £ s handzodes laq. Wii, gil- 
Mnese bEnale otslawas laxa paq!Exsda £ ye lae hex' £ idaEm ax £ edxes 

50 sElEine qa £ s masLlEk-alae sElEmasexs lae sElx £ idEq g'a gwiileg-a (Jig.) 
lax qEpalaena £ yases WElasE £ we. Wa, la t !ebEdzE £ weses apsoltse- 
dza £ ye laxa paq !Exsda £ yases wElasE £ we. Wii, g'il £ mese lax'sawe 



boas] INDUSTRIES 81 

he takes a cedar-stick and his straight knife and | cuts it. 
making a peg. When he has finished many, he || puts the pegs in the 55 
whole number of holes that he has drilled. When he has done so, 
he | takes the other cedar board that he split, which is one hand- 
width thick. | He puts it down at the place where he is working, 
takes his stone hammer and his | wedges, and marks a line on one 

end with his marker, that is a short blunt-ended wedge, | in 

this form: |__^ As soon as he finishes marking the endjhe 60 
takes his wedges and drives them along the line that 

he made on the end. [ The wedges are close together as they are stand- 
ing on the end of what he is splitting. | Then he strikes them lightly 
with his stone hammer, striking them one at a time; | l\ and 

when he has split off the piece, then it is in this form, ' ' as he 

had planned it | for the cover of the box that he is making. When this 
is done, |[ he takes his adz and adzes it well all over on both sides; 65 
and | when all the ridges have been adzed off, he adzes the top side | 
of what will be the top of the cover that he is making. | 

When the cover has been finished, he t akes his small crooked | knife, 
turns the box that he is , making on its side, and he cuts 



grooves on it in this way : || 
round, he has 
When it is 
cedar -bark 
in this way: 




and when his grooves go all 70 
finished his box for lily bulbs. | 
done, his wife takes iwisted 
rope | and puts it around 



sElEmas, lae ax £ edxa klwaxLawe LE'wis nExxahi kMawayowa qa £ s 53 
k"!ax £ wideq. Wa, laEm Lapelaq. Wii, gih'mese gwala qlenEine la 
k" laxwes lae Lapllts lax £ waxaasases sEla £ ye. Wa, g il £ mese gwala lae 55 
ax £ edxa wakwe klwagEdzo latlaakwaxa amxLas wagwase. Wa, gaxe 
pax £ Elsas laxes g'Edase. Wa, lii ax £ edxes pElpElqe LE £ wis LEm- 
lEmg - ayowe. Wa, la maelbEntses maelbanowe ts!Ek!wa LEmgayo 
laqxa ga gwidega {fig.). Wii, g - il £ mese gwal maelbEndqexs lae 
ax £ edxes LEmlEmg - ayowe qa £ s dex u stodales liixa maelba £ ye. Wa, GO 
laEm niEink'ale LEinlEmg'ayasexs lae q!waelba'"ya lax latoyoLas. 
Wa, la hfilsElaEin degutEweses pElpElqe laxes e nal £ nEmp lEnxtoda- 
laena £ yaq. Wa, g'ih'mese lawaye latoyas lae g'a gwiile senataseg - a 
(fig.) yix yikuyexasa xE_selasE £ was. Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxes k'liniLayowe qa £ s aek'le k' IimLEldzodEX wawax - sadza £ yas. 65 
Wa, g-il £ mese £ wi £ lawe t tent !Enxdza £ yasexs lae aek"!a k - limh'ldEx 
ek" !adzE'"yasa yikuyeLasa xEselasE £ was. 

Wii, g il £ mese gwala ylkwaya e yaxs lae ax="edxes klwedayowe ame 
xElxwala. Wa,qox £ waMaxes xEsela £ ye qa £ s aek - !e k!wet!edEq (fig.). 
Wa, g'iPmese la £ sta k!weta £ yas lae gwfila x - 6gwats!e XEtsEma. 70 
Wa, ^•Jl £ mese gwala lae gEnEinas ax £ edxes mEla £ ye dEnsEn dEiiEma 
qa £ s wElxsEindes laq (fig.). 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 6 



82 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [HTH. AN.V.85 

1 The Making of Oil-Boxes. I have forgotten to talk about the meas- 
uring [ of the oil-boxes. The husband of the | woman who picks 
viburnum-berries takes his seven wedges and his ] hammer for split- 
5 ting boards in the wedge-bag of sea-lion skin. || He carries these on 
his back and goes into the woods, carrying his ax | in one hand. 
He is going to a place where he knows of a cedar-tree which has 
moss on its back, and which has been lying on the ground for a long 
t ime ; j for the box-maker looks for this kind of a tree when he wants 
to make an oil-box, | because it bends, and it does not split easily, 
although | the heat strikes it for a long time when they are trying 

10 out the oil at Knight Inlet. As soon || as he comes to a trunk that 
has no branches or knots, he puts his wedge-bag down on the 
ground | and chops into the log near the top of the cedar-free. 
When | the place chopped out is a little over one span 
deep, | he measures three spans, | making more 

15 room for starting his chopping, in this way: Q ~w ~J || As 

soon as the new notch has the same depth as | 

the first one, he chops out the block between the 

t wo notches. | When it comes off, it is this way : I ^^~^ ) The 

long slanting place that he has chopped out is | 

the place where he will put his wedges in. Now he starts 

20 where he | cut in, and measures off ten spans || and four finger- 
widths. | There he chops into the tree, and the chopping at 

1 The Making of Oil-Boxes. -Wa, hexoLEn LlElewesE £ wa niEiisa- 
£ yasa dEngwats !emote. Wa, heEin gil ax £ etsos la £ wuiiEmasa t felts !e- 
noxwe tstedaqes latlayowe aLEbots!aq LEinlEmg'ayowa LE £ wes 
lat!Ex"SE £ yase pElpElqaxs q!wats!ae laxes q!waats!e iJexEns- 
5 gEma. Wii, laEm oxLalaqexs lae aL6 £ sta daklotElaxes soba- 
yowe. Wa,laEm lal laxes q!atsE £ wa p!Eldzek - ila la ge £ s t!a £ s i.rl" 
welkwa, qaxs he £ mae alaso £ sa £ wI £ wulenoxwaxa dEngwats !eLe, 
qaxs tslExae; wa he £ mesexs klesae tslEtaxs wax £ mae la gala 
tslElqwasosa idesalasa sErnxdEma lEcjIiisxa dzaxune. Wa, gll- 

10 £ mese lag'aa laxa ek'etElaxs lae hex -£ idaEm oxLEg'aElsaxes q!wa- 
ats!e. Wa, la tEmx £ w!dxa gweba £ ye laxa 6xta £ yasa welkwe. Wa, 
g - il £ mese esEg'Eyowe la £ walabEdats sopa £ yas lilxEns qlwaqwax - - 
ts!ana £ 3 r ex lae bal £ idxa yudux u p!Enk , e laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!a- 
na £ yex lae sagilila sop led g - ag"lLEla laxes g'ale sopa £ yaxa g - a gwa- 

15 lega (Jig-)- Wa, gil £ mese la £ nEmale £ walabEtsas ale tEmkwes LE £ wis 
g'ale sopa £ yaxs, lae kiigELElodEx awagawa £ yases tEmkwa £ ye. Wa, 
g - tl e mese lawaxs lae g'a gwaleg"a (fig.)- Wa, heEm q !w<IlaasLEs LEm- 
lEmg'ayowasxa la g'lltsto senoqwala sopes. Wa, la g'ag'lLEla laxes 
tEmkwa £ ye (1), lae balndxa nEqap!Enke laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!a- 

20 na £ yex. Wii, he £ misa modEiie laxEns cjlwaqlwaxtslana-'yaxs 
lae sobEtendEC[. Wii, la £ me gwagwaaxstale senoqwalaena £ yas 



uuasJ INDUSTRIES 83 

this place slants toward | the base of the cedar-tree. This place is 22 
not as wide open as the one which he chopped out iirst. | but it is 
much deeper than the one that he chopped out at the top, | at (1). 

When it is deep enough, it is this way: Then || he takes 25 

his wedge-bag and takes out his wedges 1/ and his | stone 

hammer, and he puts them down at (1) at the top of the 

cedar-tree. | Then he drives in the wedges with his stone hammer. | 
He hammers on each one at a time. | The seven wedges are all 
close together. When the top piece comes off. 

he turns it on its back. || Then he measures ( ^ ^ Q 30 

the thickness of one finger, | which he will split 

off from the top piece. He take- (lie short marking-wedge and 
drives it into the login this way: ^^~^^^ Then | he takes 

a straight-edged cedar-stick and s<^ J^2) phices it on the 
end of the piece that had been v^-^^^^^ wedged off from 
the I cedar-tree at (1), as far as (2), — J2-^ and he marks 

along it. After he has done so, || he takes his marking-wedge and 35 
his stone hammer, and puts his | marking wedge into the line that has 
been marked out, and drives it in with his hammer, [ so that the 
wood splits a little. Then he pnlls it out again | and puts it in at the 
end of the place where he drove it in before, and he pulls out his | 
marking-wedge and strikes it again with the hammer. He || does so 40 
along the whole length of the line that lias been marked with his mark- 
ing-wedge. Then I he takes his wedges and drives them into the line that 

sopa E yas laxa oxi.a'yasa welkwe. Wa, laEin k'les lexstowe sobela- 22 
£ yas. Wa, Urine klwayala wunqElagawes gale sobeles laxa oxtsVye 
lax (1). Wa, g'IFmese helabEtaxs lae g - a ejwaleg'a (Jig.). Wa, la 
ax £ edxes qlwaatsle, qa £ s Lox £ wultsalexes LEmlEmg-ayowe LE £ wis 25 
pElpElqe, qa £ s qKvaelbEiides laxa wllEta £ yasa welkwe (1). Wa, 
la £ nie degtitEweses pElpElqe Iaq. Wa, la-me £ nal £ nEmp lEnxtoda- 
laxs lae deqwases pElpElqe laxa LEmlEmgayowaxs niEinkE- 
wakwaeda ai.Ebots!ats!e (Jig.). Wa, g"il £ mese helewc apsodilasa 
wilkwaxs lae mEns £ Idxa -'nEmdEne laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, 30 
yix wagwasa la latoyoLEs laxa apsodlle. Wa, la ax £ edxa tslEklwa 
maelbano LEmgayowa qa £ s maelbEndesxa g'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, 
la-me ax'edxa iiEgEiiosEla klwaxLfiwa, qa £ s k'adelbEndes laxa apso- 
dlle welkwa lax (1) la lax (2). Wa, la xiildElEneq. Wa, giPmese 
gwalExs lae ax'edxes maelbanowe LE £ wis pElpElqe. Wa, lit Lak- lEiitses 35 
maelbanowe LEmg'ayowe laxa la xuldEkwa, qa £ s dex £ wideses pEl- 
pElqe laq, qa xaiJEx'Ides xoxwax'Ida. Wa, lanaxwe xwelaqa lex- 
£ widEq, qa £ s xwelaqe Lax -£ Ides lax oba £ yases lax'de lex £ widaasxes 
maelbanowe LEmg'ayowa, qa £ s et!ede dex £ wIdEq. Wa, al £ mese 
gwalExs lae labEnde maelba £ yas laxa xuldEkwe. Wa, la ax £ - 40 
edxes LEmlEmg'ayowe, qafs degu)na e yes laxa maelba'ye. Wa 



84 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [bth. ANN. 85 

12 lias been marked out. | As soon as the board that he splits out turns 
over, he does the | same as he did before; and when he has enough, | 
he carries the boards that lie has split off and puts them down flat 

45 outside of his house. || Then he takes his hand-adz and adzes them 
all over. After he | has done so, he turns them over and adzes the 
other side, | adzing it all over nicely. After this has been done, he 
puts the board on edge and | adzes off the edges so that they are 
straight. When | this has been done, he puts it down flat. He 

50 takes a cedar-stick and splits it in two so || that it is the thickness 
of our little finger. He cuts off one end | square, and from this point 
he measures off | three spans. Then he cuts it off. Now the cedar- 

55 stick is | three spans long. | This he lays on the || other end of the 
box out of which he is making an oil-box. He marks as far as | 

its end in this way: i After doing so, | he takes off the 

cedar-stick measure I I and puts it down at the | other 

end of the oil-box that he is making, and he does the 

GO same | with the straight-edge as he did before: he marks its end ; and, || 
after doing so, he takes a straight-edged cedar-board, | puts it down 
lengthwise, on the oil-box that he is making, | flush with the 
straight line that runs from one mark to the other on | each end of 
the oil-box that he is making, and he marks along it | the whole 

65 length. After this has been done, ho puts it on edge, takes his || hand- 

42 giPmese nEL&we tatoda £ yasexs lae etleda; wa, la aEmxat! he 
gwex'Ides g"ilxde gwegilasa. Wa, g il £ mese heloLExs gaxae wix - - 
wQltlalaxes latlariEme, qa £ s la pax £ Elsas lax l !asana £ yases g'okwe. 

45 Wa, la ax £ edxes k-iiniLayowe, qa £ s k - UmLEldzode. Wa, giFmese 
gwalExs lae lex -£ IdEq qa £ s etlede kliniLEdzodxa apsadzE £ ye laxes 
aek'laenae k'iniLaq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae kox £ ulsaq, qa £ s 
k" IlmLEnxEiidex awunxa £ yas, qa nEqEnxEles. Wa, gil £ mese gwa- 
lExs lae pax £ Elsaq, qa £ s ax £ edexa klwaxLawe, qa £ s xox u sEndeq, qa 

50 yiiwes wag'itEns sElt!ax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, la k!imtodEx 6ba £ yas, 
qa £ nEmabes. Wa, he £ mis gagiLElaxs lae bal £ Itses q!waq!wax - ts!a- 
na £ yaxa yudux u p!Enkaxs, lae k!imts!EndEq. Wa, laEm yudux u - 
plEnke £ wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yix £ wasgEma- 
sasa k!wax £ Ene mEnyayowe. Wa, he £ mise kadEdzodayos lax 

55 apsba e yasa wulasE £ wa dEngwats!e. Wa, la xutlaLElodEx £ wa- 
lagilasas oba e yasxa ga gwaleg'a {fig-). Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
flx £ aLElodxes mEnyayowe. k!waxLawa, qa £ s laxat! k - adEdzots laxa 
a]isba £ yases dEngwats!egilasE £ we. Wa, laEmxae heEm guyinxEn- 
dale nEqEnxa £ yas. Wa, laxae xtit laLElodEx oba £ yas. Wa, g'il- 

G0 £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa nEqEirxEla nEgEnosEla klwaxLawa qa £ s 
kadEdzodes aotslaqala LE £ we wulasE £ we dEngwatslii. Wa, la £ me 
nanaxtE'was UEqEirxa £ yasa nEgEnosEla laxa x\vexulta £ ye lax wax's- 
ba £ yas wulasE £ was dEngwats!axs lae xuldElEndEq hebEndalax 
£ wasgEmasas. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae k"!6x £ ulsaq, qa £ s :ix £ edexes 



boas] INDUSTRIES 85 

adz, and adzes along the mark that he has put on. When he | G5 
nearly reaches this line, he stops. Then he takes his straight | knife 
and cuts off so that everything comes off down to the mark. After | 
the board has been cut smooth, he lays it down flat again and puts it 
on the other edge, | and he cuts the other edge also so that it is 
straight; and |[ after doing so, he puts it down flat. Three spans | is 70 
the width of the oil-box. He | takes the cedar measure and cuts off 
its end so that it is square. | He measures it off so that it is two spans 
long, | and cuts it off. Then he lays it on the || middle of one end of 75 
the oil-box that he is making, and marks it. | After doing so, he 
measures with his cedar measure | to find out the center of the 
box that he is making. When he has found it, | he 

marks it and measures it in this way: [\J i/j Now the 

cedar-stick is beveled so that he may U^l 1 r^-J find out which 
way it slants. || As soon as he finds that it is not so 

square, he takes his straight-edge | measure and lays it on the 
end of the box that he is making, and ] he marks along it; 
and after he has finished, he takes Ins straight j knife and 
cuts across the grain, cutting off the slanting end. | As soon 
as this is done, he takes another cedar-stick || and splits it so that §5 
it is flat and one span wide. | It is very thin. He cuts off | the end 
so that it is square, and, after doing so, lie measures | it so that it is 

k liniLayowe qa £ s k!imLElEiia £ yexa xuldEkwe. Wa, gil £ mese la- 55 
k - !End Elaq laqexs lae gwala. Wa, la dax ,£ Idxes nExxala 
k'lawayowa, qa £ s k"!ax £ wldeq, qa £ wi £ lawesa xiilta £ yas. W;i,g'tl £ mese 
la aek'Ia k'lakuxs lae pax^Elsaq, qa £ s xwelaqe k - !ox £ ulsaq, qa £ s 
k - !iix £ wldex &psEnxa £ yas, qa ogwaqes nEqEla. Wit, g-il £ rnese 
gwalExs lae et!ed pax £ Elsaq. Wa, laEm yudux u p!Eng'adzowa 70 
wuliisE £ was dEii^watsle laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ ye. Wii, lii 
ax £ edxa khvaxLiiwe, qa £ s k - !lmtodex olnr'yas, qa '"nEmabes 
oba £ yas. Wa, la bab'ldEq qa malp!Eiik - es £ wasgEmasas liixEns 
q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex lae k!imtodEq. Wii, la k'iidEdzots lax 
!iEgEdza £ yas apsba £ yases wulasE £ we dEngwatsIa. Wii, lii xultbEn- 75 
dEq. Wii, giFmese gwalExs lae mEnsi'liilases klwaxLawe mEnya- 
yowa, qa £ s q!ii £ stex nEgEdza £ yases wtiliisE £ we. Wii, glb'mese q la- 
qexs lae xut!aLElodEq. Wii, lii niEnsrlalaq g'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wii, 
laEin senoqwaleda klwaxLawe mEnyayowa, qa £ s qliistex senogwas- 
laxas. Wa, glPmese q!ii £ stax senoqwalaxs lae ax £ edxes UEgEnosEla on 
klwaxLiiwe mEnyayowa, qa £ s k'atbEndes liixes wulasE £ we, qa £ s 
xilldElEiiayeq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae. ax £ edxes nExxala 
k'lawayowa, qa £ s gEgex - sale k-!ax £ widEq, qa £ s klaxalex senoqwa- 
e yas. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa klwaxLawe ogu £ laEmxat!, 
qa £ s xox £ wideq qa pEx £ Enes, qa £ nEmdEiies £ wadzEWasas laxEns 05 
q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wii, la pEldzowa. Wa, laxae lrllmtodEx 
oba £ yas qa £ nEmabes. Wii, g-lFmese gwalExs lae bal £ IdEq, qa 



86 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKItJTL [eth.ann.S5 

throe spans long. | Then he cuts it off. Then he measures two spans 
90 and two || finger-widths for the end (of another one), which he also 
cutsoff. I Next, he places the shorter | measure on theedgeofthe bos 
that he is making, beginning at the. | end, and marks the end of the 
measuring- | stick. Then he takes it off. He puts it down on the 
95 upper side || and marks its end again. Then he takes the | straight- 
edge and puts it down so that it touches the marks, | and he marks 
along it. As soon as he has done this, he takes the longer one of 
the | cedar measures, puts it down on the l>ox that he is making, | 
beginning at the last mark that he put on, and he marks its end; || 
100 and he also puts it on the other edge and marks its | end. After 
this has heen done, he takes his straight | cedar-stick and puts it 
down close to the marks thai he has just made, and | marks along it. 
Then he puts it down on the floor. He takes the shorter | cedar 
5 measure and puts its end down on the edge || of the box that he is 
making, beginning at the last mark that he has put on, and he| 
marks its end. Then he takes it off and puts it down [ on the other 
edge and marks its end. | After this lias heen clone, he takes his 
straight-edge and puts it down on | the box that he is making so that 
10 it touches the marks that he has put on, and he marks along it ; || and 

88 yudux"p!Eiikes £ wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae 
k - limtts tendEq. Wa, laxae etled baHdxa hamaldEngalasa malplEn- 

90 k'e laxEns q!waq!waxts!fma r vex, yix £ wasgEmasas laaxat! k'.'imt- 
tslEndEq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae katEnxEntsa tstekwa- 
gawa £ ye mEnyayo lax awiinxa £ yases wula,SE £ we g - agiLEla lax 
6ba £ yas. Wa, lii xult !ax.ElodEx £ walalaasas oba £ yases mEnyayowe 
klwaxLawa. Wa, lii ax £ aLElodEq, qa £ s la katEnxsnts laxa apsEnxa- 

95 £ yas. Wa, laxae xult laLElodEx £ walalaasas. Wa, lii ax £ edxes 
aEgEnose, qa £ s k'adEdzodes qa nExstayesex xwexulta e yasexs lae 
xuldEfEneq. Wa, g-lPmese gwabsxs lae fix £ edxa g'iltagawa-\e 
k!waxi.awa mEnyayowa, qa £ S la k'at EnxEnts laxes \vuiasE £ we g'a- 
g-tLEla lax ale xultes. Wa, La xult laLElodEx £ walalaasas 6ba £ yas. 
100 Wa, laxaes laxa apsEnxa e ye. Wa, laxae xult laLElodEx £ walalaasas 
oha'yas. Wa, g"ll £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa nsgEnosEla klwax- 
Lawa, qa £ s l;i k - at!aLElots lax nEqElasa xwexulta £ ye. Wa, lii 
xilldEl-'EndEq. Wa, laxae k at lalilaqexs lae ax £ edxa tstekwaga- 
wa £ ye klwaxLawa mEnyayowa, qa £ s laxat! kadsdzots lax awiinxa- 
5 £ yases wulasE £ we g-ftgiLEla laxes ale xulta-'ya. Wft, laxae xtilt la- 
LElodEx £ walalaasas oba £ yas. Wa, lii ax £ aLElodEq, qa £ s la katEn- 
xEnts laxa S,psEnxa £ ye. Wa, lii xult laLElodEx £ wiilalaasas. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwabsxs lae-ax £ edxes nEgEnosEla. qa £ s lii kaebsdzots laxes 
wulasE £ we. Wa, gil £ mese nEqala lax xwexulta £ yasexs lae xuMeIe- 



boas] INDUSTRIES 87 

after all the places where, the short sides are to be bent have been 10 
marked, and also | the long sides of the oil-box that he is making, he 
takes the measure of | the longer cedar-stick and puts it down on the 
edge of the | box that he is making so that it touches the mark that 
he made last. He. marks the | end of the measure, takes it off, and 
puts it down || on the other edge, and he marks the. end of it again. 15 
After this has been | done, he takes his straight-edge, puts it down so 
that | it just touches the marks along it. This is | the place where 
t he two ends of the od-box that he is making will meet. After he has 
done so, it is | in this way. 1 Then he takes his straight knife and || 
cuts out the marks for the bending of the sides, | in this way. 2 The 20 
ends are cut out in this manner. 2 After this has been done, he takes | 
a basket, goes down to the beach of the house where he is making 
the box, and | puts stones into his basket. As soon as ] it is full, 
he carries them in on his back into the house in which he is making 
the box, || and he pours down the stones by the side of the fire. 25 
Then he goes down again | and puts stones into his basket. | When 
it is full, he carries them on his back | into the house in which he is 
making the box. He pours them down by the side | of the fire. 
When he thinks he has enough, he stops. || He rakes up his fire and 30 
puts the stones on top of it. | When this is done, he takes the box 

neq. Wii, g iPmese £ naxwa xuldEkwa k!ek!osasa tslEgola LE-wa 10 
gildolas wiilasE^was dEngwatsla; wa, laxae ax £ edxa mEnyayowasa 
g ildolasexa g"fltagawa £ ye klwaxLawala kadEil/.ots lax awunxa £ yases 
wulasE £ we. Wa, laEm sexeiicx ale xultes. Wa, la £ me xiit laLElodEx 
oba £ yases mEnyayowe. Wa, laxae ax £ aLElodEq, qa £ s la katlaLElots 
laxa apsEnxa e ye. Wa, laxae xult laLElodEx oba £ yas. Wa, g ih'mese 15 
gwiilExs lae ax £ edxes nEgEnosEla klwaxLawa, qa £ s kadEdzodes, qa 
nEqales laxa xwexulta £ ye. Wit, la xudElEneq. Wa, heEm sako- 
deltsa oba £ yas wulasE £ was dEngwatsla. Wa, gil £ mese gwabaxs lae 
g - a gwiilega (fig.). Wa, lii ax £ edxes nExxiila kliiwayowa, qa £ s 
xuxutsox £ widexa la xwexuldEkwaxa g'a gwiileg'a (fig,.). Wit, hlLa 20 
ga gwale xulta £ yasa sak'5da £ ye. Wii, g'ih'mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 
lExa £ ye, qa £ s la lEnts!es lax LlEma £ isases wu £ lats!e g'okwa. Wii, la 
xE £ x"ts!:llasa tlesEme laxes XEgwatslaxa tlesEme lExa £ ya. Wii, gll- 
£ mese qotlaxs lae oxLosdesElaq qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes wu £ lats!e 
gokwa, qa £ s lii giigEnolisas Laxes lEgwlle. Wa, la etEnts!esa, qa £ s 25 
liixat! et!ed xE £ x"ts!otsa tlesEme laxes XEgwatslaxa t !esEme lExa £ ya. 
Wii, gipEmxaawise q5t!axs lae 5xLEx' £ IdEq, qa £ s lii oxLosdesElaq 
qa £ s laxat! oxr.aeLElaq laxes- wii £ lats!e g'okwa, qa £ s lii giigEnolisas 
laxes lEgwlle. Wii, g il £ mese kotaq laEm helalaxs lae gwala. Wa, 
lii lElq6x £ wldxe.s lEgwlle, qa £ s xE £ x u Lalax- £ idexa tlesEme laq. Wii, 30 
g ib'mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxes wfllasE £ we qa £ s pax £ iililes lax 

1 See figure on p. 68. 2 _See figure on p. 69. 



8b ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. axn. 35 

32 which he is making and puts it down | close by the fire. He marks 
on the floor a point on each side of the marks that he has put on | the 
three corners of the oil-box that he is making. Then | he takes the 

35 box away and puts it down flat at a place not far from || where he is 
working. He takes his wife's clam-digging stick and digs up | the 
soil. The hole that he digs is of the same length as the width | of the 
box that he is making, and the width of the hole is one span, | and 

40 it is one span deep. | As soon as he has done so, he takes the || large 
basket, goes down to the beach, and picks off | dulce and throws 
it into a basket. | When it is full, he carries it on his back up the 
beach, I into the house in which the box is being made. He puts it 
down at the place | near where he dug the holes. As soon as this is 

45 done, he takes good, easily-splitting || pine-wood and splits it with 
his knife into thin pieces. | He cuts them round with sharp | points. 
The length of each is four finger-widths. | He cuts them of the same 
size as the size of his drill, and he uses them to peg | the ends of the 

50 box together. (Some people sew the ends || of the box with cedar- 
withes.) I As soon as he has cut enough pegs, he goes to get his drill, | 
and also the tongs, which he brings and puts down. As soon as this 
is done, [ he takes his large bucket and goes to draw fresh water. | 



32 maglnwalisases lEgwIle. Wa, la xultlalllax wfwax - sba £ yases xwexu- 
ta'ya yudux u ts!aqe k - !ek - !osaltsa dEngwatsle wQla,so £ s. Wa, la 
Lequlllaxes wulasE £ we. qa £ s la pax £ alilas laxa k!ese qwesiilalll 

35 laxes eaxalase. Wa, la 5x £ edEx k'ltlakwases gEiiEme, qa £ s £ liip!i- 
dexa d/.Eqwa. Wa, laEin e njEmasgEme E lapa £ yas lo £ £ wadzEwasases 
wulasE'we. Wa, lil £ nal-nEmp!En laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yix 
E wI £ wadzEgasas. Wa, laxae £ nfd £ nEmp!Enk - e £ wi £ walabEtalilasas 
laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, gil £ mese gw&texs lae ax £ edxa 

40 e walase lExa £ ya, qa-s la lEntslesEla laxa LlEma £ ise, qa £ s lii k!ulg - t- 
laxa 1. !f>i. iF.kwe qa's lii lExts!alas laxes LlEgwats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, 
g'iPmese qotlaxs lae 6xlex £ I(]f.c|, qa e s gaxe oxLosdesElaq, qa £ s la 
oxLaeLBlaq laxes wu £ lats!e g'okwa. Wa, la oxLEg-alllas laxa 
nExwala laxes e lapa £ ye. Wii, g - il £ mese gwatexs lae ax £ edxa eg'aqwa 

4.5 lax xasE £ we wfinaguta, qa £ s x5x £ wldeses klfnvavowe laq, qa e swlswul- 
tEwes. Wii. lit k!ax £ wldi:q qa leElx - Enes. Wa, he £ mis, qa wisweI- 
bes 6ba £ yas. Wii, lii maemodEne awasgEinasas laxEns q!wfi(j!w r ax"- 
ts!ana £ yex. Wii, la £ me nanamagit !aq LE £ wis sElEine qo Lap!ldLEs 
laxa s;lkoda £ yases wul:IsE £ we. Wii, laxa t!Eint!Egodeda waokwe 

50 wiwu £ lenox u sa wIswEltowe dEwex lax sak - oda £ yases wCilasE £ we. Wa, 
g - il £ mese helale k!axwa £ yas LabEma lae k!Engalilaxes seIeiuc. 
Wii, he £ mise k!ipLalaa, qa g'axes k - adela. Wii. g'il £ mese gwalExs 
lae ax'edxes £ walase nagatslii, qa £ s lii tsex £ IdEX £ w T E £ wiip!Ema, 
qa £ s o;'rixe hang'ahTas. Wii, lii ;lx £ edxa k - !ak - !Ek'!obane qa g'axes 



boas] INDUSTRIES 89 

Then he takes pieces of old mats and [| puts them down: and after 55 
he has done so, he sees that the stones on his | fire are red-hot. Then 
he | takes his tongs and picks off the red-hot stones and | puts them 
into the holes that he has dug. He does not fill them too full of | 
stones; and when there are stones in every hole, || he takes the GO 
basket with dulce, takes out the dulce, and | puts it on the red-hot 
stones. He puts on a great deal of it, so that the \ dulce in the 
three holes forms a thick layer. When this is done, | lie takes the 
box that he is making and puts it down over the holes. He puts the 
grooved side down, | and he places the holes just under the grooves. || 
Then he puts dulce over all the grooves. | As soon as a thick layer G5 
has been put on, he lifts up one end of the box that he is making | so 
that it does not stand quite straight on edge. He takes his bucket | 
and pours water on the three holes for steaming. After doing so, | he 
puts down the box that he is making, as the steam begins to come 
out. || He covers it with pieces of old mats. After | this has been 70 
done, he takes well-splitting pine-wood and splits it | so that it is two 
finger-widths in thickness and square. | He measures off five spans 
for the | length of the red-pine wood, and splits it so that it is || like 75 
tongs. After this has been done, he takes split cedar-strips | and 
ties them to one end, so that the pine-wood does not split. | After he 



gwallla. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs lae dox £ wai.Elaxa XE E x u Lalalise laxa 55 
lEgwile t!esEmxs lE £ mae -naxwa meniEnltsEmx £ Ida. Wa, la 
dax £ idxes k' lipLalaa, qa £ s k- Uplides laxa xixExscmiila tlesEma, qa £ s 
la k"!ipts!alas laxes £ lapa £ yC\ Wa, lit k - !es helqlalaq Loma qotlaxa 
t!esEine. Wa, gIPmese E naxwa la xEqluxLalaxa tlesEmaxs lae 
axV'dxa Ltegwatsle lExa £ ya, qa £ s lEx £ wults!odexa l !esl !Ekwe. qa £ s la 60 
lEx £ alodiilas laxa x IxExsEmala t!esEina. Wa, awlla £ mese waklweda 
LlEsLlEkwe laqexs yudux'Vlzaqae. Wa, gIPmese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxes wuliisE £ we qa £ s l& paqEyints laq. Wa, la £ me bEnsalaxa 
xwexudEkwe. Wa, lii nenEqale k" !ek - lalasas laxa xwexudEkwe. 
Wa, lii modzodalasa LlESLlskwe lax neiiExsawasa xwexudEkwe. 65 
Wa, g il £ Emxaawise la wakwa lae wuj'EnxEndxes wfdasE £ we, qa 
halsEla £ mes k'!es k' !ox £ walllExs lae ax £ edxa £ wabEts!ala nagats!;i. 
qa £ s tsetsadzElts!axtalexes ytiduxMzEqe k'!ek'!alasa. Wa, g'll- 
£ mese gwalExs lae ]iaqEyintses wiilasE £ we laqexs lae k'lfdEla. Wa, 
lii ax £ edxa k" !ak" !Ek - lobana qa £ s lii LEbegindalas laq. Wii, g"il e mese 7( 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa egaqva lax xasE £ we wiinagula, qa £ s xox u s £ - 
Endeq, qa maldEne £ stalis laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana s yex, yix e wagi- 
dasas. Wa, lii b;ll £ Idxa sEk'!ap!Enk!e laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana- 
£ yex, yLx £ wasgEmasasa wunagule. Wii, la xox £ wklEq qa yowes 
gwex - sa ts!esL;ila.x. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa dzEXEkwe 75 
ts!eq!adzo dEnasa, qa £ s yiiJEXLEndes laq qa kMeses hex - sa xox u sa. 



90 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.an.n.sb 

77 has clone this to the piece protecting the sides of the box when the 
corners are being bent, | he takes off the old mat which he had 
spread over the side of the box that he is steaming, | and he puts it 

80 down a little ways from where he is working, and || he removes from 
the box all the dulce that has been steamed. | When it is all off, 
he takes hold of one edge of the box that he is making, which is now 
pliable. | He lays it down flat on a place where it is level. Then he 
takes the protector of the box, | he opens the two legs while he is ] 
lifting the box-board from the floor, and puts the board between the 

85 leys of the tongs. || He places this close to the slanting side of the 
groove that he lias made in the board. Then he places both feel , one 
on | each end of the protector. He takes hold of the two corners of 
the box-board that he is making and | pulls it upward. Then the 
side of the box begins to bend; and | when it is in this way, 1 he moves 
his protector to the following J groove; and he does the same as he 

90 did before when he bent the first groove; || and after he has bent the 
three grooves, he takes a | long cedar-bark rope and winds it around 
the box that he is making. Now [ he pushes the one end against the 
groove that will fit it at the other end; and after doing this, | he takes 
his drill and drills a slant ing hole through the two ends that are fitted 
together. | The distance between these holes is three finger-widths. || 

95 When he has pushed his drill through, he pulls it out | and puts in its 
place a peg of red-pine wood, which he | hammers in with a sj<>ne. 

77 W'a, glHmese gwala L lEbEdzEWeyasa k'oqwax klosases wulasE- 
£ waxs, lae ax £ edxa LEpEya £ ye k!ak - !Ek - !6baneses kiinsasF/wes 
wulasE-we, qa £ s la LEplalilas laxa qwaqwesala laxes eaxElase. Wii, 

SO la xekiildz5dxes wulasE £ we, qa lawayesa la i.!op l !esl tekwa. Wa, 
g - il £ mese £ wllgildzoxs lae dEnxEiulxes wrulasE £ waxs lae peqwa qa £ s 
la pa\ £ alllas laxa £ nEmaele. Wii, Hi dax £ idxes LlEbEdziryasa 
koqwiix k' losases wiilasE £ we, qa £ s la aqfdamasExs waxsanod/.Exsta- 
'yasexs lae wegilllaxes wulasE £ waxs lae r.!EbEdzots laxes wulasE £ we. 

85 Wa, laEin he gwagawa £ ya senoqwala xuta'vaxs lae t!et!EpbEiidxa 
L!EbEdza £ yases g'Sgiguyowaxs lae dadEnxEndxes wuhrsE £ we, qa £ s 
gElqostOdeq. Wa, he-mis la be £ nakulatsa k"!osase willasE £ we. ^Va T 
g"ll £ mese la g'a gwiileg-axs (fig.) lae LeguxElodxes LlEbEdzoj-e laxa 
-nEme xuta £ ya. Wa, laxae aEin aaqEmg'lttowexes gilx'de gweg'i- 

90 lasa. Wii, glHmese E wi £ la la k"5gEkwa yudux'dala xiitas lae ax £ edxa 
g"ilt!a dEiisEn (lEiiEma, qa £ s qEX'SEmdcs laxes wulasE £ we. Wa, laEm 
sEX'ba £ ya sak'odae laxa qEmtba £ yas. Wii. gil J mese gwalExs lae 
axedxes sElEme, qas Lanexalaes sEla £ ye laxa siik - oda £ ye. Wa, 
lii yaevudux u dEn laxEns q!wtiq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix awalagalaasas 

95 sEla'yas. Wa, gtlnaxwa £ mese laxsawe sicla-yasexs lae lex £ uLE- 
lodxes sElEme, qa J s L layogwaaLElodesa wunx'Tme i.al>Eni laq, qa £ s 
dex'widesa tlesEme laq. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ la la LabEkwa. lae 

1 At right angles. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 91 

When it has all been pegged together, he | takes a short board which 97 
is the end of the box that he is making, and | puts it down flat. He 
takes hold of each side of the box that he is making and puts it on 
top of his board. || He takes his drill and marks all round the outside 200 
of the 1 box that he has made; and as soon as he has marked all 
round it, he takes it off j and puts it down at a place not far from 
where he is working. Then he | takes his straight knife and he cuts 
the hoard until he reaches the mark that he put j round the bottom 
of his box. When he reaches || the mark up to which he is cutting, 5 
he cuts it very smooth with his crooked j knife at the place where the 
box is going to fit on the bottom board of the box that he is making. | 
Then he pounds up charcoal and puts it into the shell of a | horse- 
clam. He pours some water on it, stirs it, and | when it is mixed, he 
takes soft cedar-bark, dips it in, || takes the box that he is making ln 
and turns it bottom-side up. | When it is in this position, he soaks 
some shredded cedar-bark in the charcoal mixture, | and paints it all 
round the bottom edge of the box that he is making. He lays the 
bottom board | flat on the bottom of the box, and sits down on it, so 
that it is | pressed down against the box. After doing so, || betake- 1° 
it off, and then he examines it to see if the black paint is all over 
the bottom board, | then there is no leak. If the black i-; in patches, 
then there will be | leaks at the points without paint. He takes his 
crooked | knife and shaves off all the black paint ; and when ] it is 



ax-edxa ts!ats!ax"sEme g'ayol lax oba £ yases wulasE £ we. Wa, la 9S 
pax £ ahlas. Wii, la dananodxes wuhrye. qa £ s la handzots laq. Wa, 
la ax £ edxes sElEme, qa'"s xutse £ stalis lax l !asadza £ yas awl £ stases 209 
wula'ye. Wa, gih'mese lirsta xulta £ yasexs lae ax e aLElodxes wula- 
-ye. qa £ s la han^alllas laxa k"!ese qwesala laxes eaxElase. Wii. la 
dax -£ Idxes uExx"ala k"!awayowa, qa £ s k'!ax £ wldeq lalak - ttnaxes xul- 
ta £ ye lax awFstasa paq !ExsdE £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese E wPla lak"!ede 
k"!axwa e yas laxa xwexulta £ yaxs lae aek"!a k - !ax £ witsa xElxwata 5 
k"!awayowe lax klwadzayaasLas wula £ yas laxes paqtexsdeLe. Wa, 
la'me q!wei £ Iilxa ts!olna qa £ s k - !ats!odes laxa E walase xalaetsa 
niEt!ana £ ye. Wa, lii guqlEcjasa £ wape laqexs lae xwetledEq. WiL, 
gtFmese lElgoxs lae ax-edxa kadzEkwe, qa £ s dzopstEndes laq. 
Wa, lii ax £ edxes wula £ ye, qa £ s ek - laxsdalamaseqexs lae qEptesa. m 
Wii, lii dostEiidxa hapstaakwe kiidzEk" laxa ts!olna="stala qa £ s 
gEltse^tsales lax ogwaga £ yases wida £ ye, Wii, la ax £ edxa ]>aq!Exsde- 
Las, qa £ s paq!ExsdEndes laq. Wii, lii klwadzodEq, qa ''naxwes 
q'.EsaLEla. Wii, g"iPmese gwiilExs lae ax="aLElodEq. Wa, u r ih'mese 
ax £ aLElodqexs lae dox'wklEq. Wii, g'il-mese £ naxwa ts!ol £ IdExs lae ],-, 
kMeas g - ilx - a laq. Wii, g - tl £ mese lolasaleda tsloliixs lae heEm 
gilxeda lolasawawa £ ye. Wii, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsexes xElxwala 
klawayowa, qa e s xaLe k - !ak - !ax £ wiiqEwaxa ts.'olna. Wii, gih'mese 



92 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ans.ss 

all off, he takes some more soft cedar-bark, dips it into the charcoal || 

20 mixture, and rubs it over the edge of the box that he is making; then 
tie puts | on the bottom board; and when the black charcoal is no 
longer in patches, | he takes his drill and drills | slantingly through 
(the side and the bottom). When he gets through, he pulls out his 
drill, | takes one of the pegs, wets it in his mouth with his saliva, 

25 and, || when it is wet all over, he puts it into the drill-hole. | He takes 
his stone hammer and drives it in. When it is all in, | he stops 
hammering. He takes his drill and drills another hole | three finger- 
widths away from the first one; | and when that also passes through, 

30 he wets another peg in his mouth || with his saliva. Then he pulls 
out his drill, | changes, and puts the peg in its place in the drill-hole. 
Then he takes the | stone and drives in the peg, as he did before. 
He | continues doing this, going around drilling and putting in pegs; 
and | when he has pegged all round the bottom, the oil-box is 

35 finished; || for the time when he makes the box is when the | winter 
is over and just before the olachen run in Knight Inlet. | Oil has to be 
put in the oil-box first, in order to make it tight | by filling the 
pegged edge of the bottom with oil. When | the time for picking 

40 viburnum berries comes, the oil box is empty. || Then the berries are 
put in; and now the juice of the viburnum berries will not runout, | 
although they leave it in the box for a whole winter. | That is all. 

nvFlaxs lae etled ax £ ustEndxa kadzEkwe dz5p e stalaxa ts !olna £ stala 

20 £ wapa, qa e s laxat! gEltse e stalas lax awe £ stas wula e yas. Wa, lalaxae 
pax'aLElotsa paq !E.xsda £ ye laq. Wa, g'il £ mese k - !eas lolasawa £ ya 
tslohiiixs lae hex' £ idaEm ax-edxes sslEme, qa £ s sElx £ Idexa Lane- 
xalexs lae laxsa. Wa, gil-mese liixsaxs lae lex £ wldxes seIeiiic, qa £ s 
dax £ ldexa £ nEmts!aqe LabEma, qa £ s mElx £ undeses k liineL !Exawa £ ye 

05 laq. Wa, giPmese k!unx £ Enalaxs lae Lastots laxes sEla £ ye. Wa lii 
dax £ idxa t!esEme, qa £ s degutodes laq. Wa, gil £ mese laxLaxs lae 
gwal deqwaq. Wa, lii et!ed dax £ ldxes sElEme, qa £ s sElx -£ ldexa 
yudux u dEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex gagiLEla laxes g'ale 
sEla'ya. Wa, gll'Emxaawise lax'saxs lae mElx £ iintses kluneLlExa- 

30 wa £ ye laq, qa k!unx £ Enalisex lae lex £ widxes SElEme, qa £ s L!ayo- 
gwaaLElodeses LabEme la Lastots laxa sEla £ yaxs lae dax £ Idxa 
tlesEme qa £ s degutodes laqexs lae dex u bEtEndEq. Wa, :ix u sa £ mese 
he gwe'nakulaqexs la £ stalae sEl e nakula, qa £ s LabE £ naktileq. Wa, 
gil e mese lElgowa Lapa £ j'ases lae gwale wula £ yas dsngwatsla, j r ixs 

35 he £ mae wrdx'IdExdEmsexes wfllasE £ we dEngwatslexs g'alae gwal 
ts'awunxa, ytxs k'!es £ mae qwaxiillsa dzaxiine lax Dzawade, qaxs 
he £ mae g'tlts laweda L!e £ naxa dEngwatsle, qa alaklales amxaxs lae 
qoqiit!a £ stowe sak p oda £ yas LE £ wes paq !Exsda £ yaxa L!e £ na. Wa, gll- 
£ mese t '.Elt Islts lEnxxa tlElsaxs lae lopts laweda dEngwatsIaxa L!e £ na. 

40 Wii, lii t!Elts!alaxa tlElse. Wii, la £ me hewaxa g'ilx'sale £ wapa- 
ga £ yasa tlElsaxs wax' £ mae lElgogwIlaxa £ nEmxEnxe tslawunxa. 
Wa, laEm gwala. 



uoas] INDUSTRIES 93 

Sewing with Cedar-Withes. — The man takes alongbone drill | and two 
split boards which he places side by side. Then he | drills close to the 
end slanting, and passes through the edges of the | two split boards, so 
that the end of the drill passes out ( ■ on the 

. ft Ta ST? ITii I | knife 
cedar- 



other side of the || other board, thus: 
as he comes to the end, he takes his 
and cuts a groove into it, in which the 
withes he. | After cutting the grooves, he turns it over and cuts a | groove 
on the other side, where no groove has been cut (on the upper side). 
When he gets to the end, | he takes the twisted cedar- withes andputs the 
thin end through (1 ) . || He pulls it ; and when it reaches the thick end, 10 
he takes | a cedar stick and cuts it so that it has a sharp point, and 
drives it in | alongside of the cedar- withe. Then the end of the cedar- 
withe comes out at (2). | He pulls it tight and twists it, and 
pushes it in | at (3), and it comes out at (4). He pulls it tight, and|| 15 
hammers it with a diabase pebble so as to | drive it mto the groove, 
while another man is pulling | the cedar- withe, for it always requires 
two men to work at boards. He twists the | cedar-withe tight and 
smooth and pushes the thin end mto (5), | and it comes out at (6). 
He pulls at it and hammers it with the stone; || and when it hes in 20 
the groove, he twists the cedar- withe and | pushes it into (7), so that 
it comes out at (8); and | he does the same as he did before; and 



Sewing with Cedar-Withes. — Wa, la ax e edxa gilte xax £ En sElEma. 1 
Wa, la &x £ edxa miilExsa ladEkwa. Wa, la gwasodEq. Wa, la 
sEbr £ Idxa max'ba £ ye iiinexales sEla £ ye la hex'sala lax ewiinxa £ yasa 
malExsa ladEkwa qa £ s la neTlde 6ba £ yasa sElEme lax apsadza £ yasa 
mEinxsa g'a gwalega {jig.). Wa, giPmese labEndExs lae &x £ edxes 5 
kMawayowe qa £ sxuxutadzEndeqyix lane katbEclatsa dEwexe. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwal xuxiideqexs lae lex'idEq qa £ s etlede xiixudex £ IdEx 
iiExs;lw r asa k' !ese xudEk" laxa apsadzE £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese labEndExs 
lae &x £ edxa sElbEkwe dEwexa qa £ s nexsodes wilba £ yas lax (1 ). Wa, 
la nex £ 6dEC[. Wa, gil'mese lagaa lax LEx u ba £ yasexs lae ax £ edxa 10 
k!\vaxLa £ we qas k!ax £ wideq qa wllbes. Wa, la degunodzEnts laxa 
onodza £ yasa dEwexe. Wa, laEm nel £ ede 6ba £ yasa dEwexe lax (2). 
Wa, la nex £ edEq qa £ s lEk!ut!ideq. Wa, la sElpledeq qa £ s nexsodes 
lax (3). Wa, g-axe hexsala lax (4). Wa, la nex £ edEq qa £ s lEk!u- 
tledeq. Wa, lEdzeg-intsa qetsEme ts!Eq!iils t !esEm laxa dEwexe qa 15 
t!Ebeg'es laxa xuxudeka £ yaxs lae nexaleda E nEmokwe bEgwanEinxa 
dE\\ r exe qaxs ma £ lokwaeda eaxalaxa ts !Ex u sEme. Wa, laxae sElp !idxa 
dEwexe qa lEklutsowes sElpa'"yasexs lae nex'sots wilba £ yas lax (5) 
qa las nel £ ld lax (6). Wa, laxae nex £ edqexs lae lEdzegintsa t!esE- 
me laq. Wa, g il £ emxaawise tlEbegaxs lae sElpledxa dEwexe qa £ s 20 
nexsodes lax (7). Wa, gaxe nelbax £ id lax (8). Wa, aEmxaawise 



94 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ietii. ANN. 35 

23 be continues to the end of all the holes | up to (22). Then he drives 
in the point of a cedar-stick at its sides. | 
1 Care of Canos. — I forgot t his when I was talking about | the canoe- 
builder, who spreads open the canoe, making a small canoe. When 
I it- | pours water into it, and the stones are nearly red-hot, | he 
5 pours four buckets of water, || and there is one bucket of urine which 
he | pours into the canoe, ami lu; carries four more buckets of water, | 
pours them into it, and he also carries one bucket of urine | and 
pours it into the water in the | small canoe. Then eight buckets of 

10 water || have been poured into the small canoe, and two buckets 
of urine, | so that it may not be split by the heat of the sun after the 
canoe-builder shall have finished it. | That is the reason why they 
put urine into it. As soon as enough | water and urine are put into 
it, he puts red-hot stones into the canoe. | When the canoe-builder 

15 finishes this, || he takes a rush mat and a dish or a small steaming- 
box| and perch-oil (that is the oil obtained from | perch-liver). He 
places the stearning-box by the side of the fire of his house, and | he 
takes the rush mat and puts it into the fire. | As soon as it burns, he 

20 places it on the side of the steaming-box, so that || the charcoal falls 
into the box. When he thinks he has enough, | he takes his hammer 



22 aaqEmg'Staxes gegilasaxa g-ag-ili £ ye. Wa, la labEiidalax £ waxaasa 
lag'aa lax (22) x's lae dex £ wltsa wllba klwaxuiwe lax onodza £ yas. 
1 Care of Canoe. — Wa, g-a £ mesf>n L'.ElewesoxgOn lex' gwagwexs £ ala 
laxa Leqlenoxwaxs lae LEpaxes Leqa £ ye xwaxwaguma yixs lae 
gux £ alExsElasa £ wape hlqexs lae Elaq memEnltsEmx £ Ideda tlesEine. 
Wa, heinaaxs lae gux £ alExsasa mowexLa nagatsle £ wiipa laxa 
5 xwaxwaguma. Wa, la £ nEiue.\La nagatsleda kwatsle la gflgegin- 
dayoseq. Wa, laxae et led tsex £ Idxa mowexLa nagatsle £ wapa qa £ s 
laxat! gux £ itlExsas. Wa, laxae et!ed tsex £ ld laxa kwatslexa 
£ nEmexLa nagats'.a qa £ s la gugeglnts laxa la toxs £ wapsa 
xwaxwagume. Wa, gil £ Em malEXLagiyo nagats!eda £ wape la 

10 "•ux £ ;UExdzEinsexa xwaxwagumaxs lae malEXLa nagatsleda kwatsle 
qa k'leses ts!at!alExs l !esasE £ waasa LlesEla qo gwalamasLa Leqle- 
noxwaq. Wa, heEm lag'ilasa kwatsle laq. Wa, g il £ mese helaleda 
£ wape LE £ wa kwatslaxs lae k'liplalEsElasa x'lx-ixsEmala tlesEm 
laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwatamaseda Leqlenoxwaxa xwaxwagumaxs lae 

15 ax £ edxa kfileye. Wli, he £ mesa loqlwe loxs amayae cjlolatsles 
ax-etsE-we; wa, he £ mesa dzeklwese, yix tsEnxwa £ yas Lewuliisa 
g-6maga. Wit, la hanolisasa qlolatslo laxes lEgwllases g-okwe. Wa, 
la ax £ Sdxa kuleye qa £ s axLEndes laxes lEgwllases g-okwe. Wa, 
g-il £ mese x!x £ edExs lae axiiglnts laxa q!5lats!e qa tex £ alts!ale 

20 tslotslalmotas laxa qlolatsle. Wa, g-il £ mese kotaq laEm helalaxs 
lae ax £ edxes pElpElqe qa lEsElgayes lexba £ yas laq qa qlweqlultsles 



boasj INDUSTRIES 95 

and crushes the charcoal with the striking-head into dust, | so that 22 
it becomes like flour. After this has been done, he pours the | perch- 
oil into it. Then he stirs it; and when it becomes a | thick paste, he 
turns the canoe bottom-side up, takes an || old mat and tears off 25 
enough to squeeze it in his hand. Then he puts it into | the mixture 
of oil and coal and blackens the outside of the | small canoe. He 
rubs it well, so that it will penetrate the cedar wood; | and when it is 
all covered, he finishes at the end of the. canoe. | Therefore they do not 
put a sun-protector on the outside of the small canoe when it is 
blackened || outside with oil mixed with charcoal, for the heat of the 30 
sun does not go through. | They do this way with small canoes and 
with | big canoes. | 

As soon as this is finished, the canoe is turned right-side up, and 
supports of cedar-wood are put on each side of the bow and on each 
side of the stern. || Short boards of cedar-wood are placed on the 35 
seats; and when | it is all covered, the man pours fresh water into it 
so as to [ keep the inside of the canoe cool. When the weather is 
hot, | he takes a dipper and sprinkles water so as to wet the inside 
of the canoe. | in the morning. When the owner of the canoe has 
no short boards, || he cuts off branches of young cedar-trees and | 40 
places them on the seats of the canoe the. whole | length of the canoe, 
so that neither the sun nor the | cold winds of winter pass through, 

qa yuwes la gwexsa quxex. Wii, gIPmese gwalExs lae giiqlEk-asa 22 
dzeklwese laqexs lae xwetledEq. Wii, gil'mese lElgoxs lae 
gEnk a. Wii, la qEplalisaxa xwaxwagumaxs lae ax f edxa klakMo- 
banaxs lae kwapodxa aEm helalalax qlwetsEmesE-'waxs lae axstEnts 25 
laxa qlEltshuqEla ts!6lna. Wii, lii qlwoxsEmts lax osgEma-'yasa 
xwaxwagiime. Wii, hi dzEkak'ats qa alaklales lalaqa k.'waxLawe. 
Wa, gil £ mese ha e mElxsEmdqexs lae gwala lo £ oba e yas. Wa, heEm 
lag'itas hewaxa t!ayasE £ wa 5sgEma £ yasa xwaxwagumaxs q!wa e x u sE- 
makwaasa q'.EltslEqEla tslolna qaxs wlxsaeda tslElqwiisa LlesEla 30 
laq. Wa, la MiaxwaEm he gwegilasE £ weda xwaxwagiime LE'wa 
awawe xwaxwak !una. 

Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae t!ax £ alidzEma qa £ s qeqEdEnoLEnitsE- 
£ wesa klwaxi.awe LE e wis waxsanoL!EXLa £ ye. Wii, lii pax e alExdzE- 
ma ts!ats!Ex u same lax ek - !ot !Ena £ yas LeLEX'Exsas. Wii, giPmese 35 
Emtslaxs lae giigExsalasa £ WE J wap!Eme laq qa hemEnala'mese 
wudaxsa oxsasa xwakluna. Wa, glPmese ts!Ets!Elgusa £ naliixs 
lae ;ix £ edxa tsexi-a qa £ s xodzElExsElesa £ wape laxa oxsasa xwakhl- 
naxa gaala. Wii, g IPmese k - !eas ts!ats!E £ x u sEma xwiigu-adasa 
xwak!unaxs lae tsex £ idxa ts!ap!axasa dzadzaxniEdzEme qa £ s 40 
lii L5x-iindalas lax LeLEx'Exsasa xwakluna, lElbEndEX e was- 
gEmgigaasasa xwakluna. Wii, laEm wIxsEwatsa L.'esEla LE £ wa 
yoyiixa ts'.awiinxe qaxs he^mae xEHLEla hoxwamasa yoyaxa xwa- 



96 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sb 

for the cold wind | cracks the inside of the canoe; for when the cold 

45 winter wind is coming, the canoe-owner || bails out the water, so that 
it is dry inside. He takes | coarse cedar-bark mats and spreads them 
over the seats, | and he covers over the sides and each end | so that 
the cold wind does not go through. | 

Alter the canoe has been finished, he goes to split from a cedar- 

50 tree || narrow boards. These are one span | wide and one [ finger 
thick. | Their length is one and a half | fathoms. If they are split out 

55 for a small canoe, | four of these are made for bottom-boards; and || for 
a large traveling-canoe twenty | are split out for bottom-boards. 
He does. the same as ho does when splitting out | roof-boards. The 
only difference is that they are not adzed. When | the owner of the 
large canoe goes traveling, he first | lays down on . the beach the 

60 boards, beginning at the bow of the canoe, and || he places them more 
than a fathom apart, in this way. 1 | This is called "place over which 
the traveling-canoe is pushed down." When | they have all been 
put down, many men take hold, one on | each side of the thwarts 
and also one | on each side of the bow, pressing their backs against 
the sides of the bow so that they lift it up and that it does not shove 

65 the boards out of place, and || also one on each side of the stern, who 

k!una, yixs gil £ mae yowe £ nakulaxs lae hex -£ ida £ ma xwagwadasa 

45 xwak!Qna tsalax -£ ldEq, qa lEinxuxses. Wii, heEni la ax £ edaatsexa 
awadzoledEkwe glldsdzo lewa £ ya qa £ s la LEplEndalas lax l<jle- 
x'Exsas. Wit, laEin aEmxaq lax wax'saneguxsas LE £ wa wax'sba- 
£ yas qa k!eses lax'sawa yoyasa ts!&wunxe laq. 

Wa, g - il £ mese gwala xwaklunaxs lae lat!Ex £ idxa welkwe laxa 

50 ts!elts!Eq!a ladEkwa, yixa £ naxwa £ me £ nal £ nEmp!Enk - laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix awadzE £ wasas. Wii, la £ ne £ nEmdEn laxEns 
q!waq!wax - ts!ana s yex ylx wiwagwasas. Wii, la nEqlEbode esEg'i- 
wa £ yas laxEns bai.aqe awasgEmasas. Wii, g'IPmese xwaxwa- 
gume lat !ag - ilasexs lae moxsEme lat!a £ yas qa paxts. Wii, g-11- 

55 £ mese £ walas mElexatsle xwaklunaxs lae maltsEmgnstaxse lat!a £ yas 
qa paxts. Wa, laEm heEm gweg'ilaxs latlaaqe gwegilasasa lat.'iixa 
saokwe. Wii, lex - a £ mes 6gu £ qalayosexs heyadzae. Wii, g11 £ mese 
mElexElaLa xwagwadasa £ walase xwakluniixs lae lieEm gll la paxa- 
lisElayowa ladEkwa giigilis lax ag'iwa £ yasa xwakluna, yixs haya- 

60 qaaxa £ nal £ nEmp!Enke laxEns baLiiqe awalagoledzasas g'a gwiilega. 1 
Wii, heEm LegadEs wi £ x u dEmaxa mElexatsle xwakliine. Wii, gtl- 
£ mese £ wilgalisExs laeda qlenEme bebEgwanEm q !walxokii IndEX 
wax"sba £ yas LeLEX'Exsas lie £ misa waxsanoLEma £ ye tetEglnoLEinex 
ewan6LEma £ yas qa £ s waleq qa kMeses klqEdzEwexa wi £ x u dEma. Wii, 

65 laxae waxsodEXLa £ } r a ma £ lokwe wiq!wiixLa £ ya. Wa, lada £ nEmo- 

1 Laying them down parallel, as a runway for the canoe. 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 97 

push ahead. Then one | man shouts, "Wo!"' and then all the | men 65 
push together at the stern and pull on each side | at the ends of the 
thwarts. Those pull with the right hand at the ends of the thwarts, 
holding [ with (lie left hand the side of the canoe, who stand on the 
left-hand side of the canoe. || And those, pull with the left hand on 70 
the ends of the thwarts | who stand on the right-hand side and hold 
with the right hand the side of | the canoe. When they have taken 
it down to the sea, they take | the split boards and place them in the 
bottom of the canoe; and when they are | all in, they put the cargo 
on top of the boards. When || the canoe has been loaded, they start 75 
bow first ; and when they arrive | at the place where they are going, 
they go ashore stern first as they go to the beach. | The steersman is 
the first to go ashore. He pulls up the stern | of the canoe. When 
the crew is ashore, they unload | the cargo; and when everything is 
out, they take || the bottom-boards ashore and put them down, Mi 
beginning at the stern of the canoe: and they j lay them down up to 
the place where they will put the canoe on the beach. They pull it 
up | over the boards, and leave it at a level place on the beach. 
Then they | gather all the split boards and put them over the seats, 
so that j the heat of the sun does not strike the canoe. That is all. || 

Wooden Sail. — Now I will talk about the sail of the | ancient l 
people, which was sewed together of boards. First they | look for a 

kwe bEgwanEm hasEla £ lae woxa. Wa, he £ mis la £ nEmax £ Idaatsa 66 
bebEgwaiiEme wl £ x u wld laxa oxi.a £ ye. Wa, laxa gElqeda waxsaxdza- 
£ yas oba £ yasa LeLExEXse ylses helk - lotts !ana £ yaxs dag'aga £ yases 
gEmxolts!ana £ ye laxa ogwaga £ yasa gEmxaxdza £ yasa xwakluna. Wa, 
la he gElqe gEmxolts !iina £ 3 r asa he gwaxdza £ ya helk' !6tiiga £ yaxa 70 
LeLEx - Exse. Wa, la dagageyeses helk lotts !ana £ yas laxa 6gwaga £ yasa 
xwakluna. Wa, gu £ mese laxstalisaxa dEmsx'axs lae fix £ edxa wl £ x u - 
dEma ladEkuxs qa £ s la paxsas laxa xwakluna. Wa, gll £ mese £ wllga- 
alExsExs lae modz5dalases mEmwala laxa paxse. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ wI1xsexs lae £ nEqagiwalaxs lae sEpleda. Wa, gil £ mese lagaa 75 
laxes lalaaxs lae aLaxLax £ Ida qa £ s k' !ax £ alisexs lae lagallsa. Wa, 
he £ mis galoltaweda LEnxLa £ yasexs lae lalta qa £ s wawatlEXLBn- 
dalexes ya £ yats!e. Wa, lawisLe hox £ wultawe le £ lotas qa £ s molto- 
dexes mEmwala. Wa, glFmese wlloltawe niEmwalasexs lae axwul- 
todxa paxse qa £ s paxalisEles gag'iles lax oxLa £ yasa xwakluna qa £ s 80 
la paxpEges lalaa lax ha £ nedzaLas. Wa, lax'da £ xwe watEldzodEq 
laxa wi £ x u dEma qa £ s la hangallsas laxa £ nEmaese. Wa, la q!ap!e- 
g'illsaxa ladEkwe paxsa qa £ s la paklindalas laxa LeLEXExse qa 
kleses Llesasosa LlesEla. Wa, laEmxaa gwal laxeq. 

Wooden Sail. — Wa, la £ mesEn gw r agwexs £ alal lax yawapE £ ya £ yasa 1 
gale bEgwanEmaxa gwasEWakwe ts!Ex u sEma. Wa, heEm gil la 
75052—21—3-") eth— pt 1 7 



98 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH.ANN.36 

3 thick moss-covered cedar-tree that has been lying on the ground [or a 

long time. When | it has hern found, one and a half fathom-lengths are 

5 split off. || Each piece is two spans wide j and one finger-width thick. | 

I do not know how the edges are. fitted together. | They are well 

adzed . . . Then | he takes a long bone drill, and he takes two 

10 pieces of the boards || and lays them side by side. He drills near the 
end in a slanting direction | through the edges of the two split 
boards, so that the point of the drill comes through | on the other side 
of flie other board, in this manner. 1 . . . When | this is done, he 
takes another (board) and places it alongside of the last one, and | he 

15 drills it in the same way, and sews it together as he sewed || the first 
one; and he only stops adding to it when it is two fathoms | wide. 
Then he takes a split hoard half | a finger-width thick and four | 
finger-widths wide. Its length is equal | to the width of the boards 

20 that have been sewed together. He places it on top || of one end of 
the sewed boards, lie takes his | drill and drills through it one 
finger-width | from the edge of the piece of wood that forms now the 
straight | crosspiece of the short hoards that have been sewed 
together. He drills straight | through, and at a distance of three 



3 alasoseda LEkwe plElsEnala la ge £ s k'attes welkwa. Wa, giFmese 
qlaqexs lae tat!lx ,£ Idxa nEq!EbodasesEgiwa £ yelaxEns baLax. Wa, la 
5 e naxwaEin maemalplEnk - laxEns q!vvaq!wax-ts!ana £ yex yfx awadzB- 
wasas. Wa, la £ nal £ nEmdEn laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yixwlwa- 
gwasas. Wa, la £ mEn k - !es qlaLElax gweg - ilasasexs lae bEnax 
eEwagawa'yas. Wii, laxaa aniEmayastowe k - !tmLa £ yas. . . . Wa, 
la fix £ edxa gtlte xax £ En sElEma. Wa, la ax £ edxa malExsa ladskwa. 

lo Wa, la gwasodEq. Wa, la sElx £ Idxa max - ba £ ye Lii £ nexales sEla £ ye la 
hexsala lax ewiinxa £ yasa malExsa ladEkwa qa £ s la nel £ ede 6ba £ yasa 
sElEme lax apsadza £ yasa £ nEmxsa ga gwalega. 1 . . . Wa, lii 
gwalEXs lae ax £ edxa £ nEmxsa qa £ s gwasEnxEndes laq. Wii, laxae 
heEm gwiile sEla £ yas laq le £ w§ t !Emt !Egoda £ yase t!Emt!Egodaena- 

15 £ yasa g - ale axes. Wa, al £ mise gwal gwasEnxEndalaqexs lae malplEn- 
ke '"wadzEwasas laxEns baLax. Wii, laEm ax £ edxa ladEkwe k - !o- 
dEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!iina £ yex ytx wagwasas. Wit, la mo- 
dEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!iina £ yex yix £ wiidzEwasas. Wii, la heEm 
£ wasgEme £ wadzEwasasa gwasEwakwe ts!Ex u sEma. Wa, la pagE- 

20 dzots lax apsba £ yasa gwasEwakwe ts!Ex u sEma. Wii, If, ax £ edxes 
SElEme qa £ s sElx £ idxa £ nEmdEiias £ wadzswase laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yex g - ag - iLEla lax iiwaxa £ yasa la £ nEm2nxaleda 
xwalba £ ye lo £ 6ba £ yasa gwasEwakwe ts!Ex u sEma. Wii, laEm hex'sale 
sEla £ yas laq. Wa, la yudux u dEn laxEns q hvaq Iwaxts !ana £ yex 

i Here the method of sewing is described in detail. See figure on p. 93. 



INDUSTRIES 



99 



finger-widths || from the first hole he drills through again; and then 25 
he drills | other holes at the same distances. The drilling continues 
over the | whole length of the cross end-piece. He also cuts grooves 
into it; and after | the grooves have been cut between alternating 
pairs of drill-holes, he turns the | sewed boards over and cuts grooves 
on the opposite side, over those (intervals) in which he did not cut || 
grooves (on the other side). After he finishes, he turns it over. 30 
Then he takes | twisted cedar-withes and sews them together | in 
the way in which he sewed the short boards. As soon as j he has 
finished doing this at (1), 2 



he does | the same as he 
he has done it, he || puts 
other end, and he drills 
does the same as he did at 
finally he does it at (4) ; 
the end, he has finished. 



II 
II 

11 

; i 
M 




1! 

II 
II 
II 
II 


• _~LT"_rU~"— "-^ 




. 







he drills at (2), and 
did at (1) ; and after 
the crosspiece at the 35 
it at (3), and J he 
(1) and (2); and | 
and when he reaches 
Now, that | is the 



sail of the ancient people before an}' white people came; to wit, | short 
boards sewed together. The canoe-mast is short, for it || just shows 40 
above the top edge of the board sail when | it is standing up in the bow. 
They just push up one end, | for the lower edge lies hard against the 
mast when | it is standing. The wind just blows against it and presses | 
the board sail against the mast when the canoe is running before the 
wind. When || it gets calm, they lay it down flat towards the stern, 45 



ytx £ walalaasas la et!ed sElx £ itso £ s. Wa, laxae lax - saxs lae et!ed 25 
sElx £ idxa hemaxat! £ walale. Wii, la hebEudale sEla £ yas lax 
£ wasgEmasasa xwalba £ ye. Wa, laxae xuxiidex e ldEq. Wa, g-il £ mese 
gwal xiixudekax eawagawa £ yasa sEla £ yaxs lae lex £ ldxa gwasE- 
wakwe ts!Ex u sEma qa £ s xwexudex £ idex nExsawasa k - !ese xwe- 
xtideg Ikwa. Wa, laxae lex £ Idqexs lae gwala. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 30 
sElbEkwe dEwexa. Wii, la heEm t!Emx -£ ldaeneqes t !Emalaena £ yas 
liix-de t !Emt 'Egodalaxa gwasEwakwe ts!Ex u sEina. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwalExs lae se1x- £ k1ex (2), yrxs laaLal gwale (1). Wii, aEmxaawise 
HEqEmgiltEwexes gale gwegilasEx (1). Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae 
pax £ aLElotsa xwalba £ ye laxa apsba £ ye. Wii, laxae se1x- £ k1ex (3). 35 
Wii, aEmxaawise nanaxts lEwaxes gweg'llasax (1) lo £ (2). Wii, la 
ElxLalax (4)we. Wa, giPmese labEndqexs lae gwala. Wii, heEm 
yawapE £ yesa g - ale bEgwanEinxs k" lesmaol gaxa mamalax ylxa gw T asE- 
wakwe ts!Ex u sEma. Wii, la ts!Ek!we Lap!eqas laxa xwak.'una ylxs 
halsEla £ mae nelEtala lax ek'!Enxa £ yasa gwasEwakwe ts!Ex u sEmaxs 40 
lae Laxs laxa ag'iwa £ ye. Wii, a £ mese Lacjo^stoyiwe awunxa £ yasexs 
laaLal tEsales banEnxa £ ye lax 6x - sidza £ yasa yawappleqaxs laaLal 
Laxsa. Wii, a £ mise la yolayosa yala qa £ s la, tEsp !ega £ ya gwasEwa- 
kwe ts'.Ex u sEm liixa Lapleqaxs nEqlEXLalae laxa yala. Wii, g - tl £ mese 
q!ox £ widExs lae aEm pax £ alExdzEm gwagwaaqa laxa gwiilExsasa 45 



100 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [bts.amn.SS 

46 away from | the mast ; and the middle of the board sail lies against 

the mast as it is standing on edge. | After they have taken it down, 

they take down the mast and put it down | into the bow; and they 

push up the j board sail and shift it towards the bow, so that it lies 

50 flat || in the bow of the canoe. The sail of a largo | traveling-canoe 

is of this size. | 

1 Mat Sail and Mast. — A woven mat was the sail of I small canoes. 

It- was made of the middle part of cedar-bark, for the j weaving is 

5 made of narrow strips. Its length is one fathom | and two spans, || and 

its width is one fathom. There are four holes in one edge, | by means 

of which it is strapped to the mast, in this way: | and their is 

top corner; | 
end of the 
man peels|| 
for the mat 



one hole in each corner to put the sprit into the 
and the hole in the lower corner is for the lower 

10 sheet | to pass through. When it is finished, the 
a young cedar-tree, which is to be the mast 
sail. | He passes twisted cedar-hark rope through the four holes 
in the side of the sail, | and puts it around the mast to hold 
the sail. He uses a small | young cedar-tree for the sprit, and he 
uses | twisted cedar-bark rope and puts it around the mast below 

15 the || middle to hold the lower end of the sprit. | Finally he takes well- 
made, twisted, thin cedar-bark rope, | sometimes five fathoms in 



46 Lap !eqe laxes nalnaqEyoyalaena £ yaxa Lap leqaxs lae tsagExsa. Wa, 
g11 £ mese pax £ alExsExs lae k - !lgulExsasE £ weda Lap!eqe qa £ s la kadEg-i- 
yodayo laxa agiwa £ e. Wa, a-mise la Lax £ widayoweda gwasEwakwe 
ts!Ex u sEm qa £ s la xEmx £ idayo laxaaxa ag'iwa £ ye qa las pagEg'iwe 

50 laxa ag"iwa £ yasa xwakluna. Wa, heEm yawapE £ yesa £ walase mE- 
lexats !e xwak !une £ walayasas. 
1 Mat Sail and Mast. — Wa, laLa k' lEclEkwe le £ wa £ ye ya £ wapEya £ yasa 
xwaxuxwagumexagayole laxa naq!Eg'a £ ye dEnasa,yixs ts!elts!Eq!ao- 
ledEkwaes k'!ita £ ye. Wa, la malplEnxbala laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!a- 
na £ yex yixa £ nEmp!Enke laxEns baLiiqe £ wasgEmasas. Wii,l a, £ nEm- 
5 ptenktyowe £ wadzEwasas. Wa, la modzEqe kwakuxunxa e yas qa 
nEyimxsalatsa t!EmqEmk!iniiLasa laxa Lapleqe ga gwiileg-a (Jig.). 
Wa, laxae kwaxsaweda dzeg'asLasa dzeg'inoLEma £ ye laxa eklinxa- 
£ yas. Wa, laxae kwaxsawe bEiiEnxa £ yas qa nex - salatsa wadE- 
notslExsdeLe. Wii, gll £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa saqlugidEkwe 

10 dzadzaxmEdzEma qa yawapleqsa lekuya £ ye yawabEma. Wa, la 
nEyhnx'sotsa niElkwe dEnsEn dEnEm laxa modzEqe kwakuxunxes. 
Wii, la tlEmqEmk" lints laxa ya £ wap!eqe. Wa, lii ax £ edxa wile 
dzadzaxmEdzEma qa £ s dzEkinxEndes laq. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 
mElkwe dEnsEn dEnEma qa £ s galop lEndes laxa bEnk - Jolts !a £ 3'as 

15 nEgoya £ yasa Lap!eqe qa dzegatsa dzeginoLEma £ ye. Wa, la 
alElxsdlaxs lae ax £ edxa aeklaakwas mEla £ ye wIIeii dEnsEn dEnEma, 
£ nal £ nEmp!Eiiae sEk - !ap!Enk'e £ wasgEmasas laxEns baLax qa £ s galo 



INDUSTRIES 



101 



and he does the same | 
corner. That is the 
is finished, it is thus: | 
The mast-hole of the 
white people came here 
in the I how of the canoe. 




length, and | passes its end through the sprit-hole in the upper corner, 18 

to the other end in the lower 
lowercornersheet.|| When it 20 

ancient people \ before any 
consisted of two round sticks 
These were three finger-widths 
apa 1 1 . | The ends were sewed with cedar-withes. Then || the canoe-builder 25 
took heavy cedar-withe ropes and small cedar-wood | and measured i lie 
middle point for the mast-hole. After | he had found the middle, he 
marked off a hole | measuring one finger-width and a half, beginning | 
at the middle mark. He took the same distance || from the middle on 30 
the other side of the mark. | Three finger-widths is the distance of the | 
marks on each side of the mark in the middle. Then he takes | the 
heavy cedar-withe and ties it around the two bars. | After putting two 
turns into the cedar-withe rope, || he pulls it up between the two bars 35 
and draws it tight ; I and lie winds it between the I crossbars and ties 



the ends. He does | the same on the 
side. The mast stands between the two 
bars and the | cedar-withes, in this manner: 
mast stands in (1). || This finishes all I 
about the making of a canoe. 



other 
cross- 
The 
know 40 



plaLElodes oba £ yas laxa dzeg'asEnxa £ ye. Wa, laxae heEm gwex -£ Itsa ig 
apsba £ yas laxa kwax - sawe laxa banEnxa £ ye. Wa, heEm wadEno- 
dzExsdese. Wit, gtl £ mese gwatexs lae g'a gwaleg'a (Jig.). 20 

Wa, hemiesa kwawoyasa Lap!eqasa gale bEgwaiiEmxs k!es- 
E maolex g - axa mamalax, ylxa malts !aqe leElx In lexexs laxa 
ag - iwa £ yasa xwakliina. Wa, la yudux u dEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!a- 
na £ yex yix awalagalaasas ytxs lae t!Emt!Embalaxa dEwexe. Wa, la 
ax £ ededa Leq!enoxwaxa LEkwe dEwexa. Wa, la mEns e Itsa £ wile 25 
xok u k!waxLa £ wa lax nEgoya £ yasa kwa £ woyoLasa Lap!eqe. Wii, 
glPmese qlaqexs lae xiildoyddxa malts !aqe kwa £ woya. Wii, la 
mEns £ Idxa kModEiiosEla laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana J yex g'agiLEla 
lax nEgoya £ yasexs lae xiiltledEq. Wa, laxae heEmxat! £ walate 
xulta E yas lax apsiiLElasa nEgoya £ ye xulta e yaxs lae xfdt!edEq. Wa, 30 
laEm yudux u dEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!fma £ yex yix awalagalaasasa 
xwexttlta^ye lax waxseLElases xiilta J ye lax nEgoya £ yasexs lae ax e edxa 
LEkwe sElbEk u dEwexa c[a f s qaxodes laxa malts !aqe Lei>Ex - Exsa. 
Wii, giPmese malp !Ene £ staxs lae ek!Ebax ,E IdEx oba e yasa dEwexe 
lax awagawa £ yasa malts !aqe LeLExExsa qa E s lEk!ut!exs lae 35 
nex £ edEq. Wii, lii k' !ilg'il £ Ents laxa dEwexe lax awagawa f yasa 
LeLEXExsaxs lae moxwaLElots oba e yas. Wii, laxae heEm gwex £ - 
Idxa apsiiLEliis. Wii, heEm LaLagawayaatsa Lapleqa awagawa J yasa 
dEwexe. Wa, lii g - a gwiileg"a {fig.)- HiiEm Lax'salatsa Lapleqe (1). 
Wii, lawIsLa e wi £ la gwala laxEn q!ale lax gwegilasaxa xwakluna. 40 




102 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 85 

1 The Making of Horn Spoons (1). — Now I will talk about the | making 
of the horn spoon, the Mack spoon. | When the head of the mountain- 
goat is taken off, it is | kept in the corner of the house for four days, 
5 and it is placed || not far from the side of the fire of the house ; and | 
when the heat of the fire strikes it, the spoon-maker | turns the head 
over all the time; and when it gets warm, | he places it nearer the 
fire. He watches it all the time | so that it does not get burnt. 

10 When he thinks it is warm through and through, || he takes hold of 
the head and tries to pull [ the hair off. When it gets loose, he 
knows that | the horns are also loosened. He takes hold of | the 
horn with his right hand, and with his left hand he holds | the nose 

15 of the head. Then he twists the horn a little and || pulls it off. Now 
the horn has been blown off by the steam. He | also does the same 
with the other one. When he has them off, | he takes his hand- 
adz and a block of wood and he adzes it. | He adzes 
it at the concave side of the horn. I placing the 
thick end on the block of wood, in this manner:|| 

20 As soon as he has it off, he adzes off the "mouth" 
of the spoon so that it is round, j in this manner: 
After he has done so, he measures three | finger- / \ widths, 
beginning at the | top of the horn, and he adzes it \^J so that it 

1 The Making of Horn Spoons (1). — Wa, la £ mEn gwagwexs £ alal laxa 
k'aselax wiiiJaxasa £ mElxLowexa ts!ololaqe katslEnaqa. Wa, 
he £ maaxs lae ax £ etsE £ we xEweqwasasa £ mElxLaxs lae mop!En- 
xwa £ se £ nalas axel lax onegwilasa gokwe, qa £ s la ax £ alilEm 
5 laxak!ese XEnLEla nExwala lax onalisasa lEgwIlasa gokwe. Wa, 
laLe Llesalasos L!esaliisa lEgwlle, wa liida kaselaenoxwaxa k - a- 
tstenaqe hemEnalaEm lexi £ liilaq. Wa, gil £ mese ts !Elgii £ naku- 
laxs lae L'.aLlasolElas laxa lEgwlle. Wa, la hemEnalaEm q!aq!alalaq 
qa k!eses k!umElx £ Ida. Wa, gil £ mese la k'otaq laEm tslElxsa, lax 

10 WEyoq!iiga £ yasexs lae dax £ ldxa XEweqwe qa £ s gunx -£ Ide p!Elx £ IdEx 
habEtsEma £ yas. Wii, g-ll £ mese kMBnx^dExs lae qlaLElaqexs 
lE £ mae k - linEmgaaLEle wl\vui.!a\s. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese dax £ Itses 
helk - !otts!ana £ ye laxa wuiJaxe, wii la dalases gEinxolts !ana £ ye laxa 
xi £ ndzasa xEweqwaxs lae halsElaEin sElx £ wIdxa wiiL!axaxs lae 

15 nexodEq. Wii, la £ me t'Ek'oyosa k!iilEla lax awaga £ yas. Wa, la, 
heEmxat! gwex -£ Idxa apsodata £ yas. Wa, gll £ mese lawitxs lae 
ax £ edxes k!tmLayuwe LE £ wa tEmg ikwe lsqwa qa £ s k-!imldEmaq. 
Wii, la k" limlodEx ok!waedza £ yasa wuLlaxasa £ niF.lxLaxs lae LlEn- 
qale LEX u ba £ yas laxa tEmglkwe lEqwa; g-a gwaieg - a (Jig.). Wii, 

20 g il £ mese lawiixs lae k-!tml £ ldEx &w5xsta £ yas qa k llx - ixstax £ ides 
g-a gwiileg'a (Jig.) ■ Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae £ mEns £ idxa yiidux u dEne 
laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix £ wasgEmasas g'iig'lLEla laxa 



boas] INDUSTRIES 103 

is | notched in this place, and it is in this way II when he has 2-'! 
finished it. || A 

He puts away his hand-adz and takes his [^ straight knife. | 25 
In former times the people rubbed them down (J with rough 
sandstone | when they were making black horn spoons. Now 

there is water in a dish, | and the man puts it down at his left- 
hand side while he is rubbing the horn. He | puts the thick end info 
the water, and he holds it by the small end || with his left hand. With 30 
his right hand he holds a rough | sandstone and rubs the horn. | 
Nowadays the modern men adz it. They shave it down | to smooth 
it after they just begin cutting it. | After all this, he puts a small 
kettle half full of water over the fire, || and he takes two cedar-sticks, 35 
each one span long | and half the thickness of a | finger. He takes 
split [ cedar-bark and ties the ends of the cedar-sticks together with 
the cedar-bark. Then he gets | another piece of cedar-bark ready to 
tie the other end || after having put the spoon in between. Then it 40 
is this way. 1 | When the kettle boils up on the fire, he takes the | 
spoon and puts it in. He does not leave it in a long time | before 
taking it out again. Then he puts the spoon near its "mouth," 



niaxba £ yas oxta £ yasa wiiLlaxax lae k!iml £ idEq qa £ s kimkirn- 23 
dEnodzEndeq. Wii, lag'a gwaleg'axs lae gwal k'.imLaq (fig.). 

Wa, lii g - exaxes k!lniLayaxs lae ax £ edxes nExx'iila k - !awaya yfxs 25 
k!oL!aaLal dasgEmak u dE £ na tlesEme g'ixElasa gale bEgwanEmxs 
kaselaaxa ts!6lolaqe k p ats!Enaqa q!ots!asE £ waeda toq!wasa £ wape. 
Wa, la ha £ nel lax gEmxagawalllasa gexiixa wuLlaxe. Wit, lii 
ax'stEntsa LEx u ba £ yas laxa £ witpe. Wa, lii dalax wllEta £ yas vises 
gEmxolts!ana £ yaxs la £ e diilases helk'!otts!ana £ ye laxa k - !oL!a das- 30 
gEmak" dE-'na tlesEma. Wit, lit g'ex^Idxa wuLlaxe. Wa, LiLal 
kliniLasosa iilex bEgwiinEina. Wa, la £ me k!ax £ widEq qa £ s qaqe- 
ts!eq qa qes £ edes laxes haene £ me ales kMoxiig'ale. Wa, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae hanxLEntsa ha £ nEme nEgoj^oxsdalaxa £ wape. 
Wa, lit ax £ edxa malts !aqe k!waxLawa £ nal £ nEmp!Enk"e awasgE- 35 
masas laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, lii klodEn laxEnsqlwa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yex yix awagwidasas. Wit, lii fix £ edxa dzEXEkwe 
dEnasa qa £ s yaLodex oba £ yasa klwaxLawasa dEnase. Wa, lii 
gwalllasa £ nEmts!aqe dEnas qa £ s yaLSdayolxa &psba £ ye qo lal 
ax £ aLElaLa k"ats!Enaqe laxa iJEbasaq. Wa, laEm g'a gwiilega. 1 40 
Wii, gil £ mese niEdElx £ wideda hanx'Lala laxa lEgwilaxs lae ax £ edxa 
k - ats!Enaqe qa £ s axstEndes laq. Wii, lii lc!es alaEm ge £ stalaxs 
lae axwiistEndEq. Wii, lii fixotsa awana £ yas ktlx'lxsta £ yasa 



1 That is, two straight sticks tied loosely together at one end. 



104 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [BTH.ANN. 35 

45 between | the cedar-sticks, in this manner, » || and he takes 

the cedar-bark and ties it on near the end / of the spoon- 
spreader | into which the spoon is put. ph He bends back 
the point, | and holds it by putting it into J W cold | water, so 
that it sets. Then it does not bend back \Z/ again, but is 
kept in position | as it gets cold. Next he takes off the spoon-opener, 

50 and || he takes dried dog-fish skin and rubs it all over it, so that it 
becomes very | smooth inside and outside. When it is quite | 
smooth, it is finished. Now the black horn spoon is finished after 
this. 
I The Making of Horn Spoons (2). — Let me first talk about the | horn 
spoons, how they are made. When | the mountain-goat hunter goes 
out to hunt, the spoon-maker asks | him to break off the horns of the 
5 goats that he will get, for || the mountain-goat hunter only wants the 
tallow and the | kidney-fat and the meat. He does not want the 
bones and the | horns. Therefore the spoon-maker ] asks him for 
these. In the morning, when daylight comes, the \ mountain-goat 

10 hunter goes hunting; and after he has killed || a mountain-goat, he 
takes off the tallow, [ kidney-fat, and the meat, and finally he cuts 
the skin around | the bottom of the horns; and when he has cut off 

k'atstenaqe lax awagawa £ yasa LlEbasak - ga gwalega (Jig.)- Wa, lii 

45 ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s yll £ aLElodes laxa apsba £ yasa LlEbase lax 

laena £ yas LEbEkwa katslEnaqe, wa, la LlotlExodEx oxawa £ yas 

qa L!ot!Exales. Wa, lii dalaqexs lae axstEnts laxa wuda £ sta 

£ wapa qa LlEmx £ wides. Wii, la £ me xakMalaEm la LEpiile ogu- 

ga £ yasexs lae wudEx £ Ida. Wa, lii axodxa LlEbase. Wa, la 

50 ax £ edxa lEmokwe xidgwega £ ya qa £ s xiiLxsEmdeq qa iilaklales la 

qesa ytx ogug'a £ yas LE £ wis osgEma £ ye. Wa, gtl £ mese la alaklala 

la qesaxs lae gwala. Wit, laEm gwalatslololaqe katslEnaqe laxeq. 

j The Making of Horn Spoons (2). — Wega £ maLEn gwagw r exsEX £ Id laxa 

tslololaqe k'atslEnaqExs lae kaselasE £ wa. Wii, he £ maaxs galae lala- 

eda tEw! £ nenoxwaxa £ mElxLowe. Wii, la axk'!iilaso £ sa kaselaenoxwe 

bEgwanEma qa £ s tEpstlex wfodaxases yanEme £ mElxLowa, qaxs 

5 lexa £ mae iixso £ sa tetEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ mElxLowes yEx u sEina £ ye LE £ wa 

mEt!ose LE £ wa Eldziis. Wa, la k'leiis ax £ etsos lax xaqas LE £ wa 

wfiLlaxas. Wa, he £ mis lagilasa kaselaenoxwe hawaxElaq qa £ s 

&x £ edeseq. Wii, gil £ mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaaliixs lae qas £ ideda tEwe- 

£ nenoxwaxa £ mElxLowe. Wii, lii tEwex £ ida. Wii, g il £ mese tEwe'na- 

20 nEmaxa £ mElxLaxs lae h( ; x £ idaEm axalaxa yEx u sEma £ ye LE £ wa 

niEt!ose LE £ wa Eldziis. Wa, lii alerlxsdalaxs lae t !otse £ stalax oxLa- 

£ yasa wiwuL!axas. Wa, g"il £ mese dii £ ste t!osa £ yas lax k!uts!asexs lae 



was] INDUSTRIES 105 

the skin, | he lakes a hammer and pounds off the horns. Now 
they break off from | the bone core. He continues doing this [| with 15 
nil the mountain-goats that he has killed. And when lie has killed 
enough, he carries them down | from the mountain where he was 
hunting; and when he arrives at home, he | immediately goes and 
gives the horns to the spoon-maker, | who at once takes a basket and 
goes down to the beach | in front of his house, carrying (the basket) 
in his hand. He puts stones into it, || enough so that he can carry 20 
them up | and he takes them into his house. He puts them down 
near j his fire, and he builds up the fire and puts the stones | on. 
"When this is done, he takes a steaming-box and | places it next to 
the fire, and he also takes his large water-bucket |j and goes to draw 25 
some water, and he pours the water into the steaming-box I so that 
it is half full. After this is done, he takes the tongs | and puts them 
down, and also his adz and his straight | knife, so that they are 
ready on the floor of the house; and he also takes a piece of fire-wood, \ 
which he places next to the fire. When all these have been || put 30 
down, he places the stones on the fire until they get red-hot. | Then 
he takes his tongs, picks up the red-hot | stones, and throws them 
into the steaming-box which contains water, and | he continues put- 
ting in red-hot stones. As soon as the water | begins to boil, he 



diix £ Idxa t!esEme qa £ s lEg'Ei.Elodexa wiwfn.laxe. Wa,la'"me tEp!lde 13 
klwalaLElasasxa xaqe. Wa, :i £ mise la he gwe £ nakulaxes tEwe £ niI- 
uEme £ mElxLowa. Wa, g il £ mese IicT'olexs giixae oxLaxElaxes tE- 15 
we £ nanEme laxa nEg'ii. Wa, gibmese lag'aa laxes gokwaxs lae 
hex £ IdaEm la tshisa wuLlaxe laxa k'aselaenoxwe bEgwanEina. Wa, 
hi ; x £ ida £ mese ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s la k - !oqulaqexs lae hci.tslesEla 
lax l !Enia £ isases gokwe, qa £ s la xE £ x u ts Ifdasa t!esEme laq. Wa, 
:i £ mise gwanala qa £ s lokwesexs lae 6xLEx -£ IdEq qa £ s la oxLosdesE- 20 
laq, qa £ s lit oxLaeLElac^ laxes gokwe, qa £ s la oxLEgalilas lax ma- 
g'inwalisases lEgwIle. Wa, lii lEqwelax £ lda, qa £ s xE £ x u Lalesa t!esE- 
me laxes lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa q!olats!e, qa 
gaxes hanalisEx lEgwilas. Wa, laxae ax £ edxes £ walase nagatsla, 
qa ; "s la tsex' £ ldEx £ wapa. Wa, lii guxtslotsa £ wape laxa qlolatsle, 25 
qa uEgoyoxsdales. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa tslesLala 
qa gaxes kadela. Wa, he e mises k'limLayowe LE £ wis nExxiila 
klawayowa, c[a g'axes gwalel g'ex'g'aela. Wit. h6 £ misa teqwa, 
qa g'axes k'adel lax oniilisases lEgwIle. Wa, giPmese g'ax £ wl-ia 
gexgaelExs lae meniEnltsEmx £ Ideda xE £ x u Lalal!se tlesEm laxa 30 
lEgwIle. Wa, la dax £ Idxes ts!esLala, qa £ s k!ip!ldes laxa xIxse- 
mala t!esEma, qa £ s lii k' IipstEnts lax £ \vabEts!;iwasa ci!olats!e. Wa, 
lii banal k'lipstalasa xux'ExsEmala tlesEm laq. Wii, g'il £ mese niE- 
dElx £ wIdeda £ w;lpaxs lae gwal k'lipstalaq. Wii, lii dax' £ idxa wiwu- 



106 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.akn.S5 

35 stops putting in stones, takes the horns, || and puts them into i(. 
He does not leave them there a long time, before | he takes up liis 
tongs, feels for the horn, and when he finds one, | he takes soft 
shredded cedar-bark and puts it into his hand | in order not to burn 
it as he takes hold of the point of the horn. He strikes with | the 
thick end against the piece of fire-wood on the floor. Then the core 

40 that is left inside |[ jumps out. Now the horn is hollow. He con- 
tinues | doing this with all of them; and when they are all done, he 
measures off two | finger-widths from the point at the concave | 
(belly) side, in this way: ^^^ neiiy. Then he takes his straight , 
knife and cuts a notch ^SSZZ^^ mto '*> slanting towards 

45 the || thick end. Then he Back - puts down his knife and 

measures | three finger-widths from the point where he made the 
notch, | towards the big end, and ho puts a small notch there. | Then 
he puts down his knife, takes his | adz and adzes off the horn, begin- 

50 ning at the first notch. He adzes off one-half || its thickness between 
the two notches. Then he turns the horn over, | holding it by the ( hick 
end, and adzes it off so that it is a little rounded, and so that it is 
hollow in the middle. | After this has been done, he adzes off the 
thick end so that it is round; | and when this is done, it is in this 
way: ( -\ <? Then he takes | red-pine wood that splits 

55 well ^^=~5Z^^ an( J splits it, in pieces of the size of our || middle 

35 L'.axe, qa £ s lii axstEnts laq. Wii, k'!est!e AlaEin ge £ stalllExs lae 
ax £ edxa ts!esLala, qa £ s k - !ap!Eles laq. Wii, gil £ mese liiLxa £ nEine 
q!6lk u wuLlaxExs lae ax £ edxa qloyaakwe kadzEkwa, qa £ s saxtsla- 
naleqexs lae dax -£ Its lax wilba £ yasa wfuJaxe. Wa, lii xiisEntsa 
T,Ex u ba £ ye laxa lEqwa kadela. Wii, he £ mis la dEx £ wiilts<Ewats go- 

40 gulg'a £ yas. Wa, la £ me kwakwiix £ ldeda wuiJaxe. Wa, ax u sa £ mese 
he trwegilaxa waokwe. Wii, gd £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae mEns £ Idxa mal- 
dEne laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ ye giigiLEla lax w!lEta £ yas lax 
ok !waedza £ yasxa g'a gwiileg-a {fig.). Wii, lii dax £ idxes nExxiila 
kliiwayowa qa £ s klimtbEtEndexa Liinexala gwagwaaqala laxa 

45 LEx"ba e yas. Wii, lit g-Ig-alllaxes klawayowe, qa £ s etlede mEns £ idxa 
vudux u dEne laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex g-iigiLEla lax k'!imta e yas 
gwagwaaqa laxa LEx u ba £ ye. Wii, laxae xaL!Ex £ Id klimtbEtEndEq. 
\Va, lii g'igalilaxes lrlawayowe, qa £ s dax -£ Idexes k' limLayowe, qa £ s 
k - !iml £ Idexa g'iigfLEla lax gale k'limtes. Wii, lii nEgoyode k - !fm- 

50 La e yas lalaa lax ale k- Unites. Wii, lii xweHdxa wiiiJaxe, qa £ s 
dalex i.EX u ba £ yasexs lae k - !iml £ TdEq, qa kakElx-ales, qa xfdboyoles. 
Wii g'iPmese gwfitexs lae k-!iml £ IdEx LEk!uxLa £ yas, qa k'ak'Elxales. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae g - a gwiileg-a (fig.) . Wii, lii ax £ edxa egaqwa 
lax xasE £ we wunagula. Wii, lii xoxox u s £ EndEq, qa yuwes uwiigwItEns 

55 £ nolax-ts!ana £ yaxsEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, lii baHtsa £ nEm- 



boas] INDUSTRIES 107 

linger, and he measures off one | span for its length. Then he 56 
takes his | straight knife and cuts it off, and when he has cut off | 
the same number and split as many as the number of black horn | 
spoons that he is making, then he takes spruce-root and splits 
it in two, || puts it into a small dish with water in it to soak, ] 60 
and ho takes his straight knife and splits one end of the | 
pine-sticks to make them like a pair of tongs; and when | the ends 
of all of them have been split, he takes the split roots and ties the 
other end, | in this way. 1 He does this with all of them; and when || 
they all have been tied with the roots, he builds up his fire, I takes 65 
the stones out of the steaming-box, and puts them back on the fire. | 
When they are all on, he waits until they are red-hot. | When they 
are red-hot, he takes | his tongs and picks out the hot stones and 
puts them back || into the water in the steaming-box; and when the 70 
water begins to boil up, | he takes the adzed horns and puts them | in. 
As soon as they are in, he takes the roots and | puts them down at 
the place where he is seated, and also the split pine-sticks. When he 
thinks | that the horns are hot enough, he takes his fire-tongs and || 75 
picks up the horns. He takes one of the | spoon-moulds, —the pieces 
of pine-wood tied at one end, — and puts the | spoon between its legs. 



plEnke laxEns q!waq!wax - tsitna £ yex yix awasgEmasasexs lae ax £ edxes 56 
nExxala klawayowa, qa £ s k' Units tendeq. Wii, g - il £ mese £ wl £ laxs 
]axes heeneme waxats!aqa xokwe wunagule waxexLaasasa ts!ololaqe 
katslEnaqExsos. Wii, lii ax £ edxa LloplEkasa alewase, qa £ s papaxsa- 
leq. Wii lii iix £ stalas laxa £ wape q!ots!axa lalogume, qa pex £ wldes. 60 
Wii, lii iix £ edxes nExx'iila k - !awayowa, qa £ s x6x £ wldex epsba £ y'asa 
wiwunagule, qa yuwes gwex - sa tslesLalax. Wii, g'tl e mese £ wl £ la 
xSbaakwa lae :ix £ edxa paakwe LloplEka, qa £ s yiHdes laxa epsba- 
£ yas g'a gwiilega. 1 Wii, lii £ naxwaEm he gwex £ idEq. Wii, gih'mese 
£ wi £ la la yaelbiilaxa l !op Iskaxs lae lEqwelax ,e Idxes lEgwile. Wii, lii 65 
ax £ wustalaxa t lesEme laxa q lolats !e, qa £ s lii xEx u LEndalas laxes lEgwi- 
le. Wii. giPmese £ wllxxalaxs lae aEm la esElaq, qa memEnltsEm- 
x J ides. Wa, gilmese meniEnltsEmx -f ideda t!esEmaxs lae dax ,£ Id- 
xes tslesLiila, qa £ s klipides laxa x'ix'ExsEmala t!esEma, qa £ s laxat! 
k!lpstalas laxaax £ wabEts!awasa q!olats!e. Wii, giPmese mEdElx- 70 
£ wideda £ wapaxs lae :lx £ edxa la k' !hV !imLEk u wuLlaxa qa £ s lii axsta- 
las laq. Wii, g Tl e mese £ wl £ lastaxs lae ax £ edxa LloplEk'e, qa «-axes 
gael lax klwaelasas LE £ wa xokwe yaelbaak" wunagula. Wii, a £ mise 
gwanala, qa ts !ELx £ widesa wuLlaxaxs lae dax ,£ idxes tslesLala, qa £ s 
k!tp!ides laxa £ nEme wuLlaxa. Wii, lii dax -£ Idxa £ nEmts!aqe 75 
LlEbEga £ yexa xokwe yilbala wunagula, qa £ s LlEbEg'indes laxes 
tslololaqe kats!Enaqaxs lae peqwa. Wa, a £ mise gwanala, qa 

' See footnote on p. 103. 



108 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [BTH.ANN.se 

78 Since the born is pliable, he can spread it | as wide as he wants. Then 
he takes root and ties the | other end of the spoon-mould. After he 

80 has done so, it is in this way. 1 After || he has done so with one, he 
docs the same with the others; and after he has | finished, he puts 
some more red-hot stones in the steaming-box; | and when the water 
begins to boil up, he takes | mountain-goat tallow and puts it down 
where he is working. Then lie puts a dish \ down where he is seated. 

85 takes the || water-bucket with water in it, and pours the water into 
the dish. After | doing so. he takes the spoon with the spoon-mould 
on it | and puts them into the boiling water. When lie thinks that | 
they are hot through, he takes them out one by one, | and rubs them 

90 .ill over with the tallow; and as soon as ho has done so, || he throws 
I hem into the cold water in the dish. He does this | with all of them. 
He wants them to become brittle, | therefore he does so. As soon as 
they have all been put into the cold water | in the dish, he takes 
them out, unties the roots which he has tied j around the mould, and 

95 takes dogfish-skin from the back of the dogfish, and || polishes the 
outside and the inside. When they are smooth both outside | and 
inside, they are finished. He continues doing this | with all of them, 
and in this way the horn spoons are made. | Now, that is all. | 



78 ^wadzEgEg'aatsexs lae fix £ edxa i,!op!Ek - e, qa £ s yiFides laxa apsba- 
£ yasa L'.EbEg'a £ ye. Wa, lit g'a gwalaxs lae gwaleg'a. 1 Wii, gil- 

80 £ mese gwatexs lae aEin he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wa, g iPmese gwa- 
Iexs lae xwelaqa kltpstalasa xixExsEmiila tlesEm laxa q!olats!e. 
Wii, gil £ niese mEdElx £ wideda £ wapaxs lae iix £ edxa yasEkwasa 
£ mElxLowe, qa g'axes gaeta lax eaxElasas. Wii, la iix £ edxa lo- 
q!we, qa £ s g'axe k'agalllas laxaaxes klwaelase. Wii, lit ax £ edxa 

85 nagats!e £ wabEts!;ilila, qa s s guxts!odesa £ wap§ liixa loqlwe. Wa, 
u;?l 4 "mese gwalExs lae ;ix £ edxa LlEbEg'aakwe ts!ets!ololaqa, qa £ s lii 
:ix-stalas laxa maEmdElqula E wapa. Wii, gil £ mese k'otaq hiEm 
:ilak!ala la ts!Elx E wida, lae £ nal £ nEinEmkaxs lae k"!ip £ wustalaq, 
qa £ s hamElxsEmde dsx'sEmtsa yasEkwe laq. Wii, gil £ mese gwatexs 

90 lae tslExstEnts laxa wuda £ sta f wabEts!alilxa loqlwe. Wii, la £ na- 
xwaEm he gwex e idxa waokwe. Wii, laEm e nex - qa L!Emx £ wIdes 
lag'ilas he gwegilaq. Wa, g Tlmiese £ wl £ la £ sta laxa wuda £ sta £ wiibE- 
ts!;illlxa loq!wiixs lae ax £ wustalaq, qa £ s qwelalexa L!op!Ek'e yaet- 
besa LlEbEga £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edxa xulgweg - a £ yasa xfilgume, qa £ s 

95 xulx £ \vldex 6sgEma £ yas le £ w§s 6gug'a £ ye. Wii, g"il £ mese la qetsEma. 
Wa, he £ misexs lae qedzEg'a lae gw T ala. Wii, iix u sa £ mese he gwegi- 
laxa waokwe. Wii, heEm gw r egilatsa ts lololaqeliixa tslololaqe 
lratslEnaqa. Wii, laEm gwal laxeq. 

See figure on p. 104. 



boas] INDUSTEIES 109 

Cedar-Bark Breaker. — The man takes a (bone from the) | nasal 1 
bone of a whale, and he takes a thin-edged rough sandstone | and a 
small dish, and he pours water into it so that it is | half full. Then 
he puts it down where he is going to work at a cedar-bark breaker. || 5 
He takes the bone and measures it so that it is | two spans and four 
finger- widths in length. | Then he puts the rough sandstone into the 
water in the ] dish, and he saws the bone off so that the end is square. 
He I does the same with the other end. When both ends are square, || K) 
he rubs the edges so that they are straight; and when the edges are 
straight, | he measures the width of one hand for its width, and ] he 
measures with a cedar-stick to find the center, in this manner. 1 | 
As soon as he finds the center, he marks a fine across, and he rubs [ 
on each side of the line to make a hole through it, which serve* as 
a grip. As soon as he has finished || rubbing the hole through 15 
which serves as a grip, | he rubs along the lower edge so as to 
sharpen it. Now he has finished | the bark-breaker. | 

Bag of Sea-Lion Hide. — As soon as this is done, he takes the | skin 
of a sea-lion which has been dried. He spreads it out, and he || 
measures two spans. Then he puts a j straight-edge of cedar-wood on 20 
it and marks along the edge, so that it may be straight. Then he | cuts 
along, following the fine; and he also lays the straight-edge of cedar- 



Cedar-Bark Breaker. — Wii, lii ax'ededa bEgwanEinaxa xaqe ga £ yol | 1 
lax xagelba £ yasa gwE £ yirue. Wa, la ax £ edxa pElEnxe k!oL!a dE £ na 
t.'esEina. Wa, he £ rnisa lalogum qa £ s guxts!odesa £ wape laq qa nEgo- 
yoxsdiilesexs lae hanga £ blas laxes eaxElasLaxa kadzayoLaxa k'adzE- 
kwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa xaqe qa £ s mEns £ ideq qa £ wasgEinats. Wa, la 5 
ha £ modEngala lax malplEnke '"wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!waxts!ii- 
na £ yaxs lae &x £ stEntsa k'.6L!a dE £ na t!esEin laxa £ wabEts lawasa 
lalogume. YV a, lii x ilts!Ents laxa xaqe qa £ nEmabes. Wa, la heEm- 
xat! gwexudxa tipsba £ ye. Wii, g'iPrnese £ ne £ namabaxs lae g'ex £ I- 
dEx oxwii £ yas qa £ nEniEnxEles. Wii, gil £ mese la £ nEmEnxElaxs lae 10 
baHtses ts !Ex u ts !ana £ ye q!wiiq!waxts!ana £ yex laq c[a wadzEwats. 
Wa, laxae mEnsi £ liilasa k !waxLa £ we lax nEgoya £ yas g'a gwaleg - a {fig.) 
Wii, giFmese q !axa nEg03*a £ yaxs lae xultaxodEx. Wa, lii g'ex £ ldEx, 
wax'sana £ yasa d^-asexa la sax u sto kwaxsa. Wa, giPmese gwalExs 
lae gexsodxa sax u stowe kwaxsaxa daas. Wii, glPmese gwalExs 15 
lae g exxalabEndEq qa 6pesx"ii £ yes ex'ba. Wa, laEm gw r ala k'aya- 
yaxa kadzEkwe. 

Bag of Sea-Lion Hide. — Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa pEsE- 
na £ yasa L!exEnaxs lae lEmokwa. Wa, la LEplalllaq. Wa, la baP- 
Idxa malplEnke laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wii, lii kadEdzotsa 20 
nEgEnose klwaxLo laqexs lae xiiltledEq, qa nEqElesexs lae bExE- 
lEndxes xulta £ ye. Wa, laxae ogwaqa kadEdzotsa nEgEnose klwaxLo 

1 See Ulustrations in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 372. 



110 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 86 

wood | on the other side and marks along it and cuts following the 

25 line. | Now it is two spans wide, || and he cuts along six spans | for 
the length as he lays his straight-edge of cedar-wood down at the 
end of the [ six spans which he has marked off, and he cuts along the 
line that he has marked. | Then he doubles it up in the middle of 
the long side and bends it over, and he steps on it, | so that the sides 

30 may be close together. Then he punches holes through the edges || two 
finger-widths apart. That is | where the cord will pass through when 
he sews it; and when | it is finished, he puts the straight-edge of 
cedar-wood on a piece two | spans wide and marks a line on it, and 

35 cuts along it. | This piece is seven spans in length. || It is to be the 
carrying-strap for the wedge-bag, and he | puts on the straight-edge 
of cedar-wood on a piece half | a finger wide and marks a fine on it 
and cuts along it. This | long strip serves to sew up the sides of the 
wedge-bag. | As soon as this is done, he puts it for a short time into || 

40 water, together with the wedge-bag. Only the carryings-trap is not 
put into the water. | lie does not leave it in for a long time before 
he takes it out. | Then he takes the narrow strip of sea-lion skin 
and pushes one end| through the holes. Then he puts one end of the 
carrying-strap to | one side and sews it on. This sewing goes down- 

23 lax apsEnxa £ yasexs lae xut!ednq. Wii, laxae bEXElEndxes xulta £ ye; 
laEm malptengadzowe £ wadzEWasas laxen q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yex. 

25 Wii, laxae baPidxa qlELlapEnk'e laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex qa 
£ wasgEmatsexslaek'adEdzodaxaases nEgEnose k'.waxLo lax £ walaasa- 
sa q!EL!ap!Enkaxs laexiilt!edEq. Wa, laxae bEXEtendxes xiilta £ ye. 
La £ me gwanax £ ldEq laxes gildolase qa nEgExLiiles. Wii, lii t !ep !edEq 
(ja q!asox = "wIdesexs lae LlEnqEmsalases k'lawayowe lax ewiinxa £ yas 

30 la hEmaldEngale laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yaqe L!Enqa £ ya. Wii, 
heEm g-aylmxsalasltsa qlEniiLa qo q'.Enq!Egox £ wIdLEq. Wii, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae et!ed kadEdzotsa nEgEnose k!waxLo laxa maldEne 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yaxs lae xfiit!edEq. Wii, lii bExlEndEq. 
Wii, la aLEboplEnk'e £ wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex. 

35 HeEm aoxLaasLEsa q Iwaats !eLasa LEmgayowe. Wii, lii et!ed kadE- 
dzotsa nEgEnSse k!waxL6 laxa kModEnas £ wadzEwase laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yaxs lae xult!edEq. Wii, lii bExlEndEq. Wii, laEm 
o"ilt!eq. Wa, heEm q!Enq!Eq!oyoltsexa ewunxa £ yasa q Iwaats !eLasa 
LEmlEmg'ayowe. Wii, gil £ mese gwfdExs lae yawas £ id ax £ stEnts laxa 

40 £ wape £ wi £ laLE £ waq!waats!eLe. Wii, lexa £ mese k'les la ax £ stanoseda 
aoxLaasLe. Wii, k' lest !a ge £ stala laxa £ wapaxs lae ax £ wflstEndEq. 
Wii, lii ax £ edxa q!Enyowe bEXEk" pESEnesa LiexEne qa £ s £ nex-sales 
laxes L!Enqa £ ye. Wii, laEm ax £ aLElots 6ba £ yasa a5xLaase lax ono- 
dzEXsta £ yas. Wii, la q !aq lEnkinaq. Wii, la £ me haxElame q !Ena £ yas 



boas] INDUSTRIES 111 

ward || to the bent bottom of the wedge-bag. He does | the same at 45 
the other side. | Then the wedge-bag is finished. | 

Spruce-Roots and Cedar- Withes. — When the season approaches when I 
the huckleberries are ripe, | the woman makes her huckleberry- 
basket, and | it is ready when the berries are ripe. She takes her 
digging-stick and her small ax, | going to the place where small 
spruce-trees are growing, and where she knows that the ground is 
soft. As soon as || she reaches there, she pushes one end of her clam- 5 
digging stick into the ground and | pries up the roots of a young 
spruce-tree. As soon as the roots come out of the ground, | she 
picks out thin and small ones. She takes hold of them and pulls 
them out. | These may be more than a fathom in length; | and when 
she reaches the end, she takes her small ax and || chops them off. 10 
The woman who is getting the roots | continues doing this. When 
she has enough, she coils them up and ties them | with small roots 
in four places, so that they are this way : /0^^^. I As soon 
as this is done, she carries them in her right W ^ hand and | 
goes home. She puts them down in a cool 11 M corner of 

the house. || Then she takes a mat and ^Sas^^ spreads it 15 
over them. As soon as she has done this, | she again takes her small 
ax and goes- to a place where young cedar-trees grow; | and when she 
reaches there, she looks for those that have straight long branches, | 
that are not twisted; and when she finds a | young cedar-tree that 

lax gwanax £ ldaasas oxsda £ yasa q!waats!e. Wa, la heEmxat! gvvex- 45 
- r Idxa apsana^ye. Wa, la £ me gwala q!waats!;isa LEinlEmgayu laxeq. 

Spruce-Roots and Cedar- Withes. — Wii, he £ maaxs lae Elaq gwat !Enxa 1 
laegegaex £ ededa tslEdaqe, qa £ s lExile, qa £ s k"!Elats!ela gwadEme,qo 
iiEgExLodi.6. Wii, la ax £ edxes k - '.Elakwe LE £ wis sayobEmaxs lae 
laxa alewadzEmxEkula laxes q!ale tElqliits t!Eka. Wa, gil £ mese 
lag'aa laqexs, lae ts !Ex u bEtElsas oba £ yases k" Islakwe, qa J s k !wet lEqol- 5 
sElexa L!eL!op!Ek - asa alewadzEme. Wii, gih c mese laqolsa l!cl!op!e- 
kaxs lae aleqaxa nEqEla wlta, lae diiyodEq, qa £ s HEx £ uqolsEleq. 
Wii, la £ nal £ nEinp!Ena esEgiyo laxEns baLiiqe awasgEinasas. Wii, 
g'iPmese lag'aa laxa abasemiisexs lae dax £ ldxes sayobEme, qa £ s 
tsEX'SEndeq. Wii, ax u sii £ mese he gweg'ilaxs L!aL!op!Ekaeda 10 
tslEdaqe. Wii, g'il £ mese heloLExs lae q!Elo £ nakulaq, qa £ s yael £ aLElo- 
dalesa wiswEltowe LloplEk - laxa mox £ wIdalaLEla laq xa g a gwiilega 
{jig.). Wii, gil £ mese gwfdExs lae q!Elxidases helk-!ots!ana £ ye laqexs 
lae nii £ nakwa. Wii, la, qlElxwalllas laxa wiidanegwilases g-okwe 
qa £ s ax £ edexa le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s nax u sEmliles laq. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs 15 
lae et!ed dax -£ idxes sayobEme, qa £ s liixat! laxa dziidzESEXEkula. 
Wii, g - il £ mese lag - aa laqexs lae alex £ Idxa g'tlsgllt !iis tEXEme, ylxa 
£ nEmiigitexa k'lese sElplEna. Wa, g - ll £ mese qlaxa £ nEmts!aqe 



112 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



20 has these, she chops it down. || When it falls, she breaks off the 
straight branches; and when | she has enough, she puts the thick 
ends together and takes thin cedar-withes | and twists them. When 
this is done, she ties them around the thick ends of the cedar-twigs. [ 
She ties them ^_j£SS5=j^^l||gK at four places, so that they are 
in this way: / ^^ S5S ^ ^^%~ | As soon as this is done, she car 

2.5 ries them home on her shoulder; and when || she enters the 
house, she puts them down at the place where she always sits. | 
There she unties the cedar-withes; and after they have been taken 
off, | she strips off the branches of the first one that she takes up; 
and after she has taken them all off, | she begins at the thin end of 
the cedar-withes and splits them in two | towards the thick end, right 

30 through the heart. After they have been spht in two, || she puts 
down the other half and splits the first half again in two; | and after 
this has been split in two, she takes up | the other half which she had 
put down on the floor, and splits it in two also. | Now the cedar- 
withes have been split into four pieces. When this has been done, | 

35 she takes up another cedar-withe and strips off the branches; || and 
after this has been done, she splits it in the same way as she did the 
first one; | and she continues doing so with the other cedar-withes; | 
and after sphtting them, she picks out the pieces containing the sap | 
and places them by themselves; and she takes the remainder of 



dzEsEq" ax'Enalaqexs lae hex £ ida £ Eru soplExodEq. Wii, giPmese 

20 t!ax £ IdExs lae dzadzatiiqEwaxa eketEla tEXEina. Wa, g - tl £ mese. 
heloLExs lae q!op!exLEndEq, qa £ s ax £ edexa wile giltla dEwexa, 
qa £ s sElpledeq. Wii, gil £ mese gwalsxs lae yil £ aLElots lax 6xLa £ yas. 
Wa, lii ni6x £ wldale ytLa £ yas laq. Wa, lii ga gwiilaxs lae gwala {Jig.). 
Wa, gtl £ mese gwala lae wex - sEyap!alaqexs g"axae na £ nakwa. Wii, 

25 g il-mese laeL laxes g'okwaxs lae ax £ alilas laxes hcniEnelase klwaelasa. 
Wa, la qwelalax yiLEinases tayaxamanEme. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ lawa 
lae xikalax q !wak' !Ena £ yases g"ale dax £ itsE £ \\ a . Wa, gil £ mese £ wl ; la- 
gilEnxs lae giibEndEx wilEtayasa tEXEmaxs lae paxsEndEq guyo- 
IeLi lax oxLa £ yas naqlEgEndalax domaqas. Wa, g il £ mese pax'saa- 

MO kuxs lae gigalllaxa apsodllasexs lae etts!End pax'SEndxa apsodilasa 
la gaela. Wa, g il £ Emxaawise la pax'saakuxs lae g'igalllasexs lae 
et'.ed dag'ililaxa aps5delexa g'ilxde katlalelEms, qa £ s paxsEndeq. 
Wa, laEm mox u seda £ nEmts!aqe tExEma. Wii, giPmese gwala lae 
etled dag llilaxa £ nEmts!aqe tEXEma, qa £ s x'Ik'alex q!wiik!Ena £ yas. 

35 Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs laaxat! pax'sEndEq laxes gweg - ilasaxa gilx'de 
papEX'salaso £ s. Wii, ax u sii £ mese he gweg'ilaxa waokwe tEXEma. 
Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la paaktixs lae mamEuoqEwaxa ts!ets!Exeg'a- 
'yases pa £ ye qa q lap '.ales. Wa, la, ax £ edxa paa £ ye qa £ s ytLBmdes laq 



boas] INDUSTEIES 113 

what she split and ties it together [ in this way : ^^^^ ^-— - , She does 
the same to the inner part. As soon || as 3||i=|^2^ every- 40 
thing has been tied together, she lays the *' ^^^^ withes 
over her fire | to get dry; for when she splits them, the bark also 
comes off. | After this has been done, she takes the roots and 
unties them, | and she straightens them out. Then she takes good | 
straight-splitting red-pine wood and splits it like a || pair of tongs. 45 
She takes a thin root and ties it at a place j four finger-widths from 
the unsplit end; | and after doing so, she takes her straight knife 
and | cuts off the end of the tongs which serve for stripping off the 
bark of the roots, and | thus the end is sharp. She cuts it again at the 
end where she tied the tongs with roots. As soon as this has been 
finished, || she puts it into the floor close to the fire, | with the split 50 
end upward, and the sharp end in the ground, leaning (outwards) | 
towards the fire, in this way: m As soon as this has 

been done, | she takes one /(u of the long pieces of 

root and coils it up again. ffl Then | she puts it 

on the middle of the fire » a^&_ takes her tongs, and || 

holds the root with them. Then she turns it until all the bark has 55 
been burnt black. | As soon as the bark has been burnt black, | she 
takes it off with the tongs and puts it down next to the implement foi- 
st ripping off the bark 1 of the root. Then she takes the end of it and 
puts it between the | legs of the tongs for stripping off the bark from 

ga gwalega (Jig.). Wa, laxae heEin gwex -£ idxa naq!Ega £ ye. Wa, 
gtt £ mese e wi e la la yaeLEmalaxs lae LesaLElots lax nExsta e yases lEgwile, 40 
qa lEmx £ wides qaxs hirmae lawalats xexEx u£ ima £ yasexs lae papEX'sa- 
laq. Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa Llopteke qa e s qwelalex 
yiLEmas. Wa, la daHdsq qa £ s dal £ allleq. Wa, la dax^ldxa eg'aqwa 
lax xasE £ we wunagula. Wa, la xox £ widEq qa yuwes gwexsa 
tslesLfdax. Wa, la ax £ edxa wile L!6p!Ek"a, qa £ s yil £ aLElodes laxa 45 
modEne laxEiis q!waq!\vax'ts!ana £ yex gagiLEla laxa k!ese xokwa - 
Wa, gih'mese gwalExs lae dax £ Idxes nExxala klawayowe qa e s 
k!ax £ wldex 6ba £ yasa xlkala\yax xEx ,,£ una £ yasa LloplEke qa 
exbes g'iig iLEla laxa la yil-'Ene L.!op!Ek - a. Wa, g'il'mese gwalExs ■ 
lae ts!Ex u bEtal!las oba e yas laxa onalisases lEgwile. Wa, laEm 50 
ek!Eba £ ya xokwaxs laaLal gebElalllEles ex - ba £ ye laxes Llastalae- 
na s ye laxa lEgwile, g'a gwalega (Jig.). Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
dax'Idxa £ nEints!aqe giltla LloplEk'a, qa £ s xwelaqe qEs £ Idqexs lae 
L!Ex - LEnts lax iiEXLaliises lEgwile. Wa, la dax £ Idxes tslesLala qa £ s 
k - !lp!ldes laqexs lae lalextLalas qa £ naxwes k!wek!uniElk'Eye xex u£ u- 55 
na £ yas. Wa, g il 5 mese £ naxwa la k!wek!umElk'Eyax £ kle xEx £ iina- 
£ yasexs lae k!ip!idqEs k!lp!aliles lax mak' !EXLa £ yasa Laele xukala- 
yax XEx ,1£ una-yasa LloplEk'e. Wa, la dabEndEX oba £ yas qa £ s k"ak"E- 
todesa LlaxIaxELalakwe L!op!Ek' lax awagawa £ yasa xika'ayax 
75052—21—35 eth— i-t 1 8 



114 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

60 the roots that have been burnt over the fire. || She takes hold of the 
top of the legs of the tongs with the ; left hand, presses them together, 
while she pulls the roots through the tongs with the | right hand. 
Then the bark | peels off, and the sap comes out. As soon as all | the 
bark is off, she puts the other end in and strips off the bark of the || 

65 root that she is holding; and she continues for a lung time j pulling 
it to and fro. stripping oil' the bark of the roots by pulling them 
through. She only | stops doing this when the root is white all over, 
for they are dry. | After doing this, she takes another | root and does 
the same as she did with the first one with which she was working; || 

70 and she only stops when all the bark is stripped off. | Then she splits 
them in two through the middle, splitting the whole length; | and 
after splitting them in two, she splits the halves into two again. | 
Then she splits each root into four pieces. She continues doing this 

75 with | all the roots; and when they have all been split, she || scrapes 
them. Then she takes her husband's straight knife | and puts it 
down at the left-hand side of her foot. She takes | the split root 
with the left hand and puts it | against the right side of the heel of 
her left foot. | Then with the right hand she takes the straight 

80 knife || and puts the back of the knife against the root, and presses 
it down against it, j and pulls the root through with the right hand. 
Then she turns the root over, | pulling it through between the heel of 



60 xEx u£ un;V c yasa LloplEkaxs lae dax £ Itses g Emxolts!ana £ ye lax oxta- 
£ yas waxsan5dzExta ; yase\s hie q Iweq Iwasalaqexs lae nex £ Itses 
hetk - !otts!ana £ ye laxa LloplEke. Wa, ne £ mis la qusalats xex u£ - 
iina £ yas. Wa, laxae saaqale saaqas. Wa, g ilunese £ wIlgilEnxes 
xEx" £ una £ yaxs lae xweTldEq qa £ s ogwaqe xlkodEX xEx u£ una £ yases 

65 dfdasox'de. Wii, lii geg illl aedaaqanaxwa kak'Etots laxes x'lka- 
layax xEx u£ iina £ yasa i.lOplEke qa £ s xwelaqe nexsodEq. Wii, al £ mese 
gwal he gwegilaqexs lae alaklala la e mElk"!Ena qaxs lae lEmx £ un- 
x ,£ Ida. Wii, giPmese gw r alExs lae et!ed (lax'idxa £ nEints'aqe 
LloplEka. Wii, laxae aEm naqEmgiltilxes gilxde gwegilasa. Wii, 

70 al £ mese gwalsxs Lie wiia la x ikEwakwe >Ex" £ una £ yas. Wii, lii 
naqlEqax domaqasexs lae pax -£ idEq hebEndah.A awasgEmasas. Wa, 
gil £ mese maltslExs lae ettslEnd paxsEndxa waxsodllas. Wii, la £ me 
mox u sEndxa £ nal £ nEmts !aqe L'.oplEk'a. Wa, ax'sirmese he gwegilax 
£ waxaasasa L!op'.Eke. Wa, g ihniese e wPla la papEx ; saakuxs lae 

75 kexet!edEq. Wii, laEm ax £ edEx nExxiila k"!away5ses la'wiinEme, 
qa £ s dzex £ walileses gEmxoltsIdza £ ye goguyowa. Wii, lii dax -£ Itses 
gEmx5its !ana £ ye a f yaso laxa paakwe LloplEka, qa £ s pax £ aLElodes 
lax helk'!otsEma £ yas mEk!iixLax'sIdza £ yases gEmxoltsidza £ ye g'ogu- 
yowa. Wa, lii dax £ itses helk!6ts!ana £ ye laxa nExxiila klawayowa 

80 qa £ s kat!Endes awiga £ yas laxa LloplEke. W;i, lii tEsalakats laqexs 
lae nex £ edxa LloplEk-ases helk'!6tts!ana £ ye. Wii, la xweli £ liilaxa 



boas] INDUSTRIES 115 

her foot | and the back of the straight knife. Then she only stops 
doing this || when the knife does not get wet any more. Then the 85 
scraped root is really | white, because it is very dry: and it | is pliable. 
That is the reason why it does not break ; for she is | going to make a 
well-made basket out of it to shake the huckleberries into. After | 
she has done this, she does the same with the cedar withes, and | she 
treats them in the same way. scraping || the water out of them. ] S9 

Cedar- Withes. —While the man is making the digging-stick for 1 
digging | clover, his wife goes into the woods looking for long cedar- 
branches that | split straight, which are the thickness of our fingers, | 
and which also have no branches. They only have || leaves on each 5 
side, and these are called | "cedar-branches." As soon as the 
woman finds the cedar-branches, | she pulls them down and breaks 
them off. Sometimes there are many on ] one cedar-tree, and there 
are not many on other cedar-trees. ] When the woman who gathers 
cedar-branches gets enough, ]| she ties one end of the branches which 10 
have been put together with twisted cedar-branch rope; and | after 
tying up one end, she goes home carrying on her shoulders the 
branches which she has gathered. | She puts them down in a cool 
corner of the house. Then | she sits down and sphts them through 
the heart. When | they have been split in two, she splits each half 
in two, and || she sphts them again in two,_and she sphts them once 15 

l !op tekaxs lae nexsawi £ lalaq laxes s niEk !uxLax"sidza £ yases gogtiyowe 82 
lo £ awlg"a £ yasa nExx"ala klawayowa. Wa, abniese gwal he gweg'i- 
laqexs lae k'!eas la kltingegesa klawayowe. Wa, laicm alaklala la 
miEl'mElk' lEneda kexEk" L,!op!Ek"axs lae lEmlEmx-una. Wa, he £ mi- 85 
sexs lae peqwa. Wa, he £ mis lag"ilas k'les eai. !ema <[axs alak'liilae 
aek!aakwa lExa'yaxs k* telats letaxa gwadEme. Wa, giPmese 
gwalExs lae heEmxat ! gwex'^dxa tEXEme. Wa, laEinxae he gwegila- 
qexs lae k'exalax "wapaga'yas. S ii 

Cedar-Withes. — Wit, hemiexs lae eaxEletla bEgwaiiEinaxa ts !oyayaxa ^ 
LEX'sEme, wa la gEiiEmas la laxa ai. !e tayaxamax tExEina laxa 
g'ilsg'ilt!a nEqEla tsxEmsa wilkwexa yu awagwItEns qlwaqhvax"- 
fcs!ana c ye. Wa, heunesexs kleiisae LlEnaka, juxs a £ mae qwagi- 
lEna'j-a ts!ap!axniEnexwe lax waxsanodza £ yas. Wa, heEin Lega- 5 
dEs tEXEme. Wa, giFmese q!ada tayaxamaxa tEXEmaxs lae hex £ i- 
da £ Ein dzEtaxElax -idi:(|. yixs e nal e nEmp lEnae cj!exLaleda 'nEm- 
tslaqe wllx u xa tEXEme. Wa, la k!es qlexLaleda waokwe wilkwa. 
Wa, g ilmiese heloLa fcayaxEmaxa tEXEmaxs lae yiLEindxes tEXE- 
maxs lae q !ap !egEinakwa visa sElbEkwe dEwexa. Wa, gll £ mese ^wal 10 
ytLEmdqexs lae namakwa laxes g'okwe wlkilaxes tayaxamanEme 
tExEma. Wa, la ax £ alilaq laxa wudanegwllases gokwe. Wa, 
hex £ ida £ mese kbvag-allla qa £ s dzEtledeq naqiEqax domaqas. Wa, 
gil £ mese la dzEts!aakuxs lae paxsEndxa apsodele. Wa, laxae 
ettslEnd pax'SEndEq. Wa, laxae helox u sEiidaxat '. paxsEndEq. 15 



116 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etu.ann.35 

16 more in two. | Sometimes the branches are split into twenty pieces, 
if | the woman who splits the branches is expert in splitting them 
into | thin pieces. When they arc all split, she puts them away. ] 
1 Spruce-Roots (1) . — Then she gets ready again to go into the woods 
to dig spruce-roots whereshe knows that the ground is soft, | and where 
young spruce-trees are growing, for really long [ and thin, and without 
5 branches, are the roots of young spruce-trees in soft ground. || When 
she finds them, she pulls out the ] root, as it is showing half way 
on the ground. She pulls out the whole length," | for they are long; 
and when she comes to the point where it divides, | she bites it 
off, so that it breaks off, and she does so with the others; and | when 

10 she thinks she has enough roots, she takes the roots |] and coils them 
up. Then she takes a long thin root and | ties it to one side of the 
coil. After she has | done so, she carries the coil of roots that she 
has obtained and goes home to her house, | and she puts it down in a 
cool corner of the house. Then | she sits down and unties the tying 

15 of the coded roots; and || when the tying is ail oil', she carries the 
uncoded roots | and puts them down alongside the fire of her house. 
She takes the tongs | and ties a thin root around its neck, so that 
they may not split when she ] puff- oil' the bark of the root. When this 
is done, she takes | one of the long roots and puts it over the fire, || 

16 Wa, la £ nal £ nEmp!Ena maltsEmgustox"seda. e nEmts!aqe ek'etEla 
tEXEma laxa tstedaqaxs eg'ihvatae lax papEX'salaxa tEXEme ytxs 
pElspadza £ e. Wa, g ih'mese e wi £ la la paakuxs hie gexaq. 

1 Spruce-Roots (1). — Wa, laxae xwanaHdExs lae ai.e ; sta laxa axle 
qa £ s lii Llop'.Ekax L!op!Ekasa alewase laxes q!ale tElqlus tlEka, 
ytx qlwaxasasa alewadzEme, qaxs be £ mae alaklala gllsgiltlS 
EketEle wlswule Lloptekasa tElqlusas t !i;ka qlwaxatsa alewadzE- 
5 me. Wa, giFmese q!aqexs lae hex £ idaEm gElxiiqolsaxa LloplE- 
kaxs neldyiwElsae laxa t hika. Wa, la nexaq laxes awasgEinasaxs 
g p ilsg'ilsta £ e. Wa, g - tl £ mese lagaa lax qExbax -£ idaasasexs lae q!Ex - - 
sEndEq qa eleIscs. Wa, a £ mise la he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wa, 
gil £ mese k'otaq laEm heliiles L!op!Eg - anEmaxs lae ax £ edxa Lloplsk'e 

10 qa £ s ciEs £ edecj qa q!Elx £ waiesexs lae ax £ edxa wlltowe LloplEka qa £ s 
yil-'Ides laxa apsaneqwasa la wElx'ts !Ewak u L!op!Ek - a. Wa, g'iPmese 
gwalExs lae qlElxulaxes L!op!Eg'anEmaxs lae na e nakwa laxes gokwe 
qa e s laxat! q!Elx £ walilas lax wudanegwelases gokwe. Wii, la hex e i- 
daEm klwag'allla qa £ s rpvelodex yiLewa £ yases qlElxwala L!5|)!Eka. 

1.5 Wii, gil'"mese -wl'lawc yii.ewa'yasexs lae dalaxa la dzakwala LloplEk'a 
qa £ s la g'enolisas laxa lEijwllases gokwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa ts!esLala 
qa £ s ylLlExodesa wlltowe Lloptek- laq, qa kMeses xox £ wIc1e1 qo lal 
xlkalax xEx £ una £ yasa L!op!Eke. Wa, g!l £ mese gwalExs lae ax s ed- 
xa £ nEmts!acpl laxa gilstowe LloplEk'a qa £ s k'ati. Elides laxa lEgwlle 



boas] INDUSTRIES 117 

beginning next to where it is being held, and pulling it slowly, | until 20 
it gets hot all over. As soon as the bark is hot, | she puts it be- 
tween the tongs next to | where she is holding it with the left hand. 
She squeezes the legs of the | tongs together under it. Then she pulls 
it through with her || right hand. Then the bark peels off. | As soon 25 
as all the bark is off, she puts it down on the | left-hand side, and she 
takes up another root and | puts it over the fire, and she does the same 
as she did before | to the first one at which she was working when she 
put it over the fire. || When all the bark has been taken off the roots, | 30 
she splits them before they are really dry. | She begins splitting at 
the thin end through the heart, | going towards the thick end. 
When it has been split in two, she takes | each half and splits it again 
in two; and when this has been split, || she splits it again in two; and 35 
she does the same to the other half, ] for the woman wishes to have 
roots split into thin strips | to weave the basket that she is making. 
Sometimes she splits eight strips out of one | clean root when she is 
splitting it. When it has all been split, | she takes the cedar-bark 
splitting-bone (the ulna of the foreleg of the || deer) and grinds it 40 
well, so that it has a sharp point and also so that | it is thin. That 
is the bone for splitting cedar-bark of the woman when she is making 
mats, | when she is splitting cedar-bark, and when she is making 



g"iigiLEla laxa makala lax dalasE £ wasexs lae aoyaa nex'nakulaq qa 20 
ek'es ts !Elgu £ nakulaena £ yas. Wa, gilmiese ts!Elx £ wid £ naxwe ogwi- 
da £ yas xEklumasexs lae k'iik'Etotsa niakTila lax dalasE £ wasexs 
lae q!wes £ itses gEmxolts !ana £ ye lax wax'sanodzExsta £ yasa tslesLa- 
liixs bEnxtollla. Wa, he £ mis la nexsalatsexa LloplEk'e vises 
helk!olts!ana £ ye. Wa, he £ mis la qitsalatsa XEx u£ una £ yas. Wa, 25 
g'ilmiese £ wl-iaweda XEx u£ una £ yasexs lae k - at!allfas laxes gEmxa- 
gawallle. Wa, laxae et!ed dax-'Idxa £ nEints!aqe L.'op.'Eka qa e s 
k atLEndes laxa lEgwzle. Wa, laEm aEmxat! nEcjEingiltEwexes 
gweg'ilasaxes gllx'de axsE £ waxs Laxde LlEx'LEnts laxes lEgwlla 
Llopteke. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la saq !wag"idEkwa LloplEk'axs lae 30 
ha £ yalo £ malaa jiapEx'sEndqexs k'!es £ mae alaEm lEmx £ wida. Wa, 
laEm he g 11 pax'^tso^se wilba £ ya yixs naqteqaax domaqas gwa- 
yolEla lax L!Ekuma £ vas. Wa, gil £ mese la paxsaakuxs lae ax £ edxa 
apsodile qa £ s et!ede. pax'sEndEq. Wa, gil £ mese paxsaakwa lae 
ettslEndaxat ! pax'sEndaxaaq. Wa, la he.Emxat! gwex'Idxa apsEX'- 35 
siis yixs £ nek'aeila tslEdaqe qa pElspslesa paakwe L!op!Ek'a c^a 
k 4 !ilg'Ems lExelas. yixs £ nfd £ nEmp!Enae malEg'iyox u seda £ nEmts!aqe 
ek'etEla iJoplEk'axs lae paakwa. Wii, gib'mese s wi £ la la paakuxs 
lae ax £ edxa qlwetanaxa SEg"tnodza £ yas galEmalg'Iwa £ ye g'oguyosa 
gewase, yixs lae aek-!aak" g-exEkwa qa ex'bes. Wa, he £ mis qa 40 
pEldzowes. Wa, heEm qhvetanasa tstedaqaxs k - !itaaxa le £ wa £ ye 
yixs lae papExsalaxa dEnase loxs lae dzEdzExs £ alaxa dEnase. 



118 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 36 

43 narrow strips of bark. | This she uses when she is working at the 
roots. She stretches out | her left foot on the floor, and she takes one 

45 end of the split || root with her left hand and she puts down a root | 
on the right-hand side of her heel. | She takes hold with the right 
hand of the bone cedar-bark splitter and she j lays it on the ] root 
and presses the bone implement against the root. Then | she pulls it 

50 through, pressing it tightly against her heel. || Thus she squeezes out 
all the sap in the root. If there is | much water in it, she pulls the 
root through four times its whole length between her heel and the 
bone. When | all the sap is out, the routs become really white, flat 

55 split | roots. She dot's this with all of (the roots). When || all the 
roots have been scraped, she coils them up and | puts them away 
for a while. | 
1 Spruce-Roots (2). — The woman takes her ax and her | clam-digging 
stick and her cedar-bark belt, and she carries them | while she is 
going into the woods, where she knows that small spruce-trees are 
growing and | where the soil is soft. When she comes to the place, 
5 she puts down her ax || ami her digging-stick. She takes her cedar- 
hark belt, and she | puts the corners of her blanket over her left 
shoulder, and she puts the cedar-bark \ bell around her waist over 
the blanket. She pins the blanket with a pin of | yew-wood shaved 



43 Wii, he £ Em ax £ ets5 £ sa Llaxloplsxsllaxa LloplEke. Wit, la dzex- 
'walllases gEmxoltsIdza £ ye goguyowa. Wa, la dabEndxa paakwe 

45 L.'oplEka vises gEmxolts!iina £ ye. Wa, la k - at lauelotsa Llophsk-e 
lax lielk- !odEnwa £ yas ; mEk !uxLax - sidza e yases gEmxoltsIdza £ ye. Wa, 
lit dax-'Itses helk'!olts!ana £ ye liixa qlwetanaxs lae k'attents laxa 
iJoplEke. Wa, la tEsalakatses qlwetana laxa L!op!Ek - axs lae 
nex £ edqexs lae t EtslExi.ax sld/.ex £ mEk!iixLax - sidza £ yas g'5gflyowas. 

50 Wii, he £ mis la xlk'alats e wapaga e yasa iJopteke. Wii, g'tl-'mese 
q !eq laqElaxes £ wapaga e yaxs lae moplEna nexsodxa iJoplEk'e laxes 
e wasgEinase laxes £ mEk!uxLaxsIdza £ yases g-oguyowe. Wii, g'IPmese 
£ wi £ lawe £ wapaga £ yasexs lae alak' !ala la £ mElmadzowa paakwe 
L!op!Ek - a. Wii, lii he £ staEin gwex -e ldxa waokwe. Wa, gil £ mese 

55 £ wi £ la la xlg ikwa LloplEkaxs lae aek!a q!Elx £ w!dEq qa £ s yawas £ Ide 
g'exaq. 
1 Spruce-Eoots (2). — Wa, la ax e ededa tslEdaqaxes sayobEine LE £ wis 
k- Ulakwe: wii, h8 £ meLes dEndzEdzowe wuseg'anowa. Wii, lii dalaqexs 
lae aaLaaqa laxa ai. !e lax qlayasasa alewadzEme LE £ wis q!ale tEl- 
q!iits tlEk'a. Wa, gil'mese lag aa laqexs lae gigaElsaxes sayobEme 
5 LE £ wis k'lilakwe. Wa, la ax e edxes dEndzEdzowe wuseganowa qa £ s 
t!ElEX' £ Idexes £ nEx £ iina £ yaxs lae qEk - iyintsa dEndzEdzowe wuseg'a- 
nowe laqexs lae ciEnoyalaq laqexs lae t!EmgEx u sa k!ax u baakwe 
LlEmqleda la t !Emt laqSlax £ nEx £ una £ yas lax gEmxoltsEyap!a £ yas. 



boas] industries 119 

to asharp point, over her left shoulder. | After doing so, she takes her 
digging-stick, || puts one end into the ground, and pries up the roots; 10 
and when | the roots come out of the ground, she picks out straight 
medium-sized roots ] without branches. She takes hold of them and 
pulls them out. | When she reaches the thick root from which it 
branches off, | she takes her small ax and chops it off. Then || she 15 
goes back to the place where she started and takes hold again of the 
root and pulls it out | towards the thin end; and when she comes to 
the place where | it branches out, she takes her ax and cuts it off. 
Then | she coils it up. Some of the wood-digging women call this | 
qEsHd. Then she takes the thin || roots and ties them in four places, 20 
in this way; ' and she continues | doing so while she is getting the 
roots. | 

As soon as she has enough, she goes to a patch of young cedar-trees | 
and looks for good cedar-withes which are long, | without branches. || 
She cuts off those that are not twisted. When she thinks | she has cut 25 
off enough, she ties them with twisted cedar- j withes in four different 
places, in this way. 2 After | she has done so, she carries away what 
she has cut off, and she just stops | to pick up the roots which she has 
dug, and goes home. || 

Wa, g il £ rnese gwalElsExs lae dax £ Idxes k- lilakwe, qa £ s ts !Ex u bE- 
tElses 6ba £ yas qa e s k!wet!EqalsElexa LloplEk'e. Wa, gih'mese 10 
neEnlEngaElseda LloplEk'axs lae doq!ux £ idxa hayalagite naqElaxa 
klefise q!waklEna £ ya. Wa, he £ mis la diik'lEiitsos qa £ s nex £ uqfd- 
sEleq. Wa, gil £ rnese lagaa laxa LEkwe LloplEka, yix qlwaxE- 
wasasexs lae dax'Idxes sayobEme, qa e s tsExsEndeq. Wii, la 
gwii £ sta laxa gag'ildzasas, qa £ s etlede dayodqes nEx e uqalsEleq 15 
gwagwaaqEla lax wilba E yas. Wii, gil'"mese lagaa lax q!ets!axbax-- 
£ idaasasexs lae dax £ ldxes sayobEme, qa e s tsExsEndeq. Wa, la 
q!Elx-wIdEq. Wii, la J nek - eda waokwe L!aL'.op!Ek!aenox u tsledaqa 
qES £ Ida, yixs lae q!Elx £ wIdEq. Wii, lii iix £ edxa wiswfdtowe Llo- 
plEka, qa £ s qEx="aLElodes laxa mox'wldalaxa ga gwiilega. 1 Wa, 20 
iix u s;i £ mese he gweg - ilaxs LlaLloplEk'lae. 

Wii, g'iPmese heloLExs lae etled qas £ ida, qa £ s la laxa dEnsma- 
dzExEkrdiixa dzEsEcjwe. Wii, la ; nie aleqaxa ex"Eme tEXEmaxa g'Tls- 
g'iltla. Wii, he e misex k'leyiisae q!wak - lEna £ ya. Wa, he £ mis la 
tsEkaxElasosexes dogidek-les klilpEla. Wii, g -ib'Emxaawise kotaq 25 
laEm hi''l=es fcayaxamanEmaxs laaxat! qeqEnoydtsa sslbEkwe wis- 
wulto dEwex laxa mox £ widalaLEla laq xa g'a gwaleg'a. 2 Wii, g'il- 
£ mese gwalExs g - axae wlk-Elaxes tayaxamanEme. Wii, a £ mese la 
dadabalaxes LlaLloplEk'lanEmaxs g-axae na £ nakwa laxes g-olcwe. 

i See figure on p. 111. !See figure on p. ll->. 



120 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 86 

1 Cedar- Withes. — After this is done, the man looks for long thin | cedar- 
withes in the woods. When he finds them, he takes them and | 
carries them home to his house. He puts one of them over | his lire; 
and when its bark is thoroughly warm, he takes his || tongs and puts 
5 the thick end of the withes between them, and he bites it | and pulls 
at it while he squeezes together the legs of the | tong^ with his right 
hand. Then he strips the bark oif with the tongs. J When it is all off, 
he twists it; and after | twisting the whole length of it, he puts it into 
urine while it is folded and twisted into a piece || one span in length, 

10 being twisted together | like a rope. When they are all done in this 
way, he puts all of them into urine ] and leaves them there over night. 
Then he takes them out, and the cedar-withes turn red | like blood. 
That is why they are put into | urine, that they may not get rotten 
quickly. || 

15 Cedar-Bark(l). — In the morning, when day comes, he goes, carrying | 
his bark-lifter; and when he comes to a place with many young cedar- 
trees, | he searches for one that has no twist in the bark, and that is 
a good tree | without branches. Immediately he pulls off cedar- 
withes from | another young cedar-tree, and he twists them; and 

20 after he has || twisted them from end to end, he puts them around the 
butt of the young cedar-tree ] about half way up to our chest, (half a 
fathom) | above the ground. He ties them on tightly and ties the 



1 Cedar-Withes. --Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae aliix gilsgilt'.a wis- 
wuIeii dEwex laxa axle. Wa, g'il £ mese qlaqexs lae ax £ edEq. Wii, 
la dalaqexs lae nii £ nak" laxes g'okwe. Wa, la axxsntsa £ nEmts!aqe 
laxes lEgwIle. Wa, g il £ mese tstelxsawe ts !axEna £ yasexs lae ax £ edxes 
5 ts!esL&la qa £ s axodesa LEkuma £ yas laqexs lae q!E.x £ IdEx LEkuma- 
£ yas qa £ s nex £ edeqexs lae q!weq!wasala witxsanodzExsta £ yasa 
tsIesLala yises helk!6tts!anafye. Wa, hS e mis la x - Ikalax ts!axEna _ 
£ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wldaxs lae sElpledEq. Wa, gil £ mese labEnde 
SElpa £ yasexs lae iixstEnts laxa. kwatslaxs lae J nEmp!Enk- laxEn s 

10 q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yix e wasgEmasasexs lae mElkwa yo gwex'sa 
dEiiEniex. Wii, g"il e mese e wl e la la gwalExs lae £ wi e la £ stalaxa kwatsle. 
Wa, la xamaslalxa ganoLaxs lae ax £ wustEndqexs lae L!EL!Ex £ "wQna 
dEwexe he gwexs El £ Elx £ unale. Wii. hfiEm lag-ilas axstano laxa 
kwiitsle qa k'leses gEj'oL q!Cils £ Ida. 

15 Cedar-Bark (l).--Wii, g'ih'mese £ nax ,£ idxa gaalaxs lae qas^da dala- 
xes Lloklwayowe. W T ii, gil £ mese liigaa lax q!a £ yasa dzEs £ Eqwe ; 
wa, la alex £ Idxa k!ese k'!ilp!Enes ts!axEna £ ye loxs eketElae yix 
k'.easae iJeiix £ Ena £ ya. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese dzEtax5d lax dEwexasa 
ogu £ lame dzEs £ Eqwa. Wa, la sElp!edEq. Wii, giPmese labEnde 

20 sElpa £ yasexs lae qExplegF.nts lax oxLa'yasa dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, 
laanawise lo £ nEqlEbod laxEns baLaqe wi"dg'osto £ wasas g-iix £ id 



BOAS] INDUSTRIES 121 

ends together. | Now it is in this manner: After this he 23 

takes the | bark-lifter and pushes its end (! 1 in beneath the 

twisted withes || which are tied around the cedar-tree. 25 

Then he lifts the bark off the tree. x^\y^v^ When | he is 
almost around the tree, all the ends of / '(rA^ the bark are 
torn | into strips up to the cedar-withes which are tied around 
the young cedar-tree, and for this reason | he put the cedar- 
withes around the young cedar-tree, so that the splitting of the ends 
does not pass it. j The torn shreds are all below the ring of cedar- 
withes, || for the women want the cedar-bark as broad as possible 30 
when they peel it off. ] If they did not put the cedar-withes around 
the young cedar-tree, | the bark would come off in narrow strips, and 
therefore | they put the cedar-withes around it. Afterwards he 
takes the cedar-withes off. As soon as they | are "IT, he throws them 
away, and he takes hold of the bark and || puts the ends together 35 
although they are split into shreds. Then he pulls | upward without 
splitting it. When it is whole, it measures | one hand and three 
finger-widths in width. When | he has pulled off the bark the length 
of one fathom, | he steps back one fathom from the place where he 
stood first, from the j| foot of the young cedar, and he pulls backward 40 
as he pulls at the cedar-bark, | and he continues doing so. When he 
reaches | the branches, the far end of the bark that he is pulling off 
becomes narrow and breaks off; | and when it comes down, he turns 



laxa awl'nakluse. Wii, la lEk!ut!edExs lae iuox £ wldEx 6ba £ yas. 22 
Wa, laEm ga gwalega (Jig.). Wii, g'ilmiese gWalExs lae itx £ edxes 
Llokhvayowe qa e s LlExljEtEndes lax banaLElasa dEwexe, la qEX - - 
plegexa dzEs £ Eqwaxs lae l !ok !ux £ widxa tslaqEinse. Wa, g - il £ mese 25 
Elaq la £ ste L!ok!wa £ vasexs lae £ naxwaEm quLEme £ stale oba e yas 
lag'aa laxa dEwexe qExplegaxa dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, h'eEm lagllas 
qEx - p!eg'intsa dEwexe laxa dzEs £ Eqwe qa kMeses hayaqeda dzExa- 
xa hi quLEme £ stiila lax oba e yasa ts!aqEmse laxa dswexe yixs 
ax £ exsdaeda ts!edaqe qa awadzowesa dEnasaxs lae pawalax ts!a- 30 
geg'a £ yas. Wii, g'il c Emlax £ wise k - !eslax qEX - p!ek'ilalaxa c1zes £ e- 
qwaxa dEwexe, lalaxe ts lefts !Eq last Glaxa dEiiase. Wii, he'mis sena- 
talasa dEwexe. Wa, lii kwelELElodxa dEwexe. Wii g'il £ mese la- 
waxs lae ts!EX £ edEq qa £ s dax :£ idexa tslaqEinse. Wii. laEm 
q!ap!ex £ ldxa oba £ yaxs wax -£ mae la quLEme £ stala. Wii, lii ae- 35 
k'laxs lae qusostodEq. Wii, la £ me sEnx £ ldExs lae niEnekwe £ wa- 
dzEWasas qa £ nEnip!Enkes laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex. Wii, gil- 
^mese £ nEmp!Eiike '"wasgEmasas qiisa £ yas laxEns biiLiixs lae £ nEm- 
plEnk- laxEns baxaqe nvalalaasas Liklzasasa sEnqlenoxwe lax oxxa- 
£ yasa dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, lii LlotledExs lae qiisostodxa tslaqEinse. 40 
Wa, lii hanal he gweg-ilaq. Wii, giPmese lag-aa laxa £ wiilalaa- 
sasa L!En3kaxs lae wilbax £ Ide sEnganEmasexs lae khllbELEla. 



122 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.3B 

it over so that it lies on its inner side, | with the sap side downward, 

45 and he pulls off another piece || in the same manner, and the same 
width as the first one. He does | the same with that. As soon as 
everything has been taken off from the good side of the tree, | he 
stops. ... I 

This is the size of a young cedar-tree. The bark of a young cedar- 

50 tree is best | when it is two spans in diameter at the butt-end || and 
when the outside bark is mouldy color. Bark is good to be shredded | 
when it is black outside, because the bark is tough, when the bark 
of the young cedar-tree is shredded. | Mats and halibut fishing-lines 
made of the bark of | young cedar-trees last a long time. If the man 
takes cedar-bark from a | large cedar-tree, it is brittle, therefore 

55 they do not use it. || 

When the bark-peeler has peeled off enough bark, he begins | to 
take off the outer bark of what he obtained, and he just takes the 
long strips | of what he has peeled off and he measures three spans. | 
Then he bends it over | so as to break the outer bark towards the 

60 inside, || and he presses the pieces together on the inner side in this 
way. 1 This is the place where | the outer bark splits from the inner 
bark, and the | bark-peeler lifts the broken end of the outer bark 
and | peels it off. When it is off, ho measures again the same | 

43 Wit, giHmese gaxaxaxs lae hex- £ ida £ ma sEnq!enoxwe hax £ wulsaq 
qa haqiilElses sEnganEmaxa dEnase. Wit, lii et!ed qusodxa he- 

45 £ maxat ! £ wadzowe yix £ wiidzowasasa g'ale qusoyos. Wii, laxae he- 
Einxat! gwex £ IdEq. Wii, gil £ mese E wi*lawe exk - !6dEna £ yasexs lae 
gwala. 

Wii, ln"' £ mesa £ w5gidasasa dzEs £ r.qwe. Wit, heEm eke dEna- 
sasa dzEs £ Eqwaxs malp!Enx - saes £ wagidase laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!a- 

50 na £ yex. Wii, he £ misexs qiixeg'aes tsIaqEmse. Wii, ht"' £ mis ek" k'asa- 
lasa ts!oleg - as tslaqEmsE, yixs tstexaes dEnase LE £ wa kasalasasa 
dzEs £ Eq u . Wa, heEm gegiila le £ wa £ ya LE £ wa logwaana £ yaxa p!a £ yexa 
g ayole lax dEiiasasa dzEs £ Eqwe, Wa, g-fl £ mese gayola dEnase 
laxa welkwe lae l!e1r. Wii, he e mis liigilas k"!es &xsE £ we. 

55 Wii, gil £ mese heloLa sEnq!enoxwaxes sEnganEmaxs lae ts!a- 
qodEx ts!ageg'a £ yases sEnganEme yixs :i £ mae ax £ edxa gilsg'iltla- 
dzowe sEnganEms. Wa, lii bal £ idxa yudux"p!Eiike laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!aiia £ yex, yix awasgEinasasa sEnganEmasexs lae dzox £ widEq 
qa kox £ wides ts!ageg'a £ yas gw^iigwaaqa lax 5k!waedza £ yas. Wii, lii 

60 q!asox £ widama ok !waedza £ yas ga gwiileg-a. 1 Wa, he £ mis xltleda- 
masEx oba £ yasa ts!ageg-a £ yaxs lae k'oqwa. Wa, a £ mesa sEnqle- 
noxwe gElx £ ldEx wax'sotsta £ yasa la k-ogEk u tslageg'exs lae pawE- 
yodEq. Wii, g il £ mese lawiixs lae et!ed mEns £ idxa he £ maxat! £ was- 

i That is, he folds it over inward, so that tho outer bark breaks. 



INDUSTRIES 



123 



length as before, and again bends it over and breaks || the outer bark; 65 
and he lifts it up on each side where the outer bark | has been broken, 
and peels it off. He continues to do this, | beginning at the broad 
end of the bark and going towards the narrow end, so that | the 
broad end of the peeled bark conies from the lower end of the young 
cedars. | The narrow end comes from the top of the cedar-tree. 
After || he has peeled off the outer bark, he folds the cedar-bark in the 70 
places where he broke it | when the outside had to be taken off, 
in this manner: ^- — =— .^ Then he folds it so that the | broad 
end is in the /<!53EB§jS middle of the bundle, and the narrow 
end | on the ^^ ~ -=^ outside ; and the narrow end is used to 
tie the bundle in the middle, in this way. 1 When | it is all tied in 
the middle, he places the bundles one on top of another. || Then he 75 
ties them at each end so as to make one bundle out of them, in this 
and after he has done so, he takes two 
twisted cedar-twigs | and ties the end 
of the end 
After this 
the pack- | 
of peeled 
it stands 80 
his house. I 




of them X^. 

tyings, 



on each side 

in this way: 
has been done, he puts his arms through 
ing-straps on each side of the bundle 
cedar-bark, and || he carries it home. Now 
on end on his back as he is carrying it into 
Then he puts it down in the corner of the house, for he does not 
want | the heat of the fire to reach it, nor the light of the sun to touch 




gEme £ wasgEmasasa galaxs lae et!ed dzox £ widEq qa k'ox £ wIdes 
ts!agega £ yas. Wa, siEmxaawise gElx £ ldEx waxsotsta £ yasa la k'6gEk u - 65 
tslagegexs lae pawEyodEq. Wa, :"t £ mese he gwe £ nakul&q gag i- 
LEla Lax £ wiidzoba £ yas sEnganEmas lag'aa lax wllba £ yas, yixs he- 
£ mae £ wadz5bes sEnganEmaseda gayole lax 5xLa £ yasa dzEs £ Eqwe. 
Wa, he e mis wllbes sEnganEmasa ek"!Bba e ye. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wi £ la la 
pawEyakwa ts!ageg - a e yaxs lae asm la naqEmg iltEwe dzoqwa £ yasexs 70 
lae k' !5x £ wIdEq g - a gwaleg'a {fig.). Wa, laEmxae heEm gil k!ox- 
£ wlts6se £ wiidzoba £ yas qa las naq!Ega e ya. Wa, la L!asadza £ ye wllba £ - 
yas qaxs he e mae la yiLoyodaj'ose 6ba £ yase g - a gwaleg'a. 1 Wa, g'il- 
£ mese £ wi £ la la yaeLoyalaxs lae ax £ edxa la yaeLoyala qa E s pagegmdales 
laxes £ waxaase. Wa, la yaelbEndEq qa mats!abEkwes g'a gwaleg'a 75 
{fig.). Wa, g'ih'mese g^valExsae fix'"edxa malts !aqe sElbEk" dEwexa 
qa £ s tlEmcjEmg'aaLElodes 6ba £ yas laxa ewanodza £ yas qeqixba £ yas 
g'agwiileg - a {fig.). Wa, g*il e mese gwalExs lae p!Einx - siises ox'SEya- 
p!a e yelaxa aoxLaase lax wax'sana £ yasa mats.'abEkwe sEiiganEms qa £ s 
5xLEx ,£ Ideq. Wa, laEinLawek ilaqexsg'axae na £ nakwa laxes g'okwe 80 
qa £ s la oxLEgalilaq laxa onegwlle qaxs k'lesae helq!olEm lagaatsa 
L!esElasa lEgwIle. Wa, he £ mesa £ naqi11asa LlesEla qaxs gil £ mae 

1 It is turned over the middle of the bundle, and the narrow eud is tucked under the turns that 
hold the bundle in the middle. 



124 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIITTL [eth. ann.sb 

83 it when it is | not covered and before it is split. Then it gets dried | 
and stiff , and it is difficult for the women to split it || apart. | 

85 As soon as the woman has given a meal to her husband, ] she takes 
her bark-splitter made of the fore-leg of a black bear or of a | deer. 
It has a flat end, for it is sharpened on a sandstone. She goes | and 

90 sits down where the bundle is. She unties the || end straps, and she 
takes out one piece of what her husband has peeled off. | She unfolds 
it and at once covers the others with a mat. ] Then she takes her 
cedar-bark splitter and with it | she splits off the outer layer of bark, 
starting at the broad end. She splits it off and pulls it apart, | going 

95 towards the thin end. When it is off, she uses the splitter || again to 
remove the middle layer. Then she also splits off down to the | 
narrow end, she splits the second middle layer, and | finally she 
splits off the inner side. As soon as everything is split off, | she hangs 
it up outside of the house, so that the wind may blow through it and 
the | sun get at it, and it gets dry quickly. After this has been 
100 done, she goes back into || her house and takes another piece of bark, 
and she does | the same as she did with the first one when she spht 
it into four pieces. | Now, after it has been split into four pieces, it 
is called 3mas. 



83 k'les nax £ wlts6xs k - !es £ mae papEX'saakwa. Wa, la lEmx £ wida. 
Wii, laxae L!ax e eda. Wa, la laxumaleda tstedaqaxs lae papEx-s £ - 

85 EndEq. 

Wa, g'ilnnese gwiil LlEXWeleda tslsdaqaxes la £ wiinEmaxs lae 
ax £ edxes qlwetana, yixa gayole lax galEmalg-iwa £ yasaL,!a s ye i.eavu 
gewase. Wa, la pElbaxs lae g - exEk u laxa dE £ na tlesEma. Wa, la 
klwag-aia lax axelasasa matslabEkwe. Wa, la qweltsEindEx qe- 

90 qExba £ yas. Wa, la ax e §dxa e nEmxsa lax sEnganEmases la- 
£ wfmEme qa £ s dzox u sEmdeq. Wa, h<"'X' £ ida £ niese nax u sEmtsa le- 
£ wa £ ye laxa waokwe. Wa, la ax e edxes qlwetana qa £ s qlwetledes 
laxa lelEgweg-a £ ye g-agtLEla laxa ; wadzoba £ yas. Wa, lii pawEyodEq 
labi-.ndEq laxgs wllba £ ye. Wa, g-il £ mese lawaxs lae qlwetled 

95 etledEX ts!ets!Exeg-a £ ye. Wa, laxae pawEyodEq labEndEq laxes 
wilba £ ye. Wa, laxae qlwetled etledEX naq!Ega £ ye. Wa, laEmpax.- 
sEiidEq lo £ ts lets lExedza £ ye. Wii, g-il £ mese £ wi £ la la paakuxs lae 
gexulsaq laxa L!asana e yases gokwe qa y:llasE £ wesesa yala LE £ wa 
LlesEla qa halabales lEmx £ wlda. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae laeL 
100 laxes g-okwe qa £ s etlede ax £ edxa £ nEmxsa qa £ s etledexat! nE- 
qEm^iltaxes lae £ na £ ye maemox"salaxs paakwa £ nalnEmxs. Wii, 
laEm la LegadEs dEnasaxs lae gwal maemox u sala paakwa. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 125 

After it has been drying; for four days outside of the house, | it is 
quite dry and it is stiff. Then she || folds it in the same way as she 5 
folded it when it was first folded by her | husband in the woods, and 
the broad end is folded first. | Then she ties the middle with the 
narrow end, and she puts the cedar-bark into a basket, | and she puts 
down the basket with cedar-bark on hanging-poles, so that | the 
heat of the fire just reaches it. || It never gets mouldy when it is 10 
really dry. | If the cedar-bark were not thoroughly dry, it would 
become | mouldy at once, for nothing is like cedar-bark for getting 
mouldy when | it is damp, for it gets mouldy at once. Therefore it 
is dried for four || days in the wind and sun. Then it is put away, 15 
and she works at it in winter. ] 

Cedar-Mats. — The broad strips for matting are taken from the 1 
outer layer of cedar-bark, ] which is split into strips two fingers 
wide | for being made into mats and coarse clover- | baskets and for 
protecting new canoes. The next one || is the middle layer of bark. 5 
This is next best for narrow strips | for ordinary woven mats and 
ordinary baskets, ] and it is also good for halibut fishing-lines | and 
for anchor-lines for the halibut-fisher, j The inner part is also spht 
into very narrow strips for || twilled mats and for well-woven spoon- 10 

Wa, g - il £ mese moxse e nalas xilalaxs Laxa l !asana e yases go- 3 
kwaxs lae alak'lala la lEinxwa lae la LlasLlExdza. Wa, la k!ox- 
£ w!dEq laEm asm naqEmgiltax k" loxwayasexs galae k - !6x £ wItso £ s 5 
hVwunEmas laxa &L!e. Wa, he £ Emxat! g'il k - !ox £ wits6 £ se £ wadzoba- 
£ yas. Wfi, la yiLoyots wllba £ yas. Wa, la g"its!ots laxa rdabate 
qa £ s lii hangaaLElotsa dEiiyats!e Llabat laxa qtelile laxa ek!e qa 
helales lagaaLElaena £ j T asa LlesElasa lEgwIlasa gokwe Iaq. Wa, 
laEm hewaxa xklzEx -£ IdExs alak"!alae lEmx £ wida. Wa, he £ maa 10 
qo kMeslax alak'ialalax lEmxwalaxa dEnase, wii, lalaxe hex -e ida- 
Emlax x idzEx £ id £ lax qaxs k'leasae e nEmax - iswuta dEiiasaxs 
dElx-ae yixs hex -£ ida £ mae x idzEx £ ida. Wa, he e mis lagilas moxse 
E nalas x'ilaso £ laxa y:ila LE £ wa L!esEla. Wii, laEm g'exaq qa £ s 
eaxEleLEqexa ts!a £ wiinxe. 15 

Cedar-Mats. — Wa,heEm awadzElsdEkwe k!ita £ yasa lelEgwega- 1 
£ yexa maemaldEiias aw;idzE c wasaxs lae dzEdzExsaak" laxEns q!wa- 
q Iwaxts !ana £ yex, yixs lae lex\vIlasE £ wa LE £ wa jnbElosgEme t lEgwats !e 
Llabata LE e wa t!ayolEmasa alolaqe xwakluna. Wa, la makileda 
ts lets !Exega £ ye. Wii, heEm mftk iliixa aekaakwas k - !tta £ ye ts !elts !e- 5 
qaledEkwas k!at!Einak u le £ wa £ ya LE £ wa k!at!Emakwe LlaLlEbata. 
Wit, he e misa logwaanayaxa p!a £ ye yixs he £ mae ek' dEnEma 
ts!ets!Exeg - a £ ye LE £ wa dEnwayasa loElq!wenoxwaxa p!a £ ye. Wa, 
he £ misa niiq!ega £ ye, wii heEm alak'lala ts !elts !Eq laolidEkwe k !Ita- 
£ yas sEWElkwe le £ wa £ ya LE £ wa aek'laakwas k!ita £ } r a k'ek'ayat 10 



126 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ANN. 36 

12 baskets | and twilled baskets. None of tbe | double twilled baskets 
are found nowadays. In tbese the | daughters of the chiefs of the 
tribes kept their combs. The strong inner side | is the same as the 

15 inner part, for it is good for everything. || They are both the same. 
You know already how the | woman measures the length of the cedar- 
bark when making mats and baskets. | Now I have finished talking 
about it. | 

Shredding Cedar-Bark. — Now I will talk about tbe making of soft | 

20 cedar-bark. (The man) takes a small ax, for I || have finished talk- 
ing about the bark-peeler which is used on ] young cedar-trees. He 
chops around the bottom of a young cedar-tree | with black bark. 
He uses the small ax for lifting the bark | from the tree at the bot- 
tom, and he does the same as he does when | he peels cedar-bark. 

25 After peeling off || the rough outer bark, he also makes a bundle of it 
and | carries it on his back into the house. He puts it down by the 
side | of the fire of his house. Then his wife unties | the strings at 
the ends, and she takes up one of the pieces of bark for making soft 
bark and unfolds it. | She hangs it up back of the fire of the house, || 

30 and she does the same with all the others. Now they are | hanging 
there in order to get dry quickly, for they are very thick. | It takes 
six days before they get dry. As soon | as they have been hung up, 

11 LE £ wa sEWElx u sEme LlaLtebata. Wa, he £ inisa k'leasa laxa qeqa- 
palola sesElx u sEm LlaiJEbata, yix g'iymits lEwasas xEgEmasa 
k' !esk - lEdelasa g'Igama £ yasa lelqwfdaLa £ ye. Wa, heEm ts!ets!E- 
xedza £ ye, heEmxaa gwexsa naq!Ega £ ye ylxs kleasae k - !es egats 

15 qaxs £ nEmaxtsae a £ ina. Wa, laEmLas q!a,LElaEmx gwegilasasa 
tslEdaqaxs lae niEnniEntslalaqexs lexwiliLaxa dEnase LE £ wa Llabate. 
Wa, la £ mesEn gwal gwiigwexs £ ala laq. 

Shredding Cedar-Bark. — Wa, la e mesBn gwagwex"s £ alal laxa lcasi- 
liixa kasalase dEnasa. Wa, heLeda sayobEme axalas qaxgin 

20 la £ meg - aLal gwal gwagwex - s £ ala laxa L!ok!wayasa sEnq!enoxwaxa 
dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, laEin tsEX'se £ stalax oxLa £ yasa dzEs £ Eqwexa 
tsloleg'iis tsax £ Ena £ ye. Wii, lii heEm Llokluleda sayobEmaxs lae 
L!5k!wax -£ Idxa tslaqEmse. Wa, lii aEmxat! naqEinglltaxes gwe- 
g'ilasaxs lae sEnqaxa dEnase. Wa, gil £ mese gwal pawiilax 

25 ts!agega £ yasexs lae heEmxat! gwex £ ldqexs lae mats!ap!edEq. 
Wa, lii oxLaeLaq laxes gokwe qa £ s oxLEgaliles laxa maginwall- 
sas lEgwllases g'okwe. Wii, hex - id £ mese gEnEmas gudEsgEmdEx 
qeqixba £ yas. Wa, lii ax £ edxa £ nEmxsa liixa k'iisalase qa £ s dzox u - 
sEmdeq. Wa, lii gex £ wits lax aogwiwahlasa lEgwilases gokwe. 

30 Wii, la £ mes £ wi £ laEm he gwex £ idxa waokwe. Wii, la £ me LesE- 
laLEla qa £ s halaxts!e lEmx £ wida qaxs alaklalae wakwa. Wii, la 
£ nal £ nEinp !Ena qlELlExse £ naliis k'!es lEm £ wumx £ Ida. Wii, gil- 



boas] INDUSTBIES 127 

the husband of the woman takes bone from | the nasal bones of the 
whale, and he takes a thin-edged rough || sandstone. (Here follows 35 
a description of the manufacture of the | cedar-bark breaker, p. 
109.) | 

She takes an old yew-wood paddle and places it | edgewise on the 
fire of her house, When the edge is burned off | on one side, she 
sprinkles water on it, so that the fire goes out. || She takes a rough 40 
sandstone, | puts it into water in a small dish, and rubs off | 
the charcoal and gives it a sharp edge on one side of the cedar- 
bark n holder. | When this is done, it is in this 

way: | " S She also takes a punting-pole and 

measures off two spans. || Then she burns it off; and ] when it is burned 45 
through, she drives it into the floor near the fire of her | house. She 
stops driving it into the ground when ] the length that is standing out 
is one span and two finger-widths. | Then she takes cedar-bark rope 
and the paddle, and she places || the flat end of the paddle next to 50 

the top of the n stake, and she ties it on 

with | cedar r-^~ — - — ; — W rope; and when it is finished, 

it is tins way: | I N- " LL 

When the cedar-bark holder is ready, and when | the cedar-bark 
is dry and brittle, the woman takes one of the | pieces of cedar-bark 



£ mese LesElaLElaxs lae la £ wunEinasa tstedaqe ax £ edxa xaqe g - a £ yol 33 
lax xagelba £ yasa gwE £ yinie, wii, lii ax £ edxa pElEnxe k!oL!a dE e na 
tlesEma. (Here follows a description of the manufacture of the 35 
cedar-bark breaker, p. 109). 

Wii, lit ax-edxa sewayomote LlEmqlEsgEma qa £ s k'loxLEndes 
apsEnxa £ yas laxa lEgwilases gokwe. Wii, gil £ mese klwagila 
k!fmiElx £ Ide apsEnxa £ yasexs lae xos^tsa £ wape laq qa k - !ilx £ idesa 
x'iqsla laq. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa k'!oL!a dE £ na t!esEma qa £ s 40 
ma £ x u stEndes laxa £ wabEts!asa lalogume. Wii, lii gexalas laxa 
ts!olna. Wii, he £ mis qa ex - bEnxes apsEnxa £ yasa k'asdEinele. Wa, 
gIPmese gwalExs lae ga gwiilega {fig.). 

Wii, laxae ax £ edxa dz5meg - ale qa £ s biil £ idexa malp!Enk - e laxEns 
ci!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yix £ wasgEmasasexs lae lE £ x u sEndEq. Wii, 45 
glPmese 1e £ x u sexs lae dex u£ walilaq laq maginwallsasa lEgwIiases 
gokwe. Wa, al £ inese gwal deqwaqexs lae la maldEne esEgiwa £ yas 
laxEns biiLiixsEiis q!wiiq!wax"ts!ana £ yex,yix '"wasgEmasasa la Laela. 
Wa, lii ax, £ edxa dEnsEne dEnEma LE £ wa sewayowe. Wa, lii kadE- 
nodzEnts pExba £ yas laxa mag - itii £ yasa Laele. Wii, la jil £ aLElotsa 50 
dEnEQie laq. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae g'a gwiileg'a (Jig.). 

Wii, laEm gwalila kasdEmile. Wii, giPmese alakMala lii 
lEmxwa tsoseda k'asalasaxs lae ax £ ededa ts!Edaqaxa £ nEmxsa 
laxa k'asalase. Wa, lii LEplaLElots lax nEqostawasa lEgwile. 



128 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ass. 36 

55 and spreads it out just over the fire. || Then she takes a cedar-stick 
two spans in length | and of the thickness of our | first finger. She 
takes the narrow split cedar-bark and | ties it around one end of the 
stick. When this is done, she splits j one end like a pair of tongs, 

0(1 and this is called || "cedar-bark holder." When the cedar-bark is | 
thoroughly heated, she puts it between these tongs, ] the broad end 
first. The holder is four — ^^^ finger-widths | 

from the end, in this way: / J Thenthewom- 

an takes | the shredding- s\ ,jjj | — ") implement. 

She puts her right leg ^ ' I'l llr ^^ over tne S r ip 

65 of the j| paddle and sits on it, so that 

the tip of the paddle is | between her 

legs. She takes her shredding-implement in her right hand and | holds 
the cedar-bark holding-tongs (in the left), and squeezes | them 
together so that the stick fits close to the cedar-bark. The | tied end 
is turned towards the woman who is going to soften it with the 

70 shredding-implement. || The end of the cedar-bark just shows over the 

edge of the paddle when | she begins to shred it. Every time she 

strikes, she pushes the bark ahead a little, and she | keeps on doing 

• so untd she reaches the narrow end. As soon as | she reaches the 

end, she coils it up, and she does the same with the other pieces. | 

7.") When all have been finished, she opens them out and plucks off the || 
rough strips that are made in shredding; and when these are all off, | 

55 \Y;i, laxae ax £ edxa klwaxi.awc malp!Enke £ wasgEmasas laxEns 
q!waq!wax"ts!ana e yex. Wa, la yQF.m wagitdx wagidasaxsEns 
s!F.inalaxts!an;r c vex. Wa, la ax'edxa ts!eq!a dzEXEk" dEnasa qa £ s 
yil ; aLElodes lax apsba c yas. Wa, gib'mese gwaJbsxs lae xox £ wu1ex 
apsba £ yas qa yuwes la gwex'sa ts!esLalax. Wa, heEm LegadEs 

(SO LlEbEdzEwesa kasiixa kiisalase. Wa, la axaxodxa kasalasaxs lae 
alak - !ala la tslslx^wlda. Wa, la LtebEdzotsa L!EbEdza £ ye lax 
£ wadzoba J yasa kasalase laxa mOdEne laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex 
g'aglLEla lax oba e yas g - a gwalega (fig.). Wa, la, dax -e ideda tslEdii- 
qaxa k'adzayo. Wa, la gaxsEqlases helk - !otsklza £ ye laxa q Iwedzasasa 

65 sewayowaxs lae k!wak'!EndEq. Wa, laEm LlEnxsale oxta £ yas lax 
awaga £ yasexs lae dax -£ idxes k"adzayowe vises helk" !olts!ana £ ye. Wa, 
la dadEgoxa L!EbEdza £ yasa kasalase lax Eqataba e yas qa £ s q!weq!wa- 
saleq qa bEndza £ yesa L.!EbEdza e ye laxa k"asalase. Wa, la gwasax- 
Laleda yfcLEXLa e yas laxa tsbsdaqaxs lae kak a'yaxes k'asasoLe. Wa, 

70 halsEla^mese nelbala lax ek' !Enxa £ yasa sewayoweda k'asalasaxs lae 
kas £ Ida. Wa, q!walxo £ mese wr c x u wIdExs lae k'as £ ida. Wa, la 
hex'saEm gwegilaxs lae labEndEX wilba £ yas. Wa, giPmese 
labEndEqexs lae q !El5 e nakulaq. Wa, lii etledxa waokwe. Wa, 
giPmese £ wl £ la gwal kadzEkuxs lae dzax u sEmdEq qa £ s k!ulwalex 

75 kakismotasa k'adzayowexa la mola. Wa, g'iPmese £ wi £ laxs lae 



boas] INDUSTRIES 129 

she puts away in a small box what she has shredded off. This is 76 
rubbed | and used for towels after washing the face. Then | she 
folds up the cedar-bark well and puts it into her box. | That is all 
about this. || 

Yellow Cedar- Bark. — The same is done with the yellow cedar-bark, | 1 
which is peeled off in the same way as the red cedar-bark. It is also 
dried in the | sun and in the wind outside of the house. Sometimes | 
it takes six or eight days || to dry it so that it is thoroughly dry, 5 
because it is quite thick. The outside bark is | hardly peeled off 
from it. When it is dried thoroughly, | the woman takes it down. | 

She puts it into her small canoe, and she paddles to a place where 
there is | a deep bay and where it is always calm inside, so that waves 
never || get into it, and the salt water is always quite warm. She | 10 
lands on the beach and puts the yellow cedar-bark into the water. | 
She places it down lengthwise at low-water mark and puts | stones on 
each end. | After this is done, she goes home. || 

Then her husband also goes to work and looks for | a whale-rib. 15 
I do not know how he works it | when he is making the cedar-bark 
beater. | 

When it has been finished, he gives it to his wife. After | the 
yellow cedar-bark has soaked for twelve days, the woman || goes 20 



g'exaxes kliilanEme laxes xaxadzame. Wa, hcEm la qloyasos jq 
qa £ s dedEgEmyoxs hxe gwal ts!ots!Exudxes gogiima £ ye. Wii, liiLa 
aek'!a k!ox £ w!dxa kadzEkwe qa £ s la g'ets!6ts laxes xEtsEme. 
Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Yellow Cedar-Bark. — Wa, le heEm £ xaagweg'ilasE £ weda dexwaxslae 1 
sEnqasE £ wa lax gweg'i £ lasaxa dEnase. Wii, la £ xae x ilaso e laxa 
LlesEla LE £ wa yala lax L!asana £ yasa g'5kwe. Wii, le £ n;il £ nEmp!Ena 
q!EL!Ep!Eirxwa £ se £ naliis loxs ma £ lgunal[> !Enxwa £ sae xflsa, qa 
alakliiles lEm £ wumx £ Ida, qaxs alaklalae wakwaxa halsEla £ mae 5 
pawEyakwes ts!agaga £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese lEm £ wumx £ ldExs lae axa- 
xSdeda ts!Edaqaq. 

Wa, le £ moxsas laxes xwaxwagume qa £ s le sex £ wld qa £ s le laxa 
q!aq!5xLiillse laxa liemEnalaEm q!oxstalisa, jixa k!ese kwElEllts.'e- 
noxwa. Wii, le hemEnalaEm tslElxsteda dEmsxe. Wii, le hanga- iq 
lltses £ ya £ yats!e laqexs lae £ ya £ stEntsa dexwe laq. Wii, laEm 
dalallsax awagEmasasa g-ilsg11t!a dexwa qa £ s t!et!iixbiilisesa tlesEme 
lax waxsba £ yas oba £ yas laxa wulx'iwa £ yasa xats !a £ ve. Wit, gil £ mese 
£ wl £ lala £ ya £ stfdlsExs lae na £ nak u laxes gokwe. 

Wii, laLa la £ wunEmas ogwaqaEm'xat ! eaxEla, yixs lae alax gElE- 15 
masa gwE £ yinie. Wa, la £ mEn kMes qlaLElax gw T egi £ lasasexs lae 
eaxndxa t lElwayaxa dexwe. 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwiilExs lae ts!as liixes gEnEme. Wii, gfl £ mese 
g'iigiwalaxse £ naliisa dexwe la £ ya £ stal!sExs laeda ts!Edaqe laxs laxes 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 9 



130 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL. [bth.ann.S5 

21 in her small canoe, carrying the bone beater and a flat | diabase 
pebble. | 

When she comes to the place where she put her cedar-bark, she takes 
out the flat | stone and puts it down on the shore. | She takes her bone 

25 bark-beater in her right hand and || takes hold of the end of the bark 
with her left hand, for the woman is sitting on the | right-hand side 
of the yellow cedar-bark, facing towards the sea. | She does not pull 
very fast when she is pulling it out of the water, and puts it over | the 
Hat diabase stone on which she beats it. | She first beats the broad 

30 end of the cedar-bark; and when || she reaches the end, she coils it 
into her small canoe. As soon as | she has finished it, she goes to her 
home; and when she arrives | there, she carries the beaten yellow 
cedar-bark to a place outside of the house and hangs it up | on the 
halibut drying-poles. When evening comes, | she gathers the beaten 

35 cedar-bark ami spreads a new mat over it, || so that it may not get 
damp again. After it has been drying for four days, | it is thoroughly 
dry. She folds it up and puts it away | in a basket. Now it is 
finished, for she works at it | in winter-time. | 
i Cedar-Bark (2) . — The woman goes into the woods to look for | young 
cedar-trees. As soon as she finds them, she picks out one that has 
no I twists in the bark, and whose bark is not thick. | She takes her 



20 



xwaxwagume dalaxes xax £ Ene ttelwaya, p £ wa pExsEme ts!Eq!uls 
t lesEma. 

Wa, giFmese lagaa laxes £ yaasaxs lae t!iix £ ultodxa pExsEme 
ts'.Eq!uls tlesEma qa £ s pax £ allses lax max'stallse laxa dEinsxe. Wa, 
la dax £ ldxa xax £ Ene ttelwaya yises hclk' !olts!ana £ ye. Wa, la dax £ i- 

95 dEx oba £ yasa dexwe yises gEmxolts!ana £ ye, yixs hiie khvaesa tslEdaqa 
helk!otagawalisasa dexwaxs LlasgEmalae laxa Llasakwe. Wa, 
Li k!es aPnakfllaxs lae nex £ ustalaq. Wa, he £ mis la paqElalats laxa 
pExsEme ts'.Eq'.ultsEm t!esEma. Wa, he £ me la tlElwatseq. Wa, 
laEm hcEm gil t lElxwasoseda £ wadzoba £ yasa dexWe. Wii, gIPmese 

■JO hxbEndqexs lae qEsalExsaq laxes xwaxwagume. Wa, gIPmese £ wl £ la 
gwalEXS lae na £ nakwa laxes g'okwe. Wa, g'il £ mese lag'aaxs lae 
dasdesElaxa tlElokwe dexwa lax L!asana £ yases g - 6kwe; lae gex £ wid 
laxa lEm £ wasaxa klawase. Wii, g-ilnaxwa £ mese dzaqwaxs lae 
q!ap!ex £ idxa tlElokwe dexwa qa £ s LEbEglndesa Eldzowe le £ we £ laq 

qk qa k'leses et'.ed dElx £ ida. Wa, g - il £ mese mop!Enxwa £ se £ ini\ii 
xflalaxs lae lEm £ wumx' £ ida. Wa, lae k!ox £ widEq qa e s g - exeqexs 
lae axts'.alaxa Llabate. Wii, laEm gwal laxeq qaxs eaxEleLaqexa 
laLa ts lawfinxa. 

Cedar-Bark (2). — Wii, hiiEm gil ax £ etso £ sa tslEdiiqaxs lae laxa aLle 
aliix dzEs £ EXEkiiliis Laxxose. Wii, gil £ mese q!aqexs lae aleqax k - !esa 
k'lilp'.Enes ts!ageg-e. Wa, he £ mis qa kMeses wax £ wuna £ ye tslageg'a- 



boas] INDUSTEIES 131 

hand-adz and . . . cuts the back of the bottom || of the young cedar. 5 
She leaves a strip four | finger-widths wide, which she does not cut when 
she cuts around the tree, and | she peels off a strip two finger-widths 
wide. I This is what the women who get cedar-bark call "making a 
road," I for after that she peels off a broad strip which is to go high 
up. After she has taken off the || narrow strip which makes the road, 10 
she begins to peel at the lower end, starting with her adz | at the 
place where she cut around. The broad piece is one | span wide. 
Then she peels it off, and | as it goes up high, she steps back from the | 
place where she stands; and if the young cedar-tree is smooth high 
up, she || goes far back. 15 

While she is going backward, she holds slack the cedar-bark that 
she is peeling off, | when it falls back to where it was before. Then 
the woman who peels the cedar-bark pulls at it, | so that it comes off. 
What she is peeling off becomes narrower as it goes upward, | and 
it just runs into a point and breaks off when it reaches way up. | Im- 
mediately the woman puts it down on the ground, with the inner 
side downward, and the outer bark outside. || Then she peels off 20 
other pieces as she did | the first one; and she stops peeling when a 
strip I four fingers wide is left on the cedar-tree. That is | what the 
people of olden times refer to as being left on the young cedar-tree, 
so that I it should not be without clothes and to keep it alive. || 

£ yas. Wii, la ax £ edxes kMimLayowe qa £ s . . . tsEkMEXLEn- 
dexa dzEs £ Eqwe lax awlg - a £ yas. Wa, la, hamodEngala laxEns 5 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex ytx wanEmas tsEX'se £ stEnda £ yas. Wii, la 
L'.okklxndxa maldEne laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yaxs lae saqhvodEq. 
Wii, heEm gWE £ yosa sesaq Iwaenoxwe tlexila qa sEx u ts!esa laLa 
et!ed saqlwoyoLEs lag'aal laxa ek!e. Wii, gih'mese lawiiyeda ts!e- 
qlastowe t!exi £ layoxs lae L!dk!ux £ Itses kMimLayowe laxa giig iLEla 10 
laxes tsExse £ stEiida £ yaxa £ wadzowe, yixs £ nal £ nEmp lEnae £ nemp!En- 
gidzo laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yaqe £ wiidzEwasasexs lae saqlwodEq. 
Wa, gilnaxwa £ mese aek!Egilale saq !wa £ yasexs lae klaxEls laxes 
Ladzase. Wii, gik'mese Lomax' £ Id eketEleda dzEs £ Eqwaxs lae k!wa- 
g'ila qwesgile k' !a £ nakfdaena £ yas k!Esk!Esaxes saqlwanEme cIe- 15 
nasa qa lils k!iit!Endxes axasde. Wii, he £ mes lanaxwa nex £ edaatsa 
saq !waenoxwaq L!aL!odaaqaq. Wii, la ts!eq!Eba £ nakiilaxs lae ek!6- 
teleda saqlwanEme. Wii, a £ mese la eUsIexs lae lagaa laxa ek!e. 
Wii, hex £ ida £ mese tslEdaqe hax £ WElsaq qa elc !adza £ yesa ts!ixqEmse. 
Wii, lii etledxat! saq!wax -£ idxa waokwe. Wa, a £ mise niiqEmgil- 20 
tEwexes gilx'de gwegilasa. Wa, a £ mise hex ,£ idaEm gwal saqlwaxs 
lae modEnme nvadzEwasasa la ax £ Enexa dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, heEm 
gwE £ yosa g'&le bEgwanEm ax £ alag'iltseqa tslElgumsa dzEs £ Eqwe qa 
k!eses xExanaEma, wa, he £ mis qa qlulayos. 



132 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.sb 

25 As soon as the woman has enough, she takes up at the broad end 
what she peeled off, | and she breaks off the outer bark | for'a distance 
four spans in length. She goes on peeling off the | outer bark 
towards the narrow end, and she continues doing this | until she 

30 reaches the narrow end. When || the outer bark has been taken off, 
she folds it up, and she measures | a length of four spans. Then she 
folds it over. In folding it, she places the outer side outside. | She 
first folds the broad end; | and after she has gone the whole length, 
she ties the narrow end around it; | and she does the same with (lie 

35 others which she has peeled off. As soon as all || have been tied in 
the middle, she takes a long narrow strip of cedar-bark and | puts it 
around each end, in this way. 1 After she has done so, she takes | 
another piece of cedar-bark and puts it on as a packing-strap. The | 
two packing-straps are tied to the two end ropes; and she just 
measures it | until it is long enough when she puts her hands 

40 through them when she puts it through, || carrying it on her back. 
After she has done so, she puts her hands through the | packing- 
straps and carries the bundle on her back. In her hands she carries 
the | adz, and she goes home to her house. | 
1 Shredding Cedar-Bark.- — As soon as she has finished, she takes her 
cedar-bark | and hangs it over her fire. She takes her cedar-bark 

25 Wa, g'iPmese heloLExs lacda tslEdaqe ax £ edxes saqlwanEine qa £ s 
g"abEnde laxa £ wiidzoba £ ye qa £ s k"6x £ wldexa ts!agega £ yasxa mo- 
p tenk'e laxEns q !waq !waxts !ana £ yex. Wa, hi pawiilaxa ts !agega £ ye 
gWEyolEla laxa £ wadzoba £ yas. Wa, ax - sa £ mese la he gwegllaqexs 
labEndalaaq lagaa lax ts!eq!Eba £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wPlawa ts!a- 

30 q!ega £ yaxs lae k!6x £ w!dEq. Wa, laEmxae baHdEq qa mop!Eiik es 
£ wasgEmasas k!6xwa £ yas. Wa, laEni he L!asadza £ ya makataxa 
ts !agega £ ye. Wa, laEmxae he g il k' !6x £ wItso £ se £ wildzoba £ yas. Wa, 
g Il £ mese labEndEx £ wasgEinasasexs lae qEnoyots wilba £ yas. Wa, 
axsa £ mese he gwegilaxa waokM'e sEnganEms. Wa, g il £ mese £ wl £ la 

35 qeqEnoyale sEngaiiEmasexs lae ax £ edxa ts!eq!adzowe dEnas qa £ s 
qeqExbEndes laq; ga gwiilega. 1 Wa, g IPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 
ogii £ la £ maxat ! dEnasa qa £ s aoxLaas £ edeq. Wii, la £ me gegalopala lada 
malts !aqe. eaoxLaase laxa male qeqExba £ ya. Wa, a £ mese mEnsala 
qa hel £ asgEmes qo lal plEmx'sases e £ eyasowe qo lal plEmxsal laq qo 

40 lal 5xLEx ,£ idELEq. Wii, g - ll £ mese gwalExs lae plEmx-sotses e £ eya- 
sowe laxa oxLolEme qa £ s 6xLEx £ ideq. Wa, a £ mise la dak' !6tElaxes 
k' liniLayowaxs lae qas £ ida. Wii, laEm nii £ nak u laxgs gokwe. 

Shredding Cedar-Bark. 2 — Wii, giPmese gwala lae ax £ edxes dEnase 
qa £ s gex u st5des laxes lEgwlle. Wa, la ax £ edxes kadzayowaxa 

i See figure on p. 123. 

» This follows a description of the preservation of elderberries, p. 262, line 55. 



boas] INDUSTBIES 133 

beater | and paddle, and she drives the longest one of her wedges 
into the floor. | Then she takes the cedar-bark and splits off a strip, fl 
She takes the paddle and places it alongside the wedge driven into 5 
the floor, and she ties | them together with the split bark. After 
this is done, it is in this way. 1 | After she has finished the holder for 
beating cedar-bark, she takes the cedar-bark beater and | puts it 
down where she is going to beat the bark. When | the cedar-bark 
gets black from the heat, she takes it down and puts it by her side. || 
Then she takes a cedar-stick one span | in length and splits off one 10 
side | of the cedar-bark, and she ties one end of the stick at the bot- 
tom two finger-widths | from the end. When that | is done, she 
takes her straight knife and splits one end of the stick, || so that it is 15 
like tongs. When she has done so, this is the holder | of the bark 
that she is going to shred, and it is like this (like a pair of tongs). 
When this | has been done, she takes the cedar-bark and coils it up, 
the narrow end on the | left-hand side of the paddle on which she is 
going to shred the cedar-bark. She puts the bark on | with the 
broad end. It is in this way. 2 Now the || woman who shreds the 20 
cedar-bark holds the place where the holder is tied up in her left | 
hand, and with the right hand she takes the cedar-bark beater. | 
She puts her left leg over the paddle and | sits down on it. The handle 



dEnase LE'wa sewayowe. Wa, la dex £ walllasa g ilt!aga £ yases leiii- 3 
g'ayowe. Wa, la ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s dzExaxode laq. Wa, la 
ax £ edxa sewayowe qa £ s k'adEnodzEndes laxa degwlle. Wa, la yll £ - 5 
etsa dzEXEkwe dEiias laq. Wa, g'il £ niese gwalExs lae ga gwalega. 1 
Wa, giFmese gwala kasdEmelaxs lae ax £ edxes kadzayowe qa £ s lii 
gigalilas laxes k'adzasLaxa dEnase. Wa, g'il-mese la q!waq!u- 
qiiyax £ Ideda dEnasaxs lae gexwaxodEq qa £ s la gig'alilas laxes 
k'adzasLaq. Wa, lii ax £ edxa klwaxLawe £ nEmp!Enk" laxEns q!wa- 10 
q!waxts!ana £ yex yix £ wasgEmasas. Wa, lii dzExod lax awunxa- 
£ yasa dEnase qa £ s ytL'.EXLEndes lax 6xLa £ yasxa maldEnk e laxEns 
q!\vaq!waxts!ana\vex giigiLEla laxa 6ba £ yas. Wa, gil-'mese 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxes nExx";ila k' lawayowa qa £ s xox £ widexa apsba- 
£ yas qa yuwes gwex"sa ts!esLalax. Wa, g"il £ mese gwala k!lbE- 15 
dzayayasa kasiixa k a IzEkwaxs lae g'a gwalega. 1 Wa, gih'mese 
gwalExs lae &x £ edxa dEnase qa £ s qlElxwallles ts !eq !Eba £ yas gEm- 
xagawalllasa kasdEmile sewayowa. Wa, lit kMibEdzotsa k'!ibE- 
dza £ } T e lax £ wadzoba £ }'asa dEnase. Wa, la g'a gwiileg - a. 2 Wa, laEm 
q!wetsEma £ ya k'atslenoxwax yiL!EXLa £ yasa k" HbEdzayases gEm- 20 
xolts!ana. Wa, la dastE £ weses helk- !olts !ana £ ye lax daiisases ka- 
dza £ yaxs lae gax £ Eneses gEmx5ltsidza £ ye laxa sewayowaxs lae 
k!wak!Eneq. Wa, laxEx u sale gexta £ yasa sewayowe lax mEng-asa. 

' See figure on p. 127. 2 See figure on p. 128. 



134 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Letii.ann.ss 

of the paddle shows at her hackside, and | the bark hardly shows on 
25 the right-hand side of the paddle. Then || she begins to beat it, and 
she pushes it on with the left hand every time | she beats it; and she 
continues doing so untd she | reaches the end of the whole length of 
the cedar-bark. When she | reaches the end, she puts down the 
cedar-bark beater, takes the broad | end of the shredded cedar-bark, 
30 and lays it down flat on her knee. She || keeps it in the same way 
as she had it placed over the paddle, and she peels off | what came 
off by beating it. It is all in strips; and when she has taken it 
off, | she pulls it off, and she continues plucking off what is on the 
shredded cedar-bark; and when | she has plucked it off along the 
whole length, she splits it into strips one | finger wide. 1 
1 Open- Work Basket. — She takes split cedar- withes and | picks out 
four back pieces of the split cedar-withes. These | are to be the cor- 
ners of the flat-bottomed basket (the four pieces). Then | she takes 
another one different from the four pieces, which is to form the 
5 stiff || bottom of the flat-bottomed basket. Then she takes thin split 
cedar-withes and puts | them into the bottom, and she takes split 
roots and | ties them together /////* vnth them. Now it 

is tied crosswise in this way, | ///////// » || being placed and 
tied close together. The ^wnltlixz length of the bot- 
10 torn is | two spans and four \\\\\V\\ finger-widths ; || that 

is, where the corner withes are «"* tied in. | As soon 



Wa, la halsElaEm nelbaleda dEnase lax helk £ !odEdza £ yasa sewayo- 

25 waxs lae k'as £ ldEq. Wa, la qlwalxoEin wix u w!dEq yises gEmxol- 

ts!ana £ yaxs lanaxwae kas £ ldEq. Wa, ax u sa £ mese he gweg-ilaqexs 

lae labEndalax e wasgEmasasa dEnase. Wa, g'irmiese labEndEx 

£ wasgEmasas lae g'lg - alllaxes k"adzayowe. Wa, la dax £ Idxa £ wadzo- 

ba £ yasa k"adzEk" qa £ s paxk'ax'^ndes luxes okwaxa £ ye. Wa, laEm 

30 hex'saEm banadza £ yeda ftxalaxde laxa sewayowe. Wii, la qiisa- 

laxes kadzEla £ yaxs lae lenoqwala. Wa, g'IPmese e wllgEldzoxs lae 

nex £ edEq qa £ s hanale qiisEldzE J wexes k - asela £ ye. Wa, gIPmese 

£ wllgEldzo laxes £ wasgEmasaxs lae dzExalaxa £ nalmEmdEne laxEns 

q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yJx awadzEwasas. 

1 Open-Work Basket. — Wa, la ax £ edxa paakwe tEXEma qa £ s mEn- 

maqexa motslaqe eweg'esa paakwe tEXEma. Wa, heEm iJaiJE- 

xEnots !Exsdesa LEq!Exsde lExa £ ya, ylxa motslaqe. Wa, la ax £ - 

edxa £ nEmts!aqe ogu c la laxa motslaqe. Wa, heEm LlaxEXsdesa 

5 LEqlExsde lExa £ ya. Wit, la 5x £ edxa pElspEle paak u tEXEma qa £ s 

ka - t!Endes laxa l !axExsdE £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edxa paakwe LloplEk'a 

qa £ s k!ilx ,£ ides laq. Wit, laEm galopale k - !ilk - a £ yas ga gwiilega 

(Jig.) laxes mEmk'Ewak!wena £ yes k!ilka £ ve lax hamodEngalaena- 

£ yas £ wasgEmasasa L!axExsda £ ye lax malplEnke laxsns q!waq!wa- 

10 xts!ana £ yex. Wii, he £ mis la, wax - ba £ yaatsa L!aLlEXEnots!Exs- 

'See Doghair, p. 1317. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 135 

as she finishes tying the flat | bottom, she takes the material for 12 
twining round the flat-bottomed basket and she puts it | on the 
corners, which are bent upward. | The twining consists of split 
roots, and the crosspieces consist of split cedar-withes. || She ties the 15 
basket with the best quality | of thin roots. She twines it on as she 
is tying it on with | the root twining, and the sides of the basket stand 
up and down. | This is called the "standing side of the flat-bottomed 
basket." | Other basket-makers call it "standing up straight." She || 
continues doing this, moving upward until the basket is one span 20 
high. | As soon as it is one | span high, she takes thick | split root 
and bends the tops of the warp-strands. | When all the warp-strands 
of the sides are bent over, || she ties them into a round coil around 25 
the mouth of the flat-bottomed basket. | This is called "the tying at 
the mouth of the flat-bottomed basket" | (what she is tying now). 
As soon as this is finished, she takes the narrow split cedar-bark | and 
makes a rope, which she puts on each side of the flat-bottomed basket 
at | the middle, lengthways. This is called the "carrying-rope of 
the || flat-bottomed basket." Some basket-makers call it | "piece 30 
for tying on cross-straps." Now the | flat-bottomed clover-basket 
is finished. I 



da £ ye. Wa, g - il £ mese gwal k' !ilx' £ aLElodalasa q!waaba E yasa n 
oxsda £ ye lae ax £ edxa xwemasa LEqlExsde lExa^ya qa £ s katlEnde 
laxa q !waaba £ yaxs lae ekhsbala. Wii, laEin paak u LloplEka 
xweme. Wa, la paak" tEXEma q Iwaaba'yasa LEqlExsde lExa e ya. 
Wa, he e mis la klilkilasa Isxelaenoxwa aek'laakwe paak u wis- 15 
wultowe LloplEka. Wa, laEin mElgaaLElodalasa k'lilg-ime 
L!op!Ek- laxa xweme LE'"wa la ek'tebaHda qlwaaba'ye. Wa, 
laEm LegadEs q !wasgEma £ yasa LEqlExsde lExa £ ya. Wii, liida 
waokwe lExelaenox" LeqElas qlwaele laxa q !wasgEma s ye. Wii, la 
hexsaEm gwegilaq liilaa qa £ iiEm]i !Enk"6stawise E walasgEmasas 20 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex. Wa, gil £ mese hiLEx ="nEmp!En- 
kostawe £ walasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yaxs lae ax^edxa 
LiiLEkwala paak u L!op!Ek - a qa £ s gwagwanagEtodexa qlwaele. Wa, 
gil'mese la e wi £ la la gwanagEkwa oxta £ yasa qlwaele eklotlEnda- 
laxa xwemaxs lae klilgiiEndEx awaxsta £ yases LEqlExsde lExa £ ya. 25 
Wa, heEm LegadEs k IllgixstEndesa LEqlExsde lExaeya yLx la 
k!ilkaso £ s. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae ax^edxa dzEXEkwe dEnasa 
qa-s mElgaaLElodes lax waxsamVyasa LEqlExsde lExa e ya lax 
nEg5ya £ yas g'ildolasas. Wa, heEm LegadEs k'!ak"!ogwase ylsa 
LEqlExsde lExaeya. Wii, liida waokwe lExelaenox" LeqElas 30 
mamadase laq. Wii, laEm gwala ts!oyats!eLaxa LEx - sEme 
lei| lExsd lsxa £ ya. 



136 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

1 Cedar-Bark Basket (1) . — Now the flat-bottomed basket is finished. | 
Then the woman takes cedar-bark and puts it down at the place where 
she is seated, | not far from the fire of the house, so that the | heat of 
the fire just strikes it. She measures the cedar-bark with her hand || 
5 and cuts oft* a length of five spans | with her fish-knife. When the 
cedar-bark has been cut, | she splits it so that it is one | finger-width 

| This will be the 
soon as all II the 



wide in the middle, in this manner: 

10 bottom of thecinquefoil-basket. As 

cedar-bark has been split in the middle, the woman who makes the 
basket takes cedar-sticks | and splits them in square pieces half the 
thickness of the | little finger, and she measures them so that each is 
two spans | long. Then she breaks them oft. | When this has been 

15 done, she takes a narrow strip of || split cedar-bark, and she takes the 
two | cedar-sticks that have been measured and places them together 
crosswise, in tins way: J Then she | ties them together with 

the narrow split cedar- hark. As soon as this has been 

finished, she | takes f another one of the cedar-sticks that 

have been measured and puts it | on the other end of those that have 

20 been tied together, and she 4 ties it on with narrow || split 

cedar-bark, in this maimer: After this has been done, she | 

takes up another one of «| the cedar-sticks that have been 

measured, and she puts it | on the ends of the two sticks, and she ties 



1 Cedar-Bark Basket (1). — Wii, laEmLa gwala LEq "Exsde lExa e ya; wii, 
laxaeda ts'Edaqe ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s ax £ aliles laxes klwaelase laxa 
k!ese alaEm qwesala lax lEgwllases gokwe qa a £ mese helale L!es £ ala- 
ena £ yasa lEgwlle laqexs lae mEnmEnts lalaxa dsnase. Wii, laEin 
5 bal £ Itses q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ ye laq. Wii, sEklap'Enke b&La £ yasexs 
lae t'otstentses xwiiLayowe laq. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la t!ot!Ets!aa- 
kwa dEnasaxs lae dzEdzExsEndEq qa £ nal £ nEmdEnes laxEns q!wa- 
q!wax*ts!ana £ yex ytx iiwiidzEwasas yixa nEgEdza £ yas g - a gwiileg'a 
( fig.) yixa oxsdeLasa LEg"ats!eLe L!abatelaso £ s. Wii, gll £ mese e wi £ la 

10 la dzExoyEwakiixs laeda Llabatelaenoxwe tslEdaq ax £ edxa k!wax- 
Liiwe qa £ s xox £ wldeq qa k' !ek' !EWElx £ unes. Wii, lii k' !odEn laxEns 
sElt lax'ts !ana £ yex yix awiigwidasas. Wa, lii bal £ ldEq qa maema'p !eii- 
kes iiwasgEmasasa motslaqe laxens q !waq Iwaxts !iina £ yaxs lae 
koxsEndEq. Wa, g - il £ mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa ts!elts.'Eq!astowe 

15 dzEXEk" dEnasa. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa malts !aqe laxa mEnekwe 
k!waxLawa qa kak'Etodes oba £ yas g'a gwiilega (fig.). AVii, lii 
yaLotsa ts!Eq!adzo dzEXEk" dsnas laq. Wii, g11 £ mese gwalExs lae 
et!ed «x £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe mEnek" klwaxtawa. Wii, laxae k'atbEnts 
lax apsba £ yasa la yaLEWakwa qa £ s yIl £ aLEl5des ytsa ts!eq!adzowe 

20 dzEXEk" dEnas laq; ga gwiilega (fig.). Wii, gtl £ mese gw T alExs lae 
et'.ed ax £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe mEnek u k!waxLawa qa £ s kakEtbEndes 
lax oba £ yasa malts !aqe. Wii, laxae yfiLEmg'aaLElots waxsba £ yases 



INDUSTKIES 



137 



it to both ends. | She just ties it on with narrow split cedar-bark. 23 
Now | it is this way, a « and it is the stiff bottom of the clover- 

basket, for || that is If what the cedar-sticks tied together 25 

are called. Therefore fl === , au fcne I clover-baskets are of the 
same size when they = ^ are made by the basket-makers. One 

is neither | bigger nor smaller than another, for the bottoms 
are measured. | When this is done, the woman takes the cedar- 
bark that has been split | and measured 
splits it again clown to one end,|| in this manner: 
takes the stiff bottom and places 
middle of the cedar-bark, in this way : 
weaves it like a mat in | coarse 




it is of the 
Now it 
and it is 




off, and she 
Then she 30 
it | on the 
and she 
we aving, 
ame size as | the stiff 
woven in this 



into narrow strips, starting from 
stiff bottom, in this way: 
split it, she takes a long strip of 
cedar-bark, puts the end 
ners of the stiff bottom into the 
of the basket, and she ties the 



called | "the bottom 
in broad strips;" namely, the bottom woven 
cedar-bark. When the stiff bottom has 35 
covered, | the woman sphts the cedar-bark 
the 




edge of the 
After | she has 
narrow split | 
through the cor- 
|| woven bottom 40 
I two ends to the 



alEm kat!aLEloya yisa ts!eq!adzowe dzEXEkwa dEnas laq. Wa, la 23 
g'a gwalaxs lae gwaleda LlaxaxsdeLasa LEg'ats!eLe Llabata (fig.) 
qaxs he £ mae LegEmsa yaLEwakwe klwaxxawa lagilas £ DEmalasa 25 
LEgats!e Llabataxs lae k'!itasE £ wa ylsa Llabatelaenoxwe k!eas 
£ walats. Wa, liixae k'leas amas qaeda mEnyayowexa L!axExsda £ ye. 
Wa, g"il'"mese gwalExs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa mEnmEnts laakwe 
dzExoyEwak" dEnas qa £ s dzEx £ ede etledxa dEnase labEiid lax apsba- 
£ yas, g'a gwiilega (fig.). Wa, lit ax^edxa L!axExsda £ ye qa £ s axdzo- 30 
des laxa nEgEdza £ yas g'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, la k!it!edEq qa 
awadzolidEkwes. Wa, he £ mis qa £ nEmadzoweses k'!lta £ ye LE £ wa 
L!axExsda £ ye. Wii, laEm ga gwiile k - !ita £ yaseg-a (fig.). Wa, hcEin 
LegadEs k!it'.ExsdE £ ye awadzolldEk", yixa oxsdEye, ytxs lae gadzs- 
qaleda dzExEkwe dEnasa. Wa, gll £ mese haniElgidzowa LlaxExs- 35 
da £ yaxs laeda tslEdaqe helox u sEnd dzEdzExsEndxa g'agtLEla lax 
ewunxa £ yasa L!axExsda £ ye qa ts!elts!Eq!astowes (fig.). Wa, g 11- 
£ mese gwal dzEdzExs £ alaq lae ax £ edxa gllstowe ts!eq!adzo dzEXEk u 
dEnasa qa £ s nex'sodes lax k'!ek!osasa L!axExsda £ ye hex'sala lax 
awadzolldEkwe k - !it!ExsdEndesa Llabate. Wa, la mokumgaaLElots 40 
\vaxsba £ yas laxa k'!ek!osasa L!axExsda £ ye g'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, 



138 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL (eth.a.nn.36 



42 corners of the flat bottom, in this way: 
strips of spht cedar-bark to 
they cross, in this manner: 




| Then she ties on 

the center, | where 

As soon as this is 

done, | she hangs the strings ( ffn'i' i 'y t Qat she has tied to it to a 

45 pole in the corner of the || house, and she measures 

the height so that she may sit by its side when she is weaving 
it; and | she ties the cedar-bark strings to the pole, and now it 
is | in this way. 1 As soon as this is done, she takas long, split, [ 
narrow cedar-bark, which is called "woof." It is as wide as 

50 this. 2 And she begins | weaving at the corner of her basket || and 
weaves around it. After she has gone around once, she | adds on 
another strip and continues weaving. Now there are two woof- 
strands. | After she has gone around once, she puts on another one 
and weaves it in; | and after she has gone around once, she adds on 
still another one | to weave with. Now there are four of them. 

55 Now she weaves around ; || and as soon as she has the size that she 
wants for the height of the cinquefoil-basket, | she twists in the warp- 
strands. When this has been finished, she continues [ making baskets, 
for sometimes she needs as many as ten baskets if she has a large j 
cinquefoil-garden. | 
1 Basket for Viburnum-Berries. — You know already all the ways of work- 
ing | roots and cedar-withes: therefore I will | talk about the way in 

42 lit mox e w!tsa gilstowe dzEXEk" ts!eq!astowe dEnas laxa nExdzawas 
giidzexedaasas g'a gwiilega {fig-). Wa, gil £ mese gmllExs lae 
gex u sEq tentsa ale mdx £ waLElodayds laxa q!EhlEmelaxa onegwilas 

45 g'okwa. Wa, a £ mise gwanala qa £ s klwanalileqexs l&Le k'lltaq lae 
mox e witsa tegwelEme dEnas laxa qlEldEmele. Wa, laEm g'a 
gwiilega. 1 Wii, g"il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa g ilsg - ilstowe dzEXEk" 
ts!elts'.Eq!astowe dEnasa. HeEm LegadEs kMtdEina g'aEm awadzE- 
watse g'ada. 2 Wii, lii k - !it!aLElots laxa k'losiises L!abatelasE £ we 

50 qa £ s mEle e stalexs lae k - !iitaq. Wii, glPmese lii £ steda e nEmts!aqaxs 
lae ginwasa £ nEmts!aqe kMidEina laq. Wii, la malts !aqa k"!tdEma. 
Wa, gil'Emxaawise lii £ staxs lae ginwasa £ nEmts!aqe qa £ s k - !it!a- 
LElodes. Wii, g'il e Emxaawise la £ staxs lae g'inwasa £ nEmts!aqe 
k - !idEma. Wa, la £ me mots!axse £ stalaxs lae k - !ittse £ stalaq. Wii, 

55 o- il £ mese lag - aa lax gWE £ yas qa £ walasgEmatsa LEg'ats!eLe Lliiba- 
tExs lae malagExstEndEq. Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae hanal 
Llabatela qaxs £ nal £ nEmp!Enae nEqasgEine L!iibatila £ yasa lexEdzas 
LEgEdzowe. 
1 Basket for Viburnum- Berries. — Wii, laEinLas qlfiLEla £ naxwa gweg'i- 
latsexa LloplEk'e LE £ wa tEXEmaxs lae eaxElaq. Wa, hetlEn liigila 
£ nex' qEn gwagwexs £ iile laxa tslEdfiqaxs lae lsxelaxa kloxstano- 

i See last figure. 2 About 6 mm. wide. 



INDUSTRIES 



139 



which the woman makes the basket | for viburnum-berries. It is made 
differently from other baskets. The weaving || is done in the same 5 
way. The only thing that is different is that the sides are straight 
up and down, | and the bottom is flat. It is measured so as to fit into 
the | box for steaming viburnum-berries. The bottom is bent square, 



in this way 
side. It is 
one long 
short side. 
two fingers | 
loosely into 
four || spans 




| There are two handles to it, one on each 
two spans high, and || two spans long, and 10 
span and one short span | is the length of its 
The box for cooking viburnum-berries is 
wider than this size, so that the basket fits 
the box when it is put in. The box is 
high. As soon as | the cooking-basket for 15 
viburnum-berries has been finished, it is put down at a damp place, 
so that | the weaving may not get loose, for it is not well woven . | 

Basket for Wild Carrots. — The wife makes a | cedar-bark basket. 
You know already about the making of || baskets, for it is the same 20 
as the cinquefoil-basket. The only | difference is that it is shallower 
than the cinquefoil-basket. | The basket for carrots is made of 
broad strips. | 

Cedar- Bark Basket (2). — You know already | how baskets are made, i 
The only difference in the basket for | lily bidbs is that it is woven 



waxa tlElse lExa £ ya, yix 6gu £ qalae laxwa laElxa £ yex yixs ycrmae 
gwale k!ilka £ ya. Wa, la lex'aEm ogiVqalayosex heyanae LEq!- 5 
Exsdae, yix; lae niEnek", qa £ s a £ me heldzExbEta lax laxaltsla laxa 
q !6lats leLaxa tlElse. W;i, la k - !ek" logEkwe oxsdE-yas g"a gwaleg'a 
{fig.). Wa, la male kleklogwasas lax wfixsanfr'yas. Wa, la malplEn- 
kostawe £ walasgEmasa laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, laxae 
malplEnk'e gildolas laxEn qlwaq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yixs tslEx u ts!ane- 10 
balaeda £ nEmp lEnk'e laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex, yix ts!Eg-ol;is. 
Wa, laLe maldEne lalexalagawa £ yasa q!olats!eLaxa tlElse laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex qa dzEbEciElesexs lae hanaxalts !Swa k'loxsta- 
nowe lExiixa tlElse. Wa, lit mop !Enk - ustawe £ walasgEmasas laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yixa q!olats!axa tlElse. AYii, g-ih'niese 15 
gwala k" loxstanowe lExitxs lae hfinegwelEm laxa dElnele qa k'lese 
s"!e e nakule k' !ilk'a £ yas, qaxs k'lesae aekMaakwe k* !ilk - a e yas. 

Basket for Wild Carrots. — AVii, laLa gEnEmas Llabatilaxa dEn- 
tsEme Llabata, qax lE £ maaqos q!aLElax gweg - ilasasa Llabatilaxa 
l '.abate qaxs he £ mae gwaleda tlEgwatsle Llabata. Wa, lexa £ mes 20 
6gu £ x £ Idayosexs a e mae kwakwatsEmalaga £ wesa tlEgwatsle Llabata. 
Wa, laxae awadzolldEkweda k!idela £ yasa XEtxEt laats !e Llabata. 

Cedar-Bark Basket (2). — Wa, laEmLasnaxwa q laLElax gwayi £ lalasasa l 
Llabatila. Wa, lexa £ mes ogu £ qalayosa Llabatila qa £ s x'ogwatslexa 



140 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth.akn.m 

flat and low, for its length | and breadth are two spans each and it is 
5 one |! span high. It has | no holes along the rim for lashing, as the 

other baskets have, | for lashing them when they are being tied up. 

The baskets for lily-bulbs have the tops of the sides bent backward. | 

Tli at is all about this. | 

Huckleberry- Basket. — As soon as this is done, she begins to make the 
10 basket || for shaking the huckleberries into; hut I will not | talk about 

the making of the basket, for the only thing that is different about 

the huckleberry-basket | is that it has a wide mouth and low sides 

and narrow ^ra^wttwjftfc. bottom, | and that it is very finely made 

in this way: jfflBnn^ffi!ffl| When | this is finished, she makes another 
15 smaller bas- v^ffSSuuW|W» ket of medium size. [| It is made in the 

same way as , ™ssitti£gip!JP r the large | swallowing-basket. | 

Box for picking Salmon- Berries. — Let me for a while talk about 

what the hooked box for picking salmon-berries is, | and what its 

sizes are. It is just this. The box is made of the best kind of cedar- 
20 wood, and || the hooked box is well made. It is | made as light as 

possible, and it is made in the same way | as they make the oil-box; 

and these are its sizes. It is | one span and a short span high, and 
25 is | one span and four fingers long, || and one span wide. | It has the 

3 x-okiimaxs pEqElae . yixs kiitElae, yixs malp!Enkllii £ laes gildolase 
LE s wis ts lEgola laxEns q !waq !waxts !iina £ yex. Wii, frmesLa £ nEmp !En- 
5 k'ustawe £ walasgEmasas laxEns q!wiiq!waxts!a,na £ yex. Wa, laxae 
k'leiis tlEmagatslExstes he gwaleda LlaiJEbataxs malagExstalae 
qa nEyEmxsalatsa t!Emag'imas yixs ii £ mae gwagu £ nsigEtE £ wakwe 
5xta £ yasa awaxsta'yasa xogwatsle L!abata. Wii, laEm gwal laxeq. 
Huckleberry-Basket. — Wa, g ih c mese £ wria gwalExs lae k'!tlats!eg'I- 

10 laxes lc!ilats!eLaxa gwadEine lExa ; ya. Wa, laLaLEn k!es gwagwex - - 
s £ alal laqexs lae lExelaq. Wa, la lexaEin ogii^alayosa k"!llats!iixa 
gwadEmaxs lexExstae; wa, la kiitEla; wii, laxae t!ogwapa; wa, 
he £ misexs alak-!fdae t!olt!oxsEma g'a gwiileg'a (fig.). Wa, g - il £ mese 
. . . gwalExs lae et!ed k'lihitsleg-ilaxa amaye helomagEin k - !ilats!e 

15 b3xa £ ya. Wii, laEmxae hcEm gwideda £ walase niig'e k'!llats!e 
lExa £ ya. 

Box for picking Salmon-Berries. — Wii g - a £ masLEn gwagwexs £ E- 
x £ Id lax gwex"sdEmasa gaLEkwe li:imyats!exa qlamdzEkwe, ylx 
£ walayasas ytxs lex'a £ mae wulx ,£ ItsE £ wa alii la ek' klwaxLawa, qaxs 

20 alae la aeklakvva gaLEkwaxs lae wulasE £ wa. Wii, he £ misexs alae 
k!wak!wayaak u , qa £ s klutsEme. Wii, la yuEm gwiile wiila £ j T ase 
wCila £ yasa dEngwats!e. Wii, ga £ mes £ walayatseg - a, yixs £ nEm- 
plEnkae he £ mesa ts !Ex u ts !ana £ ye £ walagostawasas: wii la modEnba- 
leda £ nEmp!Enk'e laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix gildoliis; 

25 wii, la £ nEmj)!Enke tsEg'5las laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 141 

thickness of one-half of the tip of the little finger, ] and it is well made. 27 
It is grooved all over with fine grooves, in this manner. 1 | When it is 
done, the wife of the box-maker takes the very best | cedar-bark to 
make a packing-strap. The cedar-bark is split || into very narrow 30 
strips, and each end is twisted to a rope. In the middle it is woven 
like a mat, | in this way: As soon as 

the forehead-strap is 
twists a small cedar-bark 

when she thinks | it is long enough for being tied around the hooked 
box, she stops | twisting rope. She takes the hooked box, turns it 



around, and half way up its height || 
bark around it as tightly as possible, 
four times, | and she ties the end to 
she has done so, she cuts off the cedar- 
Then she takes the part that she has 



she winds the cedar- 35 
She puts it around 
2 (1) and (2). After | 
bark rope | at (3). 
cut off and makes a 



loop underneath, passing over the bottom board, brings it up, 
and takes a turn | at (4). She puts it around four times. Then 
she ties the end at || (4). As soon as this is done, she takes the 40 
packing-strap which passes around her forehead, and | puts it on 
with two half -hitches at the end at (1) and also at (2). | That is the 
carrying-strap for the hooked box. That is all about this. || 

Tump-Line. — As soon as the basket has been finished, | she takes 1 
cedar-bark and measures off one long fathom ] and two spans for | its 

Wa, la k!odEn laxEns sElt!axts!ana £ ye laxa mak' temex ts !a £ yaxs 26 
ylx wax u sEmasas. Wa,la aek' laakwa, yixs klwedEkwaega gwalega. 1 
Wii, g iFniese gwalExs lae gEiiEmasa wu'lenoxwe :ix £ edxa alaxat ! ek' 
dEnasa, qa £ s q !alE3 T 5gwIleq. Wa, laEm ts!elts!Eq!astowe dzExa- 
£ yase dEnase, ylxs lae niEikwes wax - sba £ ye. Wa, la k idoyEwa- 30 
kwa ga gwaleg-a (Jig.). Wa, gil £ niese gwala qlateyowaxs 
lae mElx -£ idxa £ w!l £ Ene dEnsen dEnEma. Wii, gil £ rnesc kotaq 
laEm helala £ wasgEinasas lax wElxsEmeses gaLEkwaxs lae gwal 
mElaq. Wa, la iix £ edxa gaLEkwe qa c "s nEgoyode £ walasgEmasexs lae 
qExsEmts laq, qa £ s lEklutsEmde qEnoyots. Wa, la mop!ene £ sta 35 
laqexs lae yll £ aLEl6dEx 6ba £ yas lax (1) lo £ (2). Wa, giPmese 
gwalExs lae t!5ts!EndEq. Wii, la galop lets oba £ yases t!osoyowe 
lax (3), qa £ s lit xlmaabodalax paq !Exsda £ yas, qa £ s gaxe galop !lts 
lax (4). Wii, laEmxae mop!ene £ stax lae yll £ aLElots 6ba £ yas lax 
(4). Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae ;lx £ edxa q!alEyowe qa £ s lii max- 40 
£ waLElots ;ipsba £ yas lax (1); wa, laxaes :ipsba £ yas lax (2). Wa, 
laEm aoxxaekwa gaLEkwe laxeq. Wii, laEm gwala. 

Tump-Line. — Wii, g-fi £ mese gwale k!ilats!Eg-ila £ yas lExa £ ya, lae 1 
ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s bal £ ideq qa £ nEmp!Enkes laxEns baLxa; 

1 See figure below. 



142 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [bth. ANN. 35 

5 length. Then she takes the straight knife and || cuts it off, and she 
puts the bark into water to get soaked. | She does not leave it there 
long before taking it out. Then she | splits it into narrow strips ; and 
after it has been split, | she twists it into a rope three | spans long; and 
then she continues plaiting it like a mat, beginning with the rope 

1 that she has twisted. || This plaiting is three spans long, and serves 
as a strap over the forehead for carrying the basket. | When she 
reaches the end, she twists it again, beginning at the end of the | mat- 
ting, and the twisted rope is also three spans long. | After it is fin- 
ished, | it is in this way. 1 This is called the "forehead-strap," and is 

15 tied || to the opening of the huckleberry-basket which she has made. | 

Back- Protector. — After she has finished all the baskets, |she quickly 

splits cedar-bark live spans in length; | and when she thinks she has 

enough, | she takes some narrow split cedar-bark and she weaves the 

20 middle || together in this manner, . — -, so as to keep the 

strands close together. This is two - - T— =, spans | in width. 

As soon as this has been finished, | A she hangs it over 

the mat-stick, and she sits down at the place | where hangs the cedar- 
bark that she is going to weave, and she begins weaving in the 
middle. | When she reaches the end, she puts in the selvage; and 



3 he £ misa malptenkes esEg - iwa £ yas laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, 
ytx wasgEmasasexs lae dax -£ ldxes nExx-ala klawayowa qa £ s 
5 t!5ts!Endeq. Wa, lii hapstEndEq laxa £ wape qa pex £ wldes. Wa, 
k!est!a gestalilExs lae slx £ wiistEndEq laxa £ wape, qa £ s ts!elts!E- 
q lastogwilexs lae dzEdzExsalaq. Wii, g'il'mese £ wl £ la la dzExEktixs 
lae aek'Ia mElx -£ IdEq qa yudux u p!Enkesa mElkwe laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yex. Wii, lii k'!tt!ed g'ag^LEla lax mElsVyas. Wii, 

10 la yudux u p!Enk -£ Emxae £ wasgEinasasa k' JidEdzEwakwe q!alEyowa. 
Wii, glPmese LabEndEq lae et!ed mElx £ id giiglLEla lax 6ba £ yasa 
k' !idE<lzEwakwe. Wii, laEmxae yudux u p!Enke £ wasgEmasas mEla- 
£ yas laxEns q!waqwaxts!ana £ yex. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
ga gwiileg'a. 1 Wa, laEm LegadEs q!alEyowe. Wii, lii t !Emx e aLElots 

2 5 lax awaxsta £ yases k"!llats!egilae lExa £ ya. 

Back-Protector. — Wii, g - ll £ mese gwal £ wi £ le l !abatela £ yasexs lae 
hanax £ wid dzEdzExsEndxa dEnasexa sEk - !ap!Enkas awasgEmase 
laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wii, g"ll £ mese k'otaq laEm hel £ a- 
laxs lae ax £ edxa tsleqladzowe dzExEk" dEnasa qa £ s yiboyodes 

20 laxes dzExex'de g'a gwiileg'a {fig.) qa qlasaleslax malp!Enk - !ena £ yas 
£ wadzEwasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, g-il £ mese gwalExs 
lae gex"sEq lEnts laxa k' lltdEmelaxa le £ wa £ ye. Wii, lii k !wag - ahla lax 
gEwela £ sas qa £ s k - !tt!edeq giiglLEla lax ylboyoda £ yas. Wii, 
g11 £ mese labEndqexs lae malagEstEndEq. Wii, g'il £ mese gwal 

1 See figure on p. 141. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 143 

after || she has finished weaving it, she turns over what she is weaving, 25 
and she again starts from | the middle and weaves downward; and 
when she gets to the end, j she puts in the selvage. After this has 
been done, | she takes it down, takes her fish-knife, and cuts off the 
rough ends | that are sticking out. When she has cut them off all 
around the || selvage, the back-protecting mat for digging clover is 30 
done. | 

Belt. — She also splits cedar-bark into narrow strips of the same 1 
width as the one she used | when splitting bark for the back-protector 
for digging clover. | This is the width. 1 She weaves it so that it is 
three fingers | wide and one fathom long. || When she comes near the 5 
end, she lets it | taper; and when it is one fathom | long, the end is 
narrow; and she twists a rope out of the same bark that she used | 
for weaving; and when the rope is also one | fathom long, she ties a 
knot at the end || so that it will not untwist. Now the cedar-bark 10 
belt is | two fathoms long. She uses it when she goes to dig clover. | 

Implement for peeling Cedar-Bark. — When (a person) gets ready to 
go | to peel off cedar-bark in the woods, he takes | his small ax, 
and he takes a branch of pine, fiat at one end, four || spans long, and 15 
two finger-widths | in diameter. He also takes aflat, | rough sand- 



malaqaqexs lae xwel £ ELodxes k!itasE J we qa £ s giiglLElexat! laxa 25 
yiboyoda £ yas qa £ s banolEle k!itaq. Wa, g"il £ Emxaawise labEndEx 
6ba £ yasexs lae malagExstEndEq. Wii, gtl £ niese gwalExs lae 
gexwaxodEq qa £ s ax £ edexes xwaLayowe qa £ s tlosalex 6ba £ yasa 
qlwadzayaq. Wii, g'il-mese £ wl £ la tlosodxa waxsabala laxa niala- 
qa £ yas lae gwala LEbeg - eLe le £ wexs tsloseLaxa LExsEme. 30 

Belt.. — Wa, laxae dzEdzExsEndxa dEnase heEmxae awadzEwe 1 . 
dzExa £ yase dzExa £ yas qaes LEbeg'eLe le £ wexs tsloseLaxa lex - se- 
mexaga awodzEwega.' Wa, la k!it!edEq qa yfidux £ dEnes wadzE- 
wasas laxEns q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ yex. Wii, la £ nEmp fenke £ wasgEma- 
sas laxEns baLax. Wit, gil £ mese Elaq labEndqexs lae ts!eq!a £ na- 5 
kule oba £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese labEndxa £ nEmp!Enke laxens baLiixs 
lae wilba. Wii, la mElx ,£ idxa £ wile dEnsEn dEnEnia gayolEm laxa 
k!itasE £ wa qaxs he £ mae obese. Wii, gil £ Emxaawise £ nEmp!Enk - 
laxEns baLiik - e mEla £ yas dEnsEn dEnEmaxs lae mox u bEndEq qa 
k'leses qwelaxbax £ ida. Wa, laEm malp!Enke £ wasgEmasas dEne- io 
dzowe wuseganos qo lal tslosalxa LExsEme. 

Implement for peeling Cedar-Bark. — Wii, he £ maaxs lae xwanalE- 
leda la,Le sEnqalxa dEnase laxa aLle. Wii, he £ mis ax £ etso £ ses 
sayobEme. Wa, laLa pExbaakwa LlEnakasa momox u de moplEnk'e 
£ wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!iina £ yex. Wii, lii maldEnxsa £ we 15 
£ \vaij;idasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wii, lii ax £ edxa pExsEme 

■ About 6 mm. 



144 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth.ann.3S 

18 stone and places it by the side of the | fire of his house. He puts the 
end of the pine-branch | into the fire; and when it is burnt, he takes 

20 it || by the big end and puts the burnt end on the rough sandstone, | 

and he rubs it on it so that one end of it will become fiat, 

and it is bent | in this manner: "^ When this is done, he 
does the same to the | other side. Then the end is Hat; and he rubs 
the corners off, | so that the point is rounded, like this : s As 

25 soon as the point is really sharp, || he takes tallow of J the 

mountain-goat and chews it; | and he takes the bark-lifter wit li which 
lie is going to peel the cedar-bark, and puts the [ flat end into the fire of 
his house. When it gets quite | hot, he puts the chewed tallow on both 
sides of | the flat end. He keeps on turning the bark-lifter while the || 

30 tallow is melting, so that it spreads over both sides. Then he | puts it 
up near the fire so as to let the tallow soak in. When | it almost catches 
fire, he stops heating it. Then he puts it down | in the corner of his 
house so as to let it cool quickly; | and when it is cool, it is hard. 

35 After that it is ready. || This is the bark-lifter of the first people when 
they went to peel red cedar-bark | and yellow cedar-bark, of which 

they made blankets before the white men ca | in early days. | 

1 Spade. — Her husband makes the spade for digging lily-bulbs. | It is 
also chopped out of yew-wood. When he goes into the woods and | he 

17 k'!5L!a dE £ na tlesEma qa £ s g - axe pax £ alilas laxa mag-inwallsas 
lEgwilases gokwe. Wa, lii LtenxLEnts wilba £ yasa LloxulplEnk'asa 
momox u de laxes lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese x - ix £ edExs lae dax £ IdEx 

20 LEx"ba £ yas qa £ s ax £ alodesa k!iimElba £ ye laxa k!6L!a dE £ na tlesEma 
qa £ s yilsElales laq, yixa apsotba £ ye qa pExbes, yix wakalai>na £ yas- 
ga gwalega (fig-)- Wa, gtPmese gwaiExs lae ogwaqaxa aps5- 
t!Ena £ 3 T 6s. Wa,la e me psxba. Wa, laxaeyilsElalax waxsotba £ yas qa 
kElx-bes ga gwiileg-a {fig.). Wa, g - il £ mese la alak'lala la eex'baxs 

25 lae ax £ edxa yasEkwasa £ mEl.\Lowe qa £ s malEx £ wideq. Wa, la 
;lx £ edxa l !ok IwayoLaxes sEnqasoLa dEnase. Wii, la LtenxLEnts 
l>Exba £ yas laxa lEgwilases g'okwe. Wii, gfl £ mese alaklala la 
ts!Elx £ wldE.\s lae axbEntsa malegikwe yasEk" lax wax - sadza £ yasa 
pE.xba £ yas. Wa, a £ mise lexi £ l;ilaxa L!ok!wayaxs lae yax £ Ideda 

30 yasEkwe qa las haniElfiLEla lax waxsadza £ yas. Wii, lii et!ed 
pEx- £ IdEq laxa lEgwile €px la £ laqesa yasEkwe laq. Wii, g-tl £ mese 
la Elaq x ix £ edExs lae gwiil pExeq. Wii, a £ mese la k - adEne- 
gwilaq laxa onegwllases gokwe qa halabales k - ox £ wida. Wii, 
o-il £ mese k5x £ widExs lae L!Einx £ wida. Wit, la £ me gwiilala laxeq. 

35 Wa, heEm L!ok!wayasa gale bEgwanEmxs sEnqaaxa dEnase 

LE £ wa dexwe qa £ s k' !6bawasilaxs k!es £ maolex g'axa mamal £ ax 

laxa qwesalii £ nala. 

1 Spade. — Wii, laxa la £ wiinEmas eaxElaxa tsloyayaxa xokume. 

Wa, hi'Emxaeda LlEmqle sopletsos yixs lae aliiq laxa aLle. Wa 



boas] ITSTDUSTKIES 145 

finds (yew trees), he chops down one that is two | spans in diameter. 
When the tree falls, he measures off || two spans and chops it off with 5 
bis | ax. After he has done so, he splits it through the heart. | He 
takes the side without branches | and chops off all the heart-wood so 
that it comes off and so that | it is flat. After he has done this, he 
chops the other side so || that it is two spans thick, and | he chops it 10 
well until it is smooth and of the same thickness. After | doing so, he 

measures one short span V^. a and | chops it 

so that it is in this way: I s 1 3 and he chops 

the top I so that it has a crosspiece on it. After finishing one edge, || 15 
lie does the same with the other edge. Now the end, [ beginning 
at the. bottom (1) is square. This is the digging-point, which extends 
to (2), I the middle handle, and towards (3), the crosspiece on top. 
After doing so, | he carries it in his hands as he goes home. He puts 
it down and | takes a piece of fire-wood, on which he adzes it. He 
takes his adz || and takes hold of the spade for lily-bulbs. With his | 20 
left hand he holds it by the point, and he places the crosspiece (3) | on 
the fire-wood. In his right hand he takes the adz, and | he first 
adzes down at the middle handle (2), which he makes round. | When 
it is round, he turns the end so that the point (1) || stands on the 25 

g-il £ mese qliiqexs lae hex -£ idaEm sop'Exodxa modEnx'sa laxEns 3 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, gd-mese t!ax ,£ IdExs lae bal £ Idxa 
malplEnk'e laxEns q!wa,qhvaxts!ana £ yaxs lae tEmx"sEntses s5ba- 5 
yowe laq. Wa, g - il £ niese 1:1xsexs lae naq!Eqax domaqasexs lae 
kiixsEndEq. Wa, la £ mes hi 5 ax £ etso £ se wIlEmases ok!waedza r ye. 
Wa, la ai ; k"!a sopalax domaqas qa lawayes. Wa, he £ mis qa 
£ nEmadzowes. Wa, gil £ mese gwala lae sop.'edEx apsadzE £ yas qa 
maldEiies laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yaqe wSgwasas. Wa, laxae 10 
agk*!a s5paq qa £ nEmadzowes wagwasas. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs 
lae baHdxa ts IexHs !ana e ye laxEns q!\vftq!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae 
sop!edEq qag-es gwale g'a (fig.). Wa, laxaii sobEtEiidxa oxt:1 £ yas 
qa gextEweLas. Wii, gll-mese gwala apsotEnxa £ yaxs lae heEmxat! 
gwex- £ idxa apsEnxa £ yas. Wii. ;r c mise la k!iWElx £ una 5xLa £ yas 15 
g - ag"iLEla lax 5xLa £ yas (1) xa tsegwayoba £ ye heg-ustala laxa (2) 
daad/.oyEwe lag'aaLEla laxa (3) gextfrye. Wii, g-fPmese gwalExs 
lae dak - lotElaqexs lae na £ nak u laxes g'okwe. Wa, la ax-alilaq qa £ s 
ax £ edexa lEcpwa qa e s k'limldEmaq. Wii, laxae ax £ edxes klnnLa- 
yowe qa e s dax e idexa tsloyayoLaxa x'okume qa £ s daleses gEmxol- 20 
ts!iina £ ye lax (1) tsegwayoba £ yas. Wa, la EakMEnts (3) gexta £ ye 
laxa lEqwa. Wii, la dalases h("'lk - !olts!ana £ ye laxa k!tmLayowaxs 
laS he' gil k!iml £ Itso £ se (2) daadzoyEwe qa lex £ Enx £ Ides. Wii, 
g-il £ mese lex £ Enx £ IdExs lae xweh'IdEq qa hes la LEnqalas (1) 
tsegwayoba £ yas laxa lEqwa. Wa, lii k' !iml £ idEq qa pElbes yo gwii- 25 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 10 



146 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. anh. 35 

25 fire-wood, and he adzes it so that the r — -. point becomes 

tliin | like an adz, in this manner: 1 As soon as this 

is done, he takes | his crooked knife and shaves it off so as to make it 
smooth. Now | the digging-point is sharp; and he smooths the 
en isspiece on top | by shaving it. As soon as he has done so, he hard- 

30 ens it by means of tallow. || You know the way it is done with the 
digging-stick for clover when it is heated | by the fire and rubbed 
with taUow to make the point brittle. | He does it in the same way 
when he is making the spade for lily-bulbs | when he is hardening 
the point of the spade that he is making. | 
1 Digging- Stick for Clover. — First | this is searched for by the man. 
He takes his ax to go into the woods | to look for a yew-tree without 
branches. As soon as he finds one, he | cuts down the thick yew-tree 
5 that has no branches. || When it falls down, he measures | five 
spans and | four finger-widths, nearly six spans, | then he cuts it off; 
and when it has been cut off, he splits it in two | through the heart. 

10 When it has been split in two, he splits one side || again in two 
through the heart ; and when this has been split, | it is triangular (in 
cross-section). He measures two spans j and four finger-widths | 
fourspans, and cuts a notch into it, so thai it is in size three | spans 



26 loxda sobavox; g - a gwalega (fig.). Wa, g"il £ mese gwatexs lac ax-- 
edxes xBlxwala k' lawayowa qa £ saek' !e k- laxwaq qa qeses. Wa, laEm 
ex'bes tsegwayoba £ yas. Wa, laxae qaqetslax gexta-yas laxes k!a- 
£ wena £ yaq. Wa , gilmiese gwalExs lae p lap lets !asa yasEkwe laq, — xes 

30 la £ mos q!ala lax gwegila Byayaxa LEX'SEmaxs lae pExaso 

laxa lEgwile qa e s yils £ etasE £ wesa yasEkwe qa i,!Emx £ wides 5ba £ yas. 
Wa h' r mis iiE({i:mg ilti: ; "\\esosa eaxElaxa fcsloyayaxa x'okumaxs 
lae p!ap!ets!ax tsegway5ba e yases tsloyayogwilaya-. 
1 Digging-Stick for Clover (Ts!oyayoxa LExsEine). — Wa, heEm 
o-il la alaso £ sa bEgwanEme; ax £ edxes sobayowe qa £ s la laxa aLle 
aliix eketEla LlEmqla. Wa, g'iPmese qlaqexs lae hex £ idaEm 
sop'.ExodEq yixa LElove LlEmqla i.oxs k !easae LlEnx'Ena £ ya. 
5 Wa gil £ mese tlax'ldExs lae niEnsndEq vises cj!waxts!ana £ ye. 
Wa la brd £ ulxa sEk" !a.p !Enk - e LaxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yex he £ misa 
modEne liixEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix q!aq!aL!Ep!Elayasexs lae 
sopsEndEq. Wa, gil-mese la tEmg"ikuxs lae kiixsEndEq qa £ s naqlE- 
qgx domaqas. Wa, gil £ mese kuxsaak IQsexs lae etslEndxa apsodeie 

10 kiixsEndEq niiqlEqax domaqas. Wa, giPmese kuxsaak liisExs lae 
klok'.ulnosa. Wa, la nu:ns £ ldxa malplEnk'e laxEns qhvaqlwax - - 
ts!ana £ yex, he £ misa modEne babELawes laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana- 
£ yaxs lae sobEtEndEq qa £ wil5yiwes qa yudux u dEnes laxEns q!wa- 



boas] INDUSTEIES 147 

in this manner, 6 at(l). When || 

this is done, he chops 4< ^~ 1 ^~ 7 3 ^> at (2) so that it 15 

is three spans | from * 5 (1) to the end at 

(4). I When it is squared, starting from (1), he chops out the heart | 
so that it all comes off ; and when it is all off, he chops the one side | 
so it is flat (3). When it is finished, he lays it down flat j| and he 20 
chops (6) and (5) so that they are this way: _______-^-r^_-!— When 

it is ] triangular in cross-section, he chops at " ~~— — L^~ (3) so 

that it is pointed and so that it | hends back. Now it is one hand 
wide at (7), and it is four | finger-widths under each side of (7).| 
When this is done, | he carries it on his shoulders and goes home. 
Then he k ^y puts it down and || takes 25 

his adz. ^<^^^ First he measures | 

the grip , ? ^^^ at (5). Its length is one 

hand- ^ — ~~^^ width. He | cuts around it 

with his 2 adz, so that the handle of 

the digging-stick (6) | is two fingers thick; and he does the same 
at (4) , so that the grip is one | hand-width in length. When this 
is done, || he adzes (6) so that it is round; and after he has done 30 
so, I he adzes the back (3), going to the hard point (1) of the | 
digging-stick. When this is done, he adzes the belly (2), | going 
towards the hard point of the digging-stick (1); and when this is 
done, I he takes his crooked knife and straight knife and cuts a 

q!waxts!ana £ yex yix ; wagklasas ga gwaleg'a (fig.) yix (1). Wa, 
gil £ mese gwatexs lae sopalax (2) qa yuduxMsnes laxEns q!wa- 15 
q!wax - ts!ana £ yaqe £ wag-idasa g-ag'lLEla lax (1) IaxLEnd lax (4). 
Wii, gih'rnese la 1c!ewe1x u gagiLEla lax (1) lae sopalax domaqas 
qa £ wl £ lawe lawii. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae soplfildzodxa fips5d- 
dza £ ye qa pEx="edes (3). Wa, la gwalaxs lae haxHvElsasqexs lae 
sop'.edEx (6) lo £ (5) qa g'as gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, gll'mese la 20 
k!ok!ulnosExs lae sop led (3) qa wilbax'Ides. Wa, he £ niis qa 
tleqales. Wii. laEm EmxLe £ wadzok!unasas (7), la modEne laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana-'yaqe bEnadza-yas (7). Wa, g - ll £ mese gwalExs lae 
wlkilaqexs lae nirnakwa laxes gokwe. Wa, la wex-alllaqexs lae 
fix £ edxes k' ItniLayuwe. Wa, he £ mis g 11 mEns £ Itso £ seda (fig.) (5) 25 
q!wedzadzEt;Vve ytxs EmxLae £ wasgEinasas laxEns a £ yasaxs lae 
tsExse°"strdases k!tmi.ayuwe laq qa maldEnes £ wagidasas (6) 
k!ilxp!eqe. Wa, laxae heEm gwex^dEX (4) yixs EinxLa £ niaaxat ! 
laxEns a £ yasowe ylx £ wasgEmasasa daadzoytVye. Wa, gil £ mese gwa- 
Iexs lae aek- !a k !irnl £ ldEx (6) qa lex- £ Enx-'Ides. Wa, gil £ niese gwa- 30 
Iexs lae aek'.a k!linl £ IdEx (3) aweg - a £ yas lag-aa lax (1) p!esba £ yasa 
ts'.oyayowe. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae k- KmHdEx (2) ok !waedza £ ye 
lag-aa lax (1) p!esba £ yasa tsloyayowe. Wa, giPmese gwatexs lae 
ax £ edxes xElxwala i.E £ wes nExxala khiwayowa. Wa, lii qEmdo- 



148 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 30 

35 notch || at (7) with the straight knife, and he shaves it off so that it is 
hollow in the middle, | in this way: i^^_^ anc ^ ne ^ oes tne 
same at (5). j After this has been zJ_^t done, he takes the 
crooked knife and shaves off | the whole digging- 

stick smoothly. When it has all been shaved off, | he puts it over the 

40 fire of his house to dry, || and it stays there four days drying. When 
it is dry, he takes | perch-oil and poms it into a large | clam-shell. 
Then he takes tallow, which he puts down | by the side of the fire of 
his house; and he takes down his | digging-stick and heats the ends 

45 over the fire of his house. When || it is burnt black, he takes the tallow 
and rubs it | on the end of the digging-stick. When this is done, he 
heats it again | over the fire, and he only stops heating it when it is 
scorched at the point | and when the tallow begins to boil as it is melt- 

50 ing. Then | ho takes also the perch-oil which he put into the large 
clam-shell, || and he takes rubbed shredded cedar-bark, pul s it into the | 
perch-oil and rubs it on the digging-stick. When it is rubbed all over | 
and oiled with perch-oil, he heats t he digging-stick over the fire of his | 
house; and when it is really hot, he again takes the | shredded cedar- 

55 bark, puts it into perch-oil, and rubs it |j on the hot digging-stick. 
When it is rubbed all over, | he stands it upright in the cool corner 
of the house. Then the | digging-stick for digging clover is finished. 



35 yodEx (7) yisa nExxala k"!awayowa qa £ s k!ax f wide qa xllboya- 
lesga gwaleg - a (Jig.) yix (7). Wa, laxae heEm gwex -£ IdEx (5). 
Wa, giPmese gwatexs lae ax £ edxa xElxwfda qa e s aek"!e k!ax E wld 
ogwida £ yasa tsloyayowe. Wa, gil-mese £ wl £ la klokwe 6gwida £ yas 
lae Les-'aLElots lax nEqostawases Isgwlle qa lEmx £ wides. Wa, la 

40 moxse £ nalas xttelaLEla. Wa, gfh'mese Ieiiix-'whIexs lae ax £ edxa 
dzeklwese qa £ s klunxtslSdes laxa 'walase xoxulk - Sm5tsa niEtla- 
na £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edaxaaxa yasBkwe qa="s gaxe glg'alilas lax 
mag'inwalisasa lEgwllases gokwe. Wa, he £ mis la 3,xax5daatsexa 
tsloyayowe qa n5x e wide 6ba £ yas laxa lEgwllases g'okwe. ^,V;i, g 11- 

45 maese la k!umla £ nakulaxs lae &x £ edxa yasEkwe qa £ s mEgulbE £ yes 
laxa 5ba £ yasa tsloyayowe. Wa, gil £ mese gwatexs lae etled pEx £ ld 
laxa lEgwIle. Wa, al £ mese gwal pEX"aqexs lae k!wek!umElkiyax £ - 
Ide oba £ yas loxs lae mEdElx £ wideda yasEkwaxs lae yaxa. Wa, laxae 
ax £ edxa dzeklwese q lots laxa xoxulk - llmotasa £ walase mEt!ana £ yaxs 

50 lae ax £ edxa qloyaakwe kadzEkwa qa £ s dzopstEndes laxa dzeklwe- 
saxs lae dzEgilEnts laxa tsloyayowe. Wa, giFmese hamElx e En la 
qlElex u sa dzeklwesaxs lae papax - lLalasa tsloyayowe laxa lEgwllases 
g'5kwe. Wa, g*ll £ mese la alak" lala latstelqwaxs lae etled ax £ edxa 
k'adzEkwe qa £ s dzopstEndes laxa dzeklwesaxs lae etled dzEgtl £ Ents 

55 laxa tslElqwa tsloyayowa. Wa, gil'mese hamElx £ Enxs lae dalaq 
qa £ s la Lanegwelas lax wudanegwelases gokwe. Wa, laEin gwala 
tsloyaywaxa LEX'SEme laxeq. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 149 

Digging-Stick for Roots. — First the man makes j a digging-stick of 1 
yew-wood for digging carrots. When it is nearly | spring, and the 
plants begin to have buds, the man j takes his ax and goes into the 
woods to look for a yew-tree. When || he finds one, he picks out a 5 
good branch wit limit knots, which is | bent and about two finger- 
widths thick. [ He chops it off close to the trunk: and when it is off, | 
he measures off three spans and chops it off. | Then he chops off the 
end so that it is flat , and [[ it is like the stick for peeling off hemlock- 10 
bark. After chopping it, he | goes home to his house. He carries it 
along. When | he arrives at his house, he puts down what is to be 
the digging-stick for digging carrots. He takes his | crooked knife 
and his straight knife and takes what is to be the digging-stick | for 
carrots and sits down. First the || bark of the yew- wood digging- 15 
stick for carrots is shaved off with a straight knife. \ When it is all 
off, he shaves off the sap. so that it is [ all off; and when it is all off, 
he puts down his straighl j knife, takes his crooked knife, and shaves | 
the digging-stick that is being made. He shaves it well, [[ so that it '_'() 
is smooth; and when it is smooth, j he shaves off the end so that it is 
flat, and he also makes it smooth and | a 4*^ a ^_\^- >3 n ^-tle bent. 
There is a knob at the other end, in this way: x ] When the 

Digging-Stick for Roots. — Wa, heEm g Tl ax J ets5 s sa bEgwiinEma 1 
tsloyayaxa XEtEme, ytxa i.temqle. Wa, he £ maaxs lae Elaq qlwa- 
xEiixa yixs g'alae tEmx -£ ldeda q Iwaq IwExemase, lada bEgwanEine 
ax £ edxes sobayowe qa £ s la laxa aLle alax i!Emq!a. Wa, la g'iFmese 
qlaqexs lae doqluqa lax ek'a LlEnk'edEinsxa ek"etEla loxs ek'aes 5 
wawakalaena-ye lo £ qa maldEnes £ wag'idasas laxEns qlwaqlwax - - 
ts!ana £ yex. Wa, la sop lEXLEndEq. Wa, g'iFniese lax - sExs lae 
baFidxa yudux"p!Enke laxEns q Iwaq !wax - ts !ana £ yaxs lae tEmx"- 
sEndEq. Wa, lasopledEx oba £ yas qa pExbes oba £ yas. Wa, laEm 
yo gwaloxda idoklwayaxwa laqe. Wa, g'iFmese" gwal s5paqexs lae 10 
na E nakwa laxes g'okwe. Wa, laEm dalaq. Wa, g'iFmese lag'aa 
laxes gokwaxs lae axmlilasa tsloyayoLaxa xEtEmaxs lae ax- c edxes 
xslxwala LE £ wis nexxata k'awayowa. Wa, lii dax -£ Idxes tsloya- 
yoLaxa xEtEme qa=s klwag'alllexs lae h<"> g-il k"!axalayoxa xex-'u- 
na £ yasa LlEmqlEkMEne tsloyayowes iiExx'ala k"!awayowa. Wa, 15 
g-il £ mese £ wi £ Mweda xEx £ una ; yasexs lae k" laxalax xodzeg"a e yas qa 
-wi-F.wes dgwaqa. Wa, g'iFmese £ wi £ laxs lae g'eg'alllaxa nExx'ala 
kliiwayowa qa £ s dax -£ idexes xElxwala k'lawayowa qa £ s k" !ax £ wldes 
lax 6gwida £ yases ts !oyayogwilasE £ we. Wa, la £ me ae\k - !axs lae k'!a- 
xwaq qa qes £ Enes. Wa, g'iFmese qaqetslaakuxs lae aek'la k'!ax £ wi- 20 
dEx oba £ yas qa pExbes. Wa, laEmxae qaqetslaq qa qeses Fixes 
k - ak'Elx"balaena £ ye. Wa, la mEgutalaxa loxsEme g"a gwaleg'a (fig.) 
yixs lae gwala tsloyayaxa XEtEme. Wa, la LeqEleda waokwe 



150 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKXUTL [bth. ANN. as 

digging-stick for carrots (some | Indians call it rock carrot) is 

25 finished, lie puts it down by the fire of the house || so that 
the heat will strike its back; and when it begins to smoke, he | 
turns it over so that the inner side (2) is towards the fire; and when 
this | also begins to smoke, he takes deer-tallow and rubs it on | all 
over the stick and the knob (3). The name of | this knob is "top 

30 handle." Then he puts it down again by the side of the fire, || and 
turns it over so that the melting tallow will soak into | the digging-stick. 
When it nearly catches fire on account of the heat, | he wraps soft 
cedar-bark around his hand, takes hold of | the handle at the end of 
the digging-stick, and pushes the flat digging-point | (4) into the hot 

35 ashes. He watches it; and || when the hot ashes seems to boil up, 
he knows | that the point of the digging-stick is burnt black. | Then 
he takes the top handle of the digging-stick | and pushes it into the 
tallow; and when it has been there long enough, he | heats the point 

40 of the digging-stick again. When the melted || tallow at the end 
begins to bod, he dips it into cold | water and takes it out again. 
Now it is brittle. | Now the digging-stick for carrots is finished. | 
1 Digging-Stick for Cryptochiton. — First the man goes | into the woods 
to get a branch of yew-wood. When he finds | a curved branch, lie 
chops it off. When it is off, | he measures off two spans. Then he 

biikhims XEtxEt!a laq. Wii, la k'adnolisas lax lEgwllases gokwe 

25 qa l !es'"alasE £ wes &wlga £ yas yix (1). Wii, gtl="mese kwax £ IdExs lae 
lexElesaq qa l !ask' laesales 6k!waedza £ yas yix (2). Wii, gn £ Emxaa- 
wise kwax ,£ IdExs lae ax £ edxa yasEkwasa gewase qa £ s dzEk'etledes 
laq qa hamElx £ Endeseq LO £ me niEgutfrya yix (3). Hi 1 Em i.egadEs 
q!wedzadzEta E ye. Wii, laxae et!ed k'adnolisas laxes lEgwIle. Wa, 

30 la £ me lexi £ liilaq qa labEtesa yaxa yasEk u lax 6gwida £ yasa tsloyayo- 
waxa xEtxEt!a. Wii, g'TFmese Elaq xix £ etses laena £ ye tstelqwaxs 
lae saxts!analaxaq!oyaakwe kadzEkwaxs lae dax ,£ IdEx qhvedzadzE- 
ta £ yasa ts!oyayowaxa xEtxEtla qa £ s l lEnxbEtalisesa ts!oyayoba- 
£ yas yix (4) laxa tslElqwa gu £ na £ ya. Wii, la doqwalaq. Wii, g - il- 

35 £ mese he gwexs la maEmdElqiileda tslElqwa gu £ niixs lae q!aLE- 
laqexs lE f mae k!umla £ nakuleda ts !oyayoba £ yasa itsloyayowe. Wii, 
lit h("'x £ ida £ mese dax £ ldxa q!wedzadzEta £ yasa ts!oyay:lx& XEtxEtla 
qa £ s LlEnx £ edes laxa yasEkwe. Wii, g'TPmese gagiilaxs lae et!ed 
pEx -£ itsa ts loyayoba^ye laxa lEgwIle. Wii, gil £ mese maEmdElqu- 

40 leda yaxa yasEk u lax oba £ yasexs lae LlEnxstEnts laxa wuda £ sta 
£ wiipa. Wii, la xwelax £ ustEndEq. Wii, la £ me LlEmx £ wida laxeq. 
Wii, la £ me gwala ts!oyoy;ixa xEtxetla laxeq. 
1 Digging-Stick for Cryptochiton. — Wii, heEm g'il la axsosa bEgwii- 
nEme laxa aLle LlEnaklasa LtaqS. Wii, g - il £ mese q!axa 
wawakaliixs lae sopodxa LlEnak - e. Wa, g'il £ mese lawaxs lae 



boas] INDUSTRIES 151 

cuts it off, ||.and he chops the end until it is flat on one side. It 5 
is two finger-widths | in thickness. After chopping | the ends, he 
goes home, carrying the chiton digging-stick in his hands. | He 
goes into his house, takes his knife, | and cuts off the bark and 
the sap; and when || it is all off, he cuts the end so that it may be flat and 10 
thin and | smooth, and it also has a round point, in this way. 1 Now 
the digging-stick for cryptochitons is finished. [ He takes deer-tallow 
and | puts it down „close to the fire. Then he takes the digging- 
stick for cryptochitons and | pushes the flat end into the ashes where 
it is not very hot. || He watches it; and as soon as it begins to 15 
burn, he rubs the tallow | on both sides, and he keeps it a while. 
Then he puts | the flat end back into the hot ashes; and he does not 
keep it there long | before he takes it out and rubs more tallow on 
both sides, | and he heats it by the fire of his house. When || it is 20 
nearly burning, he puts it down in the corner of the house, so that it 
cools off quickly; | and as soon as it gets cold, the point is brittle. | 
Hook for Devil-Fish(l). — When the devil-fish hunter gets ready | to get 
devil-fish, he first goes to get a long thin | young hemlock-tree. After 
he finds it, he cuts it down, so that || it falls down. He cuts off the 25 
branches and measures a piece two | fathoms long. Then he cuts off 

bal £ Idxa malp!Enk'e laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yexs lae tsEx - sEndEq. 
Wii, la sop!edEx oba £ yas qo pExbes apsba e yas. Wa, mahlEiix'sawe 5 
£ wag'idasas laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yex. Wa, g'ii £ mese gwal sopax 
oba £ yasexs lae nirnakwa. Wa, laEm diildotElaxes qlEnyayaxa 
qlEnase. Wa, la laeL laxes gokwe. Wa, lii ax!edxes k - !awayuwe 
qa £ s klaxa'lex xEx u wiina £ yas lo £ xodzeg - a £ yas. Wii, g'll £ mese 
'wiiaxs lae aekMa k!ax u bEndEx pExba £ j T as qa pEles; wa, he E mis qa 10 
qeses; wii, he £ mis qa k'ilxbes, g"a gwiileg'axs 1 lae gwala qlEnya- 
yoLaxa qlEnase. Wa, la ax £ edxa yasEkwasa gewase qa £ s g'axe 
k!wanolisaxes lEgwile. Wii, la ax £ edxa q lEnyaj'OLaxa q!Enase qa £ s 
iJEngeses pExba E yas laxa guna £ ye laxa hehxliis ts!Elqwalaena £ ye. Wa, 
lii doxdoqwaq. Wii, gil £ mese k!umElx £ idExs lae dzEx £ itsa yasEkwe 15 
lax wawaxsadza £ yas. Wii, la gagiilExs lae xwelaqa LlEnxallsasa 
pExba £ yas laxa tslElqwa gii £ na £ ya. Wii, k'!est!a alaEm gaesExs 
lae diix £ ldEq qa £ s et!ede dzEx £ itsa yasElcvve liixaax wawax - sadza- 
E yas. Wii, lii papaxLalas laxa lEgwilases gokwe. Wii, g-fl £ mese 
Elaq xix £ edExs lae S,x e alilas lax onegwilases g'okwe qa halabales 20 
wuilF.x £ Ida. Wii, g'iPmese wudEx £ IdExs lae L!Emx £ wIde 6ba £ yas. 

Hook for Devil-Fish (1). — Wii, hemiaaxs lae xwanal £ ideda netsleno- 
xwaxa tEqlwa. Wa, hi ;r mis gil la ax £ etso £ seda g11t!a witen q!wa- 
qlwaxmedzEma. Wa, gll £ mese q!iiqexs lae tsEk - !EXLEndEq qa 
t!ax' £ Ides. Wa, egiilEndEx LlEnak'as. Wii, lii bal £ id qa malplEnk'es 25 
liixEns hai.ax yix £ wasgEmasas. Wii, lii k - !axalax xEx £ iina £ yas. Wii, 

1 Sea figure on p. 144. 



152 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 35 

27 the bark; | and when it is all off, he sharpens the thick end. | He 
measures four finger-widths from the | thick end and cuts in 

30 a notch in this manner: -«__ -__^ Then he || cuts a piece 

of hemlock-wood four fingers long, | in this 

shape: ^^- — -^^ After ~~~~~ J ' this is done, | he takes 

spruce- "~~ root and splits it, and he takes | the hook of the 

devil-fish spear and fits into the notch of the devil-fish spear, | and 
heties Ns^. ^ on w ' tu ^ IC split root. 

When Wfo^ he has finished, || it is like 

;55 this: '^"ft a, Then he sharpens the thin 

end to . gBw=- j ^ ee j j or ^ e devil-fish. | 

1 Hook for Devil- Fish (2). - -Now I have finished talking about him j who 
makes the kelp fishing-line. Now I shall talk about him who goes 
to get | devil-fish to put od his line. First he has to take his | 
straight-edged knife, which he takes when he goes into the woods to 
5 look for a slim hemlock-tree. j| As soon as he has found one, he cuts 
it down, so that it falls | on the ground. He cuts off the branches. 
After he has cut off the | branches, he cuts the top oil'. Sometimes | it is 
two fathoms, sometimes three fathoms long. Finally he cuts off the | 

10 bark, until it is white, and he cuts off || the top until it is sharp. 
He does not sharpen the butt-end of the | pole for fishing devil-fish. 
As soon as he has finished the long pole for fishing devil-fish, | he looks 

27 gilmiese £ wl £ laxs lae k!ax £ w!dEx LE £ x u ba £ yas qa ex'bes. Wa, la 
mEns £ Idxa modEne laxEns q!wiiq!waxts!ana £ yex g'ag'iLEla laxa 
oba £ yasa LE £ x u ba £ yasexs lae qEmtledEq ga gwalega (fig.)- Wa, 

30 la modEnas £ wasgEmase laxEns q!waq!wax ts!ana\vex gayol laxa 
qlwaxase. Wa, lii ga gwaleg - a (fg.). Wa, glhniese gwatexs lae 
ax £ edxa L!5p'.Ekasa alewase qa £ s dzExsEiideq. Wa, la ax £ edEx 
galbELasa nedzayowe qa £ s kit!aLEl5des laxa qEintba £ yasa nedza- 
yowe. Wa, la yil £ aLElotsa dzEXEkwe idoplEk' laq. Wa, gil £ mese 

35 gwalExs lae ga gwaleg'a (fg.). Wa, lii k- !ax £ wldxa wllba e ye qa 
exbesa p !ewayoba £ yaxa tEqlwa. 
1 Hook for Devil-Fish(2). — Wa, la £ niEn gwal gwagwexviila laxa pEna- 
yogweliixa pEnayowe. Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwexs f iilal laxa tateliixa 
tEq'.wa qa tetelasexes pEnayowe. Wii, heEm g'il ax £ etsoses iiex- 
x'ala klawaya, qa £ s daakiixs lae aLe £ sta alax gilt lit wil qhvaxasa 
5 laxa aLle. Wii, gilmiese qlaqexs lae k- !imt lEXLEndEq qa tlag'a- 
Else. Wii, lii klimtiilax LlEnak'as. W T ii, g'll £ mese £ wl £ laweda 
LlEnak'axs lae kMImtodEx wilEta e ya. Wa, la £ nal £ nEmp !Ena 
malplsnk 1 laxEns baxax loxs yudux u p!Enkae. Wa, lawlsi.a 
k'!axwalax xEx £ iinayas qa £ mElk!Enes. W"ii, laxaa k!ax £ wedEx 

10 wIlEtayas qa ex'bes. Wa, laLa k'les exbeda LEx u ba £ yasa nedza- 
yoLaxa tEqlwa. Wa, g'il £ mese gwala gilt!a nedzayaxa tEqlwiixs 
lae et!ed alex' £ idEx wllagawa £ yasa g'flx'de axanEms yixs belts !e- 



boas] INDUSTRIES 153 

for a stick smaller than the first one, which is the size of a | short span 13 
when the ringers are put around the butt-end of the | long pole for 
fishing devil-fish. 1 The one for which he is looking must be small. |[ 
As soon as he finds it, he begins to cut it down with his straight- 15 
edged knife. | Then he does the same as he did with the former one; | 
only this is different, that the two ends are sharp, | and that it is 
shorter than the one he first made, for it is only a | fathom and a half 
long. There is also a honk made of the concave side of || hemlock 20 
on it. After he has shaved off | with his straight-edged knife, the 
butt-end of the pole for fishing devil-fish he cuts a notch three | finger- 
widths long, made in this way; 2 and as soon as j the notch is deep 
enough, he takes the brittle convex side of the hemlock- | tree and 
cuts it until its butt-end is sharpened. || He measures four finger- 25 
widths | and cuts it off so that it is | flat on one side. After he has cut 
it, he takes | spruce-root, splits it, and scrapes off the bark | and the 
juice; and when it is done, he takes the pole || for fishing devil-fish, 30 
puts the short end into the notched-end of the | pole for fishing devil- 
fish, and ties it on with the split root. | Now it looks | like tins. 3 
Now there is a hook at the end of the pole for fishing devil-fish. | This 

£ staEns tslEx u ts!ana £ \'exs bfiLa lax qlwesEndayo lax LEgiita-yasa 13 
g'iltla nedzayaxa tEqlwa. 1 Wa laLaLe wawllalai.e la alaso £ s. Wa, 
gil £ mese qlaqexs lae k' limt lEXLEndEntses nExxiila klawayowe 15 
laq. Wa, la heEmxat! gwex £ Idqexs gweg'ilasaxa g ale axas. Wa, 
lexa £ mes ogii £ qalayosexs £ naxwa £ mae eex - bes waxsba've. Wa, 
he £ misexs ts !e1\ Iwagawayaasa g'ile axas qaxs a £ mae £ nEqlEbode 
esEgiwa £ yaslaxEns baxa. W;i,he £ me^exsgalbalaaxaLlEmwega £ yasa 
qlwaxase i.asa. Wa, hemiaaxs lae gwal k' laxwasa nExxala k- lawayo 20 
lax LEx u ba £ yasa nedzayaxa tEqlwa. Wa, le qEmtledxa yiidux"- 
dEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yexa g - a gwiilega. 2 Wa, gil'mese 
hehabEte qEmta £ j*asexs lae ax £ edxa L!Einwega £ yasa qhvaxase 
Lasa. Wii, la k'!ax £ widEq qa eexbes apsba £ j'as yLx LEx u ba £ yas. 
Wa, giPmese eexbaxs lae mEns £ idEq qa modEnes laxEns q!wa- 25 
q!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, le kllmtsEndEq. Wii, le k!ax £ w!dEq qa 
pExk - !ot!Enes. Wii, gll £ mese gwal k'liixwaqexs lae ax £ edxa l!o- 
p!Ekasa alewase qa £ s dzEtledeq. Wii, le k - ex5dEx xEx £ una £ yas 
lo £ wapaga £ yas. Wii, giPmese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa nedzayaxa 
tEqlwa LE £ wa ts!Ex u sto. Wii, le ax £ aLElots lax qEintba £ yasa 30 
nedzayowaxa tEqlwa. Wii, le yil £ etsa dzEdEkn r e LloplEk- laq. 
Wii, la-mese g'a gwalega." Wa, laEm galbaleda nedzayaxa tEqlwa. 
Wii, heEm nesElaxa tEqlwaxs lEmwaes g'Qkwaseda tlesEme laxa 
wiilx Twa £ yasa x"ats!a £ ye. Wii, heEm LegadEs nedzayaxa tEqlwa. 

1 That is, one short span circumference at the butt-end. 

- See figure 1 on p. 152. 3 See figure 4 on p. 152. 



154 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann.sb 

is used to catch devil-fish when its hole is dry | at low tide. Now its 
35 name is "pole for pulling," || and the name of the long pole is "imple- 
ment for pulling out at half tide | from the hole under water when the 
tide is not out far." | There is no hook at the end of the long pole | 
for fishing devil-fish. | 
1 Spear for Sea-Eggs. — First there is taken by the man a thin | young 
hemlock-tree in the woods. When he finds one that is clear of 
branches and long, | he cuts it clown with a knife, so that it falls; 
and j when it falls, he measures off three and a half fathoms in length. || 
5 Then he cuts off the top. He cuts off the bark | and the sap. He 
tries to make it one and a half | finger-widths in thickness. After this 
has been done, | he takes thin yew -wood branches for prongs. He 
measures the prongs to be | two spans and four finger-widths in 
10 length. || These are to be at the end of the sea-egg spear. | He cuts off 
the ends so that they are sharp-pointed, and he also cuts off | the 
lower end so that it is fiat. When this is done, he digs out | the 
roots of a spruce-tree and splits t hem in two. | Then he peels off the 
15 bark; and when this is done, he cuts || the butt-end of the spear- 
shaft until it is square. | Then he takes the prongs and lays the 
flat ends against | the square end of the spear-shaft, and he ties 
them on | ^^ with the split spruce-root, so that it is in 

this m ay : 



35 Wii, he £ mis LegadEs nanesamEndzayowa glrfcagawa £ ye nedzaya 
laxa tEgwats!e tlesEmxs tlEpElae; yixs klesae £ walasa xats!a £ ye. 
Wii, laEm k-!eiis galbala, ytxeda giltagawa £ ye nedzayaxa tEqlwa. 
1 Spear for Sea-Eggs. — AVii, heEin g"!l la axso s sa bEgwanEma wile 
q!waq!waxadzEm laxa axle. Wii, glFmese q!axa eketEla g iltlaxs 
lae hex" £ idaEm k!lmt!ExodEq qa tlax'ides. Wii, gIFmese 
t!ax £ IdExs lae bal £ idEq qa mamoplEnktlisesa nEqlEbode laxEns 
5 bai-ax. Wa, la kllmt'odEX 6xta £ yas. Wii, lii klaxalax xEx £ una £ yas 
LE £ wes xodzega^ye. LaEm laloLla qa mamaldEnx' sales laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex ytx £ wag - idasas. Wii, g'iFmese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxa wiswule LlEiuqla qa ts!e £ x u bes. Wa, la £ mEns J Ideq qa 
hamodEngales laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex lax malp!Eiike awas- 

10 gEmasasa mots!aqe ts!et3'.e £ x u ba £ yasa mamaseq!wayop!eqeLaxa 
mEseqwe. Wii, lii k !ak!ax u baq qaeex"bes. Wa, laxae k!ax £ w!dEx 
eoxLa £ yas qa pepEqiEXLes. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae £ lap!ldEX 
iddplEk'asa illewase. Wii la paxsEndEq qa malts !esexs lae sa- 
qlwodEx xEx £ una £ yas. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae k!ax £ wIdEx oba- 

15 £ yasa mamaseq!wayop!eqe yix LE £ x u ba £ yas qa k' lEwulx^unes. Wa, 
lii, ax £ edxa ts !ets !ex u ba £ ye qa £ s pax £ aLElodales pepEq!EXLa £ yas lax 
k' !ek - !Ewulx u ba £ yasa mamaseq IwayoLe. Wii, lii ytl £ aLElotsa pax - - 
saakwe L!op!Ek' laq. Wii, la g - a gwideg'a (fig-)- 



boas] INDUSTRIES 155 

Hook for picking Elderberries. — Those who pick elderberries first go | 1 
to make a hook of a small hemlock-branch of | the size of our first- 
finger and one fathom in length. | The woman shaves off the bark 
until it is smooth; || and after this is done, she takes a piece of the same 5 
hemlock-tree, | which is thinner and is to form the hook. She | 
shaves off the bark of this also, and it is one | span long. Then she 
cuts it off | and measures two finger-widths from the || end. There 10 

she cuts a notch which goes half way through | the 

thickness of the pole. It is in this way: After | this is 

done, she does the same thing with the piece that is to form the hook; 
and when | the notch is also cut in one-half the thickness of the piece 
that is to form the hook, | she takes split spruce-root, puts it into water, || 15 
and soaks it. After it has been soaked, she takes the piece that is to 
be the hook at the end | and puts the two notches together. She | takes 

up the soaked split root and ties the // two pieces together. 

When | it is finished, it is this way: j // 

Pole for gathering Eel-Grass. — First the man || goes to look in the 20 
woods for a bent young hemlock-tree; and when | he finds one, he 
cuts it at the bottom with his adz; and when | it falls, he measures 
off two fathoms and a half. | Then he cuts off the top. At the top it 



Hook for picking Elderberries. — Wii, heEm gil la ax £ ets6 £ sa 1 
tslexaLaxa tslex'ines gaLayciLaq ylxa wile q!waxasaxa y5 e wagi- 
tEns ts lEmalax'ts !ana e yex. Wit, la esEg"Eyowe E wasgEmasa laxEns 
baxax. Wii, la aek'laxs lae kMaxalax xEX £ una e yas qa qes £ Enes. 
Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax e edxa giiyoh'nutxat! laxa qlwaxase. 5 
Wa, laLa wawilalagawesa galpleqLe. Wii, laxae aek'laxs lae 
klaxalax xEx £ una £ yas. Wa, la £ nEmp!Enke laxEns qlwaqlwax - - 
ts!ana £ yex yix £ wasgEinasasexs lae klfmttslEndEq. Wii, lii 
niEns £ idxa maldEne laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex giigiLEla laxa 
5ba £ yasexs lae qEmtbEtEndEq qa negoyodesex f wagidasas yix 10 
£ walabEdasas qEinta £ yas. Wii, lii g'a gwiilega {fig.). Wii, g-il £ mese 
gwalExs lae ogwaqa he gwex £ ldxa galpleqLe. Wii, g il £ Emxaawise 
nEgoyode £ walabEdasas ciEmta £ yas lax E wag - idasasa galpleqLe, lae. 
ax £ edxa paakwe LloplEksa alewase qa £ s l : apstEndes laxa E wape 
qa pex £ wides. Wii, gih'mese pex £ widExs lae ax £ edxa galbeLe 15 
qa £ s kak'Etodeses qeqEmta £ ye lo c " qEmta^yasa galpleqLe. Wii, la 
ax £ edxes peqwasE £ we ])aak u LloplEka qa £ s yaLodes laq. Wa, 
giPmese gwiila lae g'a gwiileg-a {fig.)- 

Pole for gathering Eel-Grass. — Wii, he s mis gil la aliiso £ sa 
bEgwaiiEme laxa aLle wakalii qlwaqlwaxadzEma. Wa, gil £ mese 20 
qlaqexs lae tsEk' lExodEq yises k- liniLayowe. Wii, g-il e mese 
t!ax £ idExs lae babldEq ylsa nEqlEbodiis babELawa £ ye laxEns 
baLiixs lae tsEk'odEx 5xta £ yas. Wa, la maldEnx'sawe £ wagidasas 



156 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ANN. 36 

25 is two | finger-widths thick. Then he takes his straight || knife and 
cuts off the bark and the sap. \ When they are all off, it is a finger- 
width and a half thick | at the thin end, and it is hardly thicker at 
the | other end. Tin- tip is more curved than the | butt. At each 

30 end there is a knob. || When it is finished, he goes home carrying it; 
and as soon as he enters | his house, he puts down the twisting-stick 
by the side of the fire. | Then he takes deer-tallow and puts it down 
where he is working at the | twisting-stick. Then he takes the 
twisting-stick and pushes it to and fro over the | fire. He pushes it 

35 to and fro until the whole stick gets warm; || and when it is very hot, 
he takes the | tallow and rubs it over the twisting-stick. As soon as 
it is | all covered with tallow, he pushes it to and fro over the fire; | 
and when the tallow nearly catches fire, then he rubs on | some more 

40 tallow; and when it is covered with tallow, || he puts it down in the 
corner of the house, where it cools off quickly. | He wishes it to he 
brittle and stiff. Therefore he does so | with the tallow. As soon as 
it gets cold, he takes soft cedar-bark | and the twisting-stick, and 
wipes it off with the soft shredded cedar-bark, | so that all the tallow 

45 comes off from the surface. When it is all off, it is finished. || That 
is all about this. I 



oxta. £ yas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, la ax £ edxes nExxala 

25 klawayowa qa-s klaxalex xEx u unfryas lo £ xodzeg-a\yas. Wa, 
gll £ mese '"wFlaxs lae mamaldEiixsala '"wag'idasas laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana : yex yixa wIlEta £ ye. Wa, la halsElaEm Lfu.akwaleda 
apsba e yas. Wa, la xEiiLEla wakalagawesa wllba £ ye, yixa 
LE £ x u ba £ ye. Wa, la memox'balaxa loidxsEmeda wax'sba'yas. Wa, 

30 giPmese gwalsxs lae na £ nakwa dalaq. Wa, g'il £ rnese la laeL laxes 
g-okwaxs lae k'adEnollsasa klilbayowe laxes lEgwlle. Wa, la 
ax £ edxa yasEkwasa gewase qa £ s g'axe g'eg"alilas laxes eaxElasaxa 
k'lilbayowe. Wa, la ax'edxa k'lilbayowe qa £ s kak'adELales laxes 
lEgwlle. Wa, laEm wiqwl £ lalaq qa 6 nEma £ nakules ts!Elgu £ nakule 

35 ogwlda £ yas. Wa, g - il £ mese alak' !ala la ts !Elx £ widExs lae ax £ edxa 
vasEkwe qa £ s yilsetlldes laxa k'lilbayowe. Wa, g ihmese mEgu- 
gltxa vTisEkwaxs lae xwelaqaEin la kakadELalas laxes lEgwlle. 
Wa, gIPmese Elaq xlx £ ededa yasE.x £ una £ yasexs lae xwelaqa yilse- 
tlitsa yasskwe laq. Wa, g"il £ mese la mEgug'Itxa yasEkwaxs lae 

H* k atlalilas laxa onegwllases gSkwe qa halabales wudEx £ Ida. 
Wa, laEm £ nex - qa L!Emx £ wides qa Llaxes, lagilas he gwegilasa 
yasEkwe liiq. Wa, g'il £ mese wudEx £ IdExs lae ax e edxa kadzEkwe 
LE £ wa kMilbayowe. Wa, la deg'itletsa qloyaakwe k - adzEkwe laq 
qa lawayes yasEx £ una £ yas. Wii, giPmese £ wi £ laxs lae gwala. Wa, 

45 laEm gsval laxeq. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 157 

Flounder-Spear. — The first thing to be done by the | flounder- 1 
fisherman is to get a spear-shaft for flounder-fishing. He [ has to get 
tough wood for the prongs. It is split in two | in this manner. 1 It 
is split through the heart, and cut at the ends || which are made 5 
sharp. When this has been done, he takes bird-cherry bark and the | 
shaft, and he so cuts the sides that they are flat, | and he also cuts 
one side of the prongs so that they will fit | on the end of the shaft. 
When he has finished this, he takes the | bird-cherry bark and ties 
it to the prongs and the shaft. || He ties it very tightly. When it is 10 
done, I it is like this: Now the flounder-spear 

is finished. | ^5==™" 

Fishing- Tackle for Flounders. — When a man goes to catch many | 
flounders, he takes the leg-bone of a deer which is | thoroughly dry, so 
that it is white, and he breaks it up || lengthwise into slender pieces. As 1 5 
soon as it is broken up, he measures off | pieces two finger-widths long, 
and breaks them off | at the end, so that they are all the same length. 
When this has been done, | he takes a flat, rough sandstone. He | 
also takes a dish and pours water into it until it is half full. || Then 20 
he puts the sandstone into it; and he takes [ one of the thin bones, 
dips it into the water, and | puts one end against the sandstone and 



Flounder-Spear. — Papa £ yaxa paese, yixs he £ mae gil la axso £ sa 1 
papayaenoxwaxa paeseda saEntslo qa's papayayowa. Wa, he £ me- 
i.al ax £ etso £ seda fcslaxmse qa dzex u besxa xokwe qa £ s malts !e g*a 
gwiilega. 1 Wa, laEm naqteqax domaqas. Wa, la k"!ak!ax u bEndEq 
qa exbes. Wa, glPmese gwalExs hie ax £ t~dxa lEii'wume LE £ wa 5 
saEnts!o. Wa, hi k" !ak - lEWEnodzEndEq qa pepEgEnoses. Wa 
laxae k' !ax £ widxa epsanodza £ yasa dzedzegume qa bEngaaLEles 
laxa oba £ yasa saEntslowe. Wa, g"fl £ mese gwalExs lae ax'edxa 
lEn £ wume qa'"s k" !tlx" £ aLElodes laxa dzedzegume LE £ wa saEnts!owe. 
Wa, laEJii aElaxs lae k" !llk* !ak - 6dEq. Wa, giPmese gwatexs lae 10 
g - a gwiilega (fig.)- W T ;'i, laEm gwala papayayoLaxa paese. 

Fishing-Tackle for Flounders. — Wa, he £ maaxs q!aq!EyoL £ aeda bE- 
gwanEmaxa paese, hi ax £ edEX xaqas g'Qg'Eguyasa gewasaxs lae 
lEmlEmx e unx -£ ida yixs lae momx £ una qa-s tEtEpsEndeq laxes <* il- 
dolase qa wIswuh'Enes. Wii. gil £ mese e wIwe1x"sexs lae niEiis-edEq 15 
yises q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ ye qa nifddEnes awasgEmasasexs lae tEpa- 
lax epsba £ yas qa £ nEmes iiwasgEmasas. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs 
lae &x £ edxa dE £ nasgEme t lesEmaxa pEgEdzowe k' loltsEma. Wa, 
laxae ax £ edxa loc^lwe qa £ s giixts!6desa £ wape laq qa nEgoyoxsda- 
lisexs lae mox"stEntsa dE £ nasgEme tlesEin laq. Wa, la ax £ edx- 20 
£ iiEmts!aqe laxa xaxmEnexwe qa £ s hapstEndes laxa £ wapaxs lae 
tEsalots apsba £ yas laxa dE £ nasgEme tlesEma qa £ s yilsElalax' £ ides 

1 It is cut through the center lengthwise. 



158 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

23 rubs it | until it is sharp-pointed, and he does the same with the 
other end. As | soon as it is sharp-pointed, he rubs the middle part 

25 so that it is round; and when || it is round, it is done. He does this 
with all of them. | When he has finished fifty, he puts them away, for 
that | is the number of bones for the flounder fishing-line. Then he 
takes | hair and twists a length of two | spans; that is, hair of women. 

30 And when he has || enough of these, the same number as the polished 
bones, then he puts them away. He takes | cedar-bark and gives it to 
his wife, and she goes at once | and puts it into the water to soak. 
After it has been there for one night, | the woman takes out the cedar- 
bark and splits it into | long, narrow strips, and she twists it until 

35 it is moderately thick. || When it is forty fathoms long, it is finished. ] 
Then (the man) stretches it outside of the house | tightly, so that it is 
stretched (taut). It remains there for four days. | Then he takes 
down the twisted cedar-bark fishing-line | and coils it up and puts it 

40 down in his house, and then || he takes dried back-sinew of the deer 
and shreds it, and | twists it until it is like thread. As soon as hi' 
has j twisted much of it, he takes the round bones and the twisted- 1 
hair thread and ties one end of / the twisted hair to the 

45 round bone, j He ties the hair || to f the crosspiece a little 

beyond the middle, in this way: Vr- He does this with all of 



23 qa exbax £ Ides. Wii, laxae hi'Em gwex £ Idxa apsba £ ye. Wa, g il- 
£ mese ex'baxs lae yilsElalax £ IdEq qa lex £ Enx £ Ides. Wa, g il £ mese 

25 la lexEiix £ ldExs lae gwala. Wa, la he £ staEm gwex £ Idxa waokwe. 
Wa g'il-mese £ wl £ la gwiila sEkMasgEmgustaxs lae gexaq qaxs b.6- 
£ mae awaxweda xaxEX e Enasa l lagedzayawaxa paese. Wa, la ax £ ed- 
xa sE £ ya qa £ s metledeq qa maemalplEnkes awasgEmasas laxEn 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yixox sE £ yaxsa tsledaqex. Wa, g'iPmese 

30 helala lax £ waxaasasa glxEkwe xaqexs lae gexaq. Wa, lit ax £ ed- 
xa dEnase qa £ s la tslsis laxes gEnEme. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese la 
hapstalisaa laxa wa qa pex £ wldes. Wa, g Tl £ mese xama £ stalisExs 
lae ax £ wu £ stEndEq yixa tslEdaqe laxa dEnase qa £ s dzEdzExsEndeq 
qa ts lefts !Eq!astowes g ilsg ildEdzowa. Wa la mElx £ edEq qa heia- 

35 g'ites. Wa, la mosgEmgostaplEnk'e £ wasgEmasas laxEns baLax. 
Wa, gil £ mese ^valExs lae dox £ wulsaq lax l !asana £ yases g'okwe 
qa £ s lEk!ut!Elseq qa ts!as £ ides. Wa, lii mop!Enxwa £ se E nalas 
he gwex"sExs lae ax £ edxa L!agedzaana £ ye yixa mElkwe dEnsEn 
dEnEma qa £ s qEs £ edeq qa £ s la qEs £ alilaq laxes g'Skwe. Wa, la 

40 ax £ edxa lEinokwe adegesa gewase qa £ s dzEdzExsEndeq qa £ s mEl- 
x' £ ideq qa medEkwes he gwex'sa q!Enyo. Wa, giPmese q!e- 
nErne meta £ yas lae ax e edxa leElx £ Ene xaq LE £ wa medEkwe 
sesE £ yak" !Ena. Wa, la yil £ a.LEl5dalasa leElx £ Ene xaq lax epsba- 
£ yasa medEkwe sE £ ya. Wa, la g'ek"!5lts!a £ ye yiLalaasasa SE £ ya 

45 laxa galodayowe lex ,£ En xaqa g - a g^valeg•a (Jig.). Wa, la £ naxwaEm 



boas] INDUSTRIES 159 

them; | and when they are finished, he gathers | up the ends of the hair 45 
threads and ties them with twisted sinew, | so that they are all gathered 
together, and he hangs them up in the corner of his house. The | 
round cross-bones are hanging downward. || 

Fish-Trap for Perch. — First the man takes | cedar-bark and soaks it in 1 
the river. Then he goes into the woods | carrying his hand-adz ; and 
when he comes to a place where there are | many straight young hem- 
lock-trees, he cuts the tall || slender trees which are a little over four 5 
finger- widths in diameter. | As soon as the tree falls down, he measures 
off four spans. | Then he cuts it off. That is the measure | which he 
uses in cutting off twenty-four pieces of the same length; | and he cuts 
off twenty of them four || linger- widths thick, longer than the first 10 
ones. I After he has done so, lie measures a length of two | spans and 
cuts it off. He cuts sixteen | of this length. After he has done so, | 
he measures them three spans || long and cuts them off. There are 15 
twelve of these all of the same | length. After he has done so, he 
sharpens the points of the twelve. | These will be the posts for the 
perch-trap at one end. | And he also sharpens the sixteen | short ones 
which are two spans in length. || These will be the entrance. And 20 

he' gwex'Idxa waokwe. Wa, g il^mese £ wi £ la gwalExs lae q!ap!ex -£ I- 46 
dEx epsba £ yasa sesE £ yak" !eii qa £ s yil £ idesa medEkwe at !Ema qa 
q lap !exLalesexs lae tex £ walllas lax onegwilases gokwe. Wa, laEm 
bebEnba £ yeda l§Elx -£ Ene galodayu xaqa. 

Fish-Trap for Perch. — Wa, lii'-Em gil ax £ ets5 £ sa bEgwanEnia 1 
dEnase qa £ s la tleltalesaq laxa wa. Wa, lii laxa aLle qa £ s da- 
lexes k'limLayuwe. Wii, g'il'mese lag-aa laxa k" !iq Iwekiilaxa 
qlenEme q!waq!waxmEdzEinxs, wa, lii, tsEk' lExLEndxa giltla 
£ wllaxa IndsEla'me LEkwagawesEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, 5 
g il ; "mese t!ax l£ idExs lae bal e idxa moplEnke laxEns q!waq!waxts!a- 
na £ yex yix £ wasgEmasasexs lae tsEX'sEiidEq. Wii, he £ mis la niEn- 
yayosexs lae hanal tsEtsExs- c alaxa hamotslaqala e nEmasgEma. 
Wa, la et!ed tsEtsEX'SEndxa maltsEmg'ostiiwe modEn laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana = "yex, yix g - iltagawa £ yas lax gilx'de tsEk'es. Wa, 10 
g'ih'mese gwalExs lae bal £ Idxa malp!Eiike laxEns q!waq!waxts!a- 
na e yex yix e wasgEmasasexs lae tsEx'sEiidEq. Wa, la q!EL!Ets!agE- 
giyuwe tsEka £ yas hr-xsa awasgEme. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs lae 
et!ed bab'ldxa yudux u p lEnk'e laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana\yex,yix £ was- 
gEmasasexs lae tsExsEndEq. Wa, la malts !agEgiyowa hex - sa 15 
awasgEme. Wii, g il'"mese gwalExs lae dzodzox u bEndxa malts !agE- 
g-iyowe. Wii, heEm LeLEmltsa L&LEmwayoLe Lfiwaya lax epsba e yas. 
Wa, laxae dzodzox u bEiidEx epsba £ yasa q!EL!Ets!agEg'iyuwe tslEl- 
ts!Ek!waxa maemalplEnqas awasgEmas laxEns q!waq!waxts!iina- 
£ yex yixa xoIoslc.. Wii, g il £ mese £ wi £ la gwala lae ax £ edxa iJoplEke 20 



160 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 36 

21 when it is all done, he takes roots | and ties them together in the 
middle. He puts them together and carries them | home to his house. 
When the tide is half down, | he takes his stone hammer and cedar- 
hark that he had soaked in the river and | carries the posts for the 

25 trap down to the beach, and he || puts them down where the beach is 
not very steep and where it is sandy. He | unties the roots in tbe mid- 
dle of the bundle, and he first takes out one | of the pieces four spans in 
length | for a measure, and he lays it down and he marks along it | in 
this manner. 1 Then he takes it up and lays it down at one end of 

30 the || line, in this maimer, 1 and he marks along it. He takes it up 
again | and lays it down on the other end of the first line, in this 
manner, 1 and he | marks along it. After he has done so, he takes up 
two pieces | two spans in length, and he | puts them down on 
each side of what has been marked, in this way, 

35 and he || marks along them. As soon as this is done, 
lie takes his stone hammer | and one of the posts 




three spans in length, | and he drives it in at (1); and \\ a J^ N "S W 
when | one span and a half shows, | then he takes w"^ \<j 

40 another one and drives it in at (2). When || the top is level with the 
first one, he drives another one in | at (3), and other ones at from 



21 qa £ s yiLoyodes laqexs lae q lap lego x £ widEq qa £ s wlk'ileqexs gaxae 
na £ nakwa laxes gokwe. Wa, g iPmese naEnxsEg'ilaleseda xatsla- 
XElaxs lae ax £ edxes pElpElqe LE £ wa dEnase tleltales laxa wa. Wa, 
hi wlk ilaxa LaLEmwayoLe qa £ s la wlk intsIesElaq laxa LlEma £ ise qa £ s 

25 la wix' e alisaq laxa k'lese alaEin tsedesa laxa ex'stEWese. Wa, la 
qwelodxa ylLoy;1 £ ye LloplEka. Wa, he e mis gil dax £ Itsoseda £ nEm- 
ts'.aqe g'ayol laxa moplEnk'as £ wasgEmase laxEns q!\\aq!wax- 
ts!ana £ yex qa £ s mEnvayowa qa £ s k'atlaliseq. Wa la xtidElEneq 
g - a gwiileg'a. 1 Wa, lii dag'ilisaq qa £ s katlalises lax apsba £ yasa 

30 xuldese ga gwalegaxs 1 lae xuldEfEndEq. Wa, laxae et!ed dag'ilisaq 
qa £ s k"at!alises laxa apsba £ yasa g-ale xultes g - a gwalega. 1 Wa, laxae 
xQldEbsneq. Wit, g-il £ mese gwatexs lae ax £ edxa malts !ac[e laxa 
infilplEiik'as awasgEmase laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex qa £ s ka- 
tEnuralises lax wax - sanodzExsta £ yasa la xQldEkwa g'a gwaleg'a (fig.) 

35 qa £ s xwexuldEfEndeq. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes pElpElqe 
LE £ wa £ nEmts!aqe laxa dzodzoxulayixayudux u p!Enk - as awasgEmase 
laxEns q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ yex qa £ s dex £ waliseq lax (1). Wa, g'il. 
£ mese £ iiEmp'.Enk - a la nelala LE £ wa np>xsa £ ye laxEns q!waq Iwaxts !a- 
na £ yexs lae et'.etsa £ nEmts!aqe dex £ walisaq lax (2). Wii, gil £ mese 

40 £ nEmatox £ wid LE f wa gale deqwesexs lae etletsa £ nEmts!aqe dex £ wa- 
lisaq lax (3). Wa, la etletsa waokwe dex £ walisaq lax (4)— (11). 

1 See outliues of cut on this page. 



boas] INDUSTRIES 161 

(4) to (11). | The last one he drives in at (12). | These are the posts 42 
of the perch-trap. As soon as | this is done, he takes the soaked 
cedar-bark, splits it into long strips, || and, when it is all split, he 45 
takes up | one piece of the stops four spans in length | and lays it 
down at the outer side of the back of the perch- | trap, close to the 
posts. Then he ties it with cedar-bark | to the posts, and he ties it 
together with the back; for he first ties it to || posts (l)-(4), which are 50 
the back-stop. As soon as this is done, he takes | another one of the 
same length and lays it down on top | of what he has already tied on 
the back-stop at post (4), and he ties it on to | the hack-stop and the 
side-stop, and he ties the side-stops on to posts | (5), (6), and (7). 
When this is done, || he takes another one of the same length and lays 55 
it down on the | upper side of the side-stop at post (1). He ties it on, 
and | ties the side-stop to posts (12), (11), and (10). When this is 
done, he takes one of the pieces two spans in length, | with sharp 
point towards (9), and || he places the thick end under the side-stop 60 
at (10). | Then he ties together the entrance and the side-stop at 
(10), and he ties the entrance to | (9), and he does the same with 
(7) and (8). When | this is done, he takes another one of the four- | 
span sticks and places it over the || side-stops, and he ties it together 65 

Wa, la etledxa alElxsda £ ye E nEmts!aqa dex £ walisaq lax (12). Wa, 42 
hcErn dzddzoxiilasa LaLEmwa_yuwe Lawayowa. Wa, g'ilmiese gwa- 
Iexs lae ax £ edxa pegEkwe dEnasa qa £ s dzEdzExsEinleq qa g'ilsg il- 
stowes ts!elts!Eq!astowa. Wa, giFmese £ wI £ we1xsexs lae dax £ idxa 45 
£ nEints!aqe laxa mop!Eiikas £ wasgEmase laxEus q!\vaq!\vaxts!a- 
na £ yex qa £ s katlalises lax l !asadza £ yas awap!a J yasa LaLEmwayowe 
Lawayowa mak 'Jink' tene lax dzodzoxulaxs lae yib'itsa dEnase laxa 
dzodzoxula qa £ s yaLodesa Enixap!a £ ye LE £ we heEin gil yaLotsose 
(l)-(4) LEWa Emxap!a £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae ax^edxa 50 
mEmts !aqexa he^maxat ! £ wasgEine qa £ s k'at lEndes laxa ek" !ot !Eiia- 
E yasa la yiLElaLEla Emxap!a £ ya lax (4). Wa, laxae yaLodxa Emxa- 
p!a e ye le £ w.i EmxEiiwa e j r e. Wa, laxae yaLodxa EmxEnwa £ ye lax 
(5) ; wii, la heEmxat! gwex' £ idEx (6) lo £ (7). Wa, g'il £ mese gwatexs 
lae ax £ edxa £ nEmts!aqexa he £ maxat! £ wasgEme qa £ s kat!Endes la- 55 
xa ek' !ot !Ena £ yasa Emxap !a £ ye lax (1) . Wa, la yaLodEq. Wa, la et !ed 
yaLodxa EmxEnwa £ ) T e lo £ (12) lo £ (11), hemiise (10). Wa, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae dax £ idxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa malp!Eiikas awasgEmase 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex qa £ s gwebales ex'ba £ vas lax (9), lae 
kat!Entsa LEx u ba £ ye lax bEnk' !ot !Ena £ yasa EmxEnwa £ ye lax (10) 60 
lae yaLodxa xdlsoe lax (10) LE £ wa EmxEnwa £ ye. Wa, la yaL5dEx 
(9) LE £ wa xolose. Wa, la, heEmxat! gwex' £ IdEx (7) lo £ (8). Wa, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae et!ed dax £ ldxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa mop!Enke laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix £ wasgEmasa qa £ sk'at!Endes lax ek"!ot!Ena- 
£ yasa EmxEnwa £ ye. Wa, la yaLodEq l0 £ (1) lo £ (2) lo £ (3) ; wii, 65 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 11 



162 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



[ETH. ANN. 36 



66 at (1), (2), (3), and | (4). When this is done, he takes another one of 
the same | length and lays it on top of the back-stop, and he | ties 
it at (1), (12), (11), and (10), and he does the same | with the other 

70 side at the entrance. As soon as there are eight || rows, it is finished. 
Then he takes pieces four spans and | four finger-widths in length 
and puts them down, and he | takes up another one and lays it on it, 



in this manner: 
and he places the 
he also ties them 
75 takes up another 
width | apart 




He | ties them together at (1), 
other ones on (2) and (3), and | 
at (4). When this is done he 
one || and places it one finger- 
from the first one and ties it on at 



both ends; and | he continues tying on all the others, going towards 
(4) and (3). As | soon as it is all covered, it is like this. 
When it is finished, he | goes up from the beach and 

80 breaks off hemlock-branches in the woods. He || carries 
them down to where he is making the perch-trap and 
puts them down, and he goes up again and takes small : 
clams, which he gets for bait | for his fish-trap. He car- 
ries them down and breaks the shells of the clams | and scatters them 
in the trap. As soon as this is done, he puts | the cover over the trap. 

85 He puts hemlock-branches on top of it, so that || it is dark inside, and 
he places four large stones | on top of the hemlock-branches to keep 
it under water. Then it is done. | 




g'6 he £ mise (4). Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae etled dax" £ Idxa he £ maxat! 
£ wasgEme qa £ s kat lEndes lax ek" lot !Eiia £ yasa Emxap !a £ ye. Wa, laxae 
yaLodEq lax (1) lo £ (12) l5 £ (11); wa, he £ mise (10). Wa, laheEmxat! 
gwex £ ldxa apsanft £ ye LE £ wa xolose. Wa, gil £ mese malgunalts !a- 

70 kostfdaxs lae gwala. Wa, la dax' £ Idxa sayak!ap!Enk - Elasa 
modEne laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex qa £ s k'atlalise. Wii, la da- 
x'ldxa £ nEmts!aqe qa £ s katbEndes laq; ga gwiilega (fig.). Wa, la 
yaLodEx (1). Wa, lii etled k'atbsntsa waokwe lax (2 — 3), wa la 
yaLodEq (4). Wa g - il £ mese gwalExs lae etled dax -£ Idxa £ nEmts!aqe 

75 qa £ s katledes laxa e nEmdEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix awa- 
lagiilaasas LE £ wa gale ax £ a.LElodayosexs lae yaelbEndEq. Wa, lii 
ha £ nal yil £ aLElodalasa waokwe lalag'aaLElaa lax (4) l5 £ (3). Wa, 
gil £ mesE Emdzoxs lae g'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wii, g il £ mese gwalExs lae 
lasdesa laxa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s la LlEx £ wIdEx qlwaxa laxa aiJe qa £ s 
lii gEmxEnts lesElaq lax ax £ etsasas LaLEmwayowas Lawayowa. Wa, 
lii xwelax £ tisdesa qa £ s lii ax £ ed laxa g - aweq!anEme tatelanEms 
qaes Lawayowe. Wii, lii dEntslesElaq qa £ s lii tEptsIalasa tele gawe- 
qlanEma qa £ s gwelalts !6dales laq. Wii, gil £ mese gwatexs lae paqE- 
yotsa sala laxa Lawayowe. Wa, lii xESEyintsa qhvaxe laq qa 

ok p!EclEk - iles. Wa, lii t UiqEyindalasa mosgEme awiikwas tlesEm 
lax 6ku £ ya £ yasa qlwaxe qa 'wunsalayos. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 



80 



boas] INDUSTRIES 163 

Net for Sea-Eggs. — You know already how nettle-bark | is cleaned 1 
and what is done with it. When it is put | on the netting-needle, they 
take the netting-measure, which is half a finger wide | and four 
finger-widths || long, and they net on it. | After they have netted 5 
three spans in length, the ends are netted together. Thus | the 
mouth is three spans around, and they net downward; | and as soon as 
it is two spans long, | they net the bottom together. Then the scraping- 
net for flat sea-eggs is like a basket. || It is this way: -smg^ After he 10 
has finished netting it, | he takes his ax and gnes fjgSSJj UI,<I the 
woods looking for the root of yellow-cedar; | and tttHBfl when he 
finds a yellow-cedar tree, he digs out a root *§B*' which is | 
moderately thick, and he measures five spans | and then cuts it off. 
He splits it through the || heart; and when it is in two parts, he chops | 15 
off the heart on one side so that it all comes off, and he chops off the | 
sap. Then he tries to make it half a finger | thick; and he chops off 
the two edges, so that it is two finger-widths wide, | its whole length 
from end to end. || After finishing it, he carries it out of the woods and 20 
takes it into his house; | and he puts it down on the floor, and he takes 
his crooked knife, | sits down, and takes the yellow-cedar wood and 
he shaves | the two edges straight; and after doing so, | he shaves off 

Net for Sea-Eggs. — Wii, laEmLas q!a,LElax gwegilasaxa gunaxs 1 
lae axsE £ wa LE £ wa e naxwa eaxeneq. Wa, gil c mese la qEtts!oyo 
laxa yEgayo lae ax £ edxa ts lEwekwexa k" lodEnosElas wagwasas 
laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wii, la modEn laxEns q!waq!wax - - 
ts!ana £ yex ylx £ wasgEinasas. Wii, la, ylxEntsa.gunelaq. Wa, lii 5 
yudux u p!Enke £ \vasgEmasasexs lae yaqodEX 6ba £ yas. Wa, laEm 
yudux ll p!Ex - site £ wadzEg'ixstaasas. Wa, la ylqaxodEq. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese malplEnke £ wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yaxs lae 
yaqodEx 6xsda £ yas qa £ s yiwlla gwexsa L!abatexa xElodzayowaxa 
amdEma. Wa, laEm g'a gwiilega (fig.)- Wii, g'ihniese gwal yiqaqexs 10 
lae ax £ edxes sobayowe c^a^s lii laxa arJe aliix L!op!Ek - asa dexwe. 
Wa, g'IPmese q!axa dex"mEsaxs lae £ lap!ldEx LloplEkasxa hela- 
gite LloplEka. Wa, la bal-idxa sEk"!ap!Enk"e laxEns q!waq!waxv 
ts!ana J yex ylx £ wasgEinasasexs lae tsExsEndEq. Wit, lii naq.'Eqax 
domaqasexs lae xox u sEndEq. Wa, g'il'mese malts !exs lae sopa- 15 
lax -£ id apsodile domaqs c[a £ wPlawes. Wa, lii sopalax -£ idEx xodze- 
g"a £ yas. Wa, laEm laloLla qa k'lodEnes laxEns q!waq!waxts!a- 
na £ yex yix wagwasas. Wii, lii sop !edEx ewiinxa E yas qa maldEnes £ wa- 
dzEwasas laxEns q!waq!waxts!iina £ yex hebEndala lax £ wiisgEmasas. 
Wii, g'IPmese gwatexs lae dalt !alaq qa £ s lii daeLElaq laxes g - ok\ve. 20 
Wa, la katlalilaq qa £ s ax £ edexes xElxwala k'lawayowa. Wii, la 
klwagalila qa £ s dax -£ idexa dEyddzowe. Wii, he £ mis g'il k"!ax- 
£ wlts6 £ se ewunxa £ yas qa naEnqEnxEles. Wa, g'IPmese gvvalExs lae 
k!6dzodEx apsadzE £ yas qa qedzEdzowes. Wii, g'Umiese gwalExs 



164 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL, [eth. ANN. 36 

25 the one flat side so that it is smooth. After doing so, he || turns it 
over and shaves off the other side until it has a thin edge, | and it 
is half a finger thick. | After doing so, he takes a basket, goes to the 
beach, | picks up stones, which he puts into the basket. | When he 

30 has enough, he carries them on his back into his || house and puts them 
down by the side of the fire. | He puts the stones on the fire, and he 
takes the basket and he | goes down again to the beach and plucks off 
dulce; | and when his basket is full, he carries it up the beach | into 

35 his house, and he puts it down on the floor. || Then he digs a hole by 
the side of the fire of the same length | as the stick of yellow cedar 
which is to be steamed to make a hoop for the scraping-net. One | 
span is the width of the hole that he is digging, | and its depth is the 
same. When this'is finished, he takes | mats, so that they are ready 

40 for use, and he takes the tongs to put || the red-hot stones into the 
hole, and he puts them into the hole that has already been dug. | 
When it is nearly full, he takes his didce and throws it on the | red- 
hot stones; and when a thick layer has been put on, | he puts the 
yellow-cedar stick on it, and he takes | more dulce and throws it on 

45 to it; and as soon as there is a || thick layer of dulce on the yellow 
cedar, he takes water and | throws a little on top the whole length of 
the yellow-cedar stick, | and he covers it over with mats. After he 

25 lae lex £ Id qa £ s k' ladzodex &psiidza £ yas qa pElesa apsEnxa £ ye. 
Wa, laLa k' !odEnx - sa £ ma apsEnxa £ ye laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. 
Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s la laxa L!Ema £ ise 
qa £ s la t!iiqax tlesEma qa £ s lii t!iixts!alas laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, 
gil £ mese hel £ ats!axs lae oxLosdesa qa £ s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes 

30 g okvve qa £ s lii 5xLEgalilas lax mag-inwalisases lEgwlle. Wa, la 
xE £ x u LEnts laxes lEgwlle. Wii, la xwelaqa ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s lii 
xwelaqEnts !es liixa LlEma £ ise. Wa, lii k!ulx £ Id laxa LlEsLlEkwe. 
Wa, gil £ mese qotle lExa £ yasexs lae 6xLEx £ id qa f s lit oxLosdesEla 
qa £ s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe qa £ s lii oxLEg'alilaq. Wa, lii 

35 £ lap labia laxa mag'inwalilases lEgwllaxa £ nEmasgEme lo £ nEkaso- 
Lasxa dEyodzowe qEX"ExsteLasa xElodzayowe. Wii, la £ nEmp!Enk' 
laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix £ wadzEqawilasas £ lapa £ yas. Wii, lii 
heEmxat! £ walabEtalile. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 15e1- 
wa £ ye qa g'axes gwa £ lila. Wii, lii ax £ edxa ts!esLala qa £ s k'lipledes 

40 laxa x'ix'ixsEmala tlesEma qa £ s lii k'!ipts!alas laxa £ labEgwelkwe. 
Wa, la Elaq q5t!axs lae ax £ edxa LlEsLlEkwe qa £ s lEXEyindes lax 
oku £ ya £ yasa x - ix - ixsEmala tlesEma. Wii, g-il £ mese waklwaxs lae 
ax £ edxa dEyodzowe qa £ s paqlEqes laq. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 
waokwe L!ESL!Ekwa qa £ s lExeg'indes laq. Wii, gil £ mese la wax u - 

45 wiinaya LlEsLlEkwe laxa dEyodzoxs lae ax £ edxa £ wape qa £ s 
xELlEx £ Ide tsadzELEyints lax £ wasgEmasa kunyasaxa dEyodzowe. 
Wa, lii nas £ itsa le £ wa £ ye laq. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 



boas] INDUSTRIES 165 

has finished, he takes a | round billet, and he cuts it with an ax un- 
til it is round. | Its size is three spans around. || When it is done, he 50 
takes thin cedar-bark rope, so that it is | ready for use. After it has 
been steaming quite a while, he | takes off the covering mats and he 
pulls out the yellow-cedar wood that has been steamed, | and he puts 
it around the end of the round piece of fire-wood, | and he ties it 

tightly to the fire-wood, in this manner: ]TT\ After he has tied 

it on with a || rope, he heats it by the iLAJ fi re f ^ e h ouse _ 55 

Now I he heats it all roimd until it is burnt black. Then he takes 
tallow and | rubs it on it while it is still warm. When it is cov- 
ered I with tallow, he puts it down in the corner of the house, until 
it I cools off quickly. Now he wants it to become brittle and || to GO 
retain its hoop shape and to not spring back again. | Therefore 
the tallow is put on. When it gets cool, he | takes the hoop for the 
mouth of the scraping-net for flat sea-eggs, and he takes the | drill 
and drills ten holes to sew on | the mouth of the scraping-net. After 
he has done so, it is || in this manner: x^c^ Then he takes the 65 
scraping-net and | nets its mouth to the ff J\ hoop. It is a dif- 
ferent kind of I nettle-bark twine that ^lff' he puts through the 
drill-holes. It passes through I two meshes. As soon as 

this is done, he takes a small | hemlock- " tree two fathoms 



lex £ Ene lEqwa qa £ s k'!iml E Ideq qa lex' £ Enes. Wa, he £ mis qa 48 
yiidux u p!Ense s stes £ wagidasas laxEns q !waq !wax - tsana £ yex. Wa, 
giT'mese gwalExs lae fix £ edxa £ wlle dEnsEn dEnEma qa g'axese 50 
g\va r llia. Wa, gll £ mese gagiyala la g'iye kunsasE £ wasexs lae 
nasodEx naylmas leElwa'ya. Wa, la lEX £ uqodxes kunsasE £ we 
dsyodza. Wil, la qEx - se £ stEnts lax 6ba £ yasa k!ax u baakwe lEqwa. 
Wa, la yil-idxa max -£ ina £ yaxa lsqwa (Jig.). Wa,gfl £ mese gwal yiLasa 
dEiiEme laqexs lae pExi £ dEq laxa lEgwllases gokwe. Wa, laEm 55 
pEx - se £ stalaq qa k!iimElx £ Ides. Wa, lit ax f edxa yasEkwe qa £ s 
dzEk'Ildzodes laqexs he e mae ales tslElqwe. Wa, gil £ mese hamEl- 
se £ steda yasEkwe laqexs lae ax £ alllas laxa onegwilases gokwe qa 
odax £ Ides wudEx -£ ida. Wa, laEm £ nex' qa L!Emx £ wIdes qa 
xak' !Eiuts !awes lax laena £ yas wakala qa k!eses edesa dzax £ wida. 60 
Wa, heEin lag'ilasa yasEkwe laq. Wa, gil £ mese wudEx -£ idExs lae 
axodxa wiilg'ixsteLasa xElodzayaxa amdEma. Wii, la ax £ edxa 
sElEme qa £ s sElEmx'sodexa nEqadzEqe sEla £ ya qa nEyimxso- 
watsa t !EmgExsta £ yasa xElodzayowe. Wa, gil-'mese gwafcxs lae 
g-a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, la ax £ edxa ylgEkwe xElodzayo, la £ me 65 
ytxdzodEq laxa willg'ixsteLas. Wii, laEm 5gu £ laEm medEk" 
giink'.Ene la nexsoyos laxa sesEla £ ye qa £ s la hex'sala laxa mae- 
maltsEmtowe ytgela £ ya. Wa, gih'mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa wile 
qwaxasa malplEnke £ wasgEmasas laxEns baLax. Wa, la k" laxalax 




166 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. se 

70 in length, cuts off || the bark and the sap ; and when it is all off, he 
cuts | off the thick end so that it is flat, and he puts t on the end of 
his scraping-net | for flat sea-eggs to serve as a net- 
handle, for thus is called what they tie to the end of it; | 
and he takes a split spruce-root and ties the | scrap- 
ing-net for small, flat sea-eggs to the end of the net- 

75 handle. After he has || done so, it is in this way: 
1 Staging for drying Roots. — After they have eaten, | they go out of 
the house. Immediately (the man) goes into the woods, | carrying 
his ax, and he cuts down four | good-sized long, straight cedar-trees 
5 that have no branches. He measures off || three fathoms and cuts 
them off. | The four sticks are each three fathoms in length. | Then 
he measures off one fathom and | cuts them off, and he chops off 
eight of the same length. | As soon as all these have been cut off one 

10 fathom in length, || he sharpens one end. When | all the ends are 
sharp, he carries them on his shoulders and | carries them into his 
house, and he throws them down where he is going to put them up 
for | a staging. When they are all in the house, he takes one | of the 
sharpened sticks and drives it into the ground close to the inner | 

1 5 back-rest in the corner of the right-hand side of the house ; and when 
it is | two spans in the ground, he | takes another one of the sharp- 

70 xE £ x u w £ iina £ yas lo £ xodzeg'a £ yas. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ laxs lag kMax- 
£ \\ r ldEX LE £ x u ba £ yas qa pepEgEnoses. Wa, la. axbEntsa xElodzayo- 
waxa amdEina laxa xElospleqe qaxs he e mae LegEmsa lal yilbayaats. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa dzEdEkwe Lloptelcsa alewase qa £ s yil £ aLElodesa 
xElodzayowaxa amdEina lax Gba £ yasa XElospleqe. Wa, g'll £ mese 

75 gwalExs lae ga gwaleg'a {fig.)- 
1 Staging for drying Roots. — -Wa, g - il £ mese gwal LlExwaxs lae 
hoqiiwElsa qa £ s lit laxes gokwe. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese la laxa aLle 
dak lotElaxes sobayowe qa £ s lii sopIsxSdxa m5ts!aqe g'llsgiltla 
ha £ yal £ ag"it ek - etEla naEnk'Ela dzESEkwa. Wit, lit bal £ idEq qa 
5 yaeyodux u p!Enk - es laxEns baLaqe awasgEmasasexs lae sopsEndEq. 
Wa, la £ me £ nEmax'e awasgEmasasa motslaqe lax yudux u p!Enke 
laxEns baLax. Wii, lii et!ed bal £ idxa £ nEinp!Enke laxEns baLiixs 
lae sopsEndEq. Wit, lit malgiinalts!aqa sopa £ yas hexsa awasgEme. 
Wit, g'il £ mese £ wI £ wElxs £ eda £ nal £ nEmp!Eiik'as awasgEmase laxEns 

10 baLiixs lae dzodzox u bEndEx epsba £ yas qa eex'bes. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ wi £ la la dzodzox u baakiixs lae yilkulsaq qa £ s lit yilx £ wult!alaq qa £ s 
lit yilgweLElaq laxes g'okwaxs lae yilx £ walllaq laxes ax £ alilasLasa 
k'lagllLe. Wit, gil £ mese £ wI £ laeLaqexs lae &x £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe 
laxa dzodzox u baakwe qa £ s dex £ waliles laxa mag - idz;i £ yasa tsaq!Ex- 

15 La £ ye lax onegwilasa hclklotewalllasa g'okwe. Wit, g - il £ mese 
malplEnke £ walabEtal!lasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae 
ax £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe dzodzox u baakwa qa £ s dex £ wallles laxa 



boas) INDUSTRIES 167 

ened sticks and drives it into the floor | one span distant from the 18 
first | post; and he takes one of the long sticks for a crosspiece and |j 
lays it down outside, in this manner: Then he 20 

takes another one | of the sharpened poles and drives 

it down at the other end of the long stick that he had laid down ; | and 
when it is two spans in the ground, | he takes the other sharpened 
stick, | places it at the same distance as at the other end, and drives 
it into the floor. || When it is also two spans deep in the ground, | he 25 
takes his hand-adz and adzes off the tops | of all the posts, so that 
they are hollowed out. These are called "notches for the beams," 
and | they are in this manner: M As soon as they 

have all been notched out on top, I I | he takes a 

beam and places it over the post || at one end, and he puts the 30 
other end on the top of the other post, | so that it is in this man- 
ner: (_^ ; J) When the staging is finished, he 

| the baskets with long cinquefoil-roots 
— and he does the same along the other 



puts 

on it, • 

side. | 35 

Frame for drying Berries. — Now we will talk about the work | of 1 
the husband of the woman, for ho does not sit still in his house while ] 
his wife is picking elderberries. First he has to look' for a good | 
cedar-log which is soaked in water and soft, for this splits straight. || 
After he has found one, he chops it with his ax on the under side. | 5 

£ nEmp!Enke laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex, yix awalagolilasasa Le- ig 
Lame. Wii, lii ax E edxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa k' !axdEmaLe qa £ s 
k - at!aliles lax iJasalllas g - a gwiileg'a (fig.), lii ax £ edxa £ nEints!aqe 20 
laxa dzodzox u baakwe qa £ s dex £ waliles laxa apsba E yasa la k'adela. 
Wa, gil £ Emxaawise malptenke £ walabEtalilasas laxEns q!wa-- 
q!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae ax £ edxa £ nEnits!aqe dzodzox u baakwa qa £ s 
na/naxts'owex awalagolilasasa apsba £ yaxs lae dexbEtalllaq. Wa, 
gll'Emxaawise malplEnk'e £ walabEtalilasas laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!a- 25 
na £ yex lae ax £ edxes klimLayowe qa £ s lclimLEtodeq cja xiibEtowes 
E naxweda LeLame. HeEin LegadEs cjlasexa kats.'EwasLasa k'laxdE- 
maxa g'a gwiilega (fig.). Wa, gIPmese £ wFla la q!eq!adzEkwa oxta- 
£ yasa LeLamaxs lae ax £ edxa k'laxdEma qa £ s k'adEtodes laxa Lamasa 
apsba e ye. Wa, laxae ogwaqa kadEtotsa apsba £ yas laxa Lame. 30 
Wa, la £ me g'a gwaleg'axs (fig.) lae gwala k - !ag'ile qa g'exdEmasa 
Laxabatsle LliiLlabata. Wa, lii heEm xat! gwex ,£ Idxa apsodEq!a. 

Frame for drying Berries. — Wa, la £ mesEns gwagwex'sEx £ idEl lax 1 
lil-wiinEmasa ts!Edaqaxs k'!esae km klwael laxes g'okwaxs lae 
ts!exes gEiiEmaxa tslexina. Wii, heEm gil la alaso e se ek'a k!wax- 
Lawaxa k!unk!iinq!Eqexa tElqwe qaxs lie c "mae eg'aqwa lax pats.'asE- 
E we. Wii, g'iPmese q!iiqexs lae sopletses sobayowe laxa wIlEme qa £ s 5 
tEmx u bEtEndeq g'a gwiileg'a (fig.), gil £ mese nEg5yode tEmkwa e yas 



168 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 3b 

6 He chops into it this way : Q t^ \ As soon as he has chopped 
half way down | to the heart of the wood, he 
measures from the place where he has | chopped nine spans of our 

10 hand. | Then he chops in, and cuts in || as deep as before at the other 

end. Then he stops chopping. Now it is | in this way: ^ ^ ^ — . 

Then he takes his wedges and drives them in at the ^ 

end | of (1), towards the top of the cedar- tree; and he uses his stone 
hammer to drive them in ; | and when he has a piece wedged off, he turns 

it over on its back. Then it is in this way : | / - — -^ > Then he 

wedges the piece which he has cut off from ^ the tree 

15 into pieces. He splits it up small enough so that he || can carry it out 
of the woods. After he has cut it into pieces, he carries it home on his 
shoidder | out of the woods and into his house. There he| throws it 
down in the corner of the house ; and after all has been carried out, 
he | takes his adz and puts it down. He also takes his straight | knife, 

20 his wedge, and his stone hammer, and he || splits off the thickness of one 
of our fingers ; | and when it has come off, he measures pieces two finger- 
widths | in width. He takes his straight knife and | splits the wood with 
it. He continues to do so until he has many of the same size. | When 

25 he thinks he has split out enough, he takes his straight || knife and one 
of the cedar-sticks which he has split and cuts it well | and straight on 
one side, so that it is straight and flat. | After he has done so, he turns 

7 lax lalaa lax domaqas lae baHtses q!waq!waxts!ana'ye g - ag"tLEla 
laxes tEmkwa'ye. Wa, la £ na £ nEmap!Enk' laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!a- 
na £ yex yix baxa £ yasexs lae tEmx e widEq. Wa, g-il £ Emxaawise la 

10 £ nEmale £ walabEdasas i.E-"wa apsba f yaxs lae gwal sopaq. Wa, laEm 
gagwiilega (Jig.). Wa, lii &x £ edxes LEmlEmg'ayowe qa £ s qlwaelbEn- 
des lax (1) xa wllEta £ yasa welkwe. Wii, lit pElgEtEweses pElpElqe 
laq. Wa, g"il*mese iiEi.axe latoyas laxa welkwaxs lae g'a gwiileg'a 
(Jig.). Wa, la LEinlEinx'SEndxes latoyowe. Wa, a £ mese gwanala qa £ s 

15 lakweses ([5 lal ytlx £ ult lalaLEq. Wa,g'il £ mese £ wI £ we1xsexs lae veIx 
e widEq qa s s yilx £ ult lalaq qa £ s lii yilgweLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wa, lii 
vElx £ walilaq lax onegwilases g'okwe. Wii, g"il £ mese £ wI £ lolt!axs lae 
ax £ edxes k"!imLayowe lit g'lg'alilaq. Wa, he £ misLaLes nExx"alak"!a- 
wayowe. Wa, lii ax £ edxes LEmg'ayowe LE £ we pElpElqe. Wii, lii 

20 latodxa £ nEindEiie laxEns q!wiiq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yix wagwasas. 
Wa, g'Il £ mese lawiixs lae mEns £ Itsa maldEne laxEns q!wiiq!wax'ts!a- 
na £ yex qa £ wadzEwatsex, lae ax £ edxes nExxiila k - !awayowa qa £ s 
xox ll sEndeq. Wii, lii bex'siiEm gweg"ilaxa q!enEme hex'sa, awagwite. 
Wa, gil £ mese k - otaq laEm helales xa £ yaxs lae ax £ edxes nExxiila 

25 k'lawayowa LE £ wa £ nEints!aq laxes xa £ ye klwaxLawa qa £ s aek - !e 
k" laxwax apsot !Ena £ yas qa nEqEles ; wii, he £ mis cja pEx £ Enes. Wii, 
g'iPmese gwalExs lae lex -£ IdEq qa £ s k"!ax £ wldex awlg'a £ yas qa lene- 



boas] INDUSTRIES 169 

it over and cuts the back so that it is round | and also straight. After 28 
doing so, he takes another one [ and does the same as he did to the first 
one he made, and he || continues doing so with the others. When all 30 
have been cut out, he | splits some smaller than our little finger. He 
takes | his straight knife and cuts them square. | When he thinks he 
has enough of these, he measures these off | two spans and two finger- 
widths J! in length. Then he cuts them off. There are many of 35 
these | which he has cut the same length. After they have been done, 
he takes his | wedge and Ms stone hammer and he wedges the other | 
cedar-sticks into thin pieces. When they are all in pieces, he takes 
his | straight knife and the cedar-sticks which he has wedged into 
pieces and || splits them into small pieces with his straight [ knife, so 40 
that they arc the thickness of half the thickness of our little finger. | 
Now he has split out very many. After doing so, he takes the | first 
one which he made two finger-widths in width, and he cuts | square 
holes a little larger than the size, of our little finger || four finger-widths 45 
from the end of what he | is cutting. As soon as the hole passes 
through, he measures | two spans from this hole, and there he makes 
another hole; | and when it also passes through, he measures off two 
more spans | from the last hole he made; and he continues to do so, 
proceeding to the end of the stick. |[ As soon as this side-stick has been 50 



g'es lo £ qa riEqEles. Wii, giFmese gwalExs lae etledxa £ nEmts!aqe. 28 
Wit, aEinxae nanaxtslE waxes gilx'de axa £ ya. Wa, ax'sa^mese he 
gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wii, giFmese £ wi £ la la k- lakwa. Wii, la et led 30 
xox'wldxa wawilalagawa £ yasEns sEltlax'tslana'yex. Wa, lii ax s ed- 
xes nExxiila k'lawayowa qa E s k' laxHvldeq qa k' !EWElx £ unes. 
Wa, g il'Emxaawise k'otax laEm helalaxs lae baHdEq ytse q!wa- 
q!wax"ts!ana £ yaxa malplEnk'e hennisa maldEne babELawe laxEns 
q!wac[!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae k' limts lEiulEq. Wii, laEmxae q leiiEme 35 
k' !imta £ yas he gwex'se. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes 
LEmg'ayowe LE^wis pElpElqe qa^s LEmlEmx'salexa waokwe klwax- 
i.awa qa pElspadzowes. Wii, g'lPniese £ wI £ wQ1x'sexs lae &x e edxes 
nExx'iila k'lawayowa qa £ s laxat! ax £ edxes LEmk'asox u de klwax- 
Lawa. Wii, lii helox u s £ End xoxox u salaq yfses nExx'ala klawa- 40 
yowe laq qa k !f>dEnes wagwasas laxEns sElt!ax"ts!ana s yex. Wa, 
lii alak'lala qlenEme xa £ yas. Wii, gll £ mese gwalExs lae ax ; edxes 
gilx'de axa £ yaxa maemaklEnas awadzEwase. Wii, lii klex'sodxa 
k' !EWElx u stowe halsElaEm lalexalagawesEns sElt!ax'ts!ana e yex ylxs 
modEnae laxEns q!waq!wax'tsiina e yex g'ag'iLEla lax oba £ yase 45 
k'!ex'sotsE £ was; g'iPmese lax'sawe k" !esoda £ yasexs lae baHtses 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yaxa malplEnk'e g'ag'iLEla lax k'lexsoda-yas. 
Wii, gik'Emxaawise lax'saxs lae etled bal £ idxa malplEnk'e g'iig'f- 
LEla lax ale k'lex'sodes. Wa, frnuse he gwemakiilax labEiidalae. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwala l Ian !ExEnwa £ yaxs lae g'a gwaleg'a {jig.). Wa, 50 



170 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth.ann.S6 

51 finished, it is this way: ' ' Then he | puts it down. Then 

he takes the other one and puts it down by the side of the one that \ 
he has finished, and he marks it according to the first one, so 
that the hole that he is to make will be in the corresponding place ; | 
and after he has marked it, he cuts the holes through it; and when 
these are | finished, he takes a square piece of the size of our little 

55 finger || and two spans and two finger-widths in length, | which is 
called "crosspiece for tying on." He measures one | finger-width 
from the end of it. Then | he takes his straight knife and cuts a 
notch around it. He cuts off | a little all round, so that it fits into 

60 the hole of the side-stick. He || pushes it through the hole that he has 
cut; and when he has cut off enough | so that it fits in tight for the 
end to pass through, | he only stops pushing it in when | it fits tightly 
against the shoulder of the notch, | he does the same with the other end 
of the | crosspiece as he did to the former end. After | doing so, he 

65 continues the same with the others ; and || when all of them have been 

finished, it is in this way : After this has been done, | 

he takes cedar-bark and i | 2 | 3 | 4 | -s | e [ soaks it in water. After 
doing so, I betakes the ~ thin pieces of cedar- wood 

half as I thick as our little finger and one finger-width | in width. These 

70 are to be the middle sticks. When he has || put them all down at the 
place where he is sitting making the drying-frame, after | they have 
all been brought there, he takes the soaked cedar-bark and puts it 

51 la k'at!alilaq qa £ s ax £ edexa £ nEmts!aqe; la kadEnodzEllias laxa 
la gwala. Wa, la xult !edEq qa naqallltsa k - !ek' lex'sEwakwe. Wii, 
g-il £ mese gwal xultaqexs lae k - .'Eylmxsala. Wa, g!l £ Emxaawise 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa k* !EWElx £ unexa yo £ wiigitEns sElt!ax"ts!ana- 

55 £ yexxa hamaldEngala laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex awasgEmas. 
W'.i, lieEin LegadEs k'!Elx - dEma gayege. Wa, la mEns £ Itsa £ nEm- 
dEne laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex g'ag^LEla laxa oba £ yasexs lae 
ax £ edxes nExx'fila k - !awayowa qa £ s k - !imtse £ staleq. Wa, xaiJEX' £ Id 
k - !ax u se £ stala qa heladzEqElis laxa L!aL!EXEnxa £ ye. Wii, lanaxwe 

60 LlEnxstots laxes k' !ex'soda £ ye. Wii, g'JPmese helale tEk'alaena- 
£ yases lae lax'sawe oba £ yas. Wa, al £ mese gwiil q lomtaqexs lae wala 
lax k'!imtse £ stalaso £ x"diis. Wa, laxae heEin gwex -£ idxa apsba £ yasa 
k - !Elx - dEma gayeg"a £ ya, ylxes gwex ,£ idaasaxa &psba £ yas. Wa, g"il- 
£ mese gwala £ nEmts!aqaxs lae hex'siiEm gweg'ilaxa waokwe; g'll- 

65 £ mese £ wl £ la gwalExs lae g-a gwiileg'a (fig.). Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs 
lae ax £ edxa dsnase qa £ s lii pex u stEnts laxa £ wape. Wa, g"il £ mese 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa pepatslaakwe pelspEle k!wek!wagEdzowaxa 
k'!odEnas wagwase laxEns sElt!ax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, lii £ nEm<lEne 
awadzE £ wasas liixEns q !waq !wax - ts !ana e ye, ylxa iiExtsIa,. Wii, g'il- 

70 £ mese g"ax £ wllg - alll lax k Iwaelasasexs k - !ltk - lEdeselae. Wii, g - tl £ mese 
£ wllg'alilExs lae ax £ edxa pex u stallle dEnasa qa £ s g'axe g'eg'alilasexs 



uoas] INDUSTEIES 171 

down. | He calls his wife to split it into narrow strips, | and she 72 
immediately comes and sits down and | splits the cedar-bark into 
narrow strips for him to tie on the middle sticks of the || drying-frame. 75 
After splitting off one strip, she gives it to her | husband. He takes 
it, and also one of the split sticks from | the middle sticks of the 
drying-frame, and he puts it on at (1) and close | to (7), 1 and he ties 
it on with split cedar-bark, | and he sees to it that there is no turn in 
the cedar-bark. After tying it on, he takes up || another one of 80 
the split sticks and places it alongside of the first one, | which 
he put on also at (1). Then he ties it also to the crosspiece. | 
He continues doing this at (1); and as soon as it has been filled up 
to (8), 1 I the side-stick, then he ties them on at (2); and after that 
has been filled, | he ties them up at (3), (4), and (5). Now the drying- 
frame || has been finished; and when ^^^^^^^^^^ all the sticks 85 
have been tied on, it is in this way: [ 1 | | | | | | After | the dry- 
ing-frame has been finished, he gives it to his wife. | 

Rack for holding Baskets. — His wife, however, takes easily- | splitting 1 
eedar-wood and splits it so that (the pieces are) one finger | thick one 
way, and half | a little finger thick the other way. She measures 
them || by the inside of the empty oil-box. Then she cuts them off; 5 
and when | she thinks she has enough of these sticks, she measures 



lae Le £ lalaxes gEnEme qa g'axes dzeldzEq lastogwfla dzEdzExsEiidxa 72 
pegF.kwe dEnasa. Wa, la hex' J ida £ mese la gEriEmas k!wag - allla 
qa £ s dzEdzExsEnde dzeldzEqlastogwilaxa yaeLElai-axa nExts lawasa 
k - !ltk - !EdesLe. Wa, g"il-mese dzExodxa £ nEmxsaxs lae tslas laxes 75 
hVwfinEme. Wa dax ,£ ldEq. Wa, he e misa £ nEmxsa patslaak" g'ayol 
laxa uExtslaLasa k" Mr IsdesLe qa £ s k'atlEndes lax (1) lit max p£ E- 
nex (7); wa, hi yil-TiLElodEq yisa dzEXEkwe dEnasa. Wii, la k"!es 
helqlalaq k'Slpleda. Wa, g"ll £ mese gwal yitaqexs lae et!ed ax £ 6dxa 
£ nEmxsa patslaakwa qa s s k'adEnodzEndes laxes gilx'de ax £ aLElo- 80 
dayowa laxaax (1) k - lElx'dEma gayolEma. Wa, laxae yt^aLElodEq. 
Wa, ax u s;i- r mese he gweg'ilax (1). Wii, g'tPmese lEnxEnd lax (8) 
L!aL!EXEnxa s ya, lae et!ed ytl e Endalax (2). Wa, giPmese lEnxEndEq 
lae et!ed ytl £ Endalax (3) lo £ (4) lo £ (5). Wa, laEin gu^iila k'ttkME- 
desaxs lae £ wl £ la yELEkwe (6). Wa, lag - a gwaleg - a (fig.). Wa, 85 
giPmese gwala k - !itk' lEdesaxs lae ts!as laxes gEnEme. 

Rack for holding Baskets. — Wa, laLa gEiiEmas ax £ edxa eg'aqwa 1 
lax xasE £ we klwaxLawa, qa's xox e wideq, qa E nal e nEmdEndzayaa- 
kwes awadzEwase liixEns q!waq!wax*ts!ana £ yex. Wa, lak'lodEn 
laxEns sElt!ax"ts!ana e yex, yix wlwagwasas. Wa, la heEm mEns e Itse 
g'oldolas ots lawasa dEngwats!emotaxs lae k'ltmtslEndEq. AV;i, g-fl- 5 
£ mesc k'otaq laEm helales axa'yaxs lii mEns ; Itsa £ iiEmts!acie lax ts!E- 

1 (7) and (8) are the two long side-sticks. 



172 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. ss 

7 with another stick the | width of the empty oil-box. One finger- 
width | on each side is the size of these square pieces of cedar-wood. | 
She makes four pieces of the same size, and all of the same length. |[ 

10 After they have been cut off, she takes cedar-bark and | puts it into 
water and leaves it there until it gets soaked. | When she thinks it is 
soaked, she takes it out and splits it | into narrow strips. After 
doing so, she takes | one of the shorter cedar-sticks, one of the pieces 

15 to which the rack on which || the basket rests is tied when erabapples 
are being boiled, and she takes | one of the flat pieces of cedar and 
places it lengthwise, so that the two are | in this way. 1 Then she 
takes split cedar-bark and ties together | the two ends of the rack 
that she is making. After this has been done, | she takes up one of 

20 the long cedar-sticks || and puts it down flat on the crosspieces, and 
she ties these together with cedar-bark. | She continues doing this 
from one end of the crosspieces to the other. | When she reaches the 
other end, she takes another one of the shorter | cedar-sticks and 
ties it under the rack. | She measures so that equal distances are 

25 between the || four cross-sticks. She ties them also with cedar-bark. | 
She does this with all four sticks. After she has | done so, it is hi 
this way. 2 | 

goliisa dEngwats!emote, ytxa £ nEmdEne £ staliis £ wag'idase laxsns 
q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex laxes k - !Ewiux £ unena £ ya klwaxLawe. Wii, 
la motslaqa hex"sa awagwite. Wa, laxae hex'siiEmxat! awasgEme. 

10 Wa, g'lh'mese gwal k!imk' !imtts!alaqexs lae ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s 
hapstEndeq laxa £ wape, qa yawas £ lde hapstallla, qa pex £ wides. Wit, 
uihinese k'otaq laEm pex £ wldEx lae ax £ wustEiidEq qa £ s dzEdzExs £ - 
Endeq qa ts!elts!Eq!astowes. Wa, gil £ mese gwabsxs lae ax £ edxa 
£ nEmts!aqe laxa ts !Ekwagawa £ yasa klwaxLawe, yix k - !ilxdEmaLasa 

15 handzowasa k' !itk" lidesElasa q!oliixa tsElxwe. Wa, laxae dax -£ ldxa 
£ nEmxsa laxa giltagawa E ye klwaxLawa qa £ s k"ak'Etodex oba £ yas 
w a gwideg-a 1 . Wa, la ax £ edxa dzEXEkwe dEnasa qa e s lii yaLo- 
dayonox u s lax 6ba £ yases k - !itk - !EdesIlasE £ we. Wa, g"il £ mese gwal- 
£ aLF.laxs lae et!ed ;Ix £ edxa £ nEmxsa laxa g'iltagawa £ ye klwaxLawa, 

20 qa e s laxa paxEnts laxa k 1 lilx-dEina. Wa, laxae yaLodEq yisa dE- 
nase. Wii, ax u sa £ mese he gweg-ilaxs labEndalaaxa k-!Ilx-dEma. Wa, 
g'il £ mese labEndqexs lae et!ed dax -£ klxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa ts!Ekwa- 
gawa £ ye klwaxLawa qa £ s lii k-adabots lax awabo £ yasa k!itk'!E- 
dese. Wii, laEm aEm mEnsi £ liila, qa £ nEmes awalagalaasLasa 

25 mots'.aqe k - !ek' ItlxdEma. Wii, laEmxae yiLodalasa dEnase laq. 
Wii, lii £ naxwaEm he gweg'ilaq laqexs mots!aqae. Wii g'il £ mese 
gwalaxs lae g - a gwiileg-a. 2 

1 Tied together at the ends at right angles. 

2 See figure of frame, p. 171. There are only four cross-sticks. 



II. HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 

Goat-Hunting. — When the mountain-goat hunter | goes up the moun- 1 
tain to hunt goats, he searches for thick, long | cedar-withes. Some- 
times these are two fathoms long | and of the thickness of the fourth 
ringer. They have no branches. [| He twists them well, going towards 5 
the thick end. | He steps on the top while he is twisting it; and 
when | the piece that he has twisted is long, he steps near the end 
of the | twisted piece and continues twisting it. He does not stop 
until | the whole length has been ^--=== == twisted; and he 

puts a knotted loop at one end. ^^^T Now it forms a || 

snare for catching goats where C j they have a single 10 

trail on a mountain. | As soon ^-==^ as he finds a place 

on the trail that is near a precipice upward and downward, [ and also 
a tree standing I / at the outer side of the trail, then 

he ties| the thick 'JjL M ■ end of the snare to the bottom of 

the tree. He JM?^- \ opens the | loop and puts it be- 

hind the tree, -x^^lcwSLy in the middle of the goat-trail, 

in this way: || £l §MW^m^^^ Now the tree is (1); the precipice | 15 
above is ('_'': /r'« Y"V"~; { ^ w *mu'e is (4); j the trail is (4); 
the precipice 3 /'««. "-'* ..' / "M- below the trail is (3). | 



Goat-Hunting. — Wa, he £ maaxslaeda tEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ niElxLowe 1 
ekMesta laxa nEg'ii. Wa, la alex £ idxa helagite gilt!a sElbasedEm- 
sa wilkwe yixs £ nal £ nEmp!Enae malptenk'e wasgEmasas laxEn 
baxax. Wii, la yowagitEns sEltlax. Wa, la k - !eiis LlEnk - edEms. 
Wii, la ark - !axs lae g'iixtodExs lae sElp !edEq gwayStela lax oxLa- 5 
£ yas yixs t!epalaax 6xt;i £ yasexs lae sElpaq. Wa, giPmese gagil- 
tale sElpa c yasexs lae wI e x u wklEq qa £ s t!ep!ldexa makala laxa la 
sElbEkwa. Wa, la £ xae et!ed sElpleda. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae 
labEndEx £ wasgEmasas. Wii, la max u bEndEq (fig.). Wii, laEm xiina- 
yolxa £ mEbcLowe lax £ nEmx -£ idaasas tlEX'iliis laxa nEgii. Wa, 10 
g'il £ mese q!iixa magilx - iwa £ ye ttex'ila laxa eiJExsdalaa, wii, 
he e mesa Lasaxs Lalae lax l !asotst;i £ yasa tlEx'ila; wii, lit ni5x u p!e- 
gEnts LEx u ba J yasa x'imayo lax 5xLa E yasa Lase. Wii, la qEx'stotsa 
ximayowe lax &La £ yas lax nExsta'ya t!Ex - iliisa £ mElxLowe ga gwii- 
lega (fig.). Wa, heEm Lase (1); wii, he £ mes tsetala tlesEme lax 15 
6k lanekwasa t !EX"ila (2) ; wa he e mes x'Imayowe (4) ; wa, he £ mes 
tExile (4); wa, he £ mes eLlExsdalaa (3). 

173 



174 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL, [eth. Ann. 36 

As soon as he has finished this, he leaves ; and after four | days he 

20 goes to look at his snare; and if a goat has been snared, || he can 
see it a long ways off hanging down at (3) . Now the | snare has caught 
a goat which has died. He pulls it up, | takes the snare off the 
neck of the goat, | and sets it again. Then be takes the goat | a little 

25 ways off from the place of his snare. || Then he cuts it open and takes 
out the intestines, but he keeps | the tallow. He twists cedar-withes 
and | ties together one fore-leg and one hind-leg | with the cedar-withes, 
and he does the same with | the legs of the other side. Then he puts 

30 the tallow into the || belly. He cuts holes through each | side of the belly 
with his knife, pusbes the | thick end of the cedar-withe into it, and 
sews it up. | After he has sewed it up, he puts his arms through | the 
legs that have been tied together, so that the goat lies with its belly 

35 on bis back, || and he carries it down the mountain. 

1 Sealing. — And they do the same way when hunting | seal as they 

do when hunting porpoise; and | the hunting-canoe for seal-hunting 

is the same as the hunting-canoe for porpoise-hunting. | 

5 As soon as it gets dark, at new moon the hunter gets ready, || and 

carries down his small hunting-canoe, | which he launches on the sea. 

18 Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae bus. Wa, g - il £ mese mop!Enxwa £ se 
£ nalasexs lae doqwaxes x'lmayowe. Wa, giPmese x'imtslaxa 

20 £ niElxLaxs lae doqiilaqexs tekwiima £ yae lax (3). Wa, la £ me xl- 
maxalaxa xlmayowaxs lae lE £ la. Wii, la nexostodEq qa £ s xi- 
modexes ximayowe lax q!oq!onasa £ mElxLowe. Wii, la xwelaxa- 
lodaEm ximastStses ximayowe laq. Wii, gaxesa £ mElxLowe laxa 
qwaqwesala lax ximaasases x'lmayowe. 

25 Wii, la. qwax £ idEq qa £ s lawiyodex yaxyig'ilas. Wii, la. axelax 
yix u sEma £ yas. Wa, lit ax £ edxa dEwexe qa £ s sElpledeq. Wii, la 
q!ap!ex -£ idxa g'alEmgalgiwa £ ye gogii £ y6s LE £ wa apsoltsedza £ ye 
alEmxLes qa £ s yaLodesa dEwexe laq. Wii, laxae heEm gwex -£ idxa 
epsoltsedza £ ye. Wii, la ax £ edxa yix u sEma £ yas qa £ s axts lodes lax 

30 tEk'liis. Wa, la ax £ edxes k'lawayowe qa £ s LlEnqEmsales lax wax - - 
sane £ x u sta £ yas qwaqa £ yas tEkMasa £ mElxLowe. Wii, lii LlEnxsalas 
LEx u ba £ yasa dEwexe laq. Wa, laEin q!Enk!aedzEndEx tEk'liis. 
Wa, gil £ mese gwal qlEnaqexs lae plEmx'sases e £ eyasowe laxa la 
yaLEwak" g'6g"igu £ yosa £ niElxLowe. Wii, la £ me he gwek'Elac^exs 

35 lae banolEla liixa nEg'ii. 
1 Sealing (Alexwaxa megwate). — Wa, he-Emxaa gwegilaxs alexwa- 
axa megwates gweg'ilasaxs alexwaaxa k"!olot!e. Wa, heEmxaawis 
alewatsleses alewatslaxa k'!6lot!exes alewatslaxa megwate. 

Wii, gil £ Em p !EdEx -£ Idxa x'iisawayaeda £ mEkulaxs lae xwanal £ lde- 

5 da alewinoxwe qa £ s lii LElLElbEndxes alewats!e xwaxwaguma qa £ s 

la hanstalisas laxa dEmsx'e £ wapa. Wii, lii lasdesa qa £ s ax £ edexes 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 175 

Then he goes up the beach and takes his | canoe-box in which he 7 
keeps his harpoon-points and his harpoon-line, | and also the blue 
hellebore-root and peucedanum-seeds, and also sinew. | Then the 
hunter paddles with his steersman. ... || All these are taken aboard 10 
the small canoe. As soon as they go aboard | the little hunting- 
canoe, they take their | paddles and paddle; and when they nearly 
arrive at the island, | the hunter puts his paddle down on the 
second thwart | behind him. The points of the harpoon turn 
towards the stern, and the two points || are pushed against the stern- 15 
seat on the left-hand side of the little canoe. | The handle of the 
harpoon-shaft lies on the left-hand side of the bow, | where the har- 
pooneer is seated. | 

Then he pulls his harpoon-shaft out of the stem-seat ; and he pushes 
it, handle first, forward and | places it in the bow of the little canoe. || 
He puts it down on his right side. Then he opens the canoe-box, | 20 
takes out the harpoon-line and the harpoon-points, and ties the end of 
the | line to the harpoon-line. | 

After this has been done, he puts the points on the prongs, | and he 
ties the ends of the guide-rope. Then he turns || the harpoon the other 25 
way, and ties the line on, where he holds it with his | left hand, as he 
is throwing the harpoon at what he is going to spear. As soon as he 
has finished, | then he puts the prongs and the harpoon-points 



Qdzaxs gildasa, yix g'iyimts tewasas LeLEgikwas LE £ wis qlElkwe; 7 
wii, he £ misLes axsole LE £ wa qlExmene; wa, he £ misa atlEme; wa, 
he £ niise alex u sayuwe sesEwayo LE £ wis k!waxxa £ ye. . . . Wii, he £ mis la 
£ wilxdzEms laxes alewasELEla xwaxwagiima. Wii gil-mese hoguxs 10 
laxes alewasELEla xwaxwagiimxs lae hex' £ ida £ Em dax £ ldxes sesE- 
wayowe qa £ s sex £ wide. Wit, gil £ mese Elaq liigaa laxa mEkaliixs 
laeda alewinoxwe k'atases alex u sayowe sewaya laxes gwaap!ElExse 
LEXExsa lax gwabalExts!ena £ yas dzegtimas mastas qEXEiiexa 
LEx'ExstEwIlExse lax gEmxotiiga £ yases alewasELEla xwaxwaguma. 15 
Wa, lit gwexLale xabats!Exsda £ } T a lax gEmx5tiiga £ yas laxes 
klwaxdzase. 

Wa, lii tEgulExsaxes mastowe qa £ s wl £ x u wldeq xwelala c^a liis 
kadeg'iwe lax ag'iwa £ yases alewasELEla xwaxwaguma. Wii, lii 
lag'ots laxes helk!6tiigawa £ yaxs lae x"6x £ widxes odzaxse qa £ s 20 
ax £ wuts lodexa q!Elkwe LE £ wa LEg'ikwe. Wit, lii mox u bEntsa 
LeLEgikwe laxa maxba £ yasa qlElkwe. 

Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae k'!ox"bEntsa LeLEgikwe laxa dzedze- 
gume. Wii, lii yil'edEx oba'yasa t!amak!Exawa = 'yc. Wii, lii xwel £ id- 
xa mastowe qa £ s max £ waLElodeses qlElkwe lax dalaasLases 25 
gEmxolts !ana £ yas qo sEx" £ idL6. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae 



176 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. Ann. 36 

28 into the sea-water, | so that the prongs swell and hold the harpoon- 
points better. | 

After he has done so, he puts it down in the bow of the little || 

30 hunting-canoe. He coils up his canoe-line in the canoe-box. | When 
he comes to the middle, he takes his bladder and puts it into | the 
sea-water and pushes it down so as to moisten it. He | takes the 
middle of the harpoon-line and ties on the neck of the | bladder with 

35 two half-hitches. Then he pulls it tight and puts it || into the bow of 
the little hunting-canoe just above the | canoe-box. He coils up the 
other half | of the other end of the spearing-linc underneath it. | 

As soon as this has been done, he begins to paddle. He keeps 
close | to the shore of the island and watches. As soon as he sees a 

40 seal diving, — || which he recognizes by the phosphorescence, — he puts 
his paddle (into the water). Then | he grasps the end of his harpoon- 
shaft. If the seal should be frightened away, | the steersman puts 
his paddle | edgewise into the water and moves it about so as to | 

45 produce phosphorescence. When the seal sees this, it comes || back 
to look at the phosphorescence around the paddle. Then | the kar- 
pooneer harpoons it as it comes swimming along on the left-hand 
side | of the hunting-canoe. | 

As soon as he hits it, he hauls in the line, so | that the seal kicks 



27 LlEnstEntsa dzedzegume LE £ wa LgLEg'ikwe laxa dEmsxe ^Wapa 
qa pos £ idesa dzedzegume qa Elba £ yesa LeLEglkwe. 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae k - adEg'iyots laxes alewasELEla xwa- 

30 xwagiima. Wa, la qEsEymdalases qlElkwe laxa 5dzaxse. Wa, 
gil £ mese nEgoyoxs lae ax £ edxes poxunse. Wa, la niE £ x u stEnts 
laxa dEmsx - e £ wapa qa £ s Lagiinses qa pe £ x"sEmx £ Ides. Wa, la 
ax £ edEx nEgoya £ yases qlElkwe qa £ s q.'udzEmk' llndes lax 6waxsta £ yasa 
poxunse. Wa, la nex £ edEq qa lEk.'titlaLEles. Wii, la g'etslalg'i- 

35 yots lax og'iwa £ yases alewasELEla xwiixwaguma lax eklelExsasa 
odzaxse. Wa, laxae qESEytndalas laxa apsEX'se. Wa, laEm 
bEnaxse apsba £ yasa qlElkwe. 

Wa, g"il £ mese gwalatexsExs lae sex £ wida. Wa, laEm mak'iLlala 
laxa £ mEk - a,laxs lae hela £ ya. Wa, giPmese dox £ waLElaxa megwa- 

40 taxs miiLlalae bex'sEmalaxs lae k - atases sewayowe. Wa, lii 
xapstodEx xabats!Exsda £ yases mastowe. Wa, gtl £ mese hawl- 
naHdeda megwataxs lae k!waxr,a £ yas k"!okwalamasxes sewayowe 
qa £ s L!EnxstEndes laxa dEmsxe £ wapa qa £ s yawlxileq qa 
bEndzales. Wa, g'il £ mese dox £ waLEleda megwataqexs gaxae 

45 aedaaqa qa £ s awulplaltEwex bex'asa sewayowe. Wa, he £ mis la 
sEx £ idaatsa alewinoxwaqexs g'axae ma £ nakula lax gEnixanoLE- 
ma £ yas alewatslas xwaxwaguma. 

Wa, gil £ rnese q!apaqexs lae hex ,£ idaEm nex £ edxes qlElkwe qa 
kwats!EXLasx - a yisex k'!egEmasa alewatsle xwaxwagumaxs lae 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 177 

against the bow of the hunting-canoe as it || is diving down. When 50 
the seal is going to a patch of kelp or | seaweed, then the hunter takes 
his harpoon-shaft and pushes it | at the side of the seal's head as it is 
diving along swimming under | the water. Then it turns and leaves | 
the seaweed; for the seal, when it is harpooned, || searches first for 55 
seaweed or a kelp-patch, and wriggles through it. | Then it often hap- 
pens that the harpoon-line breaks or that the seal pulls out | the 
harpoon-points. Therefore an expert hunter | hauls in his harpoon- 
line as soon as he hits the seal, to watch that it | does not go to a kelp- 
patch. || 

If the hunter is inexperienced and spears a seal, he lets | the line 60 
run out when the seal is swimming; and when | the line has run out 
entirely, then (the seal) hauls the hunting-canoe, and | the hunter is 
surprised to find his fine twisted in the kelp as the seal | goes to and 
fro in it; and then it comes off, || and the hunter has difficulty in 65 
pulling back his line and clearing it | from the kelp. | 

An expert hunter just steers the seal with his harpoon | to make it 
go seaward. When | it comes up, as its breath is at an end, he takes 
the harpoon, || he puts the prongs close to the harpoon-line and the | 70 
barbed points, and pushes it down. It does not take long before the 

rnax -£ ida. Wa, g11 £ niese lalaeda megwate laxa wadolkala LE £ wa 50 
q!axq!Elesaxs lae ax e ededa alewinoxwaxes mastowe qa £ s l!eiix £ - 
edes lax 6noLEnia £ yasa megwate lax t !EpsErnalaena £ yasexa 
£ wapaxs ma £ nakiilae. Wa, hex' £ ida £ mese mElg'iLa £ ya qa £ s bEwesa 
wadolkala qaxs he £ inae gil alaso £ sa megwataxs galae sex £ I- 
tsE £ wa q!ax - q!El!se LE £ wa wadohVala qa £ s la x-ilx'ilkhltlEqaq. 55 
Wa, he/mis q!unala aledaatsa qtelkwe loxs a £ mae k' lEqowa L6le- 
gtkwe laxa megwate. HeEm lag'ilasa egilwate alewinox" hex £ - 
idaEm nex £ edxes qtelkwaxs g'alae sEx £ ida qaxs q!aq!alalaaq qa 
k'.eses la laxa wadolkala. 

Waxe yiigilwata alewinoxwaxs sEx £ Idaaxa megwate, la ueiii 60 
tslEngwegexes q!Elkwaxs lae max £ ida. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laste 
qlElkwasexs lae sEplededa alewats!es xwaxwaguma. Wa, a f mese 
qlayaxaxs lae x'imsgEma £ yes qlElkwe laxa q!ax'q!Elise qaxs 
hex' £ ida £ mae ts!ats!Elxsalax £ Ideda megwate laqexs lae lawii. 
Wa, la laxumaleda alewinoxwaxs lae nexsawi £ lalaxes q!Elkwe 65 
laxa q!axq!Elise. 

Wax'eda egilwate alewinoxwa a £ mese nanaqasllases mastowe 
laxa megwate qa las maxtlano laxa Llasakwe. Wa, g-U £ mese 
q !o £ nakulaxs lae laba £ nakiile hasa £ yasexs lae ax £ edxes mastowe 
qa £ s qExEndes dzedzegiimas laxes qlElkwe lax mag - aana £ ye laxa 70 
LgLEglkwaxs lae q!5dEnsaq. Wit, k - !est!a galaxs lae £ w!balisEmeda 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 12 



178 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ikth. ann. »b 

72 seal's breath is at an end. | As soon as it stops moving, the hunter 
rises in the canoe | and stands in the middle of his canoe, a little 
towards the stern. | He holds the nose in the right hand, and with 

75 the left hand || he takes the fore-flipper. He pushes the seal down, 
pulls it up suddenly, | and hauls it aboard. He lays it crosswise in 
the stern of the hunting- 1 canoe. | 

Then he twists out the harpoon-heads and washes them ; and when | 
the blood is all off, he puts them back at the end of the harpoon. || 

80 When this is done, he starts to paddle. | 

Late at night he knows that the seals | finish swimming among the 
islands, for they all are then on the sleeping-rock. | The hunters know 
all the sleeping-rocks | of the seals. As soon as he comes near the || 

85 sleeping-rock, he paddles strongly in his hunting-canoe; and when he 
comes in sight of | the sleeping-place and the seals tumble into the 
water, then | the hunter stands up in the canoe, grasps the end of his 
harpoon, and | spears the seals as they swim under water, where they 
are seen by the phosphorescence; | and he does the same as I de- 

90 scribed before. || When his hunting-canoe is full of hair- seals he goes | 
home. | 
1 Catching Flounders. 1 — When it is a fine day, the | wife of the man 
gets ready in the morning to go and get clams | and cockles for bait ; 

72 megwate. Wa, gil £ mese nEq !6x £ wIdExs lae LaxtilExsa alewinoxwe 
qa £ s gaxe lax gwak!odoy:i £ yases alewasELEla xwaxwaguma. Wa, 
la dale helk!otts!ana £ yasex xindzasaj. Wa, la dale gEmxolts!a- 

75 na £ yasex gElq!a £ yas lae wigiinsaq qa £ s odax £ Ide nexostodEq qa £ s 
nex £ alExseq. Wa, lii gEyaxs lax gwaklodoyawelExsasa alewasE- 
LEla xwaxwaguma. 

Wa, la sElpodxes LeLEglkwe qa £ s ts!ox £ wi~deq. Wa, gil £ niese 
£ wl £ ]aweda Elkwaxs lae xwelaqa axbEnts laxes mastowe. Wa, 

80 g'il £ mese gwalExs lae sex £ wida. 

Wa, laEm gala ganuLa. Wa, laEm q!oLElaxa megwataxs lE £ mae 
gwal miiLlala laxa £ maEmk - ala qaxs lE £ mae £ wllgaala laxes k!we- 
khviise. Wa, la maxwa^m q!6LEleda esElewinoxwax k!\vek!wasasa 
megwate. Wa, la giPmese lag'aa laxa la £ nExwala laxa klwiisaxs 

85 lae rdax ,£ id sex £ wida qa yix'es alewasELElesexs lae tekulodxa 
klwase. Wa, gil £ mese L!ex - steda megwataxs lae LaxiilExseda ale- 
winoxwe xapstewex xabats!Exsda £ yases mastowe. Wa, he £ mis la 
SEX' £ idaatsexa megwataxs lae bexsEmala maxt!ala laxa ba £ ne. 
Wa, laxae heEm gwegilaqes gwegilasaxEn g - ilxde gwagwex's £ a- 

90 lasa. Wa, gil £ mese qot !a alewasELEliisexa megwataxs lae na £ nak u 
laxes gokwe. 
1 Catching Flounders. 1 — Wa, g - il £ mese ek'a £ nalaxa gaalaxs lae 
gEnEmasa bEgwanEme xwanal £ Ida qa £ s la tatelaxa g'aweqlanEme 

1 Continued from p. 159, line 49. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 179 

ami when she has many clams and | cockles, she goes home to her 
house. As soon as she arrives on the || beach of her house, she takes 5 
a piece of broken shell of a horse-clam | and cuts open the small clams 
and cockles to take off | the shells. She throws these into the water, 
and puts the edible insides | into a basket. When she has done so, 
the woman goes ashore. | Her husband takes the flounder-fishing line 
and the || cross-bones with the hair, and he carries them down to the 10 
beach where the | fishing-canoe is. He lays out the fishing-line on the 
beach | near the canoe; and when | it is stretched out straight, he 
takes one of the | cross-bones with the hair-line, measures off two 
fathoms, || and ties the end of the hair-line of the cross-bone to the 15 
fishing- 1 line. When this is done, he takes another | one of the cross- 
bones with the hair-line, measures half a fathom, | and ties the end of 
the hair-line of the cross-bone to the | fishing-line. The fifty are all 
the same distance apart; || namely, half a fathom. When they are | 20 
all on, he takes ■ i * i - the cleaned clams and cockles for 

puts on the bait. The cross- 
through the | clams and cockles 
when they are baited. | As soon 



bait, and he | 
bone is pushed 
in this manner 
as all are baited, KU KU \U ^^ ^h.e fisherman || coils up the fish- 25 

LE £ wa dzale. Wa, g'ipmese qlEyoLxa gaweqlanEme LE £ wa 
dzalaxs lae na £ nakwa laxes gokwe. Wa, glPmese lag'alis lax 
L!Ema £ isases g - okwaxs lae kex' £ ida £ Em ax £ edxa tEplayasox mEtla- 5 
na'yex qa £ s Ebc -£ idexa gaweqlaiiEme LE £ wa dzale qa lawayes 
xoxulk'!imotas. Wa, la tslExstalaq. W a, la La axtslalas hamts la- 
was laxa lExa £ ye. Wii, g'il'mese £ wi £ la gwalExs lae laltaweda 
tslEfliiqe. Wii, la la £ \vunEmas ax £ edxa L!agets!aana £ ye LE £ wa 
galodaana £ ye sesE £ 3'ak" !Ena qa £ s la dEuts!esElaq lax hanedzasasa 10 
L!agedzats!e xwaxwaguma. Wit, lii L!ax £ alisaxa L'.agedaana £ ye 
dEnEina lax aLaxsdza £ yasa iJagedzatsle xwaxwaguma. Wii, gil- 
£ mese la nEqEle L!agets!ena £ yasexs lae &x £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe galo- 
daanawe sE £ yak"!Ena. Wii, la bah'Idxa malplEnke laxEns baLaxs 
lae yil £ aLElots oba £ yasa galodaanawe sE £ yak"!Eii laxa Llagedza- 15 
ana £ ye. (knEma. Wa, glPmese gwalExs lae etled ax £ edxa £ nEm- 
tslaqe galodaanawe sE £ yak'!Ena. Wii, lii biihldxa nEqlEbode laxEns 
biiLiixs lae yil £ aLEl5ts oba £ j'asa galodaanawe sE £ yak - !En laxa 
L!agedzaana £ \e dEiiEma. Wii, lii he £ staEm awalagaleda sEk - !as- 
gEmg'osta nenEq!Ebodes awalagalaase. Wii, gll £ mese £ wilg - aaLE- 20 
laxs lae ax £ edxa Elgikwe telalas gaweq!anEma LE £ wa dzale qa £ s 
lii tel £ Its laq. Wa, laEm L!EL'.Eiiq!Eqasa galodayowe xaq laxa 
g - aweq!anEme LE £ wa dzale. Wii, la ga gwiileg - axs (jig.) lae telkwa. 
Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ la telkuxs laeda Llagetslenoxwe bEgwanEm 
qEs £ edxa Llagedzayowe qa £ s lii qEs £ alExsaq laxes L!agedzats!eLe 25 



180 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.3B 

26 ing-line in his fishing- 1 canoe in front of the stern-thwart. When he 
has done so, | he looks for two medium-sized elongated stones for 
anchors at each end of the | fishing-line. When he has found 
them, he puts them into his | fishing -canoe. Then he goes up 

30 the beach and || takes his fishing-paddle from his house. He goes 
down, carrying it, | to the beach, and goes into the stern of his 
fishing- 1 canoe. Then he paddles and goes to the fishing-place where 
the water is not ] very deep. It is sufficiently deep if the fishing-line 

35 lies three | fathoms deep. As soon as he reaches it, || he takes up one 
of the elongated _^*=* =e=:r st° nes I an( i the end of the fishing- 
line, and ties the fr end of it to the middle of the | 

elongated stone. ( ( ) When this is done, he puts it 

overboard; and | *■ when the anchor reaches the bot- 
tom, he takes his paddle and paddles. | When the small canoe begins 

40 to go ahead, the fine runs out into the water. || When it is all in the 
water, he takes the | other elongated stone and ties it on, four fath- 
oms | from the end of the fishing-line. Then he takes his paddle | and 
paddles again, so as to stretch the fishing-line, and he puts overboard 
the | stone anchor. >. _=. =*_ 5 C3 When it touches the 

bottom, he takes /^^\ f /^~~^\ a r,miM cedar-wood || 

45 float of this shape |ff |}/ / \ and ties it to the end 

of the fishing-line. W^§^/ I J I Then he throws it 

into the water. \^__^^ Then he goes home 

20 xwaxwagiima lax ostEwilExsas. Wa, g"il £ mese gwalExs lae 
alex £ idEx maltsEma ha £ yal £ a sESEx"sEm t!esEma qa q!Elq!Elsbesa 
L!agedzaana £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese q laqexs lae t!ax £ alExsaq laxes 
L!agedzats!eLe xwaxwagiima. Wa, la lasdes laxa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s 

30 la ax £ edxes L!agetsa £ yasesewayowa laxes g'okwe qa £ s laxat ! dEnts !e- 
sElaq laxa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, lii laxsa lax 5xLa £ yases LlagedzatsleLe 
xwaxwagiima. Wa, la sex £ wida qa £ s la laxa Llagedzasexa k"!ese 
wunqElas £ wape, ylxs he £ mae helaesa yudux u p!Engese laxEns 
baLax yix £ walaedzasasa Liagedzase. Wa, g"il £ mese lag'aa laqexs 

35 lae hex-idaEm ax £ edxa £ nEinsgEme laxa sEx u sEme tlesEina {fid-) 
lo £ 6ba £ yasa Llagedzayowe qa £ s yiLoyodes oba £ yas lax nEgoysVyasa 
sEx u sEme tlesEma. Wa, gil £ mese gwabsxs lae qtelstEnts. Wa gll- 
£ mese lag'alisa q lEltsEinaxs lae dax' £ idxes sewayowe qa £ s sex £ wide. 
Wa, g'il £ mese sEpIededa xwaxwagiimaxs lae q!ulex - s £ Em la ts!Enx u - 

40 staleda Llagedzayowe. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la £ staxs lae ax £ edxa £ nEins- 
gEine sEx u sEine t!esEma qa £ s ytLoyodesa mop!Enk*e g'agiLEla 
lax apsba £ yasa Llagedzayowe laqexs lae et led dax ,£ ldxes sewayowe 
qa £ s sex £ wide qa lEk!ut!alisesa L!agedzayowaxs lae qtelstEntsa 
tlesEme. Wa, gil £ mese lag'alisExs lae ax £ edxa loxsEme klwaxsEme 

45 pEwaxbe g'a gwaleg'a {fig.) qa £ s yil £ aLElodes oba £ yasa Llagedza- 
ana £ ye laqexs lae tslExstEnts. Wa, la na £ nakwa laxes g'okwaxs lae 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND i'OOD-GATHERING 181 

to his house | after having finished on the water. In the evening 47 
he goes into his fishing- | canoe and paddles to the place where 
he left his fishing-line; and | when he reaches the round cedar- 
wood float at the end, he takes it || and puts it into his small canoe, 50 
and he hauls in his | fishing-line. Then he takes off the flounders, 
and black-edged(?)flounders | which hang on the hooks; and as soon 
as he has them all off, he takes | clean clams and baits his fishing- 
line; and | after he has baited it, he takes his paddle and paddles; || 
and when his small canoe starts, then the line runs out into the 55 
water. | When it is all in, he puts the | stone anchor into the water; 
and when it touches the bottom, he takes the round cedar- | float at 
the end and throws it into the water. Then he goes home. He picks 
up some | dry driftwood. When he thinks he has enough to steam || 
the flounder standing on edge, he goes home | to his house. When it is 60 
high water he throws out the | driftwood on the beach of his house. 

Fishing Kelp-Fish. — The woman takes the harpoon for getting large 1 
sea-eggs | and a flat-pointed prying-stick of yew-wood used for prying 
off mussels, | and she puts them aboard her small canoe in which 
the fish-trap is kept, | and she also puts aboard her new fish-trap. 
Thon she takes the harpoon, || which is made of a thin rod of red pine. 
Sometimes it is three fathoms long. | Two points of tough wood are 5 



gwal r aLa e ya. Wa, het!a la dzaqwaxs lae laxs laxes Llagedzatsle 47 
xwaxwagiima qa J s lii sexut!a lax axalasases Llagedzayowe. Wii, 
gil-mese lag'aa lax loxsEine klwaxsEm pEwiixbexs lae dax ,£ idEq 
qa £ s £ niEx U£ walExses laxes xwaxwagumaxs lae dEiix'idxes Llage- 50 
dzaana e ye. Wa, la e "mese k!udzElEiiexa paese i.E ; wa k"!ada la 
tete-x u beq. Wa, g'iPmese £ wi c "lamasa lae xwelaqaEm ax £ edxa 
Elg'lkwe gaweq lanEma qa f s tel'Ides laxes Llagedzayowe, Wii, 
giPmese £ wi £ la la telkuxs lae ax-edxes sewayowe qa f s sex £ wide. 
Wa, glFmese sEbELaya xwaxwagumaxs lae q!iilexs £ Em ts!Enx u - 55 
stale L!agedzayas. Wii, gil £ mese f wFlastaxs lae q!ElstEntsa t!e- 
sEme. Wii, g'iHmese lag'alisexs lae ax £ edxa loxsEine klwaxsEme 
])E\viixbe qa e s tslExstEmles. Wa, la niimakwa. Wa, lit anexbiilaxa 
lEmxwa qlexala. Wa, gil-mese kotaq laEm hela lax tleqwapdE- 
maxa k - !ot!aakweLe t!eqwabEk u paesa, wii. lawisLe nii^nakwa 60 
laxes g - 6kwe. Wa, gil'mese yixulaxs lae hex'idaEm sEjr'ultodxa 
cj!exale lax L!Ema £ isases gokwe. 

Fishing Kelp-Fish. — Wii, le'da tslEda'qe &x £ e'dxes ma'maseqlwa- 1 
yople'qe sa'Ents!o LE £ wa pExbaa'ksve LlE'mqla xo'layaxa xo'le 
qa £ s le LEx-walExsElas la'xes LEgats!e'Le xwa'xwaguma. Wii, 
he' £ misLes a'ltsEme LEgE'ma. Wii, laE'm wi'Lxsa sa'Ents!o, yixa 
r wi'le wu'nx £ una. Wii, la £ nal £ nE'mp!Ena yu'dux u p!Enk"e ^wii'sgE- 5 
masas la'xEiis ba'Lax. Wii, la k'ilxbii'laxa ma'lts!aqe e 5 e'x : ba 



182 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.4nk.s5 

7 tied to its end, | in this manner: ^^* The tying 

is made of split | spruce-root. '■ ■niii n gg °^ — ^ The im- 

plement for prying off mussels is made of a broken | paddle in 

10 this way: It is four spans long, || and the flat end 

is four — j, ^ ) fingers wide. | The handle is round. | 

That is all about it. | 

The woman carries her paddle as she goes aboard her small fishing- | 

15 canoe, and she first goes to search for sea-eggs, for || these are the bait 
for tho fish-trap. As soon as she finds the sea-eggs, she spears them | 
with tho harpoon; and when she has enough for baiting the fish- 
trap, | she breaks the sea-eggs and puts them hi to the fish-trap; and | 
when there are no sea-eggs, she pries off mussels with the prying- 

20 stick; | and when she has enough bait for the fish-trap, || she breaks 
them to pieces and puts them into the trap. Then she looks | for a 
place where eel-grass is growing under water. She selects a place 
about two | fathoms deep. Then she | takes her fish-trap and puts 
it overboard, so that it is placed on the bottom among tho eel-grass, | 

25 so that the* kelp-fish do not see distinctly that it is a fish-trap. || Evi- 
dently the kelp-fish smell the bait inside and go in. | After the fish- 
trap has been under water for some time, she hauls | it up and takes 
the fish out. There may be six | or eight fish in it. When she has 

7 ts!a'x - Ensa g - a gwaleg'a {fig.)- Wa, la yELEmno'x u sa dzEQEkwe' l!o'- 
p!Ek - sa ale'wase. Wa la'Leda xo'layaxa xo'le k - 6'q!Ewesox 
se'wayiix g"a gwaleg'a (Jig.) . Wa, la mop lEnk'e £ wa'sgEniasas la'xEns 

10 q!wa'q!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, lii mo'dEn la'xEns q!wa'q!waxts!a- 
na £ yex yix £ wa'dzobaasas tse'gwayoba £ yas. Wii, la'Le le'x -£ Een 
5'xLa £ yas. Wa, laE'm gwa'lek - . 

Wa, le'da tslEda'qe da'laxes se'wayaxs la'e laxs laxes LEgatsleLe 
xwa'xwaguma, le he g'il la ala'sE £ we mEse'qwa, qaxs he"mae 

15 teltsliisa LEgE'me. Wa, g - i'l £ inese q la'xa mEse'qwaxs la'e sEx -£ I'tsa 
sa'Ents!o laq. Wa, g"il £ mese he'lala lax te'ltsliiwasa LEgE'maxs la'e 
tso'tsox - sEndxa mEse'qwe qa £ s mo'ts lodes laxa LEgE'me. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese k" lea's mEse'qwa la'e hi 1 tse'x £ widaasa xo'le yise's xo'la- 
yowe. Wa, g i'l £ Emxaa'wise he'lala lax telts'.a'wasa LEgE'maxs la'e 

20 tEtEpsE'ndEq qa £ s lii mo'tslodEs la'xa LEgE'me. Wii, le a'lex £ IdEX 
ts!a'ts!Ek!waxa ts!a'ts!ay?me. Wii, he' £ mis qa malplE'nk-es la'- 
xEns ba'Liiqe £ walEnsElasa'sa £ wa'pe. Wii, h("''x" £ ida £ mesa tslEda'qe 
da'x £ Idxes LEgE'me qa £ s ts!Enx u stE'ndes qa hana'qesexa ts!ats!a- 
yi'ine qa k'le'ses q!ulp!alta'leda pEx-Itaqexs LEgF.ma'e. Wii, la'- 

25 xEnteda pExTte me'sElax teltsla'was, la'g'ifa latslii'laq. Wa, g'i'l- 
e mese gagii'la g - Eyi'nsEleda LEgE'me la'xa £ wa'paxs la'e dE'nx -£ I- 
tsE £ wa qa £ s k!fllsItsE £ waeda pEX'i'te. Wii, laE'm q!e'ts!axs qlEL.'a'e 
loxs malgunala'e. Wii, g"i'l £ mese la h< ; l £ 6'Leda LEqa'sa LEgE'maxs 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 183 

caught enough fish in the trap, | she goes homo. She goes right up 
from the || beach into her house. She takes up her small basket | 30 
and carries it down to the beach. She carries it in her hand | and 
puts it into her small canoe, and she | puts the fish into the little 
basket. As soon as the small basket is full of kelp-fish, | she carries 
it up in her hand from the fishing-canoe. She | carries it hi one hand 
up the beach and into the || house. Then she puts it down in the 35 
roar of the house. | 

Fishing Perch (Taking perch out of the fish-trap). | — The time when 1 
the perch go into the trap is at | high tide, when the trap is under 
water. As | soon as the ebb-tide goes way down, the trap is dry on 
the beach. || The owner just watches for the splashing of the perch | 5 
that are caught and are splashing hi it. As soon as they are quiet, | 
the perch fisherman takes a medium-sized basket and carries it down 
to the beach | to where his trap is ; and he takes off the four | ballast 
stones and puts them down, and he takes off the hemlock-branches j| 
and puts them down on the beach, and he takes off tho roof and he | 10 
lays it down on tho beach, and finally he takes out the fish from the | 
trap and puts them hito the basket. When | he has taken them all 
out, he takes out the broken shells of tho clams that served for bait; [ 
and when they are all out, he carries up his || fish-basket and takes it 15 

la'e na'-nakwa la'xes go'kwe. Wii, hc'x^ida'mese la la'sdes la'xa 
L'.Ema £ ise qa f s lii lae'L la'xes g'o'kwe, wa, lii, k'lo'qiililaxa la'laxame 30 
qa £ s la k' !6'qimts!e'sElaq laxa LlEma £ ise. Wa, lii k' !6'x £ walExsa 
la'xes LEga'tsle xwa'xwagiima. Wa, la da'x -e idxa pExTte qa r s 
k - !ixts!o'des la'xa la'laxame. Wii, g'i'Pmese qo't!aaxa pEx'I'teda 
la'laxamiixs la'e kMo'gulExsaq la'xa LEga'tsle xwa'xwagiima qa e s 
la k - !o'x £ wusdESElaq la'xa L!Ema £ ise qa f s le k!o'gweLElaq la'xes 35 
g'o'kwe. Wa, la k" !o'x £ walTlaq lax one'gvvilases go'kwe. 

Fishing Perch. — K!iilsaxa Lamawe laxa LaLEmwayowe Lawa- 1 
yowa. Wa, heEm la latslalatsa Lamawe laxa Lawayiixs lae wa- 
WElgEma £ yaaxs lae g'iyinsEla laxa dEmsxe e wapa. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese. klwayaxaxs lae x - ats!e £ staxs laetla Lawayowe lEmxwalese. 
Wa, ;i £ mesa axn5gwadiis xlts!ax - ilaqexs lae kiisx'EsgEmlisExs lae 5 
delakileda miitslawas Liimawa. Wii, g - il £ mese sEltledExs laeda 
LaLEmwaenoxwe ax £ edxa heh c a lExa e ya qa's lii k"!oqunts!esE- 
laq lax ax f edzasases Lawayowe. Wii, lii tIaqEmaxodxa tnos- 
gEme Elg'as tlesEma qa^s t!ax £ aliseq. Wii, lii xEsaxodxa qlwaxe 
qa £ s xEsiilises laxa L!Ema £ ise. Wii, lii paqodEx siilixs qa £ s pax £ a- 10 
lises laxa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, lawisLe k!uls £ Idxa miits!;iwasa Lawa- 
yowe qa E s klExtshiles laxa k!fdyats!e lExa f ya. Wii, g'iPmese 
£ wilolts!axs lae ax-wults!o<lxa tapesawa e ye xoxfdk - !imotasa tele ga- 
weq!iinEma. Wa, g'il-'mese £ wi £ lolts!;ixs lae k" !ox f usdesaxes LEm- 
watsle lExa £ ya qa £ s le k"!ogweLElas laxes gokwe. Wii, la ax £ ed 15 



184 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.bb 

16 into his house. Then he takes | the clams and carries them down to 
the beach | and breaks them and puts them into his trap; and after 
ho has done so, | he puts the roof on again. He puts the hemlock- 
branches over it | and puts on four medium-sized stones over the|| 

20 hemlock-branches. Then it is ready again when the tide comes in. | 
Then he goes up. | 
1 Gathering Herring-Spawn. — When the herring is about to spawn, | 
the man who goes after herring-spawn looks for fine | hemlock-branches 
with smooth leaves. When he finds them, | lie goes home. Then he 
5 watches for the herring to spawn. || As soon as the sea begins to look 
milky, the man goes | for the hemlock, and breaks off long branches 
of the | hemlock; and after he has broken off many, | he carries them 
to the spawning-place. Then he takes long | cedar-poles and takes 

10 them to the spawning-place; and he also || takes stout rope and long 
stones, and he ties the end | to the long stones. Then he takes a thin, 
long | rope and takes a long pole and puts it | into the sea. Then he 
takes the hemlock-branches and ties them to (lie | pole with the long, 

15 thin rope; and he only stops when || the hemlock reaches the end of 
the long pole. Then he puts it into the water at the | spawning-place 
of the herrings, and he takes the big rope and | ties its end to the pole, 
and he puts the stone into the water. | Then it is an anchor when it is 
in the water. I 



16 laxa g - aweq!anEme qa £ s lit diilaqexs lae lEnts!esEla laxa L!Ema £ ise 
qa £ s lii tEpts!;ilas laxes Lawayowe. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
xwelaqa paqimts salas. Wa, laxae et!ed xESEyintsa qlwaxe laq. Wa 
laxae et!ed tlaqEyintsa mosgEme ha £ yal £ a tlesEina lax 6kii £ ya £ yasa 

20 qlwiixe. Wa, lasmxae gwales qo yixwaLo. Wa, laEin lasdesa. 
1 Gathering Herring-Spawn. — Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e plExule'da wii'- 
£ na £ ye; wa, le'da wa'ts!enoxwe bEgwa/iiEm, he'x -£ idaEm la a'liix e'k'a 
qlwa'xa, yi'xa £ iiEma'xLas k'la'momo. Wa, gi'Pmese qla'qexs 
la'e na' e nakwa. Wa, la q!a'q!alalaxa wa' £ na e ye qa wa's £ ides. Wa, 
5 gi'Fmese dzEm6' £ na'kiileda dE'msxaxs lae'da bEgwa'nEme cia's £ id 
qa f s le la'xa q!wa'xe qa £ s L!Ex £ wIdexa gi'lsgiltla lax wdts!an;isa 
qlwa'xase. Wa, g'i'Pmese la qle'iiEme iJEgwa'nEmasexs la'e 
gE'mxElaq qa £ s les la'xa wa'yade. Wa, la e't!ed ax £ e'dxa giltla 
dzEXEqwa' qa £ s lexat! ax £ a'llsaq la'xa wa'yade. Wii, la' e xaa 

10 ax £ e'dxa LE'kwe dEiiE'ma LE £ wa g'tltsEme t!e'sEma. Wii, la rao'x"- 
bEnts la'xa giltsEine tle'sEma. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa wl'ltowe gi'ltla 
dEnE'ma. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa gi'lt!a dzESEqwa' cpa £ s k'atstE'ndes 
la'xa dE'msx'g. Wii, la iix £ e'dxa q!wa'xe qa £ s le yilEnda'las la'xa 
dzEsEqwe' yi'sa g ilt!a wl'lto dEiiE'ma. Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e 

15 la'bEndeda q!wa'xaxa g'i'ltla dzESEqwa'. Wii, la LlEstE'nts lax 
wa'yasLasa wa' £ na £ ye. Wa, la ax £ S'dxa EE'kwe dEnE'ma qa £ s 
mo'x u bEndes la'xa dzEsEqwe'. Wa, la ax £ stE'ntsa t!e'sEme. Wa, 
laE'm qlE'ltsEma j^Lxs la'e axa'la. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 185 

For four days it is left in the water. || After it has been in the water 20 
for four days, the herrings have finished spawning. | Then the man 
takes his canoe and washes it out. | When it is clean, he goes out to 
where the hemlock is in the water. | He unties the rope, and puts the 
hemlock with the spawn on it | into the canoe. || 

Catching Devil-Fish. — There is no hook at the end of the long pole | 1 
for fishing devil-fish, for the only end with which they spear the devil- 
fish is the thin end. 1 1 When the man who fishes for devil-fish in deep 
water | feels for it in its hole, for || that is the name of the stone house 5 
of the devil-fish, he feels for its | body and he strikes for the hard 
part. | He makes a thrust at it twice. Then he pulls out the pole 
and | puts it into his small fishing-canoe. | Then it does not take long 
before the devil-fish comes out of its hole; and he takes || his long 10 
spear and spears it, lifts it up, | and puts it into the small canoe. 
Immediately | he takes out the intestines. He never strikes it on 
the rock to kill it, | for he wishes (it to be hard). 2 . . . 

Gathering Seaweed. — When a woman goes to gather || seaweed at a 15 
place where there are nice smooth stones, she plucks it off | when the 
rock on which it is is wet. When the sun shines, she just | peels it off 
from the rock when it is dry all over. Then she puts it into her | 



Wii, la mo'p!Enxwa £ se £ na'liis he gwe'wala la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa 
g'i'l £ mese mo'xse £ na'las tlewalaxs la'e gwal wa'seda wa' £ na £ ye. 20 
Wa, le'da bEgwanEme ax £ e'dxes xwa'kliina qa e s ts!o'xug'indeq. 
Wii, g"l'l £ mese e'g'ig'axs la'e ida'sta lax axa'lasases tle'yo. Wa, la 
qweTidxa dEiiE'me qa £ s ax £ ii'lExsElexa q!wa'xe la an £ a'ndEXLala 
la'xes xwa'kliina. 

Catching Devil-Fish. — Wa, laEm k*!eas galbala yixeda g"iltagawa e ye 1 
nedzayaxa tEqlwa' qaxs lex - amae se'qElaxa t.Eqlwe'da wl'lba £ yasa 
g i'ltagawa £ ye. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e ple'xwaLEleda nanesamEnsaxa 
tEq!wii'xs klwae'lae la'xes g'o'kwe tle'sEma laxes tEgwa'tsIe qaxs 
he'='mae i.e'gEmsa g'o'kwasa tEq!wa' tle'sEma. Wa, lii p!e'x £ wldxa 5 
ba'k - awa £ yasa tEqlwa'. Wa, hcx £ ida e mese L!Enx e edxa ple'sa. 
\Xi\, malp !Ena £ mese L!Eiix c edqexs la'e le'x £ wldxes nanesamEndza- 
yowe qa £ s k'atla'lExses la'xes nanesamEndza'ts!e xwa'xwaguma. 
Wa, k - !est!a gil'laxs g"a'xae mo'ltslaweda tEqlwa', wa, la da'x ,£ Id- 
xa g"l'lt!a nane'saniEiidzayo qa e s sEx £ I'deq. Wii, le klwe'tla- 10 
Isxsaq la'xes nanesamEndza'ts !e xwa'xwaguma. Wa, he'x" £ Ida- 
e mese la'wiodEx be'x'bek'Ias. Wa, la £ me hewiixaEm k' !e'lax ,£ IdEq 
qaxs £ ne'k'ae (qa ple'ses). 

Gathering Seaweed. — Wa, he /£ maaxs la'eda tslEda'qe lEqa'xa 
lEqlEstE'ne la'xa e'k'e £ nEma'a tle'sEma. Wa, la klu'lg'ilalaq yrxs 15 
klii'nqlae axa'sas. Wa, g'i'h'mese Lle'sasosa Lle'sEliixs la'e a'sm 
qusElalaq la'xa t!e'sEinaxs la'e lEmlE'mxuya c[a f s axtsla'les la'xes 
£ wa'lase lExa'ya. Wa, g'i'1-mese qo'tleda lExa'yaxs la'e giix £ alExsas 

1 See figure on p. 152. - The end of this description is missing. 



186 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 35 

large basket. When the basket is full, she pours it | into her canoe, 

20 and she spreads a mat over the || short boards in the canoe. As soon 
as the canoe is full of seaweed, | she goes home. | 
1 Digging Clover. — Now she is ready when the | season for digging 
clover arrives; that is, when the leaves of the clover | are killed by 
the frost, and winter is coming. | 
5 As soon as there is frost at night, the woman || gets ready in the 
morning. She takes her clover digging-stick | and her flat-bottomed 
basket, her back-protector, | and her cedar-bark belt, and she walks 
down to the | clover-garden. There she puts down her tools in the 
direction towards | sunrise, so that the sun is at her back when it 

10 rises, and || it does not shine into her eyes, so that she can see dis- 
tinctly the | clover which she is digging, for generally the women 
pick up | other kinds of roots when they are digging clover. When 
she | has put down her tools, she takes her mat and spreads it over 

15 her | back so that the lower end is a little above the || heels. Then 
she takes the cedar-bark belt | and puts it around her waist, and she 
puts the cedar-bark | rope over it; that is to say, the end of the belt. 
She ties on | the end. Then she takes her flat-bottomed basket and 
puts it down | in front in the direction where she is going to dig. 

20 Finally she takes || her digging-stick and sits down on the back- 



la 'xes ya'yats!iixs la'e LBbB'xsa le £ wa £ ye lax o'kuya £ yasa pa'xse 

20 ts!a'ts!ax"sEma. Wa, g'i1 e mese qo't!eda ya'yatsliisexa lEqtestE'- 
naxs la'e nii' £ nakwa. 
1 Digging Clover. — Wii, la £ me gwalala qo lag'aal laxa ts!ots!E- 
yinxaxa LExsEme ytxs lae xiils £ Ide mamiimasa LEx'sEmaxs lae 
g1wes £ etso\sa giwesaxa la ts!awenes £ Ida. 

Wa, gil £ mese g'iwesaxa ganoLaxs lae hex -£ ida £ meda tslEdaqe 
5 xwanaHdxa gaala. Wa, laEin ax-edxes tsloyayoLaxa LEX'sEine 
LE e wis LEqlExsde lExa £ ya LE £ wis LEbeg - a £ ye le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 
he £ mises dEnedzowe wuseg'ana. Wii, lii qas £ id qa £ s la laxes 
LEgEdzowe. Wa, het!a ax £ alisases eaxElayoLa guyinxelise lax 
nelasasa LlesEla qa e s oxLalalisexa LlesElaxs g'axae neFeda qa e s 

10k'!ese L!aL!ets!elexstalii laqexs g'axae neh c eda qa e s q!iilp!altalexa 
LEx'sEmaxs lae ts!5saq qaxs qlflnalae dadakineda tsledaqaxa 
ogucjlemase LloplEk'Exs tslosaaxa LEX"sEme. Wa, g'il £ mese ax e a- 
hsaxes eaxElayoLaxs lae ax £ edxes le £ wa £ ye qa £ s LEbegindes laxes 
awlg'a f ye. Wa, a f mise gwanala aek' !alagawa £ yes bEnba £ yasa 

15 le £ wa £ yases oxLax'sedza J yaxs lae ax £ edxa dEnedzowe wuseg'ano 
qa £ s qEkiyindes laq laxes qEnase. Wii, lii qEkiylntsa wile niElk 11 
dEnsEii dEiiEm obesa wiiseg'anowe laq qa £ s mox £ waLElodes 
oba £ yas. Wa, lit ax £ edxes LEqlExsde lExe qa £ s hangalises liixes 
nEqEmalise laxes guyolElasLe qo ts!os £ IdLo. Wii, lawesLe ax £ ed- 

20 xes ts!oyayowe qa £ s k!wadzolisexes LEbega £ ye le £ wa e ya. Wa, 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 187 

protecting mat. | Nowshe works while she is sitting. She pokes down 21 
her digging-stick so that | the point is one span deep in the ground. | 
Then she pries up the clover | easily, turning down the stick, for she 
does not wish to break the || clover-roots, and she pokes it again into 25 
the ground so that it stands up, | and she picks out the clover-roots 
and throws them into her fiat-bottomed basket. When | she has 
picked all the clover-roots out of the soil, she | pries up some more 
clover with her digging-stick, and she again | puts the digging-stick 
standing where she is going to pry up || the roots next time, after she 30 
has finished picking out what she has just pried up; | and she con- 
tinues to do so. | She does this every day, for sometimes | it takes the 
woman five days to work over her | clover-garden when it is large. 
In the evening || she takes the mats and pours the clover on several | 35 
mats, and covers it with others where she has dug it up; | and in the 
morning she takes the mat-covering off and | spreads it out, and 
scatters the clover-roots on them so as to get dry, if | it should be a 
fine day in the morning; but if it should be a bad day in the || morn- 40 
ing, then she does not take off the mat-covering until | the sky clears 
up, for it is said that it is not good for the clover | to be dried in the 
house. They say that if it is dried in the house, | it shrinks up; but 



la £ me k!wak!wasdenaqExs lae ts!Ex u bEtalisaxes tsloyayowe qa 21 
£ nEmp!Eiikes laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix E walabEtalidzasasa 
6ba £ yas ts!oyayasexs lae klwet lEqallsaxa LEX'SEme laxes k'!ets!e- 
na £ ye ealtsilaxs lae k!wet!edsq qaxs gwaqtelaaq EEltsIaleda 
LEX'SEme. Wa, la et!ed ts!Ex u bEtalisaxes tsloyayowe qa Laesesexs 25 
lae mEnx -£ idxa LEX'SEme qa £ s ts!Exts!ales laxes lExaya. Wa, gil- 
£ niese E wIlg"ilk"amEnaxa LEX'SEme laxa dzEqwaxs lae et!ed 
klwet teqalisaxa LExsEme yisa tsloyaj'owe. Wa, laxae etled 
ts!Ex u bEtalisaxes ts'.5yayowe qa Laeses lax etledLe klwetlEqale- 
dzEmLEs qo liil gwalL mEiimaqalxes la al klwet lEqaledzEma. 30 
Wa, laEmxae aEm uaqEmgiltEwexes gilxde gwegilasa. Wa, 
ax'sa^mese la he gwegilaxs lae tslosaxa E ne e nala ytxs E nal E nEm- 
p!Enae sEk"!axse E nalasa tsEdaqe sEii3'EnbEndxa £ nala ts!osaxes 
LEgEdzowaxs lexEdzae. Wa, g"ihiax\va £ mese dzac[\vaxs lae aEm 
ax E edxa leElwa E ye qa'"s lii gtigEdzotsa LEX'SEme laxa waokwe 35 
leElwa E ya qa E s naxuytndesa waokwe laq laxes tsloyasaq. Wa, 
g ilnaxwa ; mese laxa gaaliixs lae ax E edxa naxuya e ye leElwa-'ya qa E s 
LEplaliseq. Wa, la lEndzotsa LEX'SEme laq qa £ s x'il'"aliseqexs 
eg idzalaeda E nalaxa gaala. Wii, gil^mese yaxdElxEleda E nalaxa 
gaalaxs lae hewaxa axodEX naxuya E yas leF.lwa-ya, Ialaa lax 40 
eg'idox ; wI(lExdEmLasa E nala, qaxs k"!esaaEl eka LEx'sEmaxs 
xitalelEmae laxa g"okwe. G'ih c Em £ lae x'ilalelEm laxa g okwaxs 
lae hex E idaEm xuls £ ida. Wa, la £ lae kMes xule E nakulaxs x - il £ ale- 



188 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.86 

it does not shrink when it is dried | at the place where it is dug. The 

45 soil || is not washed off. If the sky has been clear for two days, | the 
roots are dry all over. Then the dirt drops off. | Then the woman 
takes her basket, goes to the | pile of clover, and puts (the roots) into 

50 the clover-basket. | When all the baskets are full, || the woman takes 
dry grass and places it on top of the | clover-baskets. After she has 
done so, she takes a | thin cedar-bark rope and ties up the top of the 
baskets. | Then she puts them into the canoe and goes home to the 

55 winter house, | for they dig clover at another place, for || the best 
clover grows at Knight Inlet and at Gwa £ ye. Now she arrives at her | 
winter house. She does not put down the clover- 1 basket near the fire 
of the house, but she | puts it in a cool corner of the house. Now 
she waits for | the winter before cooking the clover-roots. As soon 

60 as the people begin the winter ceremonial, then || the people are in- 
vited to eat the clover. | 
1 Digging Cinquefoil-Itoots. — The same digging-stick | is used for 
digging cinquefod-roots which is used for clover. Sometimes | the 
man who makes the digging-stick makes a smaller digging-stick | for 
5 the cinquefoil-roots, for it is thinner and it is one span || shorter than 
t lie clover digging-stick; | and the basket for cinquefoil-roots has | no 



dzEinae laxa tsloyasaq. Wii, laxae k!es ts !oxwalasE £ wa dzEx- 

-15 £ iina £ yas. Wa, g - il £ mese malp!Eiixwa £ s eg - idzaleda £ naliixs lae 
lEmlEmx e unx -£ Ida. Wa, he'mis la qlupalats dzedzEx £ iina £ yas. 
Wa, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsa tslEdaqaxes L!aL!Ebate qa £ s las lax 
modzasasa LEx - sEine qa £ s lii lExtslalas laxa LEgatsIe LlaidEbata. 
Wa, giPmese £ wl £ la la qoqut!eda LeLEg"ats!e LlaLlEbatExs laeda 

50 tslEdaqe ax £ edxa lelElxLowe k!et!Ema qa £ s ts!ak - iyindales laxa 
LeLEg"ats!e L!aL!Ebata. Wa, giFmese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa 
£ wllEne mElk u dEnsEn dEnEma qa £ s t !Emak'iyindales liiq. Wa, 
laEm moxsas laxes ya £ yats!e qa £ s la na £ nakwa laxes ts!EWEnxE- 
lase gokwa qaxs ogu £ la £ mae awlnagwise axasaxa lex'seiuc ytxs 

55 hae Dzawade lo £ Gwa £ ye ek" q!waxats. Wa, laEm lag - aa laxes 
tslEwF.nxElase g'okwa. Wii, k'!est!a he mogwalilases LeLEg p ats!e 
LlaLlEbata laxa £ nExwala laxa lEgwilases g'Skwe, ytxs hae 
mogwalllaqe wiidanegwllases g'5kwe. Wa, laEm lalaal laxa ts!a- 
wiinx £ IdLa qo hamex'silax -e IdLEq. Wa, g - tl e mese ts!ets!ex J ede 

60 g'okulotasexs lae Le £ lalases LEx'sEme hxq. 
1 Digging cinquefoil-roots (Tslosaxa t!Ex"sose). — HeEmxat! tslosE- 
laxa t!Ex u sose tsloyayfixa LExsEme. Wit, laxa e nal-iiEmp Isneda 
tsloyayogwilaenoxwe tsloyayogwilaxa hek!umgilil £ Em qa tsloya- 
yoxa t!Ex u sose, yixs £ wawilalae. Wii, laxae £ nEmp!Enk - lfixEns 
5 q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ yex yix ts lEkwagawayanEmasa ts loyayaxa t !ex u so- 
sasa tsloyayaxa LEx'sEme. Wa, he £ misa ts!oyats!e lExa £ ya yixs 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 189 

flat bottom, as the one that is used for digging clover, for the same | 7 
basket that is used for clams is used for cinquef oil-roots; | and the 
other cinquefoil-basket is smaller. It is for the lower roots, || for 10 
these are very long, and they grow under the curly | cinquefod-roots. 
As soon as the season for digging cinquefod-roots in the autumn 
arrives, then | the woman who owns a cinquefoil-garden takes her 
cedar-bark belt and | mat, two cinquefoil digging-baskets, and her | 
digging-stick, and goes to the cinquefoil-garden. || When she arrives 15 
there, she puts down her baskets | and her digging-stick, and she 
spreads the mat on her back. | She takes her woven cedar-bark belt 
and puts | it around her body over the mat. After | she has done 
so, she sits down on the lower end of the back-protector mat. || Then 20 
she takes her digging-stick and pokes the end into the ground in one 
corner of her | cinquefoil-garden. The point of the digging-stick does 
not go in deep. | Then she pries it up. Then the cinquefoil-roots 
show themselves, and | the woman picks out the short, curly | 
cinquefod-roots and puts them into the larger || basket which stands 25 
at her right side. She puts down | the smaller basket on the left-hand 
side. After | she has picked out the cinquefoil-roots, she takes her 
digging-stick again and pushes | the end into the ground at the place 
where she dug first, for the small cinquefod-roots are only four fingers 

k'lesae LEq'.Exsda he gwexse tsloyatslaxa LExsEme, yixs yiiqla- 7 
la £ maoxda dzeg"ats!axa g'aweqlanEine tsloyatslaxa tlEx u sose. Wa, 
la a £ ma £ yaleda £ nEmsgEme tsloyatsles qa £ s axtslalasxa Laxabalise 
yixa g ilsg'ilstowe t!Ex u sosa. Wii, qlwaxa lax ewaabalisasa t!Emkwa 10 
t!Ex u s5se. Wa, gil £ mese ts lots lEyinxxa L;iyinxaxs laetla tlEk'Ila- 
gwade tslEdaq ax £ edxes dEnedzowe k!EdEk u wuseganowa LE £ wa le- 
£ wa £ ye. Wa, he e meses maltsEme tsletsloyatsle laElxa £ ya LEwis 
tsloyayowaxs lae qas £ id qa £ s la laxes tlEk'flakwe t!Egudzowa. 
Wa, g iPmese lag - aa laqexs lae axEing'alisaxes ts!ets!oyats!eLe laEl- 15 
xa £ ya LE £ wis tsloyayowe. Wa, la LEbeg'intses LEbeg'a £ ye le £ wa e ya. 
Wa, la ax £ edxes dEndzEdzowe k - !idEk u wuseg'anowa qa £ s qEk"i- 
yindes laxa LEbeg'a £ yas le £ wa £ yaxs lae wusex -£ Its. Wa, g - il £ mese 
gwalExs lae klwadzodsx bEiiba £ yases LEbeg - a £ ye le £ wa £ yaxs lae 
dax -£ Idxes tsloyayowe qa £ s ts!Ex u bEtalisex awiinxelisases tlEkila- 20 
kwe tlEgudzowa. Wa, la k'!es wungEg'Ile 6ba £ yasa tsloyayo. - 
waxs lae k!wet!edEq. Wa, he £ mis la nel £ edaatsa t!Ex u sose. Wa, 
he £ mis la niEnx- £ idaatsa tsloyenoxwe tslEclaqxa t !Emt lEingiixEowe 
ts!Elts!Ex u stowe t!Ex u sosa qa £ s lExtshiles laxa £ walasagawa £ ye ts!o- 
yatsle lExaxs hanesae lax helk - lotagawalisas. Wa, he'tla hanesa 25 
&mayagawa £ ye lExa £ ye gEnvxagawalisas. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wdgEl- 
qaxa t !Ex u sosaxs lae etled &x £ edxes tsloyayowe qa £ s ts!Ex u bEtal!sas 
6ba £ yas laxes g'ibrde £ lapa £ ya qaxs a £ mae maldEne £ walabEtalasasa 
tlEx u sose laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wa, laLa modEne £ wala- 



190 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 35 

30 deep, | but the long lower roots are four fingers || deeper, if the sand | 
is good and does not contain pebbles. The reason why there are no 
long cinquefoil-roots | at Nimkish River is that there are many small 
pebbles. Gwa £ ye | in Knight Inlet is the only place where the long 
cinquefoil-roots grow, | for the soil in the cinquefoil-gardens is half 

35 sand and half light || clay, and therefore the cinquefoil-roots and 
the I long roots grow well. As I said before, the short cinque- 
foil-roots are on top, | of the long roots below. Therefore the 
woman who is digging cinquefod-roots | pushes down her digging- 
stick again after she has picked up all the short roots; for the | short 
roots and the long roots do not keep together, although they belong 

40 to one || stem. Now I will stop talking about this, and I ] will talk 
again about the woman who is digging. She | does not pry up the 
sand quickly, but she digs up the sand and clay slowly, | so that the 
long cinquefoil-roots do not break and that they come up in 
long strings | when she is picking them out of the sand; and she puts 

45 them into the || basket for the long cinquefod-roots. She keeps on 
doing so over the whole garden- | bed, and she only stops digging 
after she has worked over the whole ground. | In the evening, when 
it gets dark, the woman who is digging cinquefoil-roots | takes her 
short roots and puts them on a pde, and covers them over with | mats; 

50 and she does the same with the long roots, for || sometimes it takes 



30 bEtalasasa Laxabalise laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex laqexs ek'aeda 
egise yixs k'leasae tlatledzEma. HeEm lag'ilas k!e;is Laxabalise 
Gwanaxs qlenEmaes t !at !edzEine. Wa, lex'a £ mese Gwa £ ye, yix 
wasa DzawadEenoxwe ex - qlwaxatsa L&xabalise LE £ wa t!Ex u sose 
qaxs naxsaaplaes tlEk'Ilakwe tlEgudzo lo £ eg'ise LE £ wa k!use 

35 L!eq!a. Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas ek'e q!waxena £ yas t!Ex u sosas LE £ wis 
Laxabfilise. LaxEn laEmx'de waldEmaxs ek'layaeda t!Ex u sosasa 
Lnxabalise. Wa, he £ mis l&gilasa tsloyenoxwe tsted&q et led ts!ox u - 
bEtalisases ts loyayowaxs lae £ w! £ lolxa t !ex u s6s§ qaxs k" !esae Lawa- 
gilleda t!Ex u sose LE £ wa Laxabiilisaxs wax ,£ mae e nEmes yisx'Enexa 

40 tlEgwanowe. Wa, la £ mEn gwal gwagwex's J ala laxeq. Wa, la- 
£ mesEn et!edEl gwagwex"s £ ala laxa tsloyenoxwe ts!EdaqExs lae 
k"!es etlltsilaxs lae k!wet!qiilisaxa eg'ise LE £ wa k!use L!eq!a qa 
k'!eses aEltsleda Laxabiilise qaxs siiyEnaaq qa g - ilsg'ilstowesexs 
lae sex'tilaq laxa eg'ise qa £ s la LEx u ts!;ilas laxes senats!axa Laxa- 

45 biilise lExa £ ya. Wa, hex'saEm gweg'Ilax wadzEgasases t!Ek'I £ lakwe 
t'.Egiidzowa. Wa, al £ mese gwal tslosaqexs lae £ wllg ildzowa. Wa, 
g'ilnaxwaEm k' !ilto £ nakulaxa dzaqwaxs laeda tsloyenoxwe tslEdaq 
ax £ edxes t!Ex u sose qa £ s q!ap!esgEmg'al!seq. Wa, la nox u sEmtsa 
leElwa £ ye laq. Wa, la heEmxat! gwex £ Idxa L&xabalise qaxs £ nal- 

50 £ nEmp!Ena £ e m5p!Enxwa £ se £ nalasa tsloyenoxwe tslEdaq tslosaxes 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHEKING 191 

the woman four days to dig over her | cinquef oil-garden. In the 51 
morning, when day comes, the | owner of the cinquefoil-garden goes 
to the pile of short roots | and of long roots and takes off the mat 
covering of the piles | of short and long roots, and spreads the roots 
out so that they are close together. || After she has done so, she 55 
takes the roots and scatters them, | and she does the same with 
the long roots. After she has done so, | she leaves and goes home to 
her cinquefoil-digging house. Now [ she dries the short roots so that 
the sand on them gets dry. When | she arrives at her house, she 
takes her cinquefoil-baskets and looks them over, || and she takes 60 
them to the place where she left her | short roots and long roots dry- 
ing. As soon as she arrives there, she | takes up the short roots and 
puts them into the baskets; | and when they are all in, she takes dry 
grass and | puts it on top as a cover; and after it has been put on, || 
she takes cedar-bark split for this purpose one finger | wide and ties 65 
up | the cinquefoil-baskets. After she has done so, she gathers | 
them together and covers them with mats. Then | she takes cedar- 
bark and splits it into narrow strips. || She lays down one of the pieces 70 
of spht cedar-bark, | takes the long cinquefoil-roots and puts the ends 
together, laying them down | on the strip o f cedar-bark. When she 



t!EkI £ lakwe tlEgiidzowa. Wa, g'il £ mese £ nax -£ idxa gaalaxs laeda 51 
tlEgwadasa t!Ex u sose qas £ Id qa £ s lii lax niExmEwedzases t!Ex u sose 
LE'wa Laxabalise qa £ s ax £ edexa nenax u sEma £ ye leEl £ wesa mExniE- 
wlse t!Ex u sosa LE £ wa Laxabalise qa £ s mEink'alexs lae LEp!alIsElaq. 
Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa t!Ex u sose qa e s lendzodales laq. 55 
Wa, laxae heEmxat! gwex £ Idxa Laxabalise. Wa, g"il £ niese gwalExs 
lae bus qa £ s la na £ nak u laxes ts!Ewedzats!e g'okwa. Wa, laEm 
x'ilElsaxa t!Ex u sose qa lEinx £ wides egisEna £ yas. Wa, g'il £ mese 
lag - aa laxes g'okwaxs lae hex -£ idaEm k' !EiiEmg"alllaxes t!et!Egwa- 
tsleLe L!fiL!Ebata qa £ s la dalaqexs lae aedaaqa lax x'iledzasases 60 
t!Ex u sose LE £ wa Laxabalise. Wa, g'?l £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae he 
g'il q!ap!ex ,£ ItsE £ weda t!Ex u sose qa £ s texts Sales laxa LlaLlabate. 
Wa, g'il £ mese £ wllts !axs lae. ax £ ed laxa lEnixwa k - let lEma qa £ s 
ts!ak'iyindales laq. Wa, g'iPmese gwiil ts!ak - iyindalaqexs lae 
fix f edxa hek!umg'ilila £ ye dzEXEk" dEnasaxa £ nal £ iiEmdEnas awa- 65 
dzE £ was laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex. Wa, la t lEinak iymdalas 
laxa tlEgwatsle L!aL!abata. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalexs lae q'.apleg'a- 
lisaq qa £ s nax u sEmdesa leElwa £ ye laq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s helox u sEnde dzEdzExsEndEq qa £ wls £ wula- 
dzowe. Wa, la k - at!alisaxa £ nEmts!aqe dzEXEk" dEnasa, wa, la 70 
ax £ edxa Laxabalise qa £ s £ nemabEndaleq qa £ s la k - at!ets laxa dE- 
nase. Wa, g'il £ mese belts !e £ staax u sEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex 



192 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL. [eth.ann. 35 

73 can put her fingers | around them, she squeezes them together 
and ties them firmly in the middle. | They are this way when 

75 they have been tied: . When || this has been done, she 

does the same with ^^^j=^^- the others, and she only stops | 
when they are all 5=pfe=Er ^ et ^ 1U bundles in the middle. 
Sometimes | she has ? ^ more than a hundred bundles of 

long cinquefoil-roots belonging to one woman who has a good | 
cinquefoil-garden. After this has been done, she puts the | long 
cinquefod-roots into the basket; and when they arc all in, she 

80 takes || grass and puts it on top, and she ties it down with 
cedar-bark. | Then in the evening she gathers up | the baskets 
for long cinquefoil-roots, and she spreads mats over them. | 
After she has done so, she goes home to her digging-house. | In the 
morning, when daylight comes, the woman and her husband get 

85 ready. || They launch their canoe into the sea, | push down the roof- 
boards of the digging-house | and place them in the bottom of the 
canoe. When | the bottom of the canoe is all covered, the baskets 
with short roots | are placed on the boards in the canoe; and when 

90 they are ah in, || they take the baskets with long roots and put them | 
on top of the baskets with short roots; and when they are all in, | 
they put the bedding and provisions on top. When everything is in, | 
they take the mats and spread them over the load. | When everything 



73 lax qlwedzoyodaq lae qEno £ yodEq qas lEkliitlede yil £ edEq. 
Wa, laEm g'a gwiileg'axs lae ylLoyala {fig.). Wa, g'il £ mese 
75 gwala lae hanal he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wii, al £ rnese gwiilExs 
lae £ wPla la qeqEiio £ yaleda Laxabalise yixs £ nal £ iiEinp!Eiiae g'ex - - 
s6gug'Eyox u sayokwa Laxabalisasa e nEmokwe tslEtlfiqaxa ekas 
tlEki £ lakwe. Wa, g p il £ mese gwiilExs lae LEx u ts!iilas laxa Laxa- 
batsle LlaLlEbata. Wa, g'lPmese £ wilts!;txs laaxat! ax £ edxa k - le- 
go tlEine qa £ s ts!ak - iyindes laq. Wa, laxae tlEmak'iylntsa tlEiiase laq. 
Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la la gwalExs laaxat! q!ap!eg - alesaqexa dza- 
qwaxa LeLaxabatsIe LlaLlEbata qa £ s LEpsEmdalesa leEl £ wa £ ye laq. 
Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae na e nak" laxes ts!Ewedzats!e g'okwa. 
Wa, gil e mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs lae xwanal £ Ida ts!Ewesde tslEdaqa 
85 LE £ wis la £ wunEme qa £ s wI £ x u st.Endexes xwakliina laxa dEmsx'e 
£ wapa. Wa, la weqwaxElax salases ts!Ewedzats!ex"de g'okwa 
qa £ s la paxsEla laxes xwakluna. Wa, g"il £ mese liamElxalExs lax 
oxsasa xwaklunaxs lae he g'il moxdzEma t!Egwats!e LlaLlEbata qa 
mag - idza £ yes laxa paxsaxs lae mEXEdzEweq. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wil- 
90 xsa lae moxsElaxa Laxabatsle LlaLlEbata. Wa, laEm niEXE- 
yindalas laxa tlEgwatsle LlaLlEbata. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wllxsasexs 
lae mokuyindalases mEmwala laq. Wa, g"il £ mese £ wilxsasexs lae 
ax £ edxa le-El £ wa £ ye qa £ s LEpEyindales lax okiiya £ yases ma £ ye. Wa, 
g'il £ mese gwalExs lae hoguxs laxes ya £ yats!e xwakluna. Wa, lada 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 193 

is aboard the canoe, the || man stands in the stern of the canoe, 95 
which he steers. | He looks at his clover-digging house and prays to 
it.' ... | 

As soon as he arrives at the beach of his winter house, | he puts the 
stern of his traveling-canoe landward and backs in. | The man gets 
out of the traveling-canoe, and || unloads the cargo when the tide is 100 
high. If it is low tide, he | ties a long cedar-bark rope to the stern 
seat of his | traveling-canoe and carries up the end of the rope to 
high-water mark, j where he ties it to a stone which serves as an 
anchor. After he has done so, | the (couple) are invited by their 
relatives to eat, if it is || low tide when they arrive. If it is high tide, 5 
they are only | invited when the cargo has been carried up the beach. 
They ] put the baskets with the long roots and those with the short 
roots in two different places. | The baskets with the long roots are put 
on the right-hand side of the | house, and the baskets with the short 
roots are placed on the left-hand || side of the house, for these corners 10 
are cool. As soon as | all have been carried up, they go to the one 
who invited them. . . . As soon as this has been done, | (the man) takes 
the baskets with long cinquefoil-roots and puts them across | the 
two beams. 2 If there are many baskets with long roots, there may 
be four layers, one on top of the other, | from one end of the staging 

bEgwaiiEme LaxLexa xwak'una qaxs he £ mae LEnxLa £ ya. Wa, 95 
doqwalaxes ts!Ewedzats!exe g'okwa qa £ s tslErwaqeq. 1 . . . 

Wii, g'il J mese lag - aa lax L!Ema £ isases ts!awunxElase g-okwa lae 
iiLaxLamakulaxes ya £ yats!e xwakluna qa e s k' !Ex £ alisexs lae lal- 
taweda bEgwanEme laxes ya £ yats!e xwakluna. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese 
moltodxes mayaxs yixulalisae. Wa, g - il £ mese x'atsIaesExs lae 100 
aEin mogwanotsa gilt !a dEiiEm laxa LE.\Eq!EXLaya £ yases ya £ ya- 
ts!e xwak!una qa £ s la £ s oba-yas laxa ya £ x u motasa yixwa qa e s 
mox £ bEndesa tlesEme laq qa qlElsbes. Wa, g'iPmese gwal lie 
gwex" £ idqexs lae Lalelalasoses LeLELala qa las LlExwa laq. yixs 
xats'.aesae lag'alits!Enxas. Wa g ilnnese yixulalisExs lae 5l £ Em 5 
Lfilelalasoxs lae £ wI £ losdese mEmwalas. Wii, laEm alEwIla 
mogwalilElasasa Laxabats!e L'.aLlEbata LE e wa t!Egwats!e, yixs 
fnal'nEmp!Enae he mogwalilEma Laxabatsleda helk - !otewalllasa 
g-okwe. Wa, la he nidgwalllEma t!Egwats!e L!aL!Ebata gEmxo- 
tewalllasa g-okwe, yixs wudanegwilae. Wii, g-iPmese £ wi £ losde- 10 
sexs lae Lax E wid laxa Lalelaliiq.- . . . Wa, g - il £ mese gwfdExs 
lae ax £ edxa Laxabatsle LliiLlEbata qa £ s niExEndales lacj, yixs 
gil-mae q!eiiEina LaxabatsUixs lae mox'"wedgustala maxo £ nakula 
hayimbEndEX iiwasgEmasasa k'lagile. Wii, g'iluuese £ wilg'aaLE- 

— 1 See page 618. 

z Then follows the description of the making of a raised platform for keeping provisions (p. 166). 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 13 



194 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth i 

15 to the other. When they are all on, || he takes mats and spreads 
thern over them, so that the | frost can not get at them, for he does not 
wish them to freeze. Now | it is called "staging for long einquef oil- 
roots," and it is also called | "staging on which long cinquefoil-roots 
are thrown." After this has been done, | he dot's the same, putting 

20 on the stage the || baskets with short roots: and after this has been 
done, he spreads j mats over them. Generally he does not put up 
one | basket of long cinquefoil-roots when the baskets arc piled up: | 
and when there are many people in his tribe, he keeps out four 
baskets with short cinquefoil roots to cook them for the people; but || 

25 more than one basket of long cinquefoil-roots is never kept out, for 
only the chiefs j eat the long cinquefoil-roots. The common people 
eat the short roots, j 
1 Digging Sea-Milkwort. 1 -When the plants first begin to grow and 
the tops begin to sprout, j the woman takes her digging-stick which 
she uses for clams, | and her small basket, and goes to a place where 
,"> -lie has seen || milkwort growing. In the following year there is 
nothing to be seen in the springtime, , anil she just digs for it. She 
sits down and pushes the point of her digging-stick into the sand, 
and she pries up the sand. | Then she picks out the milkwort-roots 



15 laxs lae ax'edxa teEl s wa e ye qa £ s i.EpEyindales laq qa k' leses 
lax'saweda g'Ewesmise laq, qaxs gwaqtelaaq wudala. Wa, laEm 
LegadEs LaxapdEmil k - !agH laxeq. Wa, la, LeqEleda waokwas 
k' laxdEmllasasa Laxabats!e LlaLlEbata laq. Wa, g'iPmese gwa- 

■_>() Iexs lae aEin nEqEmg"ilEweqexs lae ax E alilasa t!ExdEm!lasasa t!e- 
t!Egwats!e LlaLlEbata. Wa, g'il e mese gwatexs laaxat! LEpEyintsa 
leEpwa £ ye laq. Wa, lii qliinalaqas k"!es lasa E nEmsgEme Laxaba- 
ts!e Llabat laxes la inalai.Ela laxa LaxapdEmile klaglla. Wa-, 
o-il-'mese q'.enEme g - 6kulotasexs lae axelaxa mosgEme t!et!E- 
u;wats!e LlaLlEbata qa £ s t !EquIasE E wa. Wa, laxe k' !es h&yaqax 

25 s nEmsgEma Laxabatsle Llabata qaxs Iexaunaeda g'Ig'Egaina : ye 
LELtixapg'Exa Laxabiilise. Wa, laLeda bebEgwanEmq !ala e me 
tlEx l 't!aq u xa tlEx u sose. 
1 Digging Sea-Milkwort' (Tslosaxa hoqlwale). -Wii, he E maaxslae g*f] 
qlwaxEnxa lae Elaq tEmx'alise oxta'yasa qlwaqlwiixEma lae 
ax e ededa tslEdaqaxes klilakwexa dzeg"ayaxa g'aweqlauEme 
LE £ wes lalaxamaxs lae qas'ld qa e s la laxes q!aetsE E we qlwaxatsa 
5 hoqlwalaxa apsEytnxde qaxs k'leasae dogul qlwaxaxa qlwaxEnxe 
qaxs tVmae tslosElaq. Wa, lii klwag'alis qa E s tslEx"l>EtaIisex 
oba E yases tslosElaxa klilakwe. Wii, lii klwetlEqalisaxa egise. 
Wii, he c mis la mEnx -e idaatsexa hoqlwale qa E s la tslExtslalas laxa 

'Olauz maritima, v. Fernald. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 195 

and throws them into | the small basket which stands on the ground 
in front of her. She continues doing so || while she is digging. When 1 
her basket is full, she goes | home, carrying the basket in her hands. | 

Digging Bracken ' - Root. — The woman j takes her back-protecting 
mat and her cedar-bark belt, | and her digging-stick which she uses for 
digging clams. Then || she goes to a place where she knows fern is 15 
growing and where | the soil is soft. As soon as she arrives, she 
spreads the mat over her back | and she puts on the woven cedar- 
bark belt. After | she has done so, she sits down on one end of the 
mat, holding the | digging-stick, and she pushes the point of the 
stick into the ground. || Then she digs up the ground; and when she 20 
readies the fern-root, | she follows the whole length of the root, for it 
is very | long; and when she reaches the soft end, she j breaks it off; 
and if it is very long, she coils it up. She continues j doing so as she 
is digging. When she has enough, she takes a || spruce-root and ties 25 
it around the middle, and she folds the roots up in a bundle, | which 
she carries on her back to her house, using her digging-stick as a 
walking-stick, for the load of fern-roots is really heavy when the old 
woman finds many. | 

Digging Fern --Root. — The woman takes her | yew-wood digging- 1 
stick and a large basket, | which she carries on her back. She uses 
her digging-stick as a cane. Then she walks, | looking for fern-root. 

lalaxamaxs hanesae lax nEqEmalisas. Wa, ax'sa'mese he gweg'i- 
laxs ts!osae. Wa, g'iFmese qot!e lExElasexs lae na/nakwa laxes 10 
g'okwe k'oxk" !otElaxes hoq '.waleats !e lalaxama. 

Digging Bracken-Root (Sakwaxa sagiime). — HeEm ax £ etsd £ sa ts!E- 
daqes LEbega £ ye le £ wa £ ya LE £ wes dEnedzowe wuseg'anowa. Wa, 
he-mesLai.es k'!ilakwexes dzeg'ayowaxa gaweqlaiiEine. Wa, la 
qas-'id qa £ s la laxes q!atsEwe qlwaxatsa sagiime, yixa asm 15 
tElq'.uts tlEka. Wa, g'IPmese lag'aa laqexs lae LEbeg'intses 
le £ wa £ ye qa £ s qEk'iylndeses dEnedzowe wiiseg'ano laq. Wa, glPmese 
gwala lae klwadzodEx apsba £ yases LEbeg"a £ ye le £ wa £ ya dalaxes 
klilakwe. Wa, la qlumtbEtElsax oba'yases k' lilakwe qa £ s e lap!e- 
dexa clzEkwa. Wa, giPmese laklEndxa sagiimaxs lae km hegu- 20 
lEne labElEnex £ wasgEinasasa Llop'.Ek'asa sagiime qaxs alak'Ialae 
gtlsgilt!e L!op!Ek'as. Wa, glPmese lag'aa laxa q!wayots!axs lae 
alts!EiulEq qa £ s q !Elx £ wideqexs Lomae giltla. Wa, la hex'saEin 
gweg'ilaxs sakwae. Wa, g'il £ mese heloLEqexs lae ax £ ed laxa 
LloplEk'asa alewase qa £ s qEnoyodes laqexs lae gwanaqi £ lalakwa. 25 
Wa, lii oxxalaqexs lae na £ nak u laxes g'okwe sek" laqElaxes k' !ilakwe 
qaxs alak' !alae giint!eda sagumaxs oxLaakwaaxs qlEvoLanEmaasa 
laElk!wana £ ye. 

Digging Fern -Root (Nesaxa tsak'os). — Wa, heEm ax £ etso £ sa J. 
ts'.Edaqes l !Enq tek' !me k!ilakwa LE £ wes £ walase lExa £ ya. Wa, 
la oxLala. Wa, Laxa sek - laqElaxes kMilakwe. Wa, la qas £ id qa £ s 

1 Pteridiu m aquilinum. ' Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata. 



19fi ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [MH.Amf.3s 

5 As soon as she finds large ones, she puts her || basket down on the 
ground and pokes with her digging-stick under the root of the fern. 
She holds with her left hand the top of the digging-stick, and she holds 
with her | right hand the leaves of the fern, and she pulls at it. and | 
she pries it up with her digging-stick. As soon as she gets it out, she 
plucks off the | leaves, and she throws the root into the basket. She 

10 continues || doing so, pulling it out, and she only stops when her 
basket is full. | Then she breaks off some slim hemlock-branches and 
puts them on top | of the fern-root. After she has done so, she 
carries her | fern-root basket on her back and goes home. | 

15 Gathering Fern-roots. 1 — Generally the tribes go || to get fern-roots 
when they are hungry and J they can not go to get other kinds of food; 
and those who haveto camp for along time in bad weather. | Then they 
go to gather fern-roots. The | man makes a stick for peeling bark like 
the stick for peeling hemlock-bark. | It is the same length. It is 

20 bent and has a flat point. || Generally it is four spans long. | The 
woman carries it with her basket and goes to | look for loose moss in 
which the fern grows. When she finds | many plants of the fern- 
root growing among the loose moss on rocks, 1 she sits down and 

25 plucks off the moss; || and when she comes to the rock, she takes her 
peeling-stick and | pushes it along the rock under the moss, and she 



la alaxa tsakose. Wii, g'il £ mese qlaxa awawe lae 5xxEg - aElsaxes 
5 lExiVye. Wii, la L'.Engabotses klilakwe lax L'.op!Ek - asa tsakose. 
Wa, la dale gBmxolts lanasex oxta £ yasa k'ttlakwe. Wa, la nesale 
helk - !otts!anasexs ylsx'lnasa tsak'osaxs lae nex £ edEq. Wa, la 
klwetaxsllases klilakwe laq. Wa, giPmese laLEq lae k!ul5dEX 
yisx"inas. Wa, la lEX'tslotsa tsakuse laxes lExa £ ye. Wii, hexsa- 

10 £ mese gweg'ilaxs nesae. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae q!ot!e IexeI&s. 
Wa, la l!ex £ wk1 laxa wiswulEtayasa qlwaxe qa £ s ts !ak - iylndes 
lax a 6kuva £ vasa tsakuse. Wii, lii gwalExs lae oxLEX'Idxes 
tsag'atsle lExa £ ya qa £ s la na £ nakwa. 

Gathering Fern -roots (LEkwaxalEk!wa s ye). — HeEmq!unalalEkwax- 

15 (lEmxa lEk!wa £ } T axs palaeda g'ayole laxa lelqwalaLa £ ye yixa 
wayapolEla laLElaxa he e maomase LE-'wa yiyag'idzaiiEmasa £ nalaxs 
g'ayag"ilisElae. Wa, he e misla lEkwaxa lEk!wa £ ye; wii, he J mis ax ; e- 
tsosa bEgwanEma idoklwayowe he gwex'se Lloklwayaxalaqe. Wa. 
la heEmxat! '"wasgEme laxes hanqwalaena £ ye paxbaakwa. Wa, la 

20 qluniila mop!Enk - e e wasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!anaye\. 
Wa, he £ mis daax u sa tstedaqe LE £ wis lExa £ yaxs lae qas £ id qa £ s la 
alax hasdExwa plElEins qlwaxatsa lEk!wa £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese q!axa 
qleiiEme yisx - Ensa lEk!wa £ ye q !waq !iixEgexa hasdexwa p!ElEinsaxs 
lae hex -£ idaEm klwagElodsq qa £ s mapElalexa plElEmse. Wa, 

25 gil £ mese lagila laxa tlesEmaxs lae ax £ edxes Lloklwayowe qa £ s 
LlEnqElales lax awaba £ yasa plElEmese qa £ s Llokliig'ilodeq. Wa, 

1 Polypodium glycorrhiza X>. C. Eaton. 



hoas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 197 

pries it off the rock. | As soon as it turns over, she pulls the moss apart 27 
and pulls out the fern-roots, which she throws into her basket. 
She continues j doing so: and when her basket is full, she carries it 
home. ! Then she puts it down by the side of the fire. | 30 

Digging- Erytliroaium. — Now I will speak again | about the 1 
ervihronmm, how it is dug; for the j woman takes the same digging- 
st'ck that is used for short cinquefoil-roots, and the back-protecting 
mat, and her cedar-hark belt, and she takes a small-meshed flat- 
bottomed |] basket: and she goes to the bank of the river, for that is 5 
the only place | where the ervthronium-plant grows. As soon as she 
arrives where it grows, | when the leaves first come out of the ground, 
she carries a large | horse-dam shell. Then she takes her back- 
protecting mat and | spreads it over her back, and she takes her 
cedar-bark belt and |j puts it on over the mat. putting it around her 10 
waist. Then | she takes a large horse-clam shell and her digging- 
stick, and she takes her small-meshed Hat-bottomed basket and puts 
it down on her | left-hand side. Then she sits on the end of the j 
mat and pushes the end of the digging-stick into the ground and pries 
up the sod. Then she scrapes the soil with her clam-shell | and picks 15 
out the erythronium plants from the soil and throws them | into her 

glhmese nELElaxs lae behldxa plElEmse. Wa, a £ mese la Isk'alaxa 27 
lEk!wa £ ye qa e s le LEx u ts!alas laxes IexeIu. Wa, la hexsaEm 
gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wa, g'ih'mese qot!e Isgwatsles bsxa^ya lae 
kMoqwalaxes tegwatsle lExa £ ya qa e s la na £ nakwa laxes g - 5kwe. 30 
Wa, lii k - logiindlisases tegwatsle lExa £ ya lax lEgwIlases g - okwe. 

Digging Erythronium. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwex's- 1 
E alal laxa xaasx Ent !axs lae ts!osasE e wa yixs he-mae ax £ etso £ sa 
tstedaqes tsloyayaxa t!Ex u sose i.E'wis LEbeg'a'ye le=wa £ ya LE £ wis 
dF.nedzowe wuseg'anowa. Wa, he £ misa t !olt !Ex u sEme LEqlExsd 
lExa £ ya. Wa, lii qas £ ida lax ogwag'ilisasa wlwa qaxs lex'a £ mae 5 
qlwaxatsa xaasx'Entle. Wa, g"ll e mese lagaa lax qlayasaxs galae 
(|!\va(|!uxEtdx-wide yisxinas, wa, la dalaxa -walase xalaetsox 
inr.t 'ana\vex. Wa, be e mis g'il ax'"etso s ses LEbeg - a e ye le e wa £ ya qa £ s 
LF.beg'indes. Wa, lii ax £ edxes dEnedzoWe wuseg-anowa qa £ s qEne- 
g'indes laxes LEbega £ ye le £ wa £ ya. Wa, la wtiseg'oyots. Wa, la 10 
ax e edxa e walase xalaetsox niEt!ana £ yex LE £ wis tsloyayowe, laxae 
ax E edxes t!olt!Ex u sEme LEqlExsd bsxa e ya qa £ s hangalises laxes 
gEnvxotEmalise. Wa, lawisLe klwadzodEx 6ba £ yases LEbeg'a £ ye 
le £ wa £ ya, wa, lit LlEiixbEtalisas 5ba £ yases tsloyayowe qa-s k!wet!e- 
deq. Wa, he £ mis la xElpElg'ayaatsesa £ walase xalaes laxa tlEk'a. 15 
Wa, la mEiimaqaxa xaasx'Eiit !e laxa tlEk'a qa £ s lii ts!Exts!alas 
laxes lEXEla. Wa, g'ih'mese wakwa x'aasx'Ent !;ixs lae £ nEmal £ I- 



198 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. and 

18 basket. If there are many plants, it is only a short time | before the 
basket is full; and when | the small-meshed flat-bottomed basket is 

20 full, she carries it home in her hand. || After entering the house, she | 
puts down the basket inside of the door of the house to keep it cool 
and so that the roots | do not get dry, for they are dirty. | 
1 Digging Lupine-Roots. — In spring, when I the salmon-berries begin 
to have buds and the olachen first arrives in | Knight Inlet . the season 
arrives when the tribes are hungry | when they first arrive at Knight 
5 Inlet. Then the woman first takes her digging-stick || for clover 
and her basket and her | woven cedar-bark belt, and goes to the I 
flats back of the houses of the olachen fishermen. When she finds 
t he | tops of shoots of lupine as they come out of the ground, she puts 
down her | lupine-basket and her digging-stick. She takes her || 

10 narrow back-protector and spreads it on her back, and she sees to it 
that | it reaches down to her heels. Then she puts a belt I over it 
and ties it around her waist. When she lias finished, | she takes her 
digging-stick and her lupine-basket and sits down close to the | shoots 

15 on the end of her back-protecting mat. || She pushes the point of the 
digging-stick into the ground close to the | lupine-shoot, and she 
pries it up. As soon as the roots come out, | she picks I hem out of 
the clay and throws them into her | basket; and when she has picked 

18 (Iexs lae qotles IexeUi. Wa, g'il-mese qotle x - aasx'Ent!aats!as 
t!6lt!Ex u sEm LEqtexsd lExa £ ya lae k" loqulaqexs lae niimakwa 

20 laxes g - okwe. Wa, giPmese laeL laxes gokwaxs lae hex- c IdaEm 
hanstolilas lax aweLEliis tlEX'iliises g'okwe qa wudasE £ wes qa kleses 
lEmlEmx u sEmx ; ida qaes dzedzoxsEina £ yas. 
1 Digging Lupine-Roots (Qliinsiixa q!wa £ ne). — Wa, he/maaxs lae gtl 
bolex £ wIdeda qlwalmlsaxa la qlwaxEnxe yixs lae gil nefclesa 
dzaxu £ n§ lax Dzawade, ylxs he £ mae palaEnxsa lelqwalaLa £ yaxs 
g - alae la £ nieLes lax Dzawade; wa, he'mis gtl ax £ etsosa ts!edaq!a- 
5 vases tsloyayaxa LExsEme, LE £ wis lExa £ ye, LE £ wis dEnedzowe 
k' !!dEdzE E wak u wuseg'anowaxs lae qas £ id qa £ s lii ladzolisaxa 5,wa- 
dzalise lax aLana £ yasa g'igokwasa dzawadala. Wa, z ihmese qlaxa 
6xta £ yasa qlflndzanaxs g'alae q!waq!uxEtox £ wida lae g - Igallsa\es 
qlunyatsleye lExa £ ya LE £ wa tsloyayowe. Wa, la ax £ 6dxes wila- 

10 dzowe LEbege le. £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEbegindes. Wa, la doqwala qa 
sEk 1 !EXLax'sIdza £ yesex oxLaxsIdza'yasexs lae qEx'Eyintsa wflseg'a- 
nowe laqexs lae wusek' lExsdalaq. Wa, g"il £ mese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxes tsloyayowe i,E-"wis qlunyatsleye lExa £ ya qa £ s kliinxEllsexa 
qlundzanowaxs lae klwadzEwex 6ba £ yases LEbeg - a £ ye le £ wa £ ya. 

15 Wit, la tslEx u bEtalisas 6ba £ yases tsloyayowe lax awEnxElIsasa 
qlundzanowe qa £ s klwetlqaliseq. Wa, g'iPmese g'ax LEx £ walisa 
qlwa-naxs lae mEnmaqaq laxa i.leqla qa £ s lit LEx u ts!&las laxes 
q!un £ yats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, g - ll £ mese £ wilg'ilqeda Leqliixa q!wa £ nax« 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 199 

all the roots out of the clay, | she takes her digging-stick again, 
pushes it into the ground as she || did before, and she picks out the 20 
lupine-roots and | puts them into her basket. She continues doing 
this; | and when her basket is full, she carries it in her one hand. | 
She takes the digging-stick in the other hand and goes home. | Then 
she puts down the basket at her place, and || she places the digging- 25 
stick upright at one side of the door. | Then she takes a small dish 
and pours some fresh water into it. | When it is half full, she puts it 
down by the side of her place. She takes her | basket and places it 
by the side of the small dish I which contains water. Then she takes 
some of the lupine-roots and puts them into the || water in the small 30 
dish, and she washes them all over, so that the clay | comes off. As 
soon as all the clay is off, she | begins to eat the roots, with her hus- 
band and her children; | and they only stop when they have enough. 
After eating lupine-root | for some time, they become dizzy, as though 
they were drunk || after having drunk whisky. After eating lupine- 35 
root, I they put away what is left over. When | the woman and her 
husband eat too much of the lupine-roots, they become really drunk. | 
Their eyes are heavy, and they can not keep them open, and | their 
bodies are like dead, and they are really |) sleepy. Then they go and 40 
lie down in their rooms and I sleep; and when they wake up, they 

lae et!ed ax £ edxes ts!oyayowe qa £ s ts!Ex u bEtallses oba £ yas laxes 
gilxde gwex -£ idaasa. Wit. laxae niEnmaqaxa q!wa £ ne qa £ s la 20 
LEx u ts!;ilas laxes q!unyats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, axsa £ mese he gweg'ilaqe. 
Wa, gtl'mese qotle qhmvats.'as lExa £ ya lae k'loqwalaxes qhmyatsle 
lExa £ ya. Wa, la dak'.'otElaxes tsloyayowaxs g'axae na e nakwa. 
Wa, la k - !ox £ walllaxes qhmyatsle lExa-ya laxes k!waelase. Wii, 
laLa he Lag*alilases tsloyayowa apsotstalilas tlExiliises gokwe. 25 
Wa, la ax'edxa lalogume qa E s guxtslodesa £ WE £ wap!Eme laq qa 
nEgoyoxsilallsexs lae hangalllas laxes klwaelase. Wa, la ax c "edxes 
q!unyats!e lExa £ ye qa £ s hang'allles lax makiigilllasa lalogume 
E wabEts!ala. Wa, lii ax £ ed laxa q!wa £ ne qa £ s LEx u stEndes lax 
£ wabEts!iiwasa lalogume. Wa, la ts!5ts!ox £ unaq qa lawii £ yes Lie- 30 
l !Eq liik- !Ena £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ lawa l !eL h:q !ak' !Ena £ yasexs lae 
q !unsq !was £ Idxa q!wa £ ne LE £ wis la £ wuuEme Lo £ mes sasEme. Wa 
al s mese gwatsxs lae poHda. Wa, gIPmese gagala gwal q!Qns- 
qlwasaxa q-!wa £ niixs lae k'.'EdElx £ ida he gwex'sa wunalaxs lae 
gwal naqaxa nEnqlema. Wii. gihinese gwal q!unsq!wasaxa q!wa- 35 
£ naxs lae g'exaxes anex - s:i £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese Lomax ,£ Id q!ek - !Eseda 
tslEdaqe Lo £ mes la £ wunEmaxa q!wa £ naxs lae alax -£ Id la wu e nala 
la gunsguntles gegEj-agEse la k'leas gwex -£ idaas dEx'ala. Wa, 
laxae lElEmg'it !lde ok!wina £ yas. Wa, laxae alak'Iala la bEq!u- 
lEla. Wii, he £ mis la iiEm la kulEmg'aillats laxes gegaelase qa £ s 40 



200 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth.ann.S5 

41 feel well again, because I they are no longer drunk. That, is all 
about this. | 
1 Digging Carrots. 1 — The woman takes this (cedar-bark basket), I the 
yew-wood digging-stick, her back-protecting | mat and her cedar- 
bark belt. She goes to the | rocks, for carrots generally grow on 
5 rocks where there is grass || on the points of land. When she reaches 
the point where many carrots | were growing the past season (for the 
woman only goes there if she knows | that there were many of them, 
for they have not come out yet), she takes her | back-protecting mat 
and puts it on her back, and she takes her | belt and puts it over it 

10 around her waist, then |) she ties the mat on her back. She takes her 
digging-stick | and sits down on the rock. Then she puts her basket 
down in | front of her, and she peels off the grass and the roots from 
the rocks with her yew -wood ] digging-stick, so that it turns over 
and the roots show. Then | she picks out the carrots and throws 

15 them into her basket. || After she has selected them from among the 
roots of (other) plants, | she takes her digging stick again (some women 
call it the | peeling-stick for carrots) and she does | as she did before 
when she peeled it off from the rock. After tilling her carrot-baskel , 
she puts it on her back. Generally she uses the peeling-stick fur 

20 carrots as a walking-stick. || She goes home to her house; and when she 



41 mex £ ede. Wa, g"il £ mese tslEX' £ idExs lae es £ Ek" la bebEgwaiiEma lae 
gwal wunala. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Digging Carrots (Tslosaxa xEtEm 1 ).— Wa, he £ mis ax e etsosa tslE- 
daqe LE e wis LlEmqlEk'lEne tsloyayowa. Wa, he s mises Lebega £ ye 
le £ wa £ ya LE e wis dEnedzowe wfiseg'anowa. Wa, la qaseiJa laxa 
awlnak'.wa qaxs he e mae qlunala qlwaxatsa xEtxEtleda k!edEk!wa 
5 laxa ewaelba £ ye. Wa, g'il'mese lagaa lax qlayasasa XEtxEtla 
qlwaxa apsEylnx'de qaxs (rmaeda tslEdaqe heEm lagilExs q!aXE- 
laaqexs qleiiEmae laq qaxs k'!es £ mae q!wax £ ida. Wa, lii ax £ edxes 
LEbeg"a £ ye le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEbeg'indes. Wa, lii ax £ edxes dEnedzowe 
wuseganowa qa £ s qEnegindes laqexs lae wttseg'oyodES. Wa, la e me 

10 qaqak'Enax LEbeg - a e yas le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii ax £ edxes tsloyayowe 
qa £ s k!wag"aale. Wii, laEm ha'ne xstxEt laats !as Llabat lax iiEqE- 
malaiis. Wii, lii i. !ok!ug - ilodxa k'letlEme vises l !Emq tek - line 
tsloyayo qa nELEles qa E naxwes nel £ ededa i.loplEk'e. Wii, lii 
niEnmaqaxa XEtxEtla qa £ s tslExtslfdes laxa L [abate. Wii, 

15 gll'mese £ wllg - flqeda oguqlemase i.!opli-:ksa q Iwasq luxElaxs lae 
etled dax : "Idxes tsloyayowe ytxs LeqElaeda waokwe tsledaqas 
LloklugElayoxa XEtxEtla laq. Wa, laxae aEm nEg'EltEwexes 
gilx'de gwex £ idaasa. Wa, giPmese qot!e xEtlasas Llabataxs lae 
5xLEx £ IdEq. Wii, la qlunala ssk' laoElaxes Lloklwayaxa XEtxEtla. 

i Continued from p. 139, line 22. 



eoas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 201 

enters, | she puts down her load and puts it on the floor by the side 21 
of the iire. | 

Digging Lily-Bulbs. 1 — As soon as (the digging-stick) is finished, (the 1 
man) gives it to his wife. | In the morning, when day comes, the 
woman arises and | eats before she goes out. After she has finished 
eating, I she takes her back-protector and her cedar-bark belt II and 5 
her new basket for lily-bulbs and also the | digging-stick for lily- 
bulbs. She goes to the flat on the beach, for | there the lily grows and 
there is soft sand. When | she reaches the place where there are 
many lily-blossoms, she | puts down her new basket for lily-bulbs and 
her digging-stick for || lily-bulbs, and she puts the mat on her back. 10 
She puts on the | cedar-bark belt, which she ties around her waist. 
After doing so, | she sits down on the lower end of the back-protector, 
for | the end of it reaches as far as her heels. She puts down her I 
new basket for lily-bulbs in front of her. She takes her || flat-edged 15 
digging-stick and pushes the point into the sand on one side | of the 
lily-plant; and when the point is half way in, she | pulls out her 
digging-stick and pushes it into the sand again on one side of the 
plant, | in this way: I I and she pulls it out and pushes it again 

into the sand | at I ' | the upper side, in this way. 2 She pulls 



Wa, la na £ nakwa laxes g'Skwe. Wa, giPmese laeL laxes g'okwaxs 20 
lae oxLEgalllaq laxa maglnwallsasa lEgwIlases gokwe. 

Digging Lily-Bulbs. 1 — Wa, gih'mese gwalExs lae ts !;is laxes gEiiEme. 1 
Wa, giPmese e nax ,£ idxa gaalaxs lae Lax £ wideda ts!Edaqe qa £ s 
heyasElexs k!es £ mae la qas £ ida. Wa, gil £ mese gwal heyasElaxs 
lae ax^edxes LEbeg"a £ ye le £ wa £ ya LE £ wis dEnedzowe wuseganowa 
LE J wes altsEme x"6gwats!e dEntsEm idabata; wa, he £ misLes ts!5- 5 
yayaxa xokiime. Wa, lii qas £ id qa £ s la laxa awadzalise qaxs 
he £ mae ex - qlwaxatsa x"5kume loxs tElgwesae. Wa, gil^mese 
lagaa laxa q!enEine gogulEtE ; wesa xokumaxs lae hex'idaEm 
gig - alisaxes altsEine x - 6gwats!e L!abata LE £ wis tsloyayaxa 
x"6kume. Wa, lii LEbegintses le £ wa £ ye qa £ s qEk'iyindeses dEne- 10 
dzowe wuseg'anowe laq qa-s wiiseg'oyodes. Wa, g'iPmese gwatexs 
lae k!wadzodEx bEiiba^yases LEbeg'a E ye leHva'ya qaxs sEk" lEXLax - - 
sklze £ maax oxLax'sIdza £ yas gog'Egiiyas. Wa, la hangalisaxes 
altsEme xogwatsle Llabat laxes liEqEmahse. Wa, la dax £ Idxes 
pExba ts!oyayowa. Wa, L tenxbEtEnts pExba £ yas lax apsanoL !EXLa- 15 
£ yasa x - 5gwanowe qa nEgo £ yowes tsegwayoba E yas. Wa, lii k'!E- 
qidisaxes tsloyayowe qa £ s etlede LlEnxbEtalisas lax apsanoL.'Ex- 
i.a £ yas g-a gwaleg'a {fig.). Wa, laxae k - !Equlisaq qa c "s etlede LlEnx- 
bEtalisas laxa apsanoL!EXLa ; yas g'a gwaleg'a.- Wa, la k" lEqfilisaq 

1 Continued from p. 146, lino 33. 2 See figure to left. 



202 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.35 

20 it out || and pushes it into the sand again so that the cuts (in the sand I 
meet. Then she | pries out the lily plant and bulb in this way: | 

□ The lily-plant is the black spot in the middle of the square. 
Then | she breaks the soil and picks out the bulb, and she 
breaks off the I stem of the lily-bulb and throws it away. 

25 Then she throws the || bulb into her bulb-basket. She continues 
doing this | as long as she is digging bly-bulbs. She digs them up 
very quickly when she is digging, for | three finger-widths is the width 
of the | digging-stick for lily-bulbs. As soon as the basket is full, 

30 and when it is a fine day, she goes to get a mat from her house, || and 
she spreads it out where she is digging. She takes hold of her | basket 
on each side and pours the bulbs on the mat which has been spread out, 
and | she goes on digging as she did before. Now, the bulbs that 
have been poured on the mat are getting dry; | and when the basket 
lias been tilled again, | she pours it out again on the mat. When 

35 evening comes || and it is fine weather, she gets another | mat from 
her house and spreads it over the | bulbs t hat she has dug so that I hey 
may not get wet from the night dew. | When day comes, the woman 
goes back to where she is digging the | bulbs, and she takes along 

40 another mat, which she spreads out. |J She takes the one that was 
spread over the I I bulbs and spreads it-out close to I the 

one on which she ] poured the bulbs. The three mats are 

spread in this way: | She scatters over them the bulbs which 

20 qa £ s etlede idEnxbEtalisas laxa la MgEwats L!Enqa £ yasexs lae k!we- 
tlEqalisaxa x'Qgwano LE £ wa xokume laxa ga gwiilaga {fig.). HeEin 
xogwanoweda nExts!owe tsloltsEm topala. Wa, a-mise hex £ idaEm 
waxsEndxa dzEqwa qa £ s daqodexa x'okume qa £ s khllpodexa x - o- 
kume laxa xogwanowe qa £ s ts!Ex £ edeq. Wa, laLa ts!Exts!otsa 

25 x-okiime laxes x - 6gwats!e Llabata. Wii, axsii-mese he gwegilaxs 
tslosaaxa x-okiime. Wii, laLa ha'nakwelaxs lae tslosa qaxs 
yfidux £ dEnae laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix £ wadzobaasas tse- 
gwayoba £ yasa tsloyayaxa xokume. Wii, gil £ mese qot!e x-ogwa- 
fcslas Llabata lae ax-'edxa le J wa £ ye laxes g'okwe, yixs egidzalaeda 

30 £ niila qa £ s la LEplalisas laxes tsloyase. Wa, la tetEgEnodxes 
x'ogwatsle Llabata qa £ s lti giigEdzots laxa LEbese le £ wa £ ya. Wii, 
xwelaqa-'mese la ts!os £ ida. qaxs lE £ maaLal xEleses la gtigEdzoyoxa 
LEbese le £ wa £ ya. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise qot!e x'6gwats!as Llabataxs 
lae et!ed gugEdzots laxa LEbese le £ wa £ ya. Wa, g-il £ mese la dza- 

35 qwaxs yfxs eg'idzalaeda dzaqwa, wii il £ mese la ax £ edxa ogii £ la £ maxat ! 
le £ wa £ ya laxes g'okwe qa £ s lii LEpsEmlisas laxes x'ogwanEine 
x-okiima qa kMeses xwelaqa k!unx £ Id laxa. gosaxElaxa ganui.e. Wii, 
gil £ mese £ nax £ Idxa gaaliixs lae et!ededa tslEdaqe laxes x'ogwasaxa 
x'okume qa £ s dalexa ogii £ la £ maxat ! le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEplaliseq. Wa, 

40 laxae ax £ ed LEpEyalisaxa x'ogwanEmas x'okuma qa £ s LEpEiixEhscs 
lax modzoyaasasa xokume ga gwaleda yuduxwe leElwa £ ya. (fig.). 
Wii, la gweldzotses x - ogwanEme x'okum lac[ qa ha £ nakweles Ieuio- 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 203 

she has dug, so that they may dry quickly. | After doing so, she 43 
goes again and digs lily-bulbs; and | when she has filled her basket, 
she goes and pours them on the || mat. When it gets dark, she goes 45 
and gets more mats | from her house, and spreads them over the 
bulbs that she lias dug. | When she has many, she stops. When it is 
bad weather, in the | evening she takes short boards and makes a 
roof over them. | There are four posts for it, and she puts two small || 
beams over them ; and she lays on the short split cedar boards, | that 50 
it maybe tight if it should rain. If it is a fine day in the | morning, 
she takes off the boards of short split cedar-wood and scatters | the 
bulbs over the mats. If the weather is fine, it takes more than I six 
days to dry the bulbs thoroughly in the sun. Now I will || stop for a 55 
short time talking about the woman. 1 . . . | 

After 2 the woman has put the rope around the box for lily-bulbs, | 
she carries it on her back to where she has dried the | bidbs, and she 
puts the bulbs into the box. When | it is full, she takes some lily- 
leaves |[ (some Indians call it lily-plant) and she puts them on top. | 60 
Some Indians call this the soft cover for the lily-bulbs. After doing 
this, | she puts the cover on. Some Indians call this "putting the | 
flat cover on the box for lily-bulbs." When it is a fine morning, | 

£ nakiila. Wil, gib'mese gwalExs lae et!ed x - 5x £ wldxa x'okiime. Wii, 43 
g - ilnaxwa £ mese qotleda x - ogwats!as LlabatExs lae gugEdzots laxa 
le £ wa £ ye. Wii, gilnaxwa £ mese dzaqwaxs lae ax f edxa leEl £ wa £ ye 45 
laxes g'okwe qa £ s la LEpEyints laxes xogwanEme x'okiima. Wa, 
gil £ mese qteyoLExs lae gwala. Wa, g'il £ mese yak- !ElxElaxa dza- 
qwaxs lae ax £ edxa ts !ats !a £ x u sE £ me qa £ s la sesgEmlisas laq. Wii, 
laEin mots!aqe LeLamas. Wii, lit kak'EdEtotsa malts !aqe wiswfd 
k'ek'atewe laq. Wa, a £ mese la paqemk' !Ena £ ya ts!ats!a £ x u sEme 50 
laq qa amxes qo yogux ,£ idLo. Wii, gil £ mese egidzoleda £ nalaxa 
gaaliixs lae sewayodEx saliis ts!ats!a £ x u sEma qa £ s gweldzodesa 
xokiime laxa leElwa £ ye. Wii, gll £ Em aegisa E nala lae hayaqax 
q!EL!Exse £ naliisa x'iliixa x'okiime laxa LlesEla. Wii, la £ niEn 
yawas £ id gwal gwagwex's £ ala laxa tslEdaqaxs hae. 1 ... 55 

Wa, 2 gil £ mese gwiileda tslEdaqe wElxsEmdxes x'ogwats!e xEtsEma 
lae hex £ idaF,m la oxLalaxa xEtsEine qa £ s lii lax x'ildzasases 
x'okume. Wa, la k - !ats!5tses x'okume laxa XEtsEine. Wii, g - il- 
£ mese qotlaxs lae ax £ ed lax yisx'Enasa xokume. Wii, la £ nekeda 
waokwe baklum x - ogwano, qa £ s ts!iikiymdes. Wii, laxae £ nek - eda 60 
waokwe baklum t!akE_yindeslaxa x'okiim. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs 
lae paqEmts. Wii, laxae £ nekeda waokwe baklum yikuylndesa 
yfkuya e ye laxa x'ogwatsle XEtsEma. Wii, g'ibmese ek"a gaalaxs 
lae hex""idaEm la moxsases x'lx'ogwatsle xexEtsEm laxes x - ogu- 



1 Continued on p. 60. - Continued from p. 81, line 72. 



204 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL. [ETH. ANN. 36 

65 she puts all the boxes with lily-bulbs aboard the || canoe; and when 

they are all aboard, they start for home, | going to the winter village. | 

When they arrive at their house, they unload the canoe, | if it is 

high water at the time of their arrival. Then they put down the 

boxes | in a cool corner of the house, for the lily-bulbs easily dry up || 

70 when the boxes arc put down where it is warm; therefore they are | 
put into a cool corner of the house. There the owner of the roots will 
keep them until the | winter comes and the tribe have a winter 
ceremonial, j 
1 Picking Elderberries. -You know | the way of making various kinds 
of baskets. The basket | of those who pick elderberries is a small- 
meshed basket. 1 . . . | In- the morning, when it is fine weather, the 
5 woman takes her || hook, her cedar-bark belt, and her small-meshed | 
large basket, which she carries on her back, and she goes to the place 
where elderberries are growing, | for elderberries grow only on the banks 
of rivers. There the | woman goes who picks elderberries. As soon as 
she reaches the elderberry-bushes, | she puts there her baskets on the 

10 ground, for generally she has two || or even three baskets for carrying 
elderberries. She takes her belt | and puts it round her waist; and 
after doing so, she takes her | smallest basket for elderberries and 
hangs it in front of her body. | First she picks off the berries growing 



G5 LB £ lats!e xwfikluna. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wilxsaxs lae alex £ ulesa. Wa, 
la-inc nirnakwa qa £ s lii laxes tslawfmxElase gox"dEmsa. 

\\':i , gil-mese lag'aa laxes g"5kwaxs lae hex-'idaEm moltodExs 
yixulalisaaxs lae lagalisa. Wa, la lie mogwalilElasa xexEtsEma 
wtidanegwllases g'okwe qaxs x'Elyak'aeda x'okumaxs tslatslslqwa- 

70 lacs mExelasa xix'5gwats!e xexEtsEma. Wa, he £ mis lagilas he 
mogwalelEma wudanegwllasa gokwe. Wa, laEm lalaal laxa 
tslawimxe qo ts!ets!ex £ IdLe g'okulotasa x*ogwadasa xokume. 
1 Picking Elderberries (Tslex'axa tslex'ina). — Wa, laEinLas q!aLE- 
lax gwegilasasa lsxelaxa oguqala laElxa £ ya. Wa, lie'mis Iexe- 
lasa ts!ex - axa ts!ex"ineda t!olt!oxsEme lExa e ya.' . . . Wa, 2 
g'iPmese eg - ldzalaxa gaalaxs lae hex -£ ichrma tsiEdaq ax £ edxes 
5 gaLayowe LE £ wes dEmlzEdzowe wiiseg'anowa LE £ wes t!olt!oxsEine 
walas li'.xa'ya. Wa, la oxLalaqexs lae laxa tslenadaxa ts.'exlna, 
yi\s lex - a £ mae tslenadeda ogwaga £ yasa wlwa. Wa, he-mis lalaasa 
ts!e £ nenoxwe tslEdaqa. Wa, gil-mese lag'aa laxa ts!ex'mEdzEXE- 
kwaliixs lae hanEmgaElsElaxes laslxEla qaxs qlunalae maltsEma 

10 loxs yudux'sEmae ts!enats!e laElxa'ya. Wa, la ax £ edxes wuseg'a- 
nowe qa £ s wiiseg - oyodes. Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes 
amayaga £ yases ts!e £ nats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s nanayagEines. Wa, het!a 
g'il ts!ex" £ Itso £ seda banaaba £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese qot!e nanayagE- 

i Continued on p. 155, line 1. • Continued from p. 155, line 18. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHINi;, AND FOOD-GATHERING 205 

below; and when the | basket hanging on the front of her body is full, 
she pours the berries into the large basket; || and after she lias puked 15 
off from the bushes, all the elderberries growing below she takes the 
hook and pulls down the elderberries growing on the upper part of 
the | bushes, and she picks them off; and when the basket hanging 
in front of her body is full, | she pours the berries which she has 
picked into the large | basket for carrying elderberries. She con- 
tinues doing so with her hook, pulling down || the berries on the upper 20 
part <>f the bushes. After all the \ baskets have been filled with 
elderberries, she ties down the top, for they are j all heaping full. 
After doing so, she carries one at a time j on her back, and she goes 
to and fro, carrying them down the river. 

Picking Salal-Berries. — You know the I ways how baskets are made. 1 
They use a large small-meshed | basket for picking salal-berries. One 
basket is large, | and the next one is medium-sized, and the smallest 
kind of basket is carried in front of the body. || The name of the large 5 
basket of the woman is "swab 1 owing-basket." and the next basket 
is called ''middle-one;" | and "front-basket" is the name of the 
smallest one. In the morning, when it is clear, the woman puts | her 
salal-berry picking baskets one into the other. She takes her belt 
and puts it into the baskets, and she takes || goat-tallow and chews it. 10 
As soon as she has chewed it, she puts it | into the palm of her right 



masexa tslex'Inaxs lae guqasases tslenanEine laxa £ walase lExa £ ya. 
Wa, g"tl e mese £ \vTlg-ElEXLdwa banaabtVyasa tslex'niEsaxa tslex'inas, ],5 
lae ax £ edxes gaLayowe qa £ s gaLaxEles laxa ek !ala ts!enxLawesa 
ts!ex"niEse. Wa, he ; "mis la tslenatsex. Wa, gib'Emxaawise qotle 
nanayagEinasexs lae guqasases tslenanEine laxa E walase ts!ensts!es 
h:xa r ya. Wa, ax"sirmese he gweg'ilases g"aLayowe la gai.axElas 
laxa ek - !ala ts!enxLawesa ts!ex - mEse. Wa, gilnnese £ naxwa la 20 
qoqutle ts!ets!enats!as laElxa £ ya, lae t lEmak'Eyindalaq qaxs £ na- 
xwa : 'raae L!eL!ak"Emala. Wa, g'iPmese gwala lae e nal £ nEmsg"E- 
mEmqaxs lae oxLalaqexs lae oxLiitosElaq laxa wa. 

Picking Salal-Berries (NEkwaxa nEklule). Wa, laEmLas -naxwa ] 
qlaLElax gwegilasasa lExeliixa lExa £ ye. Wa, la wllxsd t!olt!oxsEme 
lEXEliisa nEkwaxa nEklule. Wa, he ; misexs £ walasaeda £ nEmsgEme; 
wa, la heleda £ nEiusgEme; wa, he £ misa nanaagEmxa amayaga £ yas 
lExEliis. Wa heEm LegEinsa £ walega £ yasa lEXEliisa ts!Edaqe nag'e. 5 
Wa, la lielomagEmx'Leda mak'llaq. Wa, la nanaagEmxxeda 
amayaga-'yas. Wa, giPmese egidzalaxa gaaliixs lae k!wak!uso- 
daleda tslEdaqaxes nEgwats!eLe laElxa £ ye. Wii fix £ edxes wiisega- 
nowe, qa £ s gits lodes laxes laElxa £ ye. Wii, la fix £ edxa yasEkwasox 
£ mELxLox qa £ s malex £ wideq. Wii, g'iPmese £ wi £ we1x - sexs lae axdz5x u - 1 
tsliindEs laxes kelk!ots!ana £ ye. Wii, dziikots laxes gEmxoltsa- 



206 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sb 

13 hand and rubs it with the left | hand. When it is all over her hands, 
she | rubs it on her face, so that a thick layer of tallow is on her j 

15 face, and so that the mosquitoes cannot bite through it. || This is 
called "tallow sitting on the face." | 

After she has done so, she takes her salal-picking cedar-bark hat | 
ami puts it on. On her back she carries the baskets, and | she also 
takes her paddle and goes down to the beach where her | salal- 

20 berrying canoe is. She launches it and goes aboard. || She sits in the 
stern, and puts the baskets into the canoe. Then | she paddles, 
going to an island where salal-berries grow, for these are the only j 
places where salal-berries grow well. When she arrives there, she 
ties a stone to her | small canoe, carries the baskets on her back, and 
goes into the woods | to pick salal-berries. When she reaches the edge 

25 of the salal-berry patch, || she puts down her baskets, takes her belt | 
and puts it round her waist. After that she takes her j front-basket, 
the smallest one of her baskets, and liangs it in front of her chest. 
She puts her | two baskets upright on the ground, | and she picks off 

30 the salal-berries and puts them into the front-basket. || When it is 
full, she pours them into the swallowing-basket, the largest one | of (lie 
salal-berry baskets. She continues picking them into her front-bas- 
ket. When | it is heapingfull, she pours them into the medium-sized 
basket; and ] as soon as it is full, she pours them into the swallowing- 

12 na £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese la haniElgEdzE'we lax e £ eyasasexs lae dzE- 
dzEk'Emts laxes goguma £ ye. Wa, laEm wakweda yasEkwe lax 
gdgiima £ yas, qa k p !eses laxsawe qtekElasa LesLEna laq. Wa, 

15 heEm LegadEs k!wak!uxumakwasa yasEkwe. 

Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes iiEkumle dEntsEm LEtEinla 
qa £ s LEtEmdes. Wa, lit oxLagintses nenEgwats!e laElxa'ya. Wii, 
la dagilx'Lalaxes se £ wayowe qa's la lEiits'es lax hanedzasases 
nEgwats!eLe xwaxwaguma. Wa, la wI £ .\"stEndEq qa £ s lii laxsEq. 

20 Wa, laEm klwaxLaqexs lae hangaalExsaxes laElxa £ ye. Wii, la 
sex £ wid qa J s la laxa nEgwa.de laxa 'makala cjaxs lex'amae ex - 
qlwaxatsa lEnEmx'de. Wii, g'il £ mese lag'aaxs lae mogwanodxes 
xwaxwagume. Wa, lii oxLag'lntses laElxa £ yaxs lae aLe £ sta laxes 
nEgwasLaxa iiEklule. Wii, g'il £ mese lEnxEiidxa q!eq!axLaliixa 

25 iiEklulaxs lae oxLEg - a £ saxes laEh\a £ ye. Wa, lii ax £ edxes wusega- 
nowe qa £ s wusex -£ ides. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes nana- 
agEmexa iimayaga £ yas IexeIi'Ls cja £ s tek!iipEleq. Wa, lii heli £ liilax 
hanx'hats!ena £ yasa maltsEine laElxa £ ya qa alak'lales t!et!axEsa. 
Wii, lii k!iilp!ldxa nEk!ule qa £ s lii k!iilpts!alas laxes nanaagEme. 

30 Wii, g"il £ mese qot!axs lae giiqasas laxes niige £ xa £ waleg"a -"\ i is 
nEgwats!iis lExa £ ya. Wa, la hanal k!idpts!alaxes nanaagEme. Wii, 
gilnaxwa'mese qotlaxs lae guqEyints laxes nag'a £ ye. Wii, g'll- 
£ mese la LliikEmalaxs lae et!ed giixts!alaxes helomiigEme. Wii, 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING '20 7 

basket; and | when that is also full and the berries are heaped high, 
she || picks them into her front-basket; and when this is also heaping 35 
full, | she puts it on the ground. Then she breaks off good hemlock- 
branches and | puts them on the opening of the salal-baskets all 
around; and when | she has put them in standing all around the 
salal-berry baskets, she | bends down the ends and ties the hemlock- 
branches down in this way. 1 || After tying them down with cedar-bark 40 
rope, which is on the basket, she | puts the swallowing-basket down 
into her small canoe, and she goes back and | carries the medium- 
sized basket, and she hangs the | front-basket over her chest, and she 
carries one on each side as she || comes out of the woods, and puts 45 
them in the bow of the travelling-canoe. As soon as j she has done 
this, she goes aboard her travelling-canoe and paddles | home to her 
house. As soon as she arrives on the | beach of her house, she carries 
the largest | basket on her back and takes it up into her || house. 50 
She puts it down at a place not too near the fire. | She goes down 
again to the other two berry-baskets, and she carries | one on each side 
as she walks up, in the same way as she had done when she came out 
of the woods | when she picked the berries on the island, and she 
puts them down. | 

gil'Emxaawise qot!axs laxes laena £ yaxat! L!ak"Emala, wa, laxas 
k!ulpts!6dxes nanaagEme. Wa, g - ir- c Emxaawise LlakEmalaxs lae 35 
hangaElsaqexs lae L!Ex £ Widxa eke qlwaxc q!enEma. Wa, la 
qluxstEnts lax awe £ stas awaxsta £ yases nenEgwatsle. Wii, gfl^mese 
nvllala q!waxtaakwa yudux"sEme nenEx u ts!ala laElxa £ ya lae 
g\vagunaxbax' £ idxa oba £ yasa t!ak - Ema £ ye qlwaxa, yixs lae gwal 
t!EinakEyintsa nalame dEnsEn dEiiEma laq. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la 40 
la t!Emak'Eyaakuxs lae oxLag'Eutsa nEgwats!e nag'e qa e s la oxle- 
gaalExsas laxes ya £ yats!e xwaxwaguma. Wa, la xwelaxsaga qa £ s 
lii oxLag'Entsa helomagEme nEgwats.'a. Wii, lii tEk!upi:laxes 
nanaagEme nEgwats'.axs g - axae tetEkwasElaxa maltsEmaxs gaxae 
laltlala qa £ s hanag'Eyodes lax ag-iwa £ yases ya £ yats!e. Wa, gil- 45 
£ mese gwalExs lae laxs laxes ya £ yats!e. Wa, lii gaxe sex £ wida 
qa £ s gaxe nii £ nakwa laxes g"5kwe. Wii, gil £ rnese lag'alis lax 
L!Ema £ isases g'okwaxs lae hex' £ idaEm oxLE^ilExsaxa £ walegEyas 
lEXEliisxa nag'a £ ye qa £ s lii oxLosdesElaq qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes 
g'okwe. Wa, lii oxLEg'alllas laxa k - !ese nExwala lax lEgwilas. 50 
Wa, lii etEnts!es liixa maltsEme nEgwats!e laElxa £ ya, laxae tetE- 
kwasElaqexs giixae lasdesEla laxes gwalaasaqexs g'axae laltlalas 
laxes nEgwasde laxa niEkala. Wa, laxae hanEmg'alrlas. 

' That is, the branches are put in between the berries and the basket, tips up, and are then bent over 
from all sides toward the middle and tied together so that they cover the berries. 



208 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ANN. 86 

1 Picking Currants' (qlesena). — The same baskets | are used by the 
women to pick currants as are used when picking salal-berries, | and 
there are three of them. When the woman sees that the weather 
is fine in the morning, she | takes her baskets and her cedar-bark 
5 belt || and her cedar-bark hat, and puts the baskets on her hack. | 
Then she puts on her cedar-bark hat and goes out to the place where | 
the currant bushes grow. As soon as she gets there, she puts down | 
her currant-picking baskets. She takes her cedar-bark | beltand puts it 

10 around her waist. After doing so, she takes || her front-basket, hangs it 
in front of her chest, hung from a strap around her neck. | She pinches 
off the stems of the currants, and | breaks them off and throws them 
into her front-basket. When it is | fuli, she pours it into the swallow- 
ing-basket. Then she goes on pinching off | more currants at the lower 
ends of the stems. She pinches them oif and throws them into the || 

15 front-basket for currant-picking: and when it is full, she goes back and j 
pours them on top of those which she poured in first. When they are 
level with the top of the basket, | she stops pouring them into the swal- 
low ing-basket. She does the same as she did before with the medium 
sized basket; | and when it is also level with the top, she stops pour- 
ing them in, | and she also fills her front basket; and when this is 

20 full, || she gets skunk-cabbage leaves, which she puts as a covering 
over the ■ three currant-baskets. When they are ah covered with | 

1 Picking Currants' (Qlesiixa q!esena). — Wa, heEmxat! q'edza- 
tslesa tslEdaqaxa qlesenes IexeI&xs laxde nEkwaxa uEklula yu- 
dux"sEme laelxa-ya. Wa, g'iPmese ek tedzfdaxa gaalaxs lac he- 
x -£ ida £ ma ts'.Edaqe ax £ edxes laElxa £ ye LE £ wis dEndzEdzowe wuse- 
5 g'anowa LE £ wis dEntsBme LEtEmla. Wa, la oxLalaxes lai'.lxa- 
£ yaxs lae LEtEmtses dEiitsEme LEtEmlaxs lae qas £ id qa £ s lii lax 
qlwaxasasa qlesmEses. W&, gil £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae hang'a- 
Elsaxes q!eq!edzats!e laElxa- c ya. Wa, la ax £ edxes dEndzEdzowe 
wuseg'anowa qa £ s wusej;'oyodes. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax : ed- 

10 xes nanaagEme lnxaya i|a £ s tek!upEleqexs lae qEnxalax aoxLaasas 
qa £ s lii eplExLax 6xi.a £ yas yisx'Enasa qlesena qa £ s epiiliqexs lae 
epts!alas laxes q!edzats!e nanaagEm lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese qo- 
t!axs lae guxtslots laxes niige. Wa, la xwelaqa ep!ExLax -£ idEX 
oxLa £ yasa y!sx"Enasa qlesena qa £ s epaliqexs lae eptslalas laxaaxes 

15 q!edzats!e nanaagEm lExa £ ya. Wii, g'll £ mese qot!axs laaxat gnc^E- 
ytnts laxes g ilxde guxtsloya. Wii, gll £ mese £ nEmak'Eyaxs lae gwal 
guqEytndalaxa neg"a £ ye. Wa, la heEmxat! gwex' £ idxa helomagEme. 
Wa, g ih'Emxaawise 'nEmakEyaxs lae gwal guqEyindalaq. Wa, 
laxae c[aqut!aaxes nanaagEm lExa £ ya. Wa, gll £ mese qotlaxs lae 

20 map led laxa k!Ek"!aok!wa qa £ s ts !ak"Eylndales lax okuya £ yasa 
q!eq!edzats!e yudux u sEm laElxa £ ya. Wa, gll £ mese £ naxwa la ts!e- 

i Ribes petiolare Dougl. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 209 

skunk-cabbage leaves, sbe breaks off straight twigs of huckleberry- 22 
bushes, | and pushes four of them through the top of each of the 
currant- 1 baskets. They are put across over the skunk-cabbage leaves; || 
and after she has done so, it is this way: ^+— i — r\ This repre- 25 
sents the mouth of a | currant-basket; and / j when they 

are turned on their sides, | none of the cur- I y rants drop 

out through the | skunk-cabbage covering, ^ — \-^ because the 
huckleberry-twigs that have been pushed through | hold them in 
tight. First she carries the large basket out on her back || and she 30 
carries it into her | house, and she goes and puts it down in a cool 
corner of the house. Then | she goes back and brings out of the 
woods the medium-sized currant-basket, | and she takes it into her [ 
house. Then she puts it down next to the large basket. Then || 
she goes back and brings the currant-basket which is carried in front. 35 
She | carries it out of the woods and brings it into her house and 
puts it down | where the others are. | 

Picking Huckleberries. 1 — As soon as this (the hook for picking 1 
berries) is finished, (the woman) | gets ready to go and shake off 
huckleberries | in the morning. ... In the morning, when day 
comes, | she arises and eats a light breakfast. After doing so, || she 5 
takes her two huckleberry-baskets and her paddle | and her mat to 

ts!ak'Eyaax u sak'!Ek'!aok!waxs lae LlEX £ wIdxa naEiiqEla gwadEmsa 22 
qa £ s la l lEnqEmstilasa maemotslaqe lax awaxsta £ yasa q leq ledzats !e 
LaElxa £ ya. Wa, laEm ek' ladzEiichilaxa ts!ets!ak"Ema £ ye k'lEk'lao- 
k!wa. Wa, lag'a gwiilaxslae gwala {fig.). Wa, hebolaEin la awaxstesa 25 
q leq ledzats !e laElxa £ ya. Wa, g'll £ mese la waxEni la qox £ witsa qle- 
q ledzats !e laElxa-ya qaxs k' le/isae la gwex -£ Idaas la lawaye ts le- 
ts !ak"Eya £ yas k'lEklaoklwa qaeda la Elalayoseda la LlEnqEinxsfda 
naEiiqEla gwadEniEsa. Wa, laheEingil 5xLEx -£ its6 £ seda q ledzats !e 
niige lExa £ ya, qa £ s giixe oxLoltlalaq qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes 30 
gokwe, qa £ s la oxLEgalilaq lax wudanegwllases golave. Wa, la 
xwelaxsag'a qa £ s liixat! 5xLEx -£ ldxa helomagEme qledzatsle 
lExa £ ya, qa £ s gaxexat! oxLoltlalaq, qa s s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes 
gokwe, qa £ s la oxLEg'aldas lax la hanelatses nag'a £ ye. Wa, lii 
xwelaxsag'a, qa e s la 6xLEX' £ idxa nanaagEme q ledzats !ii, qa J s g'axe 35 
oxLoltlalaq, qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wa, la oxLEgalllaq 
lax haxhanelasases g'ilx'de hanEmg'alilEma. 

Picking Huckleberries. 1 — Wa, gIPmese gwalamasqexs lae hex £ i- 1 
daEm xwanal'Ida, qa £ s lalag - Il klElal laxa k'lEladaxa gwadEme, qo 
£ nax- £ IdElxa gaala . . . Wa, gih'mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs lae 
gag-usta, qaxs xa,L!Ex -£ ide gaaxstalax ,£ ida. Wa, g'tl-mese gwalExs 
lae dax £ idxes maltsEme klek'lElatsle laElxa £ ya LE £ wis se £ wayowe; 5 
wa, he £ mises klwaye le £ wa £ ya; LE £ wis dEntsEme LEtEmla, LE £ wis 

'Continued from p. 140, line 10. 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 14 



210 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.35 

7 sit on, her cedar-bark hat and her | cedar-bark belt. She carries 
them all as she is going down to the | beach to the place where she left 
her canoe that she is to use when she goes huckleberrying. | She goes 
aboard, sits down in the stern, and paddles, and she goes to the || 

10 huckleberry-patch on an island, for that is where huckleberries grow, | 
that are good to be picked, and the women go there for picking | huckle- 
berries. As soon as she arrives there, she puts out the anchor-line | 
of her canoe. She takes her belt | and puts it around her waist, over 

15 her blanket; || and after doing so, she takes her two | baskets and 
puts the smaller basket into the | larger one. She carries them on her 
hack, | placing the forehead-strap over her forehead. She puts on 

20 her | hat, and, after doing so, she goes out of her || canoe into the 
thicket, for there are always many | salal-berry-bushes outside of the 
huckleberry-bushes. When | she reaches the huckleberry-bushes, she 
puts down her | baskets and hangs the medium-sized basket | on her 

25 chest, and she goes to the place where she sees many || huckleberries 
on the bushes. She stands under them and bends them down into 
the | basket and shakes off the | huckleberries into it. As soon as 
the huckleberries fall into the basket, | she strikes the bushes with 
the right hand, and all the | huckleberries fall oil' into the basket. 



7 dEnedzowe wtiseg'anowa. Wa, la 'wFlEnkulaqexs lae lEntsles laxa 
LlEma £ ise lax hanedzasasesk'!ElEt!aats!axagwadEme xwaxwaguma. 
Wa, la laxs laqexs lae k IwaxEEndqexs lae sex £ wida, qa £ s la laxes 

10 k - '.Eladiixa gwadEine laxa £ mEk , iila qaxs heniEnala E mae heladxa 
k - !ek' '.EldEinsaxa gwadEme. Wa, he'mis lalaasa tstedaqexes klsl- 
dEmsaxa gwadEme. Wii, gil £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae qlEldzanodxes 
k'!ElEt!aats!axa gwadEme xwaxwaguma. Wa, la dax £ Idxes wuse- 
(r-aaowe qa £ s qEnoyodes laxes qEnase lax okiiya £ yases nEx £ una £ ye. 

15 Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae dax £ Idxes maltsEme k'!elc!Elats!e 
laElxa £ ya qa £ s hunts lodeses helomagEme kMElatsIe lExa laxa 
£ walase nage k - !Elats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, la 6xLEx £ Idqexs lae qEx'I- 
walaxa qlalEyowe. Wa, la LEtEmtses k'lElEmlaxa gwadEme 
LEtEmla. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae lalta laxes IclEJEt.'aatsle 

20 xwaxwaguma, qa £ s la lalaqa laxa q!waxolkwala, c^axs keniEnala- 
£ mae lenokiile Llasalaasa k'lEldEmsaxa gwadEme. Wa, g11 £ mese 
lag'aa laxa gwadEmdzExEkQlaxs, lae hang - aElsaxes k - !ek - !Elats!e 
laElxa £ ya. Wit, lit ax £ wults!odxa helomagEme lExa £ ya, qa £ s 
teklubodesexs lae qas £ ida qa £ s la laxes la dogrd qlexLulaxa gwa- 

25 dEme. Wa, lii iiixLElsaqexs lae gElex £ w!dEq, qa £ s lii gElex u ts!ots 
laxes k - !Elats!e helomagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, he £ mis lit k' lElillatsexa 
gwadEme. Wii, giPmese gwal texts laleda gwadEmaxs lae LEqEl- 
geses h elk - !olts !ana £ ye laxa gwiidEmse. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ laxalts !a- 
wa o-wadEme laxa k'!Elats!e helomagEme lExa £ ya lae niEx £ edxa 



mas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 211 

Then she lets go of the || huckleberry-bush, as there are no more 30 
berries on it. She goes to another bush with | many huckleberries, 
and she does as she did with the | first one. When the small basket is 
full, she | pours the huckleberries that have been shaken off into her 
larger | basket, and she does as she did before to the other one, || and 35 
she shakes off the huckleberries into her small basket ; and when | the 
large basket is all full and also the small one, | she takes skunk- 
cabbage leaves and spreads them over the two | baskets. She ties 
down the top, and | after doing so, she carries the larger basket on 
her back and || the small one in front of her body. Then she goes 40 
home. I 

Picking Salmon-Berries. — When | the salmon-berries ripen, and l 
when the man wants to give a | salmon-berry feast, he engages many | 
women to go picking salmon-berries. Then they all take their || 
hooked salmon-berry picking boxes and their front- | baskets to pick 5 
the berries in, which are used besides the hooked boxes for holding 
the picked berries. 1 . . . \ 

Now 2 the hired women take the front- | baskets and the hooked 
boxes along, for each of them has besides (a box) | a basket. They 
also take their paddles and go down || to the beach in front of their 10 
houses. Then they go into their | small canoes, and generally there 



gwadEmEsaxs lae lobEXLala, qa £ s la Lex £ wid laxa ogiVlamaxat! 30 
q!exx;ilaxa gwadEme. Wa, la aEmxaawise naqEmg iltowexes 
gilx'de gweg"ilasa. Wa, g - il £ mese qot!e helomagEmasexs lae 
giiqosases k'telanEme gwadEm laxes £ walase nag'e k'telatsle 
lExa £ ya. Wa, laxae et!ed tiEm naqEmgiltoxes gale gweg'ilasaxs 
lae et!ed k!Elts!odxes helomagEme k'lElatsle lExa £ 3 7 a. Wii, gfl- 35 
£ mese £ nfixwa qoqutle 6 walase nag'e lExiis LE-wa helomagEmaxs 
lae ;lx £ ed laxa k'!lk'!aok!wa qa £ s LEpE} r indes laxes maltsEme gwe- 
gwadatsle laElxa ; ya. Wa, la tlEinak'EyindEq. Wii, gil-mese 
gwalExs lae oxLitgintsa £ walasagawa e ye gwadatsla. Wii, laLa 
tek'.iipElaxa amayagawa £ ye gwadatsle lExa £ yaxs gaxae nii £ nakwa. 40 

Picking Salmon-Berries (Hanisaxa qlEmdzEkwe). — Wa, he £ maaxs 1 
lae L!oL!Ep!Enxsa qlEmdzEkwe; wa, giPmese q!EmdzEkwelaexsdeda 
bEgwanEmaxa c[!EmdzEkwe, yixs helae. Wii, la helaxa q!Eyokwe 
tslEdaqa qa liis hanisaq. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese £ mixwa ax £ edxes 
gegaLEkwe hehEmyats !iixa qlEmdzEkwe. Wa, he £ misa nanaagEme 5 
lExa £ ya. Wa, heEin hanodzesa giiLEkwe h;imyats!es. . .* 

Wa, 2 la £ me £ naxwa £ ma he £ lanEme tsedacj dagilxLalaxes nanaagEme 
lExa £ ya LE £ wis gaLEkw T exa £ nal £ nEmsgEme, yixs a £ mae hunosElaxa 
nanaagEme lExa £ ya; wa, he £ mises sesE £ wayowe, qa £ s la hoqiintsles 
lax L!Ema £ isases gigokwe, qa £ s la hogiixsEla laxes hehEmyats !e- 10 
Laxa qlEmdzEkwe xwaxuxwaguma. Wa, la q!iinala memema £ l- 

' Here follows the description of the berrying-box, p. 140, line 17, to p. 141, line 43. 
'Continued from p. 141, line 34. 



212 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

12 are | two in each canoe paddling; and they are going with the bow 
ahead to where they know | many salmon-berry hushes grow. They 
do not all wish to keep together, — ] the whole number (of women). 
As soon as they come to a place where they are going to pick salmon 

15 berries, || they go ashore out of their small canoes, and | take their 
baskets and hooked boxes along. | The hooked box is carried on the 
back, and in front of their bodies hang | the baskets. They have 
tied the small canoes | ashore by means of the anchor-line. After 

20 this has been done, they go back to the place where the || salmon- 
berry bushes grow; and when they come to a place where there are 
many salmon-berries ] on the bushes, they put down the hooked box 
so that it stands upright, | and they begin to pick. They put the 
berries into the [ front-basket: and when it is full, they pour the 
salmon-berries which they have | picked into the hooked box. They 

25 do so every time || when they iill the front-basket. When the box 
is full, | they fill the front-basket too; and as soon as it [ is full, they 
carry it on their backs to the hooked boxes. Then they | put them 
into the small canoe, they go | aboard, and go home to their houses. 

30 As soon as they arrive || at the beach of the house, they hang the 
front- 1 basket in front of the body. The man who engaged them goes 
down to the beach | and carries up the hooked boxes, and he pours 
the | berries into an empty oil box. | 

12 ts!alaxs lae sex e wida. Wa, la £ me heEm gwamag'iwales q!ale 
q!eq!adEX qlwalmEse laxes k!ets!ena £ ye helqlala q!ap!ala laxes 
£ waxaase. Wa, g'il £ mese lag'aa laxes hehEmyasLaxa q lErndzEkwaxs 

15 lae hox e wultax"da e xwa laxes hehEmdzELalats !e xwaxuxwagunia, qa £ s 
dedagilxLalexes nanaagEme lExa e ya LE'wis gaLEkwe hamyatslexa 
q!EindzEkwe. Wa, lil GxLalaxa gaLEkwe yixs laaLal tetekliipElaxes 
nanaagEme lExa £ yaxs lae mogwanodxes heliEmdzELalatsle xwaxu- 
xwagunia. Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs lae aLe^sta laxa qlwahnEdzE- 

20 xF.kula. Wa, giPmese laqa laxa q!eq!axxalaxa qlEmdzEkwe 
qlwalmEsa, lae oxLEg'aElsaxes gaLEkwe. Wa, a e mise la nEngatols 
hansaxs lae hams e ida. Wa, la-me hamts lalasa qlEmdzEkwe laxes 
nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, g'il £ mese qotlaxs lae guxts!otses ham- 
yanEme qlEmdzEk 11 laxa gaLEkwe. Wa, la hex'saEm gwegilaxs 

25 lanaxwae qotles nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, g - il £ mese qot!e gai.E- 
kwasexs lae qaqotlaaxes mxnaagEine lExa £ ya. Wa, g - il £ mese 
qot!axs lae oxLEg'ilsaxes q!EmdzEgwats!e gaLEkwa, qa £ s g'axe 
uxi.EgaalExsas laxes hamdzELalats !e xwaxwagiime. Wa, lax'da^xwe 
laxs laqexs gaxae na £ nak u laxes g - okwe. Wa, g"il £ mese lag'alis 

30 lax L!Ema e isases g - 6kwaxs lae lex'aEm teklubayes nanaagEme 
lExa £ ya, qa e s aok!unaaq. Wa,lada helanEmaq lEnts!es laxa LlEma- 
£ ise, qa e s la 5xx5sdesaxa q!EmdzEx u ts!ala gaLEkwa, qa £ s la gflxts!otsa 
qlEmdzEkwe laxa dEngwatslEmote. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 213 

Picking Crabapples. —The same kind | of large swallowing-basket 1 
and the medium-sized basket | and the front-basket are used by the 
woman for picking | crabapples, when she goes to pick them at 
Knight Inlet and Gwa £ ye £ , for these are the only places where large || 
crabapples grow that are not rotten. They are not rotten inside, | 5 
and therefore the women who pick crabapples go to these places, for 
they are not [ like the crabapples of the islands, which are rotten 
outside | and inside. They only become harder when | the women 
boil them. Therefore they pick the crabapples || that I have men- 10 
tioned. The season for picking crabapples is | when they are still 
green. The woman who- works on crabapples watches j until they 
are large enough. When they are large enough, | the woman gets 
ready, takes the | three baskets which I have named, || the paddle, 15 
and the punting-pole, her cedar-bark belt, | and her cedar-bark hat. 
and goes aboard her small | canoe. She puts her baskets aboard, 
and j the belt around her waist. She wears her | cedar-bark hat; 
and when she is ready, she stands in the || bow of the small canoe, 20 
takes the punting-pole | and punts up river stern first, when she is 
poling up the river at Knight Inlet. | When she comes to a place 
where there are many crabapple trees, she puts ashore J and steps 



Picking Crabapples (TsElxwaxa tsElxwe). — Yixs h £ emaaxat! tsEl- 1 
£ wats!eda e \valase nitge lExa £ ya LE e wa helomagEme lExa £ j T a. WiL, 
he £ misi.eda nanaagEme lExa'va, visa tstedaqaxs lae tsElxwaxa 
tsElxwe lax Dzawade lo £ Gwa £ ye, qaxs lEX'a £ mae awawadxox 
tsElxwex loxs k'lesae qlulqultsEma. Wa, laxae k!es q!ulq!uleqa; 5 
wa, lag'ilas £ nEmeyastayaatsa tsetsEpwenoxwe ts!edaqa, yixs k!esae 
he gwex'se tsElxwase tsElxwasoxda £ maEmkal;ixs q !weq !filq lultsE- 
mae loxs q!weq!ulq!uleqae. Wa, la asm \i !(?]> !EtsEnvx -£ IdExs 
wax'aeda ts!Edaqe q!olaq. Wa, he'inis lagilas lexaEm tsEhwasEn 
lax'de Le.LEqElasE £ wa, yixs he £ maaxat! tsElxwaxdEmxa tsElxwaxs 10 
he £ mae ales lEnlEnxsEma. Wa lex'a £ mes iiEia doqwalaso f sa tsEl- 
tsEhwenoxwe tsedaq, qa aw5x'"widesa tsElxw £ e. Wii, giPmese iiwox- 
£ wic1exs laeda ts!Edac[ hex'idaEm xwanaHda. Wa, la £ me ax £ edxa 
yudux u sEme laElxa\yaxEn lax'de LeLEcjElasE E wa. Wii, he^misa 
se £ wayowe LE £ wa dzomegale. Wa, he £ mises wuseg'anowe dEiidzE- 15 
dzowa LE £ wis dEntsEme LEtEmla. Wa, la laxs laxes tsElxiiLElats !e 
xwaxwagiima. Wa, ax e alExsaxes laElxa £ ye, qa £ s wusex -£ ideses 
dEndzEdzowe wuseg'anowa laxes gwalElaene £ me LEtEmalaxes 
dEntsEme LEtEmla. Wa, g'ih'mese gwalExs lae Laxiigiwex ag'i- 
wa £ yases tsElxuLElats!e xwaxwagumaxs lae dax -£ Idxes dzomeg'ale, 20 
qa £ s tenox £ wide hE'"x u dzEgEmalaxs lae tenostala lax was Dzawade. 
Wa, g'il'mese lagaa lax tsElx u niEdzEXEkulaxs lae t lenogwaElsaxes 
tsElxiiLElats !e xwaxwagumaxs lae laltawa, qa e s moxulsex 6ba £ yases 



214 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. Ann. 35 

out of the canoe. She ties up the end of her | anchor-line (some 

25 Indians call it the tying line). || After she has done so, she carries the 
three | baskets on her back, one inside the other; and she carries 
them along, looking for a tree | with many crabapples. Then she 
puts down her | large basket and takes out the second basket, | 

30 which she also puts down, and takes out the front-basket. || This she 
hangs in front of her body and picks crab-apples, | picking them off in 
bunches. She puts them into her | front-basket; and when that is 
full, she pours it | into the large basket. Then she goes back and 
picks off more | crabapples into her front-basket; and when it is 

35 full, || she pours them again into the large- basket. She continues | 
doing this; and when the large basket is full, | she does the same with 
the medium-sized basket; and when that also is full, | she picks into 
her front-basket; and when that is also full, | she carries the large 

40 basket on her back, and pours its contents || into the small canoe, in 
case there are many crabapples ] on the trees; and she also pours 
the other basket into the canoe, | and she goes on picking apples into 
her front-basket, and | she does as she was doing before. When | 

45 the three baskets are full, she carries the || large basket on her back 
into the | small canoe. She goes back and carries the medium-sized | 

q!Eldzana £ ye, yixs Leqalaeda waokwe baklumas mogwana £ ye, laxa 

25 q!Eldzana £ ye. Wa, g"n £ mese gwalExs lae 5xLEx- £ idxes yudux u sEme 
laElxexs k!wak!Qsalae, qa £ s la oxLayak'Elaq, qa £ s la aliixa alak - !ala 
la qlexLalaxa tsElxwe tsElx u mEsa. Wa, ex -e mese hang-aElsaxes 
nag'ae £ walas lExa e ya, qa £ s hanoltslodexa helomagEme lExa £ ya. 
Wa, laxae hangaElsaqexs lilaxat! hanoltslodxa nanaagEme lExa £ ya. 

;;0 Wa, he'mis la tekluboyosexs lae tsElx £ w!dxa tsElxwe. Wa, 
laEmxae eplExxax £ nal £ nEmxLalaena £ yas, qa £ s la eptslalas laxes 
tsEl £ wats!e nanaagEm lExa £ ya. Wa, giPmese qot!axs lae guxtslots 
laxes £ walase nag'e lExa £ ya. Wa, la et!ed la epts!alax £ Idaxaasa 
tsElxwe laq laxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise q5t!axs 

35 laaxat! et!ed guqasas laxes £ walase nag - e lExa £ ya. Wa, ax - sa £ mese 
he gweg'ilaq. Wa, gil £ mese qotleda £ walase nag - e lExasexs lae 
heEmxat ! gwex -£ Idxa helomagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese qot !axa- 
axs lae epts!alaxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, g"il £ mese qot!axaaxs 
lae 5xxEx ,£ ldxes £ walase nag'e lExa £ ya, qa £ s la gux £ alExsaq laxes 

40 tsElxuLElats !e xwaxwagiima, yixs qlenEmae tsEltsElxuxxawa £ yasa 
tsetsElx u mEse. Wa, la £ naxwaEm gux £ alExsElaxa waokwe laELxa- 
£ ya. Wa, laxae et!ed epts!alax -£ Idxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, 
laEmxae aEm naqEmgiltEwexes g-ilx-de gweg-ilasa. Wa, g-il £ Em- 
xaawise £ naxwa qoqutle yudux u sEme laElxesexs lae oxLEx -£ rdxes 

45 e wa,lase niige lExas, qa £ s gaxe oxLEg-aalExsaq laxes tsElxiiLElats !e 
xwaxwagiima. Wa, laxae aedaaqa 6xLEx ,£ Idxes helomagEme 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 215 

.basket, while she is carrying the front-basket in front of her body. 47 
When | all the baskets have been put into the canoe, she steps into 
the | bow of the small canoe, takes the paddle, || pushes the canoe 50 
off shore, and paddles. She goes down stern first, | drifting down the 
river. As soon as she arrives in front of her | house, she goes ashore, 
and then her ( husband goes to meet her, and carries on his back the 
large | basket with crabapples up the beach and into his house. || 
Then he puts it down. He spreads out a new mat; and when | that 55 
is done, he pours the crabapples on to it. When the basket is | 
emptied, he goes back, carrying it down on his back, and he gives it 
to his wife; j and he carries up the medium-sized basket, which he 
also I carries on his back, going up the beach, and he goes and car- 
ries it into his house. Then || he pours the crabapples on the mat at 60 
the place to which he had carried the first | crabapples; and when 
this is done, he goes down again, | carrying the empty basket on his 
back. He gives it | to his wife, who fills it with crabapples, and also 
the large | basket. The large basket has already been tilled in the 
canoe || when he arrives. Then he | carries it on his back up the 65 
beach into the house, and | he puts it down. Then he carries on his 
back the medium-sized | basket, he carries it up and puts it down | 



lExa £ ye laxes tek!iipElaena £ yaxes nanaagEme lExa e ya. Wa,gil £ mese 47 
£ wilg'aalExs lax tsEixuLElatslas xwaxwagumxsexs lae laxsa lax 
agi £ wa £ yases tsElxiiLE £ lats!e xwaxwagumaxs lae dax -£ Idxes se £ wa- 
yowe, qa £ s q!otElsesexs lae sex £ wula. Wa, la £ me liE £ x"dzEgEmalas 50 
g'axae yolala laxa wa. Wa, giPmese lag'aa lax nEgEtlases 
g'okwaxs lae £ nEmsalisa. Wa, g'il £ mese ; iiEmsalisExs lae la/wii- 
nEins lalalaq, qa £ s oxLEg'ilExsexa £ walase niig'e tsEl £ wats!e 
lExa £ ya, qa-s la oxLosdesElaq, qa's la oxLaeLElaq laxes g'okwe. 
Wii, la oxLEg'a £ lilas. Wii, lii LEpliililasa Eldzowe le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 55 
g •iPmese gwalExs lae giigEdzotsa tsElxwe laq. Wa, giPmese la 
lopts!axs lae xwelaqa oxLEnt IsesElaq, qa e s ts!awes laxes gEnEine. 
Wa, la 6xLEX ,£ Idxa helomagEme tsEpwats.'e lExa £ ya, qa e s laxat! 
oxLalaqexs lae lasdesEla, qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes g - okwe. Wa, 
laxae giigEdzotsa tsElxwe laxa le £ wa £ ye, yix la giigEdza £ lllats g'ale 60 
la oxLaeLEms tsElxwa. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae xwelaqa oxleii- 
tsIesElaq laxa lopts!Ewe helomagEme lExa'ya, qa £ s laxat! tslas 
laxes gEnEme, qa k"!ats!odesesa wulExse tsElx 11 laq LE- C wa £ wfilase 
nag'e lExa £ 3 r a. Wa, la £ mes qot!alalExsa £ \valase tsEl £ wats!e nag'e 
lExa £ yaxs lae lag'aa. Wa, hex -£ idaEmxaawise oxLEx ,£ IdEq, qa £ s la 65 
oxLosdesElaq, qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes g - 6kwe. Wa, a £ mese 
hangalllasexs lae etEntslesa, qa £ s lii 5xLEx -£ Idxa helomagEme 
lExa £ ya. Wii, gax £ Emxae oxLosdesElaq qa £ s g'axe oxLEg-alilas 



216 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Lbth.ank.85 

70 where the other baskets are. Finally his wife || comes up, carrying 
the front-basket. She goes up the beach and | puts it down with 
the other baskets containing crabapples. Then she | eats a little 
food. After doing so, she asks her husband to | help her clean off 
the stems of the crabapples. | 
1 Picking Viburnum-Berries. — The | season for picking viburnum-berries 
is towards the end of summer, when it is nearly autumn. 1 . . . | As 
soon as the viburnum-berries are nearly ripe, when they are still green, | 
5 the woman gets ready to pick them. She takes her || three baskets,— 
the large swallowing basket, the medium-sized swaUowing-basket, | 
and the small front-basket. These arc the same as the baskets into 
which huckleberries and | salal-berries are picked. She carries the 
baskets on her back, | and goes down in the morning to the beach in 
front of her house, where her | small canoe is. She puts the basket 

10 aboard the canoe and || goes in. Then she takes her punting-pole 
of hemlock and | punts up the river of Knight Inlet, for that is the 
only place where viburnum-berries grow. | As soon as she reaches 
the place where viburnum-berries grow, she backs the stern | of the 
small canoe towards the shore, and she leaves the canoe. She | takes 
out the anchor-line and ties it to the end of a stake. After doing so, || 

15 she takes her baskets, carries them on her back, and puts them | down 
to where she sees many viburnum-berries on the trees. She only | 
takes her front-basket, which she carries in front of her body, and 

laxes ha £ nakulasaxa waokwe laElxa £ ya. Wa, la £ me he £ me gEnEmas 

70 tekliipElaxa nanaagEmaxs g'axae lasdesEla. Wa, la heEinxat! la 

hanqaseda waokwe tsetsEhwatsJe laElxa £ ya. Wii, la £ nie xaL!Ex ,£ Id 

LlExwa laxeq. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae helaxes la £ wuriEme qa 

las g'iwalaq qo lcintalaLEx tsEltsElx u mEts !EXLa £ yas. 

1 Picking Viburnum-Berries (Ttelsiixa tlslse). — Wa, he £ maaxs lae 

Elaq t '.Elt IslyEnxa la, gwabEndxa heEnxe, yixs lae exala layEnxa. . .' 

Wa, g'il £ mese Elaq iJobEXLodeda tlElsaxs he £ mae ales lEnlEnxsEme, 

laas xwanaludeda t!Elts!ELElaLe tstedfiqa. Wa, laEm ;ix £ edxes 

5 yudux u sEme laElxa £ _yaxa e walase niig'e LE £ wa helomagEme. Wa, 

he £ mises nanaagEme, ylx k'!Elats!iisexa gwadEme, loxs nEkwaaxa 

nEk!ule hexsames lEXElase. Wa, lii. 5xLEx £ Idxes laElxa £ yaxa 

gaala; cja^s la lEnts!es laxa L!Ema £ isases gokwe lax hanedzasases 

t!EldzELElats!eLe xwaxwaguma. ^^"a. la GxLEg'aalExsases laElxa £ ye 

10 laqexs lae laxsa. Wii, la dax' £ Idxes dzSmegale qlwaxasEna qa e s 

ten5x £ wide lax was Dzawade, qaxs lex - a e mae ex - qlwaxatsa tlElse. 

Wa, giPmese lag'aa liixa tlElsmEdzEXEkfdiixs lae k'lax'Elsa 5xLa- 

£ yases t!Eld/.ELE]ats!e xwaxwaguma, qa £ s la lalta. Wii, la dagt- 

lExsax mogwana £ yas, qa £ s mox £ walisex oba £ yas. Wii g'il £ mese gwa- 

15 Iexs lae ;ix £ edxes laElxa £ ye, qa £ s oxLEx £ Ideq, qa £ s la 5xLEg - aElsas 

laxes la d5gul qlexLi'da t!Els laxa tlElsniEse. Wii, lex'a £ mes :ix £ e- 

tso £ ses nanaagEme lExa £ ya, qa £ s lii teklubotsex lae LoxLElsaxa 

' Continued on p. 118. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 217 

stands under | the tree that has many berries. .She plucks off 18 
a bunch at a time | and puts them into her front basket. It does not 
take || long before the front-basket is filled; and when it is full, she 20 
goes | and pours the berries into the large swallowing-basket. 
Then | she picks some more into the front-basket; and when that is 
full again, | she goes back and pours them into the large swallowing- 
basket; and when her | large basket is full, she does the same with 
the second medium-sized basket. || When there are very many ber- 25 
ries, | she spreads her blanket in the bow of the canoe, | and carries 
the large swallowing-basket to the canoe and | pours out the viburnum- 
berries that are in the swallowing-basket on the blanket; | and she 
does the same with the medium-sized basket. Then || she goes back 30 
to the place where she was picking berries, and tries to fill the | 
three baskets again. When they are full, | she carries them on her 
back and puts them aboard the canoe; and when | they are all aboard, • 
she unties the anchor-line from the stake, | goes aboard, and drifts 
downstream. || Then she goes home. As soon as she arrives at the 35 
beach | in front of the house, her husband comes down to meet her, 
and he carries on his back | the large swallowing-basket. He carries 
it up the beach, | and puts it down at a cool place in the house. Then 
he goes down again, | and carries on his back the medium-sized basket, 

qlexLala tlElsmEsaxa t!Else, qa £ s k!filp!edex e nal e nEmxLalaena e yasa 18 
tlElse, qa £ s la k!ulpts!alas laxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wit, k"!est!a 
giilaxs lae qot!e nanaagEme Iex&s. Wii, g"il £ rnese qotlaxs lae 20 
qEpasases t iBlyanEme laxa e walase nag'e lExa £ ya. Wii, laxae etled 
k!ulpts!alaxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise qot!axs 
lae qEpasas laxa £ walase nag'e lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese qotleda 
E walase niig'e lExiixs lae heEmxat! gwex -£ Idxa helomagEme lExa £ ya- 
Wa, gil £ mese alak'lala qleiiEma t!Else lae ax £ edxes £ nEx £ fina £ ye, 25 
qa £ s lii LEp!alExsas lax Sg"iwa £ yases t!EldzELElats!e xwaxwaguma 
Wa, la oxLEx £ Idxes t!Eldzats!e e walas nag'e lExa £ ya, qa e s lii 
qshsdzotsa t!Elts!ax"dasa £ w5lase niig"e lExii laxa LEbExse £ nEx £ u 
nas. Wii, laxae heEm gwex -£ Idxa nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wii, la 
aedaaqa laxes tlElyasaxa tlElse, qa £ s lii qaqotlaa £ naxwaxes 30 
yudux u sEme laElxa £ ya. Wii, g - fl £ mese £ naxwa qoqut!axs lae oxle- 
gaalExsElaq laxes t huldzELElats !e xwaxwaguma. Wii, g"il £ mese 
£ wilg"aalExsExs lae qwelodEx moklwasas mogwana £ yases t!EldzELE- 
lats!e xwaxwaguma. Wa, lii laxs liiqexs g'axae yolx -£ ida. Wa, 
gax £ Em na £ nak u liixes g - okwe. Wii, g - tl £ mese g - ax £ alis lax L!Ema £ i- 35 
sases gokwaxs lae lalale hVwunEmasecp Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese oxle- 
g'ilExsaxa £ walase niig'e t lElyats !ala lExa £ ya, qa £ s lii 6xL5sdesElaq 
qa £ s la oxLEgllllas laxa wudanegwllases g'okwe. Wii, laxae etEn- 
ts!esa, qa £ s la oxLEg'ilExsaxa nanaagEme t !Elyats !slla lExa £ ya, qa £ s 



218 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 35 

40 and || carries it up the beach to his house, and he | puts it down at the 
same place where he put the large basket. | Then he goes down again, 
and takes hold of each corner of the blanket containing the berries, | 
and he carries them up into his house | and puts them down where 
the berry baskets stand. | 
1 Picking Qotlxole. — When the | qotlxole are nearly ripe, when it is 
nearly winter, | the woman takes a flat-bottomed basket. Some- 
times there are | three or even four flat-bottomed baskets. This 
5 is also on the || upper course of the Knight Inlet River. It is 
named by the DEnax"da £ x u | Llaklum, what is called by the Kwa- 
kiutl qotlxole. They call the man who has them " owner of qot Ixole," | 
and they call the picking qotaxE. The DEnax - da £ x u | call the 
picking L.'akwa. | 

10 I will speak of this as the Kwakiutl speak. || The woman takes her 
baskets, as she goes down to the beach carrying the | baskets on her 
back, one inside of the other. She goes aboard her small canoe, and | 
she puts the baskets into the canoe. Then she takes the punting- 
pole, I stands up in the bow of the small canoe, and [ poles up the 

15 river. She goes stern first, poling up the river || of Knight Inlet. 
As soon as she arrives at the place where the berries grow, she goes 
ashore. | First she takes the anchor-line of her small canoe I and ties 



40 laxat! OxLosdesElaq, qa £ s la oxxaeLElaq laxes g - 5kwe, qa £ s la 
oxLEgalllas lax hane £ lasasa £ walase nag'e tlElyatslsila lExa £ ya. 
Wa, lii etEntslesa, qa £ s lii dadEnxEndxa t !EldzEdzfda £ nEx £ iines, 
qa's g'fixeq!Enep £ wiisdesElaq, qa £ s lii qlEiiebeLElaq laxes g"6kwe, 
qa £ s lii qlEneplalilas lax hux - hane J lasasa tlet.'Eltslala laElxa £ ya. 
1 Picking Qotlxole (Qotiixa qotlxole). — Wa, he £ rnaaxs lae 
Llopeda qotlxoliixa la Elaq tslawfmxa. Wii, he £ mis la :ix £ edaatsa 
tslEdaqaxa LeLEqlExsde laElxa £ ya, yixs £ nal r nEmp!Eiiae yudux"- 
sEma l5xs mosgEmae laElxa £ yas LeLEqlExsdEX'sa, yLxs he £ maaxat! 
5 lii nEldzii Dzawadexa gwE £ yasa DEnax - da £ xwe Llegwada, qaxs 
l !iik !umxxaeda gwE £ yowasa Kwag"ule qotlxole. Wii, lii qodEdxE- 
lax g'ayasas, wii, lii qotaxElaxa mEnaq. Wa, laLeda DEnax'da- 
e xwe LliikwaxElaxa mEniiq. 

Wa, hetlaLEn yaqlEndasLe gwek' lalasasa Kwag-ule. Wa, la- 

10 £ mes ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxes laElxa £ ye, qa £ s la lEntsIes oxLalaxes 
laElxa £ yaxs lae k!wak!usala, qa £ s la laxs laxa xwaxwagume. Wa, 
lii oxLEg'aalExsaxes laElxa £ yaxs lae dax -£ idxa dzomegale, qa £ s 
Laxug-ewa-ye lax :ig-iwa £ yases qodELElatsleLe xwaxwagiimaxs lae 
tenox £ wida. Wa, la £ me hE £ x u ts!EgEmalaxs lae tenostala liixa was 

15 Dzawade. Wa, gil £ mese liig'aa laxa qodadiixs lae nEmsElsa. 
Wa, he £ mis g - il ax £ etso £ scda mogwanayases qodELElatsIe xwaxwa- 
giima, qa £ s la mox £ wits oba £ yas laxa Lag-agellsaxa wa. Wa. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 219 

the end to a tree standing on the bank of the river. | After doing so, 18 
she carries the baskets on her back | to the place where she knows 
many berries are growing; and when || she comes to where they are 20 
thickest, she puts down her baskets, | puts the cedar-bark belt 
around her waist, and, | after doing so, she puts on her cedar-bark 
hat. Then | she places the baskets apart, one in each place among 
the | plants, and she picks off the berries and puts them into the || 
nearest basket. She is sitting between the baskets. | Therefore she 25 
puts them into the nearest one, and therefore she puts them | into 
every basket that has been put down all around the woman. As | 
soon as all the baskets are full, she does not carry them on her back, | 
but she takes hold of each side with her hands || and carries them out 30 
of the woods, taking them to her | small canoe. She puts them down 
in the bow of the | canoe; and when they are all in, she | goes into 
the bow of the canoe, after having untied the anchor-line. | Then she 
takes her paddle and pushes off her small || canoe, and she paddles. 35 
She drifts down the river ; | and as soon as she reaches the front of the 
house, she goes ashore. | When she arrives, she takes hold of the 
baskets on each side | with her hands, and carries them up the 
beach. | After they have all been taken up, she eats a little. | 



g*il £ mese gwala lae oxLEg'ElExsaxes qeqodats !eL§ laElxa £ ya qa £ s ig 
la oxLayak'Elaq laxes qlale q!eq!adxa qotlxole. Wa, gil £ mese 
lagaa lax wagwasasexs lae 6xLEg"aElsaxes qeqodats !eLe laElxa £ ya. 20 
Wa, la £ nie wusex -£ Itses dEndzEtlzowe wuseg'anowa. Wa, g'iPmese 
gwalExs laaxat! LEtEmtses dEntsEme LEtEmla. Wa, g'il £ rnese 
gwalExs lae gwelElsaxes laElxa £ ye, qa £ nal £ nEmsgEmeses hehEngexa 
qotmEse. Wa, lit niEnx -£ Idxa qot!xole, qa £ s la giixtslalas laxa 
nExwala lExii laq laxes aene £ me nEqtegllesxes laElxa £ ye. Wa, 25 
he'mis la gtixts'.otsoses ex'ax'klaasa, lag - ila f naxwaEm guxtsla- 
laq laxes £ waxaasasa laElxa £ yaxs hehEne £ stalaaxa ts!Edaqe. Wa, 
g'iPmese £ naxwa qoqutle qeqodatslas laElxaeya, lae k - !es oxLalaq, 
yixs a £ mae dadanoweses wax - solts!ana £ ye lax wax p sanii £ yases 
qodatsle lExa £ yaxs lae daltlalaq, qa £ s la dagaalExsElaq laxes 30 
qodELElats!e xwaxwagiima, qa £ s la hangaalExsaq laxa ag'iwa £ yases 
qodELElats!e xwaxwagiima. Wa, g'iPmese £ wIlgaalExsExs lae 
laxsa laxa 6xLa £ ye laxes laeneEmx - de qwelElsaxa mogwanaya. 
Wa, la dax -£ Idxes se £ wayowe qa £ s q!odEt!odexes qodELElats!e 
xwaxwagiima. Wa, la £ me sex £ wida, qa £ s g'axe ySlala laxa wa. 35 
Wa, g"il £ mese lag - aa lax nEgEt!iises g"6kwaxs lae nEmsalis lax 
L'.Ema £ isas. Wii, g'il £ niese lag - aaxs lae aEmxat! dadanoweses 
wax - solts!ana £ ye e £ eyaso lax wax - sana £ yases qodatsle Iex&xs g'axae 
MsdesEla. Wa, gil £ mese £ wI £ losdesaxs lae xaL!Ex £ id LlExwa. 



220 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann. 35 

1 Picking Dogwood-Berries. — | The women use the same large basket 
and medium-sized basket | and front-basket. When the man thinks | 
they will give a feast of dogwood-berries, he engages many old || 
5 women to go and pick the berries. They each carry on the back 
their | three baskets, one inside the other; and when | they come to 
a place where there are many of them, they put down the baskets, 
take out the | fronts-basket and hang it in front of the body, and begin 
to pick. I They pick the berries very fast, and some people call the 

10 picking qElca. |[ As soon as the women fill the front-basket, | they 
pour (the berries) into the large basket and go on | picking as 
before; and when the front-basket is filled, | again they pour the 
contents into the large basket. They continue | doing this while 

15 they are picking; and as soon as the three || baskets are filled with 
berries, they carry them on their backs, — the | large baskets, — and hang 
the front-baskets in front of the body, | and then they go home to the 
house of the man who engaged them. As soon | as they go in, they 
put down the large baskets, and | the man takes an empty oil-box 

20 and pours the berries || into it. When the large basket is empty, he 
gives it back to the | owner, and then the women who picked the 
berries go I homo. Thev take for themselves the berries in the front- 



1 Picking Dogwood-Berries. — QEkiixa qEk'Laale 1 yixs he £ niae la qE- 
g'atslesa tslEdaqes niig'a £ ye £ walas lExa £ ya LE-wa helomagEme 1e- 
xa £ ya L6 £ mes nanaagEme lExa £ ya, yixs g'iPmae nenk' leqEleda 
bEgwaiiEine, qa £ s qEk'elexa qEk'Iaalaxs lac lielaxa qlEyokwe liiEl- 
5 k!iina £ ya, qa liis qEkaxa qEk'!aale. Wit, lii E ntixwaEni oxLalaxes 
yaeyu(lux"sEine laElxa £ yaxs k!wak!usalae. Wa, g'tl £ mese lag'aa lax 
qlayasas, lae oxLEgaElsaxes laElxa £ ye. Wa, la ax £ wults!odxa 
nanaagEme h:xa £ ya, qa £ s lii teklupElaqexs lae hams £ Ida. Wa, la 
Lomax ,£ Id halabaleda h&msaxa qEk" !aale, yixs qEk'axElaeda wao- 

10 kwe tsledaqxa hamsaq. Wa, g'iPmese qot!e nanaagEme lExii- 
sexs lae guxts!ots laxes nag'e c walas lExa £ ya. Wa, la et!ed ham- 
s £ idaxat!. Wii, gih c Emxaawise qot!e nanaagEmas lExaxs lae 
et!ed guxtslots laxaaxes nag'e e walas lExa £ ya. Wii, la hex'sii 
gweg'ilaxs hamsae. Wii, g'JHmese -'naxwa qoqtttle yfidux u sEme 

15 qeqEg - ats!es laElxa'yaxs, g'iixae oxLolt lalaxes qEg'atsIe nag'e 
£ walas lExa £ ya. Wa, la tekliipElaxes qEg'atsle nanaagEme lExa- 
£ yaxs g'axae na £ nakwa laxa gokwas lielanEmiiq. Wa, gIPmese 
laeLExs lae oxLEg'alllasa qEg'atsle £ walas lExa £ ya. Wii, leda 
bEgwanEme ax £ edxa dEngwatsIemote, qa £ s lii giixts!otsa cpj;k'!aale 

20 laq. Wii, gil='mese lii loptslaweda nag'e £ walas lExaxs lae ts!as lax 
axnogwadas. Wii, he £ mis la na £ nagwatsa ts!Edaqe qEk'ilg'is laxes 
g'okwe. Wa, la £ me aok!unaxa qEg'atsle niinaagEm lExa £ ya. Wa, 

' Cornus canadensis L. 



boas] HUNTING, FISHING, AND FOOD-GATHERING 221 

basket, | and they tell the man where they left the medium-sized | 
basket. Then he engages some young men of his own || numaym ' to 25 
bring them out of the woods. Then they pour them | into the 
empty oil-box. | 

Picking Gooseberries. — These | are taken by the women by shaking 1 
them off on a new large | mat. They also use the large basket and 
the cedar-bark | belt and cedar-bark hat and a short || piece of a 5 
punting-pole. The woman goes to a goosebeny- | patch while the 
gooseberries are still green. | The woman looks for large ones; and 
when she sees them, she | puts down her basket. She takes her 
belt, ] puts it over her blanket around her waist. || After doing so, 10 
she takes her cedar-bark hat; and | when this is done, she takes her 
large mat and ! spreads it under the gooseberry-bush which has 
many gooseberries on it. When | this is done, she takes the broken 
pole and with it strikes | the goosebeny-bush, striking off the goose- 
berries || so that the}' all fall on the mat. | When the gooseberries are 15 
all off from the bushes, | the woman takes her large basket and puts 
it down next | to the mat on which the gooseberries have fallen. 
She lifts the mat by two corners | and pours the gooseberries into 



he £ misexs nelaaxa bEgwanEmas handzasasa qEg - ats!e helomagEm 23 
lExa £ ya. Wii, he £ mis helag'iltsexa ha £ yal £ a gayol laxes £ nE £ me- 
mote, qa las oxL6lt!EndEq. Wa, la e me £ wi £ laEin la guxtsloyo 25 
laxa dEngwats!emote. 

Picking Gooseberries (Ttemxwaxa tlEinxwale). — Wii, hcEm 1 
iix £ etsosa tslEdaqes k' teldzowaxa tlEinxwales Eldzowe e walas le- 
£ wa £ ya, wii. he-misLes niig'e £ walas lExa £ ya LE £ wis dEiulzowe 
wtiseganowa, LE £ wis dEntsEme LEtEmla; wa, he £ misa ts!Ex u stowe 
k'oqlEwe dzomegala. Wa, la. qas £ ida, qa £ s lii laxa tlEmxmiEdzE- 5 
xEkiila, yixs he £ rnae ales lEnlEnxsEma tlEinxwale. Wii, lex - a £ mes 
doqwalasosa tstedaqa awawe. Wii, g'il £ mese d<3x £ waLElaqexs lae 
oxLEg'alisaxes lExa £ ye. Wa, lii ;ix £ edxes dEndzEdzowe wuseg a- 
nowa, qa £ s qEkiyindes laxes £ nEx £ una £ ye laxes qEnase. Wa, 
gil="mese gwalExs lae lEtEmtses dEntsEme LEtEmla. Wit, gil- 10 
£ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes k' lEldzowe Eldzowe le £ wa £ ya qa £ s lii 
LEbabots laxa t!Emx u niEse qlexi/daxa tlEinxwale. Wa, g'ihmese 
gwal £ alisExs lae ax £ edxa k - oq!a £ ye dzomeg'ala, qa £ s kwexElEXLa- 
wa £ yes laxa t!Emx u niEse. Wii, la £ me kwexaxElaxa tlEinxwale, 
qa las qubEdzodalaxa qlubEdzowasa tlEinxwale le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 15 
gil £ mese £ wIlg'ElEXLowa t !Emx u mEsaxes tlEinxiixLawixdiixs lae 
ax £ ededa tslEdacpixa niig - a £ ye £ walas lExa £ ya, qa e s lii hanEiixEnts 
laxa qlubEdzowasa tlEinxwale le £ wa £ ya. Wa, lii dadEnxEndxa 
le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s lii laatslotsa tlEinxwale laxa nag'a £ ye £ wiilas 



1 The subdivision of the tribe to which he belongs. See p. 795 et seq. 



222 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH.ANS 35 

20 the large || basket. Sometimes she spreads her mat three times | 
under the gooseberry-bushes. Then her large basket is full. | When 
it is full, she folds up her mat, puts it on top | of the gooseberries in 
the basket, and carries the basket on her back | home to her house 
and puts it down. || 



20 lExa £ ya. Wa, la £ naI £ nEinp tena yudux u p lEnaEin LEbabotses 
le £ wa £ ye laxa t !Emx u niEsaxs hie qotles nag"a £ ye £ walas lExa £ ya. 
Wa, glPmese qotlaxs lae k!ox J w!dxes le J wa £ ye, qa £ s LEpEyindes 
laxes t!Em £ wats!e nage £ walas lExa £ ya. Wa, la oxLEx -£ fdqexs 
g'axae na e nakwa laxes g - okwe. Wa, la 6xLEg - alIlas. 



III. PRESERVATION OF FOOD 

Cutting Dog-Salmon. 1 — When | a woman cuts dog-salmon, she 1 
takes off its giUs; | then she cuts off the head and takes it off; then 
she cuts the | back of the dog-salmon along the upper side of the 
dorsal fin, beginning at the || back of the neck, and down to four 5 
fingers-width from the meat of the tad. | Then she turns the salmon 
round and turns it over, and | she cuts from the salmon-tail up to 
the I back of the neck, and the meat on the | backbone is half thick 
and half thin (medium thickness). As soon as she has taken it off, 
she puts away the || outer side that is going to be made into preserved 10 
salmon. 2 1 

Boasted Old Salmon (Those that have finished spawning | in the 
upper part of the river). — Now we will talk about the Nimkish | when 
they go to catch salmon at Prairie, above Gwane, | when they | 
want to get dog-salmon that is not fat when it arrives at Prairie. || As 15 
soon as it is evening, the river people get read}' to | catch salmon at 
the place for tying up the canoe that belonged to his ancestors; for 
they have traditional places for tying | up their canoes when catch- 
ing dog-salmon with hooks at night. As soon as | a man discovers 
any one who has tied his canoe there, the owner begins to fight with 

Cutting Dog-Salmon 1 (TIelalas xak'ladzo). — Wa, he-maaxs lae 1 
xwal'Ideda ts!Edaqaxa gwa £ xnise; wa, laEm Sx5dEx q!osna £ yas 
Wa, la qax £ IdEq qa lawas hext!a £ yas. Wa, la xwaHdEx a £ we- 
g'a £ yasa gwa £ xnise ek'lotlEndalax k'!ideg - a £ yas g'ax" £ id lax oxLa- 
at:i £ yas lag'aa laxa modEne lax q !EmElxsda £ yasa ts!fisna £ yas. 5 
Wa, la xweTldxa k' !otEla qas lex £ ideq. Wii, laEinxaawise 
xwal £ Ida, g - ax' £ Id lax wulxwaxsda £ yasa k - !otEla la ekMolEla lax 
oxxaata £ yas. Wii, laEm £ naxsaiip! lo £ wakwa q !EniEldzo £ yasa 
xak'adzo lo £ pEl. Wii, gil £ mese lawiimasqexs lae gexaxa wiidzE- 
kwexes xEms!laso £ Le. 2 10 

Roasted Old Salmon (Ts!Elak - L!obEk u ; ylxa la gwal xwela £ wa 
lax £ nEldziisa wiwa). — Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwex's £ alal laxa £ nEinge- 
saxs lae laxes wiwamets!ase Odzalase, lax £ nEldza Gwane qaxs iix £ - 
exsdaaxa gwa £ xnlsaxs lae gwiil tsEnxwaxs lae lag'aa lax Odzillase. 
Wii, g - il £ Ein dzaqwaxs laetla wlwametslenoxwe xwanaHda qa £ s le 15 
negwesa lax m5kwa £ yases gale, qaxs nenuyamts !es £ mae mokwa- 
£ yasxes gaLa £ yaxa gwa £ xnisaxa ganuLe. Wa, g - il £ mese nEgELa- 
yodxa la mokwala laqexs lae xomal £ Ide axnogwadiis LE £ wa la 

' See also p. 302. 2 Continued on p. 226, line 17. 

223 



224 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [eth.ann.bb 

him who goes to | steal salmon with the hook. Therefore the 

20 Nimkish always || disappear at night, for they club one another when | 
one does not give in to the owner (of such a place). Therefore they 
just | club one another with their punting-poles. (I just wish to | 
talk about this.) As soon as evening comes, the | river people start, 

25 and tie their canoes to the tying-placos || where the salmon go to 
spawn. When it gets dark, (the man) feels about with his hook tied 
to a long shaft. When there are many | salmon, it does not take 
long before he fills (his canoe). When it is full, | he goes home. As 
soon as day comes, his wife takes an | old mat, spreads it over her 

30 back, and then she takes her || belt and puts it over the old mat on 
her back. | As soon as she has done so, she takes her carrying-basket, | 
puts it on her back, and goes down to the place where the salmon- 
canoe of her husband is. | Then she first takes up the best of the dog- 
salmon, whose skin is not white. | Of this she makes preserved sal- 

35 moil. Afterwards she carries up those whose skin is white; || and 
when all the best salmon have been taken up from the beach, | the 
one with white skin is first cut open. She does the same | as she 
does with the one about which 1 spoke first, 1 — namely, the salmon 
speared at the mouth of the river, — | when it is cut open. The only 
point that is different is when | it is roasted, for the salmon with 

g'iloLa gaLa laq. Wii, heEm lag'ildaseda £ nEmgese q.'unala 

20 xisaxox ganuLEx, qa £ s kwexap!Ex" £ Ida £ maaxs yiix'stosaeda £ nE- 
mokwaq g'axa axnogwadas. Wii, he £ mis lag'ilas aEm la 
kwexap !Ex -£ itses dzomegale liixeq. (Wa, ;t £ rnEn £ nex - qEn gwa- 
gwexsEXExnde laxeq.) Wa, gil £ Eni dzagwelex £ na £ ktilaxs laasa 
wlwamets lenoxwe alex £ wid qa £ s le mox £ waLEla laxes mokwa £ ye laxa 

25 tslEnaasasa k - !otElaxs xwela £ wae. Wa, gibmese p!EdEx £ IdExs 
lae lEx £ ulx £ itses galbala g'lltla saEnts!;i. Wii, gil £ mese qlenoma 
k'!otElaxs lae k!es gex -£ IdExs lae cjotla. Wa, g'il £ mese qotlaxs 
lae na £ nakwa. Wa, g il £ mese £ nax -£ IdExs lae gEnEinas ax £ edxa 
k - !ak" lobane, qa £ s LEbegindes laxes awlg"a £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edxes 

30 wiiseg'anowe, qa £ s qEkiyEndes laxa k' !ak' !obana £ ye la LEbeg'Is. 
Wa, g'il £ mese gwfdExs lae ax £ edxes oxLaats'.e lExa £ ya, qa £ s ox- 
LEleqexs lae bants lEyala lax hanaasas yalnEgwats !ases la £ wunEme. 
Wii, la £ mes he gil ax £ etsosa eke gwa £ xnisaxa k'!ese tslElak'a. 
Wa, heEm xa £ masllas6ltse. Wii, al £ mese la oxLEx -£ Idxa ts!ets!Ela- 

35 k'axs lae £ wi £ losdE £ yamasxa ek - e k' !otEla. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wi £ los- 
dE £ yamasqexs lae he gll xwal £ ItsE £ wa tslElak'e. HeEm gweg'I- 
laqe gweg'IlasaxEn g'ilx'de waldEma sEg - inete lax ox"siwa £ yasa 
wii, 1 yixs lax"de xwilLasE £ wa. Wii, lexa £ mes ogucpila £ yosexs lae 
L!opasE £ wa, yixs k"!esae alaEm Llopa ts!Elak - e LlobEkwa yixs lae 




boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 225 

white skill is not as thoroughly roasted || when it is roasted, because 40 
it is not fat; and it is not hung up for a long time | to dry over the 
lire of the house of the river people. | They try to make it thoroughly 
dry before it is taken down by the | woman, and she puts it away at 
the place where the food is kept for the winter. | Even if it is kept 
a long time, it does not get mouldy, and it does not || get a bad taste, 45 
for it is not fat. Therefore it is liked | by the Indians. Now we 
will talk about it when it is | given as food in winter by the one who 
obtained it. | . . . 

Middle Piece of Salmon. — When the | woman cuts dog-salmon, 1 
making preserved salmon of what she is cutting, she | leaves the 
meat on the skin thick. After she has | cut it, she takes the cut- 
ting-board and puts it down outside of the |[ house, in this man- 
ner, 1 When the meat on the skin is too thick, | she cuts it off four 5 
finger-widths on the side of (the fish) from which | 
she is going to make preserved salmon. Then she 
cuts downward from the back of the neck of the | 
dog-salmon, and she cuts down to the tail of the 
dog-salmon. Then | she hangs it on the stage be- 
low the upper stage at the place on which || the 
preserved salmon is hung. As soon as it is half 
dried, the woman takes it down | and binds (the 
pieces) together with split cedar-bark, in this way: | 



L!opasB £ wa, qaxs k'lesae tsEnxwa. Wa, he'misexs galae la xiIe- 40 
ltiLEla lax nEqosta-wasa lEgwilasa g - okwasa wiwametslenoxwe. 
Wa, laEm lalotla qa alak" lalasLas lEmx £ wIdEl, qo lal axaxoyoltsa 
tslEdaqe, qa £ s gexeq laxa g - a £ yasas dedamalasexa lata ts!&wunx £ - 
edEL. Wit, wax £ Em la gala la k'les x - its!EX -£ Ida. Wa, k - !es £ Em- 
xaawise q!esp!Ex £ lda, qaxs kMeasae la tsEnxwa £ ya, lag-ilas ex -£ a- 45 
glsa bakliime. Wa, la £ mesEns gwagwex - s £ alal laqexs lae ka £ m- 
g'llayoxa tslawunxe yis axanEmaq. . . . 

Middle Piece of Salmon (Q!aq!aq!e £ ). — Wa, he £ maaxs laeda 1 
tslEdaqe xwaxaxa gwa £ xnisaxs lae xamasilaxes xwaLasE £ we. Wa, 
la £ mese wakweda q!EmlEdza e yasa wfulzEkwe. Wa, g'iPmese gwal 
xwaLaxs lae ax £ edxes t!Eledzowe, cja £ s ax £ Elseq lax l !asana £ yasa 
g-okwe ga gwaleg'a. 1 Wa, g-lPmese xEnLEla w:1gudza £ yeda q!Em- 5 
lalaxs lae tlElsodxa modEnas ^wadzEHvas lax apsEnxa £ yases 
xamsilasoLe. Wii, laEm g"iix £ ide t!Els6y;1s lax 6xLaatii £ yasa gwa £ x- 
nise. Wa, la laxsdEnd lax wuxwaxsda £ yasa gwa £ xnise. Wa, 
he £ mis la gexwatses laxa q!Elabo J yasa q!E £ lile qa gexwalaatsa 
xa e mase. Wa, g'il £ mese k - !ayax £ wklExs laeda tslEdaqe axaxodEq, 10 
qa £ s yibEdzodeq g'a gwiileg"a yisa dzEdEkwe dEniisa (Jig.). Wa, 

1 That is, placing its upper end on a log, so that the cutting-board slants down toward her. 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 15 



226 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth.ann.bb 

12 Then she hangs them up again where they were hanging before. As 
soon as they are | really dry, the woman takes them down again 
and puts them | into a basket made to hold the middle parts of the 

15 salmon. As soon ]| as they are all in, she puts (the basket) away 
at a place where she made room for it | under the stage where she 
put her preserved salmon. | 

Backbones of Salmon. The woman takes cedar bars and | splits it, 
and she takes two backbones (of dog-salmon) and puts them together | 
at the tails; that is the place where she tics them together with cedar- 

20 bark in || this manner: ^ » Then she hangs them up on the 

stage under which | the J\ preserved salmon is dried, that, 

it may have the full heat jiglll^ of the hre; and when | it be- 
gins to be dry, the woman \W^~==%L makes two baskets of cedar- 
bark; | and when she fin- ^^ ^^ ishes them, she puts them down 
and takes down the backbones, j When they are all down, she sits 

25 down and begins to break off the tails || from the backbones, and she 
throws the tails into | one basket, and she throws the backbones into 
the other one; | and when they are both full, the woman puts away 
the | two baskets under the stage on which she keeps the preserved 

30 salmon. | Tins is to be food for winter use, and it is called || "back- 
bone for soaking." It is a small basket into which she puts the | 
salmon-tails, and the name of the basket is "tad -receptacle." The | 



12 la etled gex £ widEq laxes gilx'de gexwalaasa. Wii, g - il £ mese la 
fdax-Id la lEmx £ wida lae axaxoya yisa tstedaqe. Wa, la axtslots 
laxa Llabate hekweleEin qa g"its!E £ watsa q!aq!aq!a £ ye. Wa, gil- 

15 E mese £ wi £ la axtslots laqexs lae g-exaq laxes g - ayaslla £ ye qa gavats 
lax awaba £ yas kMag'ile qa axatsa xa £ miise.' 

Backbones of Salmon. — Wii, 2 la ax £ ededa tstedaqaxa dEnase qa £ s 
ts'.EX £ edeq. Wa, la ax £ edxa ma £ le xak"!adza, qa £ s q lap !ex' £ idex 
ts!ets!asna £ yas. Wa, he £ mis la y&Lodaatseq, yisa dsnase; g-a 

20 gwaleg-a (Jig-)- Wa, la £ mese gex £ widEq laxa q!Elaba £ yasa lEm £ wa- 
saxa xa £ mase qa L !esalasE £ wesesa lEgwIle. Wa, g-fl £ mese Iehix- 
£ wT(Iexs laeda tslEdaqe Llabatilaxa made l !a.L lEbataxa dedEntsEme. 
Wa, g"il £ mese gwatexs lae mExalilaq, qa £ s axaxodexa xakladzo. Wa, 
g-U £ mese £ wi £ laxamasqexs lae klwagalfta qa £ s k"oqalexa ts!asna £ ye 

25 laxa xak" ladzowe. Wii, la £ mes tslExtslalasa ts!asna £ ye laxa £ nEms- 
gEme Llabata. Wa, la £ mes ts texts liilasa xak - ladzowe laxa £ iiEms- 
gEin. Wii, g"ll £ mese qoqutlaxs lae gexeda tstedaqaxa ma £ l- 
tsEme LliiLlabat lax awaba £ yasa k!ag - ile qa gex u dEmasa xa £ mase. 
Wa, laEm he £ mawalalxa tslawunxe. Wa, heEin LegadEs tlelalas 

30 xak" ladzowe. Wa, la e mes aEinayaleda Llabate, yix g"Its!E £ wasasa 
ts!ana £ ye. Wa, heEm Legadeda Llabatas ts!asna e yaats!e. Wii, la, 

i Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. -130. 
'Continued from p. 223, line 10. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 227 

basket into which she puts the backbones is larger; it is called | 32 
"backbone-receptacle." That is all about this. 1 | 

Split Salmon.— When the ( woman cuts open the dog-salmon, she 1 
takes oil' the gills of the | dog-salmon, and then she cuts open and 
takes on' its head, and she | cuts open the back on the upper side of 
the back fin. || The meat on the backbone is not tlnck; and she cuts 5 
down I to the tail, and she breaks off the tail. Then she | puts 
dew n on the ground what has been cut. She takes the backbone and 
cuts off the | meat that was on it from the back of the salmon's 
neck, and | she cuts down to four finger-widths from the place where 
she broke off the salmon's || tail. Then the woman turns over what 10 
she is cutting, and | she cuts off the meat that was left on it; and 
when she reaches down | to the same distance that she has cut be- 
fore on the other side, she breaks off the j backbone and throws it 
away when it is only bone. Then it is thus: j j Now the meat 

is divided at the ends, and a. piece of the // backbone || is 15 

at the upper end. This is called "tail-hold- // \\ ing-together." 
As soon as the woman finishes this, | she ^ ^ hangs this, 
what, is called "split-down," on a frame made for the purpose, | 
outside of the house. When the weather is bad, she j hangs it 
up on the staging in the house. Now it is hanging in this man- 



£ walaseda idabate, yix gits!j-: £ wasasa xak'Iadzo. Wa, heEm Lega- 32 
dEs xak'!adzats!e. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 1 

Split Salmon (Leqwaxa). — Wa, 2 hemaaxs lae xwal £ Ideda ts!E- 1 
daqaxa gwa £ xnise; wa, laEm heEm gil axoyose q!osna £ yasa gwa £ x- 
nise. Wa, lawIsLa qax -£ IdEq, qa lawayes hex - t!a £ yas. Wfi la 
xwaftdEX a £ wig # a £ yas ek" lot tendalax lr!idega £ yas. Wa, la £ mes 
k' !es £ Emxat ! wagudza £ ye qlEmlalasa qloq'.uyo. Wa, la laxsdEndaEm 5 
laxa ts!asna £ ye. Wa, laEm k'oqodEx ts!asna £ yas. Wa, la £ mese 
k"!ixElsaxa la wtidzEkwa. Wa, la ax £ edxa q!oq!uyo qa £ s tlElsodex 
qlF.mlEdzEwexdiis g - ex -£ id lax 5xLaata £ yasa klotEla. Wa la 
lag - aa laxa modEne g - ax' £ kl lax gax'saasas k'6qoyox u das laxa 
ts!asna £ } r e. Wa, la £ meseda tstedaqe lex -£ Idxes t!ElsasE £ we. Wa 10 
laEm £ xaawise thdsodEx qlEmlEklzEwex'das. Wa, gil £ mese lag'aa 
lax £ walag"Ilasdase xwaLa £ ye laxa apsadzE £ yaxs lae k'oqodxa qo!- 
qluyo qa £ s ts!Ex £ Idexa la aEm la xaqa. Wa, laEm la g - a gwalee - a 
(fig.). Wa, laEm qExbada q'.Emlale. Wa, ke £ mis q!oq!uy5wa 
ek!Eba £ ye. Wa, heEm LegadEs klwawaxsde. Wa, g'IPmese gwa- 15 
Iexs laeda tslEdaqe gex £ unts laxa hekwelae qa ge £ wasxa Leqwaxa 
lax l !asana £ yases g'okwe. Wa, gib'mese £ yax - sE £ me £ nalaxs lae 
heEm gexwasE'wa q!Ellle laxa g'okwe. Wa, lag'a gwafaxs lae 

' Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p 435 
" Continued from ibid., p. 433. 



228 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ietii.ann.B6 

ner: | =r&yy^^= After it has been hanging thus for three days, || 

20 i t is / f\[\ \ hatf dried. Then the woman takes it down | 
a n d LJ V — straightens it out, so that the split-down hangs 
straight down from the end of the tail-holding-together. | Then she 
hangs it up again ; t the place where it was hanging before, | and 
it is in this way: fl She just leaves it again hanging over 

one night. | Then — -4 | the woman takes it down, and she pulls 

25 out the short / \\ bones that are left || in the split-down. 
As soon as all the LJ *— J bones are out, she rubs it | as the 
women do when they are washing clothes; | and therefore the split- 
down is soft, and therefore also it is | white. After she has fin- 
ished rubbing it, she hangs it up again | at the place where it was 

30 hanging before; and when it is really dry, the || woman takes it down 
again and puts it on a mat. As soon as it is | all down, she takes two 
cedar-bark baskets and puts them down at the place where she is 
working, | and she takes the split- down and breaks off the tail- 
holding-together and | throws it into one of the baskets. Then she 
rubs | the split-down again; and after she has done so, she throws it 

35 into the || other basket; and she continues doing so, and only | stops 
when it is all finished. Then she puts away the two | baskets under 
the staging where she keeps the preserved salmon. | It serves for 
winter food.' j 



gexwaleg-a {fig-). Wa, g'ihmese la yuduxuxse £ naliis he gwale 

l>0 gexwalaena £ yas lae k - !ayax £ wlda. Wa, leda tslEtlfiqe axaxodEq 
qa*s dahedeq, qa £ naEnqalax ,£ ldesa Leqwaxa £ nExbEndxa klwii- 
waxsdi: £ ve. Wa, lae etled gex'und laxes gibrde gexwalaasa. 
Wii, ga gwiileg'a {fig.). Wa, aEmxaawise xa £ malax gexwalaxs 
laeda ts'.Edaqe axaxodEq qa e s qlEkolexa tsEltslEkwe xaq exdzo- 

25 wexa Leqwaxa. Wa, g'ihmese £ wl £ lamasxa xaqaxs lae qlEwex - - 
£ IdEq yo gwegllox gweg"ilasa-<a tsledaqaxs tsloxwaaxa gwll- 
gwala. Wa, lag'llas tElkwa Leqwaxa. Wa, heEmxaiiwis lag'llas 
mElmadzE £ we. Wa, gihinese gwal qloyaq lae etled gex £ wklEq 
laxes gexwalaase. Wa, g'ihmese alax -e Id lEmx £ wedaxs, lae etlededa 

30 tslEdaqe axaxodEq qa £ s axdzodales laxa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, gihmese 
£ wl £ laxaxs lae ax £ edxa ma £ le LlaLlEbata qa £ s ax £ allles laxes eaxE- 
£ lase. Wa, la ax £ edxa Leqwaxe, qa e s koqodexa k!wawaxsdE £ ye, qa £ s 
tslExtslodes laxa £ nEmsgEme Llabata. Wa, la £ mese etled qlEwex- 
Idxa Leqwaxa. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae tslExtslots laxa £ nEms- 

35 gEine Llabata. Wa, laEm hex'saEm la gweg'ila. Wii, al £ mese 
gwalExs lae £ wl £ lamasxes axsE £ we. Wii, la g'exaxa ma £ ltsEme 
LlaLlEbata lax awabii £ yasa klaglle qa axatsa xa £ mase. Wii, laEm 
hemawalalxa ts lawunxe. 1 

' t'ontinu?d in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. V, p. 433. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 229 

Fresh Roasted Backbone. When | the dog-salmon is cut by the 1 
woman, | the dog-salmon is put on an old ma1 to be cut. Then | the 

woman cuts off the gills of the dog-salmon, so that they || are attached 5 
only to the end of the intestines of the dog-salmon. Then she cuts 
off | the head; and as soon as it is off, the woman | begins to cut, 
beginning at the back of the neck of the dog-salmon, and going to 
four finger-widths | from its tail. Then she cuts along the upper side 
of the dorsal fin; | then she turns around what she is cutting, and she 
cuts into it || on the upper (dorsal) side where she stopped, four fin- 10 
ger-widths from the tail of the dog-salmon. [ Then she cuts it , beginning 
from there, until she reaches the back of the neck. | Then the meat 
on the backbone is t luck when she takes it off from the | skin. When 
there are many backbones, the woman | takes straight-splitting pine- 
wood and she splits it in || pieces to make roasting-tongs. These are 15 
four spans | in length. As soon as she finishes splitting them, she 
puts them into the ground | where she is working. Then she takes 
the intestines of the dog-salmon and | rubs them on the roasting- 
tongs. As soon as they are all slimy, [ she takes cedar-bark and ties 
it around under the || split part of the roasting-tongs; and after she 20 
finishes tying it, she takes | the backbone and puts it crosswise into 
the roasting-tongs ; and as soon as | four have been put in, she ties a 
piece of cedar-bark | just over them. Then she takes four more pieces 

Fresh Roasted Backbone (Alxwase LlobEdzo xalcladzo). — Wa, 1 
lie' r maaxs lae xwa'LasE £ weda gwa £ xnise, yisa tslEda'qe; wa, IaEm 
k - lEgEdzo'tsa gwa £ xni>e laxes xwaLEdzd'we k - lii'klobana. Wa, 
la £ mese tsloVldeda tslEda'qax q!o'sna = "yasa gwa £ xnise, qa a £ mes 
axba'xa ya'x'ylg'ilasa gwa £ xnise. Wa, hr'mes qa'x'-IdEq qa lawa- 5 
yes hex - t!a ; "yas. Wa, g-iPmese lawa'yexs la'e xwa'Hdeda tslEda- 
qaxa g'a'x" £ lde lax oxL,aata £ yasa gwa'xnise la'g'aa la'xa nio'dEne 
lax ts!a'sna £ yasa gwa £ xnise. Wa, laE'm e'k" lot lEndalax k'lide'g'a- 
£ yas. Wa, la xweTldxes xwa'i.asE f we. Wa, la £ me'se xwa'lbEtE'ndEx 
nExsa'wases wa'laasde la'xa mo'dEne lax tsla'smryasa gwa-'xnise. 10 
Wa, la-mes xwiiTldEq g - a'x -E id laq la'laa lax 6'xLaata £ yas. Wa, 
IaEm wa'kwe qlE'mEldza-yasa xak"!idzoxs la'e la'wa la'xes dese- 
na'-'ye. Wa, gil £ mese. qle'nEmeda xa'k'ladzaxs la'eda tskda'qe 
ax £ e'dxa eg'a'kwa lax xa'sE £ we xE'x u mEsa. Wa, la'mese xo'xex"- 
sE'ndEq, qa £ s Llo'psayogwlleq. Wa, laE'm moplicnk'e ba'i,a £ yas L5 
qa E wasgEmats. Wa, g-iTmese gwal xa'qexs la'e La'g-aElsaq la'xes 
e'axE="lase. Wa, la £ me's ax £ e'dxa ya'x'yig'ilasa gwa £ xnise qa £ s 
yiltslElE'ndes la'xa Llo'psayoLe. Wa, g"I'l £ mese la -na'xwa kleklE- 
la'laxs la £ e ax £ e'dxa dEna'se qa £ s yih'ai.E'lodes la'xa bE'nba £ yasa 
xa' £ yasa ido'psayo. Wa, g'l'l £ mese gwal ylLa'qexs la'e ax £ e'dxa 20 
xa'k'ladzo qa e s ge'g - aalts lodes la'xa idopsayo. Wa, gi'h'mese 
mo'weda la ax £ a'lts!oyoxs la'qexs la'e yil £ aLE'lotsa dEna'se lax 
e'k'leLElas. Wa, la e'tled ax £ e'dxa mo'maxatd xa'k'ladzo qa £ s 




230 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.S6 

of backbone and | puts them over those that have been tied in. As 
25 soon as these four are also done, || she ties (the tongs) up again above 
them, anil she keeps on | doing so; and she only stops when she 
reaches the end of the roasting-tongs. | That is in this way: 
As soon as they are full, she takes j four slender pieces of 
split pine and places them lengthwise | on the ends of the 
30 backbones in the roasting-tongs. Now there is one || long 
strip of split pine on each side. Then she takes six 
pieces | and pushes them through between the two legs of 
the roasting-tongs; then | she puts one on each side of the back- 
bones; then she pushes them over (the long split sticks), | and thus 
they are fastened. After this is done, she puts them in the ground 
by the side | of the lire of the house; and when they begin to 
35 blacken, the woman || takes them and puts them right over the fire. | 
Now they are finished, and they are called "roasted backbones" 
after this. | 
1 Pectoral Fins of Dog-Salmon (Pectoral fins of the dog-salmon 
taken | at the upper part of the river).- When the woman cuts the | 
dog-salmon and she finishes taking off the gills, she | cuts around I he 
5 neck of the dog-salmon, and cuts oil' the || pectoral lins, half a. finger 
thick, | and they are just hanging down. Then she also | cuts oil' 
the anal fins and takes them off. She puts them into a | basket; 

axe'gindes lii'xa la yii.Ekwa'. Wa, gThicnixaa/wise £ Wi' £ leda 

J5 mo'waxs la'e e'tled yil £ e'dEx e'k - leLElas. Wa, kiE'm he'x'sa 

gwe'gule. Wii, a'l £ mes gwa'lExs la'e qluxtowe'da ido'psayowe. 

Wa, laE'm g'a gwa'leg'a (jig.). Wa, g - !'l £ mese qltixto'xs la'e ax £ e'd- 

xa mo'ts!aqe wiswiU xok" xEx"me'sa. Wil, hi. ao'dzaqalamasEq 

lax oba £ yasa la L!o'pts!5ls xa'k - !adz5. Wii, laE'm wa'x - sasElaxa 

30 g 1'lsgilt !a xok u xExmiE'sa. Wii, la e't!ed ax £ e'dxa q!EL,!Ets!a/qe 

qa £ s idE'nxsodes aa'qodala xEwe'la £ yasa ido'psayo. Wa, laE'm 

wa'x-sats'.Eiidalaxa xii'k - ladzowe. Wii, laE'm e'k'.'odEnts laq. 

Wii, he' E mis la Ela'layose. Wa. g"f'l £ mesc gwa'lExs la'e La'nolisaq 

la'xa lEgwi'lases g'o'kwe. Wii, gi'l'mese la k !uniElx £ I'dExs la'e 

35 ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaq qa £ s i.e'saLEl5des la'x i £ nExsta' £ yases lEgwI'le. 

Wa, laE'm gwa'la. LaE'mLa Le'gadEs Llo'bEdzo xa'kladzo la'xeq. 1 

1 Pectoral Fins of Dog-Salmon (PEL.'Exa' £ wesa gwa E xnise g-a'yol 

lax uiE'ldziisa wa). — Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e xwa'Leda tsteda'qaxa 

gwa £ xnise. Wa, giTmese gwiil lawa'lax q!o'sna e yasexs la'e 

t !o'tse £ stElaxa 5'xawa £ yasa gwa £ xnisaxs la'e t.'atlo'sk'inaEmxa 

5 pEL!Exa' £ wa £ yas. Wii, la £ me's kMo'dicu la'xEns q!wa'q!wax - ts!a- 

na £ yex, yix Ela'la £ yas laE'm a/Em la te'kwala. Wii, laEmxaa'wise 

tkVsodxa pELii'ga £ ye. Wa, laE'mLa lawiiq. Wii, la axtsla'las la'xa 

'Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 437. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 231 

and after she has sliced that which is to be preserved salmon, | she S 
hangs it up at the place where she is going to dry it. After she 
finishes hanging it up, || she takes a drying-rack and puts the anal 10 
fins on it, and she. scatters them | over it. Then she puts it up right 
over the fire, so that the heat | of the fire strikes it. She finishes 
thai ; and when [ the salmon is half dry, the woman takes down that 
which is to be preserved salmon. | Then she takes her fish-knife and 
cuts off the pectoral fins [[ and throws them also into a basket. After 15 
she has done so, | she hangs up the basket with the pectoral fins in 
it by the side of the | drying-rack on which the anal fins are. After 
this is done, | she gathers the drying-poles and spreads on them that 
which is to be preserved salmon, | with the meat side downward, to 
the fire. || When she has done so, she watches the pectoral tins and 20 
the | anal fins until they are thoroughly dry. As soon as they are 
thoroughly dry, | she puts them away as food for the winter. She 
does | the same with the salmon-tails, which are also put on a drying 
rack | when they are dried. Now we shall talk about the way || they 25 
are cooked. 

Dog-Salmon Cheeks. (Plucked cheek, the head of the dog-salmon i 
when it is | roasted, to keep it for winter use). — 

When the Nimkish go to catch salmon in the river Gwane, above, 
and when there are many dog-salmon, the || woman cuts oil' their 5 

lExa' £ ye. Wii, gi'fmese gwa'lExs la'e t!E'ls 5 edxa xa £ ma/sLaxs la'e 8 
ge'x'wIdEs la'xes x"ila'sLaq. Wii, g-iT'mese gwfil ge'xwaq la'e 
&x £ e'dxa k" !itk" lEde'se qa/s axdzo'desa pELa'ga £ ye laq lagwe'ldzEwe 10 
laq. Wii, la, La'laLElots la'xa nExsta' £ yasa lEgwI'le qa ide'sEg'5- 
stalasE £ weses LleValiisa lEgwI'le. Wii, la gwa/ia. Wii, g'i'Pmese 
k' !a/yax £ wldeda xa £ ma/sLaxs la'eda tsteda'qe iixa'xodxes xa £ ma'sLe. 
Wii, la £ mes ax £ e'dxes xwaxa/yowe qa £ s tlo'salexa pe'pEL!Exawa £ ye 
qa £ s ts!Exts!a'les la'xa lExa' £ maxat!. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal £ wl' £ laxs f5 
la'e tex £ waLElotsa pEL !Exawa £ yaats !e lExe la'xaaxa apse'LElasa 
k - !itk" tede'sexa la axdza'yaatsa pEL§ 'ga £ ye. Wa,g'i'PmesegwaT"aLE- 
laxs la'e q lap !e'x" £ Idxa gayo qa £ s LEp !a,LElodesa xa-'ma'sLe laq. 
Wii, laE'm 'na'xwaEm bana'dzE £ ye q!EmEldza' £ yas la'xa lEgwI'le. 
Wii, g'i'Pmese gwa'la la'e da'doqwllaxa pEidExa'wa £ ye LE £ wa pELa'- 20 
ga £ ye qa a'lak" lales lE'mx £ w!da. Wii, gTh'mese a'la la lE'mx £ wI- 
(Iexs la'e g'e'xaq qa £ s la'k" lESElalxa tshlwii'nxLa. Wa, he'Enixaa 
gwe'g'ilaxa ts!a'sna £ ye k'!itlc!Ede's £ Emxaa ftxdza, yaasasexs la'e 
lE'mxwasE £ wa. Wii, hr'me'sEns gwa'gwex"s £ alal laqexs la'e 
ha £ mexsi'lasE £ wa. . . . : 2. r > 

Dog-Salmon Cheeks. (P!e1os, yix he'x -f !a £ yasa gwa £ xnise, vixs 1 
Llo'bEkwae qa £ s 3xelasE £ we la'laa la'xa ts!a £ wii'nxe). — 

Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e wl' £ wamesa £ nE'mgese la'xes wii Gwa £ no 
la'xa £ nE'ldzas. Wii, g'i'1-mese qle'nEma gwa £ xnisaxs la'eda ts!s- 

'Continued on p. 327, line 1. 



232 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL U'.th. ann. sb 

6 heads. Then the woman takes | wood of the red-pine that splits 
readily. (She makes pieces) one span and four fingers long, | and 
she splits them to make roasting-tongs. Sometimes she makes | one 
hundred, and sometimes she makes two hundred. | After her work is 
finished, she gathers them up, and takes them to the place where 

10 she || cuts dog-salmon. Then she puts up on the ground one pair 
of tongs, and | puts the salmon-head on the end of the tongs, which 
are open; | and she just stops pushing down the head | when the 
points of the tongs reach up to the eyes of the head. | The roasting- 

15 tongs are not tied with cedar-bark. After || she has finished with 
one of them, she puts down what she has finished; | then she takes 
another pair of roasting-tongs and | puts them up in the place where 
t he first ones have been standing. Then | she does with them the same 
thing as she did with the first ones. | She goes on doing so with the 

20 others. After she has || finished, her husband takes much fire-wood 
and makes a fire | on the beach. When the fire that he makes 
blazes up, they | take the heads in the roasting-tongs and place them 
around it. | First the throats are roasted; and when they begin to 
be black, | they turn them all round, so that the nape of the neck is 

25 next || to the fire on the beach. As soon as the skin is blackened, 
they are taken from the fire | and put down on the beach; and when 
they cool off, she | takes the salmon-heads out of the roasting-tongs 

5 da'qe qaka'lax he'x - t!a £ yas. Wii, la iix £ e'deda tslEda/qaxa e'g - a- 
qwa lax xa'sE £ we wiina'gfde. Wa, la mo'dEnbala la'xEns ba'i,a\. 
Wa, la xo'x £ wulEq qa £ s L lo'psayogwlleq. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena 
la'k'lEnde axa /£ yas loxs lo'i/maax ma £ lp!E'nyage axa' £ yas. Wii, 
g - i'l £ mese gwa/le axa' E yasexs la'e q!ap!e'x £ idEq qa £ s las la'xesxwa'l- 

10 dEmsaxa gwa £ xnise. Wii, le La'gaElsaxa e nE'mts!aqe LlSpsaya qa £ s 
klwaxto'desa ke'x - t!a £ ye lax lae'na £ yas aqa'le wa'x'sanots lExsta- 
£ yasa Llopsayowe. Wii, ii'l £ mese gwal we'qwaxElaxa he'x"t !a £ yaxs 
la'e la'g'ae 5'ba £ yasa Llopsayowe lax gegEya'g'Esasa hext!a £ ye. 
Wa, laE'm la k - !ea's ylLE'msa Llo'psayowe dEna'sa. Wa, gi'l- 

15 £ mese gwa'lamasxa £ nE'mts!aqaxs la'e LEx £ idlsaxes la gwa'lama- 
tsE e wa. Wa, la'xaa e'tled ax £ e'dxa £ nE'mts!aqe Llo'psaya qa £ s 
La'stolises lax La'dzE £ wasdases g i'lxde axsE £ wa'. Wa, he'Em- 
£ xaii'wise gwe'x £ IdEq la'xes gf'lx'de gwe'gilasxa gi'lx'de axso's. 
Wii, a' £ mes la he gwe £ na'kulaxa wao'kwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa,'- 

20 Iexs la'e la' £ wunEmas ax £ e'dxa q!e'nEme lEqwa' qa £ s lEx £ wa'lise 
la'xa L!Eina' £ ise. Wa, gi'l £ mese x'l'qosta. lEqwe'la £ yasexs la'e 
ax £ e'dEX'da £ x"xa L!eL!o'pts!ala he'xt!e £ qa £ s le q!wa £ stalas laq. 
Wii, laE'm he g'll Llo'pasose q!oq!ona's. Wa, g'i'l £ mese k!iimE'l- 
x £ Ii1exs la'e le'x £ idEq £ wi' £ la qa hes la awa'p!a £ yas la nExwa,'- 

25 laxa lEgwise'. Wii, g - i'l £ mese k!umE'lx -£ Ide Lle'sasexs la'e axsEn 
cla'laq qa £ s k - a't!alisEleq. Wii, g - i'l £ mese k'6x £ w!dExs la'e axo'- 



boas] PRESERVATION OP FOOD 233 

and puts them down on the beach | by her side. When she has 28 
taken them all off, she takes the roasted salmon-heads | and breaks 
open the jaws. She spreads them out so that they are || spread out 30 
flat. Then she takes out the edible part inside the head, and only | 
the skin and the bones are left on the "plucked cheek." As soon 
as | this is done, she takes a long drying-rack. Sometimes it is | a 
little over a fathom in length. The width of the drying-rack is | two 
spans and four finger-widths. || She puts her "plucked salmon- 35 
cheeks" on it. They are all spread out | when they are on the 
drving-rack, and they are close together | on it. As soon as this is 
all done, she takes what she has done | and puts it just over the 
fire of the house, where it is really | hot. When she finishes, she 
requests her husband to || go and call those who are walking about 40 
in the village, the men the | children and the women, and even the 
weak old women, | to go and eat the edible part taken out of the 
head when it was lifted | from the roasting-place of the "plucked 
cheek." Immediately the | man calls all the men and all the 
women || and children seen by him to come quickly and to eat the 45 
roasted | salmon-heads. It is not long before all those whom lie j 
invited come down to the beach, and they sit around (lie heap of 
roasted edible insides of the | salmon-heads. Then they begin to 

dalaxa L!eL!o'psayowe, yi'xa hehe'x"t!a £ ye, qa £ s ax £ ati'sEleq la'xes 27 
ftpsa'lise. Wii, giTmese £ wl'-iaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa Llo'bEkwe hex- 
t!a £ ya qa £ s wa'x - se £ stE'ndex qlwayo'sas. Wa, la LEpsE'ndEq qa 
LEpa'les. Wa, la lawayodEx ha'mtslawasa he'x't !a £ ye. Wa, a' £ mes 30 
la Lies LE'wa xa'qeda la axa'la la'xa plslo'se. Wa, g'iTmese 
E wl' £ la gwa'texs la'e ax £ e'dxa k'litk'lEcle'se g'i'lt!a £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena 
e'sEgiyo la'xEns ba'Liiqe £ wa'sgEmasa. Wit. la hamo'dEugala 
la'xEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex,vix £ wa'dzEwasasak"!itk"!Ede'se. Wa, 
he' £ mis la axdzo'dalatseses plElo'sLe. Wa, laE'm £ wI' £ laEm LEpa'- 35 
laxs la'e gldzEwexa k'!itk!Ecle'se. Wii, la mEmko'laxs la'e 
gi'dza £ ya. Wa, g'i'Pmese £ wl /£ laxs la £ e ax £ e'dxes axa' £ ye qa £ s le 
La'laLElots la'xa nEcp'stases lEgwI'lases g - o'kwe la'xa a'la la ide'- 
saia. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwalExs la'e axkla'laxes la'-'wiinEme qa 
les Le' £ lalaxa g'ayi'mgilsElaxa be'bEgwanEme Lo £ me g'i'ngina- 40 
nEme LE £ wa ts'.e'daqe LE £ wa wa'x -£ me la wao'yatslala tsle'daqa 
qa les ha £ ma'pEx h;lmts!a'wasa he'xt!a £ ya, yixs la'e £ mE'wr^ 
la'xa L'5'basdasexa la plElo'sa. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese le'da bEgwa,'- 
nEme Le £ lalaxa £ na'xwa be'bEgwiinEm LE £ wes dogflle tsle'daq 
Lo £ ma g-i'nglnanEm qa g'a'xes ha'labala he'x - hax £ Idxa Llo'bEkwe 45 
hex"t!a e ya. Wii, k - !e'st!a ga'laxs g'a'xae e wi' £ la h5'qunts!esa Le'- 
£ laiiEme qa £ s le k!utse £ sta'iisElaxa £ mEwe'se Llo'bEk" hamtsla'sa 
he'x"t!a £ ye. Wii, la'x - da £ xwe hamx -£ I'da. Wii, gi'l-mese po'l £ i- 



'_'o4 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.»B 

eat; and as soon as they have had enough, | they carry away what 
50 they could not eat. They carry || it in their hands and go home. 
But the owner of the | heads which arc called "plucked cheeks" 
goes up from the beach and makes a fire under the "plucked cheeks." 
When they are dry enough, (the woman) takes them down and puts 
them into a | large basket. Then she puts them away for the 
winter. | That is the end. || 
1 Koasted Dog-Salmon Heads (Heads of |dog-salmon when they are 
roasted ami dried, with the edible insides). — 

When the woman cuts oil the head of the [ dog-salmon, and when 

5 she has many salmon-heads, she takes the || same number of short 

roasting-tongs of the same kind as the roasting-tongs | for roasting 

the "plucked cheek," and she does in the same way as she does j when 

she roasts them. Each point of the roasting-tongs is pushed | into 

each side of the neck of the salmon-head, and reaches up to the eyes. | 

When this is done, she puts them up around the fire on the ground, || 

10 outside of the house. First the jaws are roasted; and | when they 

begin to be black, she turns them around with the nape of the neck | 

towards the tire; and when that begins to be black also, she takes 

them | into the house. Then she puts them up with the | roasting- 

15 tongs over the fire, right where it is really hot. \\ They stay there a 

dExs la'e £ wI' £ laEm mo'tElaxes k'le'tsla^yawa^ye qa £ s les da'k - !ota- 
50 laqexs la'x"da £ xwae na' £ nakwa. Wa, la'i.eda axno'gwadasa he'x*- 
t!a £ ye, yi'xa plElo'se ld'sdesa qa £ s le lEqwe'laabEwexes ptelo'sa. 
Wa, g - i'l £ mese lE'mx-wTdExs la'e axa'xodEq qa £ s ge'ts lodes la'xa 
£ wa'lase lExa/ £ ya. Wa, laE'm g'e'xaq qae'da ts!a £ wu'nxe. Wa,j 
laE'm gwa'la. 
1 Koasted Dog-Salmon Heads (Xd'xwasde, yix he'xt !a\vasa gwa, £ x- 
nisaxs L,!6pasE £ wae qa e s lE'mxwasE-we E wi' £ la LE £ wis ha'mtsla). 

Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e qa'x £ Ideda fcslEda'qax he'x - t !a £ yasa gwa £ x- 

nise. Wii, g iT'mese la qle'nEmeda he'x"t!a £ yaxs la'e ax-e'dxa he'- 

5 E maxat! wa'xeda tslE'ltsbsklwa i. leido'psaya" ; he gwe'xse Llopsa- 

£ vasa Llo'paxa plslo'se. Wii, la he'Emxat! gwa'le gwa'laasasexs 

la'e Llo'paq. Wa, lasm idE'nqale wa/x*san6ts!Exsta £ yasa ido'psayo 

lax e'wanulxawa £ yasa he'x't!a £ ye. Wa, la la'gaa lax gegEya'gEsas. 

Wa, giTmese gwa'texs la'e gwa'stElsaq lax lEqluse', lax ida'sa- 

10 na £ yases g'o'kwe. Wa, laEm he gll L!5p!etsose oxi.asx'a'ya. Wa, 

g-i l £ mese k!umElx -£ IdExs la'e le'x -£ idEq £ wl' £ la qa hes giiyapla'- 

leda lEqluse'. Wa, g'lT'Emxaa'wise k!umElx -£ IdExs la'e fix £ e'dEq 

qa £ s le lae'Las la'xes g"6'kwe. Wii, la Le'saLElots £ wi' £ la LE £ wis 

LleLlo'psayowe lax e'kda £ yases lEgwi'le lax nEga'sasa a'la Lle'sala. 

15 Wa, la he'xsai:m la. Wa, iiTmese axa/xod, la'e a'lakMala la 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 235 

long time, and she takes them down when they begin to be quite | 16 
dry. Then she takes off the roasting- tongs, and | she ties the roasting- 
tongs together and puts them in the corner of the house. | That is 
also what the woman does when she roasts the "plucked cheeks." 
Then | she takes a large cedar-bark basket and puts the roasted 
heads || into it; then she puts it away for winter use. | ' 20 

Dog-Salmon Spawn (1) (Scattered spawn of the dog-salmon, | caught 1 
in the upper part of the rivers when the dog-fish are spawning). — 
When a woman cuts the fish caught by her husband, | she takes a 
high box and puts it down at her || left side at the place where she is 5 
cutting; and after | the woman has finished cutting the dog-salmon, 
and when | what she is cutting is opened out, then she scoops out 
with her hands the scattered J spawn and puts it into the tall box; 
and after she has | done so. and the box is full of the scattered 
spawn, || her husband goes up and puts it down in the | corner of the 10 
house. Then short boards are put down flat on top of it, that | the 
rain may not drip in when it rains. When | that is done, he leaves 
it, for the cover is not water-tight, for | the men will always go and 
take out some of it. | 

Dog-Salmon Spawn (2). — Now we will talk about the sticky(spawn). | 1 
When the tall box is full of spawn, when | the woman cuts the dog- 



lE'mx £ wida. Wii, lawi'sLa axa'laxa L'eiJo'psayowe. Wa, la 16 
yiLo'yodxa LleLlo'psayowe qa £ s g'e'xeq la'xa one'gwftases go'kwe 
he'Emxaa gwe'x-'Ideda tsfeda'qaxs Llopaaxa plElo'se. Wii, la 
ax £ e'dxes £ wa'lase dE'ntsEm Lla'bata qa £ s g"e'ts!odesa xo'xwasde 
laq. Wit, la g'e'xaq qa £ s he'lelayolxa ts!awii'nxi,a. 20 

Dog-Salmon Spawn (1) (Gweletse, yix ge' £ nasa gwa'xnisaxs giya- 1 
nEmae lax £ nE'ldzas;i wl'wa; yixs la'e xwl'laweda gwsVxnise). — Wa, 
he' £ maaxs la'e xwa'l'Ideda tslEda'qax ya'nEmases la' £ wunEme 
la £ mes he g'il ax £ e'tsoseda La'watse qa £ s ha'ng'alises lax gEin- 
xagawallsas k!wae'dzasasexs la'e xwaTlda. Wii, gi'h'mese gwii'la 5 
la'e xwa/Hdeda t'slEda'qaxa gvva £ xnise. Wii, g - i'l J mese nElalese 
xwa'La £ yasexs la'e LE'lx-'Itses ee c yasowe la'xa gwe'ledza £ ye 
ge' = 'nii qa £ s LElts!a'les la'xa La £ watsa. Wii, a'l £ mese gwal he gwe'- 
g'ilaxs la'e qo'tleda La'watsaxa L. r wele'dza f ye ge' £ na. Wii, g'i'l- 
E mese qo't !axs la'e la'-'wunEmas la'sdesa qa £ s le ha'ng'alilas lax 5'ne- 10 
gwllases g'o'kwe. Wii, la paqE'mtsa ts!a'ts!ax"sEme laq, qa k"!e'ses 
tsax u ts!a'lasosa tsa'xwaxs la'naxwae yu'gux -£ Ida. Wii, g-i'l="mese 
gwa'lExs g'a'xae bas qaxs k'e'sae aE'mxax pa'qEma e yas qaxs 
qliina'laeda be'bEgwa'nEine 1 tsEyo'ltslod laq. 

Dog-Salmon Spawn (2). — Wii, la £ me'sEngwa'gwex's e alal la'xa qlE'n- 1 
kwe. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e qo'tleda La'watsaxa ge' £ naxs g'ii'lae 
xwii'i.eda tslEdaqaxa gwa £ xnise. Wii, la ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxes 



236 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.36 

salmon, she takes a | dish and washes it out, When it is clean, she || 
5 dips up the fresh salmon-spawn into it. When it is half full, | she 
stops, and she takes a smooth stone and pounds | it so that it all 
bursts. After it has all burst, she | stops pounding it. Then she 
takes a good-sized seal-bladder and | puts the burst salmon-spawn 

10 into it. She just finishes putting it into it || when it is full. When 
it is full, she takes a twisted cedar-bark rope | and ties the neck of 
the bladder firmly. After this has been done, | she hangs it up not 
very near to the fire, in the | rear of the house. Then it remains 
hanging there until | the fern and the salmon-berries begin to sprout. || 

15 The juice of this is also used by painters for making the paint | stick 
on what they paint. | 

Quarter-Dried Salmon. — This is | another way of (preparing) 
soaked green salmon. Now we will talk about | the way of (prepar- 

20 ing) quarter-dried green salmon. Wlien || dog-salmon are first 
speared, when very old, the wife of the | one who speared them car- 
ries them up with her fingers, and places them on the mat on wloich | 
she cuts open the dog-salmon that her husband lias obtained. | Then 
she takes her fish-knife and cuts the old dog-salmon. | She first cuts 

25 the gills at the neck || of the salmon, and then she cuts off the head 
and takes it off. I Then she cuts down along the back from the neck 



l5'q!we qa £ s tslo'xug'indeq. Wa, giTmese eg'ig'a'xs la'e 
5 gu'xts!otsa alo'inase ge' £ ne laq. Wii, giTmese nEgo' £ yox £ wklExs 
la'e gwa'la. Wa, la ax e e'dxa qe'tsEme t!e'sEmaqa £ s lE'sElgEndes 
laq qa -naxwes qux -e i'da. Wii. giTmese e wi' e la qux -e i'da, la'e 
gwal lEsE'lgeq. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa heTa pS'xuntsa me'gwate qa £ s 
pEnts!a'lesa kiigikwe' ge' £ ne laq. Wii, iiTmese gwal pEnts!a'laqexs 

lo La'e qo'tla. Wit, giTmese qo't'.axs la'e ax E e'dxa niE'lkwe dEna'sa 
qa £ s aEle' yiLExstE'nts la'xa poxunse. Wii, g-tT'mese gwa'la la 
te'x £ walllas la'xa k'!es xE'nLEla nExwa'la la'xa lEgwi'le lax 
5'gwlwa £ lllasa g5'kwe. Wii, laE'm he'xsaEm tegwl'le la'laal 
la'xa q!wa'xEndLasa sa'gum LE e wa q!wa'lEme. Wii, he' £ misexs la'e 

15 axso'sa k' !a'k' !Et '.e'noxwe qa ^wa'prlases k'la'tEliixes k!atasE £ we, 
yixs k!iit!Ega £ yae. 

Quarter-Dried Salmon (Dze'lelak"; klo'lox"). — Wii, gaEm £ nEmx ,£ - 
idalaxaat! t!elk" k"!6'loxwa. Wii., he' e mawisLaLEns gwagwex - s £ alaLe 
gwe'gilasaxa dze'lelakwe klo'loxwa. Wa, he' £ maaxs g'a'lae 

20 sEg'Ekwa' gwa £ xnisaxs la'e tstela'ka. Wa, le'da gEiiE'm.isa 
sEgEkiiliiq ga'sx'Ex e i'dEq qa £ s le lclEgEdzo'ts la'xa le' £ wa £ ye, yix 
xwa'i.Edza'sex ya'iiEmases la' £ wunEme gwa £ xnisa. Wii, la £ mes 
ax £ e'dxes xwaLayowe. Wa, la xwaTldxa ts.'Ela'k'e gwii £ xnisa. 
Wii, he'Em gil t!o's-its5sexs la'e t!o's e IdEx q!o'sna £ yas 6'xawa- 

25 £ yasa k - !o'tEla. W T a, la'wisLa qa'x £ IdEq qa la'wes he'x't!a £ ya. 
Wa, la xwaTldEx awi'g - a £ yas gii'x £ kl lax 5'xLaata £ yas lii'gaa 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 237 

down | to four finger-widths above the tail. A little [ meat is left 27 
on the backbone. The meat on the green salmon is thick. | Then 
she takes split-cedar sticks and || spreads (the green salmon) as she 30 
does the dried green salmon. As soon as | she has spread it, she 
hangs it up in the smoke of the fire of her | house. Sometimes it 
hangs there one day; | then it is half dried. As soon as it is half 
dried, the woman takes it down | and looks for a mixture of sand and 
clay on the || bank of the river; and as soon as it is dry, she digs it 35 
out; | and when she has dug two spans deep into the ground, | she 
spreads out one of the quarter-dried green salmon in it; then | she 
takes grass and puts it over it; then she strews a | handful of dirt 
(sand and clay mixed) over it. As soon as it is covered with || dirt, 40 
she takes another green salmon and | spreads it out in the hole; then 
she puts grass | over it, and she again puts dirt on it. | Sometimes 
one woman puts a hundred in | one hole. Then she covers it above 
with dirt, || and much grass is put under it; | and it is still there 45 
when winter arrives. | 

Spawn of Silver- Salmon. — Now I shall talk about the | spawn of the 1 
silver-salmon and of the sockeye-sahnon caught by trolling; for they 
are alike, | and their spawn is small. When | the woman cuts what 



La'xa mS'dEne lax e'k'!a £ yas ts!a'sna £ ya. Wii, laE'm la ho'lale 27 
q!E'mlEdza £ yas q!o'q!ii £ yas. Wa, la wa'kwe q!EmlEdza' £ yasa 
kMo'loxwe. Wa, la £ rue'se ax £ e'dxa xo'kwe k!waxLa/ £ wa qa £ s 
qEt!e'deq lax gwii'iaas £ masa lEmo'kwe k - !o'loxwa. Wa, giTmese 30 
gwal qEta'qexs la'e ge'x £ w!dEq la'xa kwa'xiliisa lEgwI'lases 
go'kwe. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEinp!Ena £ iiE'mxsa £ me £ na'las ge'x £ ulaLElaxs 
la'e k!a'yax £ wlda. Wii, giTruese k' !a'yax £ w!dExs la'e axa'xodeda 
ts!Eda'qaq qa £ s le a'lex'ldxa na'xsaaple lo £ e'g - ise lo £ L!e'q!e lax 
o'gwaga £ yasa wa. Wii, la guT'Em lE'nixwaxs la'e £ lap!e'dEq; wii, 35 
g'iT'mese malplEnx'bEtE'lsEla la'xa a £ wi'nak!use £ la'i>ay £ asexs la'e 
LEpbEtE'lsasa £ nE'me tlze'le £ lak" k!o'lox u laq. Wii, la £ me's ax £ - 
e'dxa k'!e't!Eine qa £ s Sxdzo'des la'qexs la'e xn,L!Ex ,£ I'd k'la'dzotsa 
go'xsEma £ yaakwe dzEc^wa laq. Wii, gi'l £ mese haniElg fdzo' £ ya 
dzEC[wa' la'c[exs la'e e't!ed ax £ e'dxa £ nE'me k!o'loxwa qa £ s 40 
LEbegi'ndes laq. Wii, laE'mxaa'wis ax £ aldzo'tsa k!e't!Eme 
laq. Wa, laE'mxaii'wise k' ladzotsa dzEcjwa' laq. Wii, la e nal- 
£ iiEmp!Ena la'k' lindeda he gwa'la axesa -'iiEmo'kwe ts!Eda'q lii'xa 
£ nEmts!Eq!Ese £ la'pa £ ya. Wa, la ae'k'Ia tslEme'g'intsa dzEcjwa' 
la'qexs la'e qle'nEma k!e't!Eme la axa'bEwes. Wii, laE'm 45 
he'x'saEm le la'g'aa la'xa la ts!awfi'nxa. 

Spawn of Silver-Salmon. — Wa, la £ me'sEn gwa'gwex-s £ alal la'xa 1 
ge' £ niisa do'gwinete dza £ wii'na LE £ wa mEle'k'e, jixs £ iiEina'xis- 
£ maaxs he' £ mae a'les a'm £ Emae ge' £ niis. Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e 




238 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.sb 

5 her husband has caught by trolling, and also || the sockeye-salmon 
caught in salmon-weirs, she puts the spawn down on the beach | on 
the right-hand side of the place where she is sitting and cutting. As 
soon as she has finished | cutting, she takes a drying-rack, made on 
purpose, and puts | the spawn on it in this manner: |j » jj ; 
As soon as this is done, | she puts it up just over the 

10 fire, so that it is smoked by the smoke. || It is left there 
a long time, and it is only taken down when it is j really 
dry; and it is put into a spoon-basket of open weave, | 
and then she hangs it up again | behind the lire so that inrHnnnr' 
it gets just enough heat from it. Then it is | called "dried-part- 
of-salmon," and its name is "whole-piece.'' || 

15 Sockeye-Salmon. — that is, (old) white sockeye-salmon. | When 
the sockeye gets white in the upper part of the river, | it is called 
"ugly sockeye salmon;" and it is speared by those who live on the 
livers | at the spawning place of the ugly sockeye-salmon at the 
upper part of the river. As soon as | (a man) gets many, his wife 

2(j cuts some - /7T\ of them in the same way || as the dog-salmon 
are cut / \ when they are made into green dry salmon. | 
She just / \ cuts right down the back of the salmon in this 

manner: / — ^ — 1 | She does not allow it to be taken into the 
house, for she does not allow it | to be smoked by the smoke. Her 
husband only | puts up the staging for hanging up what has been 

xwa'Hdeda tsteda/qax do'gwanEmases la'nvuiiEme Lo £ ma La'wa- 
5 y5ts!o niEle/k'a, wa. hrme'se ax £ a'llSElaxa ge' £ ne lax he'lk'lo- 
tagawii'lisases klwae'dzasaxs xwa'Lae. Wa, giTmese gwal xwa'- 
Laxs la'e ax £ e'dxa hekwe'lae k - Htk - tede's qas LEx u dzo'da- 
llsa ge' £ ne laq; g - a gwa'leg'a (Jig.). Wii, gl'Pniese gwa'texs la'e 
La'g'aaLElots lax liEqo'stases lEgwI'le ([a, kwa'x - asE £ wesesa kwa- 

1(1 x'f'la. Wa, la gii'la axElii'LEla. Wa, aT'mese axa'xoyoxs la'e 
a'lak"!ala la lE'mx'wkla qa £ s axtslo'yowe la'xa yibElo'sgEme 
ka'yatsla. Wii, laEm £ xaa/wise xwe'laqa te'x- £ wahiEm la'xa o'gwi- 
walllasa lEgwI'le qa hela'lisa Lle'salasa lEgwI'le laq. Wa, laE'm 
Le'gadEs la'llEm £ we'dzEk u loxs sEne'ts!ex - Lae. 

1.5 Sockeye-Salmon. — Ta'yaitslala, yi'xa la ts!EkVx -£ Id mEle'k'a. 
Wa, gi'l £ Em la ts!Ela'x ,£ Ideda mEle'ke lax £ nE'ldziisa wa, la'e 
Le'gadEs mEla'le. Wii, he' £ mis la sTik'a'sosa wl'wametslenoxwe 
lax la xwe'lawaatsa mEla'le lax £ nE'ldzasa wa. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
q'.Eyo'Lqexs la'e gEnE'mas xwaTldxa waS'kwe qa yo'wes gwii'- 

20 lox xwa'La £ yasex xwii'La £ yasa gwa £ xhisaxs la'e k'lo'loxwllaq. 
A 'Em nEqa'xod xwaTldicx awi'g - a £ yasa k' lo'tEla g - a gwii'leg-a (Jig.). 
Wii, la k - !es he'lqlalaq la lae'L la'xa g-o'kwe qaxs k'le'sae he'l- 
qlalaq kwii'x'asosa kwa'xila. Wii, a' £ miseda la' £ wiinEmas 
qaxE'lsa qa ge'x u dEmasa la xwa'Leses gEnEme. Wii, he'Einxaii'- 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 239 

cut by his wife; and the || -woman hangs up what she lias cut, and it 25 
is dried by the | sun and the wind. It is left hanging there with 
cross-sticks | of broken cedar in the tails, which | cross over the two 
diving-poles. It is left there for a long time, so that it becomes really 
dry. | When it begins to be dry, it is named "sun-dried salmon." | 
When it begins to be really dry, the woman [ takes it down and takes 30 
off the cross-pieces of cedar-wood from the tails. As soon | as they 
are all off, she gathers them, and takes them into her [ house. She 
takes a box and tilts it over by the side of the | lire; and soon it 
becomes warm, and then it becomes dry inside. After it is || quite 35 
dry inside, she puts it down on the floor of the house not far from the | 
fire, so that it is heated by the heat of the fire. Then she | takes the 
sun-dried salmon and puts it away well in it. After | she has done 
so, she puts the cover on the box containing the sun-dried salmon. | 
Then the cover is tied down with cedar-bark rope. || Then she 40 
finishes it. ] 

Old Sockeye-Salmon. — I will again talk about ugly sockeye- 1 
salmon. | When a man has caught many ugly sockeye-salmon, his 
wife | makes sun-dried salmon of some of them. Others she splits 
in two; | and when she gets tired of cutting sun-dried salmon, || she 5 
just splits the others, in two. She just cuts off | the heads of the 

wlseda tslEda'qe la ge'x £ wldxes xwa'La^ye. Wa, laEm ide'sasosa 25 
Lle'sEla LE E wa ya'la. Wii, la £ mes hexsii'Ein ge'xwale ge'gE'yaxs- 
dalaxa ko'gEkwe k!waxi.a'wa. Wa, he' £ misa gayo'ssla la'xa 
ga'yo ma' £ lts!aqa. Wii, la ga'laEm he gwa'le qa a'lakMales Ieiux- 
s wlda. Wii, g'iTmese lE'mx £ wIdi:xs la'e Le'gadEs ta'yaltslala. 
Wii, g'!'l e mese la a'lak - !ala bs'mx^widExs la'eda ts!Eda'qe iixa'- 30 
xodF.q qa £ s lawa'lexa gegE £ yaxsdK ; yas klwaxLa/wa. Wii, g'i'l- 
£ mese £ wl £ la'masqexs la'e q!ap!ex -£ idEq qa's le niEwe'Las la'xes 
g - 6'kwe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa xatsE'me qa £ s qogunoliseq la'xes Ie- 
gvvl'le qa e s pEx'tslo'deq qa lE'mx £ walts!ax ,£ ides. Wii, gi'Mnese 
lE'mx £ walts!ix""idExs la'e ha'ng'alllas la'xa kle'se qwe'sala la'xes 35 
hogwi'le qa i.!e'sahisE £ weses Llesalasa lEgwI'le. Wii, la £ me'se 
ax £ e'dxa ta'yaltslala qa £ s le ae'k' !a hii'ntslalas laq. Wii, gt'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e yikilyi'nts yikiiya £ yasa ta'yalts!alaats!e xatsE'ma. 
VVa, la £ mese t lEmakiyi'nts t!Ema'k"iya e yasxa dEnsE'ne dEnE'mlaq. 
Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 40 

Old Sockeye-Salmon. — Wii, he'EmxaEn gwa'gwex - s £ alasLa mElo'le, 1 
yixs gi'Pmae qlEyo'Leda bEgwa'nEmaxa niElo'laxs la'e gEiiE'mas 
ta'valtslalag'ilaxa wao'kwe. Wii, la qlwa'xseg'ilaxa wao'kwe. 
Wa, he /£ nmaxs la'e wio'l £ ida la'xes xwa'L!ena £ yaxa ta'yaltslala. 
Wii, ii'-'mise la q!wa'k"ilaxa wao'kwe. Wa, laE'm ;i'Em la qak'a'- ,", 
lax he'x - t!a £ yasa mElo'le. Wa, laE'mxaa'wise xwa'i.odaF.nixaax 



240 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL Lbth.ann.85 

7 ugly sockeye-salmon, and she also cuts off the | backbone; and she 
cuts down across, dividing the body of the | salmon into two pieces, 
which arc only held together by the tail. | As soon as she finishes, her 

Id husband puts up poles; || then he puts up posts on each end of which 
rest the long poles over wliich the split salmon are hung. | After he 
has done so, the woman takes the split salmon and | hangs them over 
the poles in this manner: y y and | they are also put 

up outside of the house, £ j = 7/\\ //\\ jl and the | sun and the 
wind ilvy them, and there /] M LJ LJ * ae y st;i y a ^ on § time II 

15 before they are dry. As soon as night comes, | 

the woman takes a large I mat of coarse cedar-bark 

and spreads | it over them to cover them, so that they may not got 
damp | by the dew of the night; and when it is a fine day, | she 
uncovers them again in the morning and takes off the large mat cover- 

20 ing, || so that the heat of the sun and the wind may reach them; 
and when it is | raining, she does not uncover them. When they 
are really dry, | the woman takes them down and takes them into 
the house. | Then she takes a cedar-bark basket and puts them into 
it. After | they have been put in, she puts them away close to the 

25 fire. || This will be food for the winter. Sometimes they | do the 
same with the silver-salmon. They do not do the same with dog- 
salmon | and other kinds of salmon. That is all of this. | 



7 xa'k' ladzas. Wa, la ha'xEle xwa'La £ yas la ma e lts!fi'ndEX o'gwi- 
da £ yasa k!o'ti:la. Wa, la e me'sele'x - aEmla ElEga'tayosests!a'sna £ ve. 
Wa, giTmrse gwa'la, la'e ax £ E'lse la' £ wiinEinrsexa dzo'xume; laE'm 
10 LaLEDE'lsa<[ qa ka'dEtayaatsa ge'x u dEmaLasa q!wa/xsa £ ye. Wa, 
t^iTmese gwa'lExs la'asa tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxa q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ s 
qEXEnda'le ge'x-undalas laq, g'a gwii'leg'a {fig.). Wa, laE'mxaa 
he'Em la axEldzE'ma L,!a/sana e yasa g'o'kwe. Wii, laE'mxae ke' £ ma 
Lle'sEla LE £ wa ya'la lE'mxwaq. Wii, la £ me'se hex-sa'Em ge'xwa- 
15 laxs k - !e's £ ni;'.e lE'mx-wida. Wii, giTmese ga'nuHdExs la'naxwa- 
eda tslEda'qe ax'e'dxa £ wa/lase qliile'dzo le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEple'- 
des lax e'k"!a £ yas qa no'kwes qa k'le'ses xweiaqa dE'lx £ id;i'ma- 
tso £ sa go'saxa ga'nuLe. Wa, gTl £ mese e'ka £ na/laxa gaa'laxs 
la'e xwe'laqa lo's £ IdEq qa la'was nawE'masxa £ wa'lase le' £ wa £ ya 
20 qa L'.e'sasE £ wesesa Lle'sEla LE £ wa ya'la. Wii, glTmese yo'- 
gwaxs la'e k'les lo's £ idEq. Wa, gt'Pmese a/lak'lala lE'mx £ wI- 
dExs la'eda tslEda'qe axa'xodEq qa £ s le lae'Las la'xes g'o'kwe. 
Wa la ax £ e'dxa Lla'bate qa £ s ha'nts lodes laq. Wa, g"i'l £ mese 
o-wal ha'nts lalaqexs la'e £ g-e'xaq la'xa liExwa'la la'xes lEgwI'le. 
25 Wa laE'm he'lelayolxa tslawu'nxLa. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmplEna he 
gwe'°"ilasE £ weda dza £ wu'ne. Wa, la k' les he gwe'g"dasE £ weda gwa £ x- 
nise LE £ wa wao'kwe k'lo'kliitEla. Wa, laEm gwal la'xeq. 




boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 241 

Roasted Silver-Salmon. (Roasted tails of silver-salmon caught by | 1 
trolling.) || 

When the silver-salmon caught by trolling is cut open, | the 30 
tail is left on the backbone. After | the woman has cut it, she 
takes the roasting-tongs and breaks off the | tail from the backbone, 
and she puts the salmon-tails | crosswise into the roasting-tongs in 
this manner : m Often || the salmon-tails are taken off after the 35 
backbone has CP been roasted, | in this manner 
they only pg break them off after they have >3p | 
roasted. | dH After the tails have been put JM [ 
the roasting- CP tongs, | they are put by the ^ 
of the fire; — * — and when theskinis blackened, | D>*^§ 
are taken away and laid down || just over the fire, so 
the heat of the fire goes right up to them; | and when the owner 
of the house gets hungry ,he just takes | them down and eats of them. 
And if he does not eat all (he has taken down), he just | puts it back 
above. | 

Halibut. — [The method of halibut fishing has been described in 
"The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island'' (Publications of the Jesup 
North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, pp. 472-4S0). The account con- 
tinues as follows :] 

As soon as (the halibut-fisher) enters his house, his wife | quickly 1 
gives him something to eat; and when he begins to eat, his wife | 
goes out of the house, carrying her small basket, in which she has 
four fish-knives. | She is going to work on all the halibut lying on 
their backs on the beach. || 

Roasted Silver-Salmon. — Llo'bEk" ts!a'sne £ sa dza £ wu'ne do'gwineta. 1 
Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e xwa'l-ItsE e weda do'gwanEme dza £ wu'na. Wa, 30 
Ur'me'se axfila £ meda ts!a'sna £ ye laxa xa'k'Iadzas; wa, g il £ mese gwal 
xwa'Leda tslEda'qaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa iJo'psayowe qa £ s k'o'qalexa 
ts!asna £ ye laxa xa'kMadzowe qa £ s le ge'g'aalts!alisa ts!asna £ ye la'xa 
iJo'psayowe g - a gwa'leg'a (fig.). Wa, la q!una'laEmxat! a'l £ Em 
la'wodayowa ts!a/sna £ yaxs la'e Llo'pa la'xa xa'k - ladzowe, yixs 35 
g'a'e gwa'leg'a {fig.). Wa, aT'mese k'oqa'layoxs la'e Llo'pa. Wii, 
he /£ maaxs la'e gwat axa'lts!odalay5 la'xa L !5'psayoweda ts!a'sna £ ye. 
Wa, la £ me'se La'nolidzEm la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la £ me'se klfimE'lx'- 
£ lda £ me Lle'sasexs la'e ax £ e'tsE £ wa qa £ s Le'saLElodayowe lax nEqo'- 
stasa lEgwi'le qa L!e'sEg - ostalasE £ weses Lle'salasa lEgwI'le. Wa, 40 
g'i'l £ mese po'sq!Ex £ ideda g"o'gwadasa go'kwaxs la'e a'Em axaxo- 
dEq qa £ s ha s mx''ide laq. Wa, g'i'Pmese k - !es £ wi' £ laqexs la'e a'Em 
xwe'laxaLElots la'xa e'k*!e. 

Halibut. — Wii, g'i'Pmese lae'L la'xes g'o'kwaxs la'e gEnE'mas 1 
ha'labala LlExwe'laq. Wa, g'i'Pmese hamx ,£ i'dExs la'e gEnE'mas 
la'wElsa da'laxes la'laxame g"i'ts!E £ watses md'we xwa'xiiLaya. Wa, 
laE'm la,L e'ax £ edElxa £ na'xwa £ me nEhiELe'sa p!ep!a' £ ye. 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 -16 



242 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL ieth.ann. sis 

5 Now I will talk about the woman, what she is going to do after | her 
husband has finished fishing; for the man never | helps his wife this 
side of his going out | fishing (after he has finished fishiug), and also 
when he has hauled the halibut out of his halibut-fishing canoe. 1 . . || 

10 As 2 soon as the woman sits down on the beach at the place where | 
the halibut have been put down, she takes out her four knives, and | 
she takes a sandstone and whets her knives on it. | As soon as the 
four knives are sharp, she | first takes the fin-knife; for the four 

15 knives all have names. || The first knife is the fin-knife; | the next 
one, the cutting-knife; the next one, the Making-knife; and | the last 
one, the splitting-knife. She sits down by the head of the halibut, 
and | she cuts open the lower part of the belly of the halibut, (in 
this manner:) 3 ^^Ife^. ^ e cu * s a ^ aroun d it- | Then 

she turns it y^^^^^^. A backward and takes the cut- 

20 ting-knife and || £•') O %[ cu ^ s under the cheek-fins, and 

cuts out the ^ ^J gills. As | soon as she has them 
off, she pulls **^P^ S ^ out the intestines of thehalibut, 

and she | cuts off the guts so that they come off from the stomach. 
Then she turns the stomach inside out, so as to | spread it, and puts 
it down. Last she cuts off the pectoral fins, | on the other side, and 

5 Wa, la'me'sEn lasL gwagwex - s £ alaL la'qexs laeda tslEda'qe heL 
lax, e'axalaLEqexs la'e gwa'les la' £ wunEme lo'qwa, qaxs hewa'xa- 
£ meLeda bEgwa'nEine g"5'x £ wIdElxes gEnE'me gwa'sagaweses lae'- 
na £ ye lo'qwa. Wa, he' £ misexs la'e gax u soita'laxa p!ep!a' £ ye la'xes 
lo'gwatsle. 1 . . . 

10 Wa, 2 giTmese k!wa'g'aliseda tsteda'qe lax k - !ixk'!ige'dzasa 
p!a' £ yaxs la'e ax £ wdlts!o'dxes xwa'xuLayowe mo'wa. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxa tle'gayowe dE £ na'sgEm qa £ s g - e'xalallses xwaLayowe laq. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi' £ la e'x'bax -£ ideda mo'we xwa'xuLayoxs la'e he 
gil ax £ e'tsoseda pELa'layo xwa'Laya, qaxs £ niixwa £ mae Le'gadeda 

15 mo'we xwa'xiiLayo. Wa, he'Em ga'leda pELa'layowe xwa'Laya; 
wa, he' £ misa gElts!E'me; wa, he' £ misa xwa'Layowe; wa, he' £ mis- 
Leda t!E'lyayowe. Wa, la klwa'g'alis lax oxta'lisasa p!a' £ ye. Wa, 
la xwaTidEx bE'nba £ yas tEk"!a'sa p!a' £ ye (Jig.). Wa, la xwaltse'- 
£ sdEnq. Wa. la nEFaLE'lodqexs la'e ax £ e'dxa gEltslE'me qa £ s 

20 xwa'xuLaple'dexa pEL!E'mya £ ye qa £ s xwaL5'dexa c[!o'sna £ ye. Wa, 
giPmese lawaxs lae go'loltslExa ya'x'yigilasa p!a £ j'e. Wa, la xwa'- 
Lodxa ts!Eyi'me qa lawayes la'xa mS'qula. Wa, la le'x - sEmdEq qa 
Lle'plEqalesexs lae ax £ a'lisaq. Wa, lawI'sLa hewEyo'd xwa'Lddxa 
pELa' la'xa apsa'dzE £ ye qa £ s ax £ a'liseq. Wii, la xwa'Jtse £ stalaxa 

> Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 4S0. 
• Continued from ibid., p. 480. 
■That is, close to the edge of the fish. 




boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 243 

puts them down. Then she cuts around the || skin, keeping close to 25 
the edge-fin. She only stops cutting when she | arrives at the end 
of the tail [salt-taste tail]. Then | she begins to cut from behind the 
head of the halibut, at the place where she first cut it. She | does 
the same on the other side. Then she cuts off the skin of the white 
side. | As soon as the skin is off, she cuts down along the middle 
of the || backbone of the halibut; and when she reaches the backbone, 30 
she again | cuts, beginning from the rough edge, cutting close to the | 
ribs, until she reaches the backbone. Then she takes off one side of 
the | halibut and puts it down, (in this manner:) 
Then she does the same also | on the other side. 
As soon as it is off, she turns it over and cuts \^ is 
off also || the skin of the black side. As soon as 
it is off, she cuts | also that side of the rough-edge, and goes on 
to the backbone. When she | reaches it again, she cuts down 
straight | to the backbone, and she puts it down with what came 
from the other side. | Then she does the same also to the 
other side that was still on. || As soon as all the meat of the 40 
halibut is off, she takes off the apron-side (spawn) | and puts it 
down. Then she cuts off the head, and she | takes the rib of an elk 
and takes hold of the tail. Then she 
lifts the backbone of the halibut by the 
tail and cuts off the ribs, | cutting them WOTMST" 
close to the backbone, (in this manner:) 



Lle'se ma'k-inxEndalaxa q!wa/q!unxa £ ye. Wa, a/l £ niese gwal xwa'- 25 
Laxs la'e la'g'aa la'xa 6'xxa £ yasa dE'mp!axsda £ ye. Wa, he'Em 
g-a'g'iLEle 5'xLaata £ yasa p!a' £ ye gi'lptedasa xwa'La £ yas. Wa, la 
e'tledxa apsE'nxa^e. Wa, la sa'podxa £ mEla'dza £ ye L!esa. Wa 
giPmese lawa'da Lle'saxs la'e £ nEqa/xod xwaTedEx £ nEXEna/ £ yas 
hamo'masa p !a/ £ ye. Wa, g-il £ mese la'g-aa la'xa hamo'maxs la'e e't led 30 
xwa'Fid ga'g'ELEla laxa q!wa'q!unxa £ ye. Wii, laEm ma'k-ildzoda- 
laxa xi'la qa £ s le wala la'xa hamo'mo. Wa, la axo'dxa apso'dEdza- 
£ yasa p!a' £ ye qa £ s ax £ a'lises {fig.). Wa, la'xaa e't led he gwe'x -£ Idxa 
apsE'nxa £ ye. Wa, gi'Pmese lawa'xs la'e le'x'ilisaq qa £ s 6'gwaqe 
sapo'dxa ts!o'lats!a £ ye Lle'sa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese lawa'xs la'e xwaT'idEx 35 
awu'nxa £ yasa q!wa'q!unxa £ ye qa £ s la'lae la'xa hamo'mo. Wa, gi'l- 
£ Emxaawise la'g'aa la'qexs la'e £ nEqa'xod xwa'l £ edEx £ nEXEna' £ ya- 
xaashamo'm5. Wa, la'xaa gi'g-illsas la'xesga'yanEme la'xa apsa'- 
dza £ ye. Wii, laxaa he'Em gwe'x ,£ Idxa la &x £ a'laLEleda apsE'nxa £ ye. 
Wa, giTmese £ wi £ loweda qlE'mlalasa p!a' £ yaxs la'e axo'dxa tsa'ple- 40 
dza £ ye qa £ s ax £ a'liseq. Wa, la qak'o'dEx ma'legEman5s. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxa gElE'masa l!ewe'1s§ qa £ s da'x ,£ idexa dE'mp!axsda £ ye qa 
a'k'laxsdalesa hamo'masa p!a' £ yaxs la'e kwexa'laxa xila'. Wa, 
laE'm ma'g'ilEnexa hamo'mo {fig.). Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ la la'weda 




244 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ihth.ans.S5 

45 As soon as the ribs are off, || the woman takes cedar-bark and ties the 
tail-ends of | both sides of the ribs of the backbone together, (in 
this manner:) ,/OT5V Then she carries them | up and hangs 

themjustover \^W%j the fireplace of the house. She | takes 
her roasting- i)t§j Ysyfy/ tongs and takes them down to where the 
fins are. | She ^fc§3 \^"i/ ta ^ e3 them at once, and puts four fins 

50 in one pair of || V ^^ fifes' roasting-tongs. She ties the roasting- 
tongs on top with cedar-bark. | Then she takes thin split cedar- 
wood, and puts it over each side, (in this manner:) | fh .. 
As soon as she has done so,. she gathers driftwood on r f^ 
the beach, | and makes a fire; and when the fire that 
she has made blazes up, she | picks up stones and puts 

55 them on the fire that she has made. As soon as || there 
are enough on it, she takes the fins in the roasting- 
tongs and | puts them up by its side. Then she gathers 
the backbones | while the tail is still attached to them ; and she takes 
the | stomachs and puts them down on the beach, not far from the 
stones in the fire. | Then she also takes mats and puts them down 

60 there also with her || tongs, and also a bucketful of water. As soon | 
as the fins are roasted, she takes them away from the stones on the 
fire; | and when the stones are red-hot, she takes her | tongs and 
with them takes off the wood that is left on the fire. | When it is all 




45 x'i'laxs la'e ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxa dEna'se qa £ s ya'Lode o'xsda £ yasa 
wa'x'sot'.Ena £ ye xi'lasa hamo'ma qa £ s ya'Lodex (fig.) . Wii, la da'laq 
qa £ s le ge'x £ waLE'l5ts lax mEqo'stawas lEgwI'lases g"5'kwe. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxes L!o'psayowe qa £ s le lE'nts!es lax axa'sases pELa'. Wii, 
he'x" £ ida £ mese ax e e'dEq qa £ s axtslo'desa mo'we pELa' la'xa £ nE'me 

50 Lld'psaya. Wa, la k' !ilg - Etotsa dEna'se laxa Llo'psayowe. Wa, 
la ax £ e'dxa xo'kwe wI'sweI k!waxLa' £ wa qa £ s k'!aa't!edes laq (Jig.). 
Wa gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e q!ap!e'x -£ idxa qle'xaie la'xa L!Ema £ ise 
cni £ s lExwa'lise. Wa, g - i'l £ mese x'I'qSstawe lEqwe'la £ yasexs la'e 
xo'x £ widxa tle'sEme qa £ s xEx u La'les la'xa lEqwe'la £ yas. Wa, g'i'l- 

55 £ mese he'l £ a lax na'qa £ yasexs la'e ax £ e'dxa Llo'ptslala pELa' qa e s 
le La'n5llsas laq. Wa, la £ me'se q!ap!e'x -£ idxa h&mo'mo, yixs he'- 
£ mae a'les axa'le dE'mp!.ixsda £ yas laq. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa 
mo'qula qa ga'xes g'ae's laxa k'les qwe'sala la'xa t!e'qwapa £ ye. 
Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa le'El £ wa £ ye qa £ s g'a'e ax £ a'lisaq LE £ wis 

60 k'lipLa'la; wa, he' £ misa na'gatsle la qo't!axa £ wa'pe. Wa, g"i'l- 
£ mese Llo'pa pELa'xs la'e axsE'ndEq la'xes t!e'qwapa £ ye. Wa, 
g - i'l £ mese £ na'xwa la x - I'xixsEmx -£ Ideda tle'sEmaxs la'e &x £ e'dxes 

, k'!ipLa'la qa £ s k - !ipsa'les la'xa x - ixiq!ayawa £ yasa gu'lta. Wa, 
g'i'l £ mese £ wi £ laxs la'e ax e e'dxa ts!a'ts!Esmote qa £ s lExse £ sta'les 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 245 

off, she takes old eel-grass, and puts it around j| the red-hot 65 
stones; and she plucks off | broad-leaved grass, and throws it 
over the | hot stones. As soon as they are covered, she takes the | 
stomach and puts it on the stones. Then she takes the head and | 
puts it on the stones, close to the old eel-grass, inside of it. || As soon as 70 
this is done, she takes the fins that have not been roasted and | puts 
them on also, and also some of the rough-edge and of the | backbone, 
which she puts on also, and also the tail and the | apron-part. As 
soon as it is all on, she takes her mats and | spreads them down to 
one side of what she is steaming. Then she takes a || bucket with 75 
water and pours it over what she is steaming. | After she has finished 
pouring the water, she takes the mats and covers it | with them, so 
that the steam cannot come through. After she has done so, | she 
takes her fish-basket and picks up the guts of the | halibut, and the 
fiver and the slime. After she has it all, || she carries it down to the SO 
beach, and she throws it into the sea. | Then she washes out her fish- 
basket, so that all the slime comes off | from it; and then she goes 
up the beach, takes the pieces cut off from one side of the halibut, 
and | scrapes off the blood. After she has done so, she spreads them 
out | on the beach, so that they are not one on top of the other, but 
very close together || at the edges. Then she covers them over with 85 
a mat, for it is not | good if they are split while they are still fresh. 

la'xa &wi' £ stasa x-i'x'ixsEmala tle'sEma. Wa, la'xaa k!u'lx £ ld 65 
la'xa ftwa'dzoxLo kJe'tlEma qa £ s lExa'lodales lax o'kuya £ yasa 
tslE'lqwa tle'sEma. Wa, gi'Pmese ha £ niElxa'laxs la'e 3x £ e'dxa 
mo'qula qa £ s ax £ a'lodales. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa ma'legEmano qa £ s 
ax £ a'lodales la'xa ma'k'ala la'xa tsla'tslEsmote lax 6'tslawas. Wa, 
giTniese £ wl £ laxs la'e ax £ e'd la'xa k'le'se Llo'pletsos pELa' qa £ s 70 
le'xat! ax £ a'lots laq. Wa, he' £ misa wao'kwe q!wa'q!unxa £ ya LE'wa 
h&mo'mo qa £ s le'xat! ax £ aiodalaq, LO £ ma dE'mp!axsda £ ye, LE £ wa 
tsa'p !ets!a £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wFlaxs la'e fix £ e'dxes le'El £ wa £ ye qa £ s 
Le'LEp!a'liseq lax ma'g'inwalisases nEka'sEwe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 
£ wa'bEts!ala na'gatsla qa dza'dzELEyl'ndes la'xes nEk'a'sEwe. Wa, 75 
g'i'Pmese gwa'l dza'sac^exs la'e fix £ e'dxa le'El £ wa £ ye qa £ s na's £ ides 
laq qa k'le'se k'u'x u saleda kla'lEla laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'texs 
la'e ax £ e'dxes k"!o'gwats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s le mEntsla'lasa tslEj'i'masa 
p!a' £ ye LE £ wa dewa'na LE £ wa k - !e'la. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ laxs la'e 
kMo'cjuutsIe'sElaq la'xa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s leqEpstE'mlEcj la'xa dE'msx'e. 80 
Wa, la ts!o'x £ wklxes k"!o'gwats!e lExa' £ ya qa £ wi £ lowesa k!e'la 
la'qexs la'e lo'sdesa qa £ s le ax £ e'dxes apso'dele xwa'Le p!a' £ ya qa £ s 
k'e'xalexa E'lkwa. Wa, g'i'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e gwel £ alI'sElaq 
la'xa L!Ema £ ise qa k'!e'ses haqEwInekala. Wa, la'La mEmka'- 
la £ me ewE'nxa £ yas. Wa, la na'kuyintsa le £ wa £ ye laq, qaxs k'ie'sae 85 
ek - lax t!E'lsasE £ waxs he' £ mae a'les ge'te. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas 



246 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.»5 

87 Therefore | they are only split the following day. After she has 
finished covering them, | she calls those who are walking about to 
come and sit down on the | beach. As soon as they arrive, she takes 

90 off the covering of || what she is steaming. Then she spreads a mat 
on the beach, as a place on which to throw | the bones that are left 
over when they eat. As soon as the guests finish eating, | the woman 
watches that all the | guests throw on the mat the bones that are 
left over. | As soon as all the guests begin to eat, taking up their 

95 food || with their hands, while they are eating; and when they eat, | 
they throw all the bones that are left over, and the fat skin, | on the 
mat spread on the beach. After they have eaten, the | guests get up 
from the beach and go down and | wash their hands in the sea. 
100 When they have finished, they || all go home to their houses and 
drink water there; | and the woman scrapes off from the stones 
the rest of the food of her | guests, and puts it on the mat; and she 
puts the | rest of the food of her past guests on it, and she carries it 
down to the beach, | and she shakes it into the sea. Then she washes 
5 off || the mat, so that it is clean. After she finishes | washing it, she 
carries it back, and hangs it at the place where the | halibut is dried. 
After she finishes, she gathers the skins of the | halibut and takes 
them into her house to hang them up | over the fire, so that they are 

87 a'teml thu'lsasolxa gaa'lasa lEnse. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal £ na'xwaxs 
la'e £ la'q!iig\a £ lxa giyi'mgilsEla qa g'a'xes k!iis £ a'lisEla la'xa 
L!Ema £ ise. Wii, gi'l £ mese g'a'xExs la'e le'tledxa nSyi'mases 

90 nEk - a'sE £ we. Wa, la LEpla'lisxa le' £ wa £ ye qa tstegEdzo'dalatsa 
ha £ ma.'paxes xa'qesawa £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e hamx -£ - 
I'deda Le £ lanEme. Wa, laE'm q!a'q!alaleda ts!Eda'qe qa £ na'xwa- 
£ mesa klwe'le tslEgEdzo'dalases ha £ mo'te xaq la'xa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, 
g'i'l £ mese hamx -£ i'dExs la'e £ na'xwa £ ma Le £ lanEme xa'maxtsla- 

95 nases e' £ eyas5wedas la'xes ha £ ma' £ ye. Wa, giT'mese hamx £ I'dExs 
la'e tslEgEdzo'dalases xa'qesawa £ ye LE £ wa tsEnoxmo'dEinas Lies 
la'xa LEbe'se le £ wa £ ya. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'paxs la'eda 
klwe'le qlwa'gilis qa £ s le h5'q!unts!es la'xa LlEma £ ise qa £ s le 
ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!d la'xa dE'msxe. Wii, gi'Pmese gwalExs la'e 
100 £ na'xwa na' £ nakwa la'xes g'ig"o'kwe qa £ s le na'x £ Idxa £ wa'pe laq. 
Wa, la'Leda tslEda'qe k'exa'lodxa k - !e'ts!ayawa £ ye ha'mx - sE £ weses 
Le £ lanEme qa £ s axdzo'dales la'xa le £ wa £ ye. La fixe'g"ints lax 
ha £ mo'tdasa Le £ lanEmx - de qa £ s le qlEne'pEntslesElaq la'xa LlEma £ ise 
qa £ s le laaxstE'ndEq la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa, la ts!o'x £ wiildzo- 
5 (laEmxa le £ wa £ ye qa e'g - idzox £ wldes. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwal ts!o'- 
xwaqexs g'a'xae da'laq qa £ s g'axe gex £ wa'lisaq la'xa ge'x u dEmaxa 
k - !a £ wase. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lqexs la'e q!ap!e'x -£ idxa LleLle'sasa 
p!a' £ ye qa £ s le lae'Las la'xes g'o'kwe qa £ s le ge'x £ waLE'lots lax 
nEqo'stawases lEgwI'le qa L!e'salasE £ wesesa Lle'salas. Wa, laE'm 



doas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 247 

heated by the heat. || The meat-side of all of them is upward. 10 
This is the way that the Indians call | " turning up the back." Then 
she takes a rest, for she will | split the halibut that is to be dried 
on the following day. | 

This is the way the Indians do when they catch the first halibut. | 
Everything is steamed by the women, for it is said that the halibut 
know || that the one who caught them first is thankful for it. There- 15 
fore | it is steamed at once when it is first caught; and it is said, that, 
if | the one who caught halibut first does not cook it right away, he 
will not | have another bite. The fisherman will go out in vain 
trying to | fish halibut. Therefore they do this way when halibut is 
first caught. || The woman does not do thus when | more hahbut is 20 
caught by her husband. When they first take out the stomach of | 
what is next caught by her husband, then they throw it all into the | 
sea, with the guts and the heads | and the backbone and the apron- 
part. Often they also || throw the fins into the water. Sometimes 25 
they | hang up the fins at the drying-place of the hahbut, so that they 
get half dry. | As soon as they are half dry, they boil them, and eat 
them with spoons | with the liquid. But the woman only now and 
then eats | roasted fins, when she takes a rest from splitting her hali- 
but, || the four that are being roasted while she is steaming the 30 
stomach and | the other parts. | 

ma'xwaEm e'k'!adza £ ye E'lsadzE £ yas. He'Em gwE £ ya'sa ba'k!ume 10 
nElEna' £ yeda he gwa'le. Wa, laE'm x'oVid la'xeq qaxs a'l £ meLe 
tlE'lsalxes k - !a'wasilas5Laxa la/La £ na'x ,£ IdElxa lE'nsLa. 

Wa, he'Em gwe'g'ilatsa ba'kliime qaes g'ale 15'gwanEm p!a' £ ya 
yixs k!e6'sae k'les he'x -£ idaEm nEk'a'sosa tslEcla'qe qaxs qla'la- 
e maa £ laeda p!a' £ yaqexs rno'lolE £ maaxs g'a'lae la'LanEma la'g'Ilas 15 
he'x' £ idaEm nEx -£ i'tsE £ wa, yisa g'a'loLaq. Wa, qa £ lao k" le'slax 
he'x -£ IdaEm lax ha £ me'x"silas6lax yis lo'gwanEmaq la' £ laxe k' le'slax 
la/lax e'tled lax q!Ek - a £ so laxExs la'e wax - e'tled lo'qweda 15'- 
qlwenoxwaxa p!a' £ ye. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas he gwe'g'ilaxes g'a'lo- 
LanEme p!a' £ ya. Wa, k'le'scla la he gwe'g'ileda tslEda'qax la 20 
e'tled lo'gwanEmses la' £ \vunEme. G'i'Pmae la'wEyodEx mS'qiilasa 
a'le lo'gwanEmses }a' £ wimEmaxs la'e a'Em tstexsta'laq la'xa 
dE'msx'e, £ wi £ la LE £ wis ts'.Eyi'me, L6 £ ma ma'legEmanowe. Wa, 
he' £ misa hamo'mowe LE £ wa tsa'p!edza £ ye. Wa, qfuna'laEmxaawise 
tslExstalaxa pELa' la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena ge'x- 25 
£ walisxa pELa' la'xa lE'mx u dEmaxa kla'wase qa k" !a'yax £ wides. 
Wa, g - i'l £ mese k" !a'yax £ widExs la'e ha'nxXEndEq qa £ s yo'seq 
LE £ wis £ wa'pala. Wa, la'Leda ts!Eda'qe le'x - aEm hamx- £ i'dnaxwa 
la'xa Llo'bEkwe pELa', yixs la'Le xoVkIexs la'e t!E'lsaxes k"!a'- 
wasexa mo'we Llo'pasosexs la'x'de nEka'xa mo'qula LE £ wis 30 
wao'kwe. 



248 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth.ann.so 

32 As soon as the autumn comes, when the halibut are really fat, | 
the fishermen go out again to fish halibut for food in | winter. Their 

35 wives take out the stomachs and || cut off the gills, and they split 
them open and spread them out on the beach; and they | spread 
them right over the fire of the house, so as to dry them; | that is 
called "dried stomach." And they cut off the | head, and they cut 
off the lower jaw and open it out, | and they cut on each side of the 

40 bone in the head. || As soon as it is off, [the woman] throws it away 
on the beach, | at the place where the brain was. And she spreads 
the outer skin also | just over the fire of the house. That is called | 
"dried head." And she takes the fins and hangs them up at | the 
same place where she first hung the others; and that is called "dried 

45 fins." || Then she takes the ribs and hangs them up, in the same way 
as I | have said before [p. 244]; and this is called "ribs." | And she 
takes the rough-edges and ties them together at the tail-ends, and 
she | hangs them up at the same place where the others are, and this 
has the same name. | And she also takes the tail and cuts down the 

50 side; || and as soon as it is spread, she takes out the end of the back- 
bone, | and she also spreads it over the poles where the others were; 
and this is called | "dried tail." And she also takes the apron-part 
and | hangs it up where the others are, and this is called "dried 
apron." | And she also takes the skin and spreads it on a cutting- 

32 Wa, g-iTmese la'ymx £ edExs la'e a'lak'lala la tsE'nxweda p!a' £ ye 
la'as e'tled la lo'x £ wideda lo' £ lq!wenoxwaxa p!a/ £ ye qa £ s la'k'lESE- 
lalxa ts!awu'nxe. Wa la gEgEnE'mas axa'laxa mo'qtila qa £ s t!o- 

35 sodexa q!o'sna £ ye. Wa, la yi'ml £ klEq qa LEpa'lisexs la'e LEp!En- 
da'las lax nEqo'stowases lEgwI'lases g'o'kwe qa lE'mx £ wides. 
Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs mo'qwasde. Wa, la'xaa qax -£ idEx ma'- 
legEmanas. Wa, la t!o's £ IdEx o'xLasx'a £ yas qa wa'x - se £ stes. 
Wa, la'xaa t!d't!EdzEn5d k\ats!a'ena £ yasa xaxtsla'wasa ma'legE- 

40 mano. Wa, gi'l £ mese lawa'xs la'e ts!EqE'nts!esxa g - I'ts!E £ wa- 
sasa lEqwa'. Wa, la'xaa LEp!a'LElotsa helo'sgEmae la'xaaxa 
nEqo'stawasa lEgwi'lases go'kwe. Wa, he'Em LegadEs ma'- 
leqasde. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa pELa' qa £ s ge'x £ iindaies la'xaax 
axa'sasa g-i'lx'de ax £ a'LEl6daya. Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs paLasde. 

45 Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa xi'la qa £ s ge'x £ wlde lax gwa'laasasEn gi'l- 
x'de wa'ldEma (see p. 244). Wa, he'Em Le'gEmse xi'la. Wa, 
la ax £ e'dxa q!wa'q!Qnxa £ ye qa £ s ya'Lodex o'xsda £ ya. Wii, la'xaa 
te'x £ waLElots lax axa'sasa wao'kwe. Wa, he'x'saEm Le'gEmse. 
Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa dE'mp!axsda £ ye qa £ s t!o's £ Idex ono'dza £ yas. 

50 Wa, g - i'l £ mese LEpa'laxs la'e la'wayodxa o'ba £ yasa hamo'mo. Wa, 
la'xaa LEpla'LElots lax axa'sasa wao'kwe. Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs 
dE'mplaxsdeyasde. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa tsa'p!edza £ ye qa £ s te'x- 
£ waLE'lodes la'xes wao'kwe. Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs tsa'p!edza- 
£ yasde. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa Lle'se qa £ s LEbEdzo'des la'xa tlEle'- 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 249 

board || for dried halibut. The meat side of the skin is upward. | 55 
Then she takes her splitting-knife, and she cuts under the | thick 
layer of fat of the skin, and two finger-widths is the width | of split- 
ting it ; and she continues cutting [what she is doing] until she comes 
to the | tail, for she begins at the neck, and it just does || not come 60 
off; and she does the same with the other side: this is | called " torn- 
from-the-edge." The torn-off edges | do not come off from the skin. 
As soon as | the woman finishes, she hangs it up at the place where 
the others are. | She puts the meat-side upwards; but when it has 
been hanging four [| days, the woman takes down the skin, and she 65 
tears off the | torn-off edges. And when they are all off, the woman 
takes a | narrow" piece of cedar-bark and ties them in the middle, and 
she hangs them up | again not very near to the fire, namely, | the 
torn-off edges. Then she hangs up the skin again also. This is 
only || done to those that are caught in the autumn, when the halibut 70 
is just | getting fat. . . - 1 

When the guests have gone out, | the woman sharpens her fish- 
knives, in the evening; | and when she has done so, she takes the 
cutting-board | and scrapes it off, so that it is clean. After she has 
done so, she || puts it down on the beach where she is going to split 75 

dzaxa k'!a' £ wase. Wa, laE'm e'k'Iadza^ye E'lsadza £ yasa Lle'se 55 
Wa, la Sx £ e'dxes tlE'lyayowe xwa/Laya. Wa, la tlE'lyabodxa 
wa'kwe tsetsE'nxunxesa Lle'se. Wa, la ma £ ldE'ne wa/dzEwasasa 
tlE'lyabotsE £ was. Wa, he £ na'kula £ mese fixa' £ yas la'g'aa la'xa 
oxsdE £ yas g'a'g'iLEla la'xa 5'xawa £ yas. Wa, ha'lsEla £ mese [la 
k'les la'waxs la'e e'tled he gwe'x £ idxa apsE'nxa £ ye. Wa, he'Em 60' 
Le'gadEs xwa'xiisE'nxa^e, yi'xa tsE'ntsEnxunxa £ ye. Wa, laE'm 
k'les lawa'eda xwa'xiisEnxa'j'e lax Lle'se. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa,'- 
Iexs la'eda tsteda'qe ge'x £ waLE'lots lax axa'sasa wao'kwe. Wa, 
laE'm he e'k!adza £ ye E'lsadza £ yas. Wa, he'tla la mo'bEnxwa £ se 
£ na'liisexs la'eda tslEda'qe axa'xodxa Lle'se qa £ s xwa'sodalexa 65 
xwa'xiisEnxa £ ye. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wi'laxs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa 
ts!e'q!e dEna'sa qa £ s yiLo'yodeq. Wa, la'xaa xwe'laqa te'x'waLE'- 
lots la'xa k'le'se xE'nLEla £ nExwa'la la'xa lEgwI'le, yi'xa xwa'- 
xusEnxa £ ye. Wa, la xwe'laqasa L!e'se 6'gwaqa. Wa, laE'm le'x'aEm 
he gwe'gilasE £ weda logwanEmaxa la'yinxe, yixs he' £ mae a'les tsE'n- 70 
x £ wideda p!a,' £ ye. . . . ' Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ laho'quwElseda Le £ la- 
nEmxdaxs lae'da tslEda'qe ge'xi £ lalaxes xwa'xiiLayowaxa la dza'- 
qwa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'texs la'e &x £ e'dxes t!Ele'dzowe qa £ s 
kexEldzo'deq qa e'g'idzowes. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'texs la'e ax £ a'- 
lisaq la'xa LlEma £ ise lax fixa'sases tlE'lsasoLe. Wa, laE'm gwa'- 75 

■Here follows a description of the cooking and eating of halibut-heads (pp. 357-359). Then the text 
continues as above. 




250 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

76 the (halibut). Now she is | ready for the following day. As soon 
as day comes, the | woman goes down to the beach, to the place where 
she is going to cut the halibut; | and she sits down at the place where 
the cutting-board is already put up, in this manner: | 
Then she takes one-quarter of the halibut and puts it 

80 down on its back on the || cutting-board. The skin- 
side is next to the cutting-board, | and the side next 
to the ribs is upward. Then | she cuts it downward, in 
this manner: p i i-i 'l She begins at the neck of the halibut, | and 
goes half way / / l/l down the quarter towards the thin end. It 
is | thicker at /\h/\/ one en< ^> anc ^ ^s length is two spans of 

85 our || fingers I / and two finger-widths. Then she does | 

the same to y the other quarter; and if one piece is cut 

too long, | she V/ cuts it off and throws it into a basket 

which is made on purpose | for the unused cut-off pieces. When 
she has done so with the | other pieces at which she is working, 

90 she puts them on a mat spread out on the beach. Then || she takes 
one piece and puts it down on the cutting-board; for | all the hali- 
but is cut into long, square pieces. 1 Then | she cuts them length- 
wise, going straight down the long thick pieces of halibut. She | 
cuts them, beginning at the thick end, going towards the thin end. j 
She stops cutting when they are half the width of a little finger || 

95 thick. Then she turns her knife down flat, and she cuts under I one 



76 lala qae'da la/La £ na'x -£ IdEL. Wii, gi'Pmese £ na'x -£ IdExs la'eda 
tsteda'qe lE'nts!es la'xa L!Ema £ ise lax axa'sases tlE'lsasoLg. Wii, 
la khva'galisa la'xa la gwa/les Lae'sa ttele'dzoga gwa'leg'a (fig.). 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxa apso'dele p!a' £ ya qa £ s nELEdzo'des la'xa tlEle'- 

80 dzo. Wii, laE'm he ma'k'aleda axa'sdiisa Lle'se la'xa tlEle'dzo. 
Wa, la ii'k"!:idza £ ya ma'kalaxde la'xa xi'la. Wa, la £ me'se t!o'- 
saxodEq ga gwii'leg'a (fig.), ga'giLEla la'xa 6'xawa £ yasa p!a' £ ye 
la'g'aa la'xa £ nEgo'ya £ yasa apso'dlle la wi'swiilba. Wa, la lele- 
kwe'da apsba' £ yas. Wa, la ma £ lp!E'nk'e awa'sgEmasas la'xEns 

85 q!wa'q!wax - ts!ana £ ye, he £ me'sa ma £ ldE'ne. Wa, la'xaa he 'Em 
gwe'x f idx;i apsExse la'xa 6'xsdE r ye. Wa, g'i'Pmese g - i'lt!agaaxs 
lae tlo'sodEq qa ts'.Exts!o'desa q!e'gaa la'xa lExa' £ ye, hekwe'le 
qae'da t!o't !asesawa £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ la hegwe'x ,£ Idxa wao'- 
kwe la'xes lae'na £ ye g'e'dzodalas la'xa LEbEse' le £ wa £ 3 T a. Wii, la 

90 iix £ e'dxa £ nE'mts!aqe qa £ s k'adEdzo'des la'xes tlEle'dzowe qaxs 
la'e £ na'xwaEm la k'!e'k'!EWElx £ Gna pla'wedzEse. Wa, la £ me'se 
nEgElE'ndalax nEx £ Ena' £ yasa k'lEWE'lkwe p!a' £ ya. Wii, la £ me'se 
tlo'saq g'ii'giLEla la'xa LE £ x u ba £ ye la'g'aa la'xa wilba £ yas. Wii, 
a'l £ mese gwal t!o'saqexs la'e k'lo'dEne wa'gwasas la'xEns sEtlax - - 

95 ts!a'na £ yex; wa la pa'x £ idxes tlE'lyayowe qa £ s tlE'ltteldzapexa 

1 That is, square in cross-section. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 251 

side of what she is working at; and then she rolls out the halibut, 96 
thus [ the piece that she is cutting becomes thin; and she only stops 
when it is spread out. | Then she rolls it up again and turns it over, 
and she also cuts it thin | (on the other side) ; and she does not stop 
cutting until it is all spread open. She || goes on doing so with the 200 
others. As soon as all the halibut is cut thin, | she hangs the pieces 
up on the drying-place . . for the dried hali- 

but, I in this manner: "Jf /^ = 7^A - 7^ ? YffC' She hangs them 

up lengthwise. | After / V ^ * — ^ ^jf \ t ,ne y have all 

been hung up, the / \ $ \ woman takes 

her I fish-knives and puts ■ them into her 

small basket, and carries them || away with the basket in which the 5 
cut-off tips of the halibut are. 1 . . . | 

When 2 it is evening, the woman goes down to the | beach, to the 
place where the drying halibut is. Then she gathers up the dry- 
ing-poles I on which the drying-halibut hangs. As soon as she has 
gathered them all, | she covers them over with mats, so that the || 
dew of the night will not get at them. | 1 

When day comes, she takes off the covering- 1 mats, and she spreads 
out again the drying-poles on which the drying halibut hangs. | 
She does so every evening and every | morning. Sometimes it takes 
three days || before the drying-halibut is half dry. When it is half 15 

fipso'dllases SxsE £ we'. Wa, la len £ na'kuleda p!a' £ ya. Wa, la 96 
wll £ na'kiilaxs la'e tte'lsaq. Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lqexs la'e LEp!e'- 
da. Wa, la le'x -£ EndEq qa £ s xwe'l £ Ideq. Wa, la'xaa t!E'ls £ IdEq. 
Wa, a'lEmxaa'wise gwal tte'lsaqexs la'e e wi £ la LEpa'la. Wa, la 
he £ staEm gwe'x ,£ Idxa wao'kwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wFla la tlEle'kwa 200 
p!a' £ yaxs la'e ge'x £ widEq la'xa ge'x u dEmaxa k - !a' £ wase. Wii, laE'm 
ga gwa'leg'a (Jig.). Wa, laE'm ge'x u sEq!ala la'xes gildo'lase. 
Wa, gt'Pmese la s wl £ la gEyo'kuxs la'eda tsteda'qe ax'e'dxes 
xwa'xiiLayuwe qa £ s la'ts!odes la'xes la'laxame. Wa, la da'laq 
LE £ wa lExa' £ ye, ylx la gi'ts!Ewatsa t!o't!Esba £ ye pla'^ya. 1 ... 5 

Wa, 2 g"i'l £ mese dza'qwaxs la'eda tslEda'qe lE'nts!es la'xa l!e- 
ma £ ise lax axa'sases k"!a /e wase. Wa, la q!;ip!e'x £ Idxa gega'yo, 
ylx la ge'xwalaatsa k"!a' £ wase. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wl £ la q!ap!e'x -£ I- 
dExs la'e na'kiinEntsa le'El £ wa £ ye laq qa k'le'sese la'g'aaLEleda 
go'siixa ga'nuLe laq. 10 

Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ na'x -£ ldExs la'e e'tled la'wly5dxa £ nawE'me Je- 
£ wa £ ya qa £ s e't!ede gwe'l £ Idxa gega'yowe, ylx ge'x u dEmasa k'!a'- 
£ wase. Wa, la lie'mEnalaEm he gwe'gilaxa dza'dzaqwa LE £ wa 
gegaa'la. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena yu'dux u p!E'nxwa £ se £ na'lasa 
k!a' £ wase k'!es k"!a'yax £ wlda. Wa, gl'Pmese k!a'yax £ widExs 15 

1 Continued on p. 359. ■ Continued from p. 359. 



252 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



lETH. ANN. 36 



16 dry, | she takes down all the drying halibut, and she opens them, so 
that they are spread open. | Then she hangs them up again lengthwise. 



They are hanging | in this way: 
fine day, they are then ready in j 
20 they are thoroughly dry. As 
comes, they are taken down 
are opened out again and | spread out on the beach. 




When it is a 
one day, and 
soon as || day 
again, and 
Then they are 



spread out on the drying-poles. As soon as | much halibut is ready, 



she spreads 
in this manner: 
halves length- 

25 puts it away || 
pose in one 
in this manner: 
halibut on top of 
weight one on an- 
flat. | That fin- 

30 




the drying halibut out | on the beach, 
and when it is dry, | she folds it in 

wise, in this way: , and she 

on a stage made l^-^ --/ on pur- 
corner of the ' " — ■ — house, 
and the woman piles one 
another. Then they 
other, and they become 
ishes this. | 
As soon as all the dried halibut is flat, || being piled up one on 
another, they get damp again. Then the | woman takes large bas- 
kets, made on purpose, and she puts | the dried halibut into them, 
one hundred in each. Finally | she puts (the baskets) in a place 
where the damp can not get at them. Now this is done. ] 




l'i la'e fixEma'xSdxa k'!a/ £ wase £ wl £ la. Wa, la dzax £ wI'dEq qa da'l £ - 
ides. Wa, la xwe'laqa g'i'lg'aaLE'lodalaq. Wa, laE'm la ge'g'i- 
lala g - a gwa'leg'a (fig.). Wa, g'lTmese e'k'a £ na'laxs la'e he'lala- 
Emxa £ nE'mxsa £ na'laxs la'e a/lax' £ Id k' !a'yax £ wlda. Wa, g'1'1- 

20 £ mese £ na'x £ IdExs la'e e'tled axa'xoyS qa £ s e'tlede dzax-wIdEq qa 
LeLEpa'lesexs la'e LEp!a'LElots la'xa ge'gayo. Wa, g'l'Pmese 
q!a'q!ex - silaxs p!a' £ yaxs la'e LEpIall'sElaxa lakMa'yax-'wid k'!a' £ was 
la'xa LlEma'ise g - a gwa'lega (fig.). Wa, g'i'Pmese lE'mx e w!dExs 
la'e nEgEXLa'la k'!o'x e widBq g"a gwa'leg'a (fig.) qa £ s le g - e'xaq 

25 la'xa k"!a'gele, hekwe'leEm lax one'gwllasa g'o'kwe g - a gwa'leg - a 
(fig.). Wa, laE'm £ mEwe'glndaleda tslEda'qasa k'!a' £ wase la'xa 
wao'kwe. Wa, laE'm gu'ngwatolii qa £ ne' £ nEmadzox £ wldes. Wa, 
laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ na'xwa la naEngEdzo'x £ wIdeda k - !a' £ wasaxs la'e 

30 gae'l £ mEwega'yap!a. Wa, laE'm xwe'laqa la pe'x £ wida, wii, le'da 
tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxa hekwe'la £ ye awo' L!a'i.!Ebata. Wa, la hantslo'da- 
lasa k - !a' £ wase lae'lak!Endts!aweda £ na/l £ nEmsgEme. Wa, lawI'sLa 
ge'xaq la'xa kle'se la'g'aaatsa dE'lx'a. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 1 



' Continued on p. 360. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 253 

Dried Codfish. — When they can not | catch any halibut and they 1 
have much codfish, | the woman takes out the guts, and she does in 
the same way as I | described before when she cuts what has been 
caught by her [| husband; and she also does in the same way when ,3 
she spreads open the meat | while the skin is still on. As soon as | the 
bone is taken off, the woman takes off the skin and throws it away, j 
Then one-half of it is this way: .--- — J Then the woman | cuts 

it in two lengthwise. Then there p"" - ^ are four pieces on both 

sides. || Then she cuts straight *-- 1 down one-half of | one 10 

side in this manner, , _^^ and she does in the same way | 

as she does with the -_^\ halibut when she cuts them 

thin, and they are | ' — ^ hung up at the place where 

halibut is dried. It is done in the same manner. | As soon as it gets 
dry, it is all white; and when it is || bad weather, it is dried in the 15 
house, behind | the fire. When it gets dry, it is all red. | All this 
does not keep well, the sun-dried as well as the | smoke-dried (fish). 
That is all about this. | 

The dried codfish is treated in the same way, and they also || do 20 
everything with it that they do with dried halibut. It is eaten as 
breakfast in the morning | when there is no dried salmon in the 
house. I 



Dried Codfish (Ne'sasde k'!a' £ was). — TV a, he' £ maaxs k'lea'sae 1 
gu £ yo'Lasxa p!a' £ ye, wa, g'i'l £ mese q!e'nEmaeda ne'ts!a £ ye, wii, 
le'da tsteda'qe he'x -£ idaEm la/wfyodEx ya'x'yig'ila lax gwa'laasasEn 
gwa/gwex's £ alase gwe'g'ilatsexs gila'e xwa/HdEx ba'kulanEmases 
la' £ wimEme. Wa, la'xaa he'Em gwe'gllaxs la'e LEpa'le qlE'mlala- 5 
sexs he' £ mae a'les axa'la la'xes Lle'se. Wa, g"i'l £ rnese lawa'ye 
xa'qasexs la'eda tsEda'qe t!E'lsodEx L!e'sas qa £ s ts!Ex £ e'deq. 
Wa, la g'a gwa'leda epso'dllaseg'a (Jig.). Wa, le'da ts'Eda'qe 
ma £ lts!E'ndEq la'xes gi'ldolase. Wa, laE'm mo'x'seda wa'x'sodlle. 
Wa, la £ me'se £ nEqa'xod xwa'l £ idEx £ nEx £ Ena' £ yasa apsEx - sa'sa 10 
apso'dlle g"a gwa'leg'a {jig.). Wa, la'Em he'Em gwe'gilaqe gwe'- 
g'ilasaxa p!a' £ yaxs la'e t!E'lsasE £ wa. Wa, la he'Emxat! la ge'xwa- 
sE £ we lax ge' £ wasaxa k'!a' £ wase. Wa, la he'Emxat! gwe'g - ilasE £ we. 
Wa, g'i'l £ mese lE'mx £ widExs la'e £ mE'lmaxsa. Wii, g - i'l £ mese yE- 
ya'gisa £ na'liixs la'e he'Em lE'mxwasE £ weda g'o'kwe lax o'gwiwa- 15 
lilasa lEgwI'le. Wa, g'i'Pmese lE'mx £ widExs la'e Lla'LlEqluxsa. 
Wa, la k - !es ga'la e'k'anaxwa LE £ wa L!a'L!esdEgola L6 £ ma kwa'- 
kwax'dEgole. Wii, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Wa, la he'Emxat! gwe'gilasE £ weda ne'sasde k!a' £ wasa; he'Emxaa 
gwa'yi £ laleda k - !a'-wasasa p!a' £ ye, yixs gaa'xsta £ yaaxa gaa'liixs 20 
k"!ea'sae xa'mas g'ae'l la'xa g p 6'kwe. 



254 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

1 Herring-Spawn. 1 — When (the man) has all (the spawn) in the 
canoe, | he goes ashore at a point where the wind blows hard. 
Then he | takes the long ^_j^a poles and puts 

them up in this way : j "^^^^S^^^^^^^S^* This is called 
"standing on rock;" ff^Slli^-i^^^rr ^^^' and when he 
5 has finished || hanging // jS^feg-^T^^T^^^^^ up the hem- 
lock-branches with \f the spawn on 
it, and when it is fine weather | and the wind is blowing hard, 
(the spawn) gets dry in six days; | and when it is all dry, the 
man takes down the | hemlock-branches with the spawn on 
them and puts them on the rocky place, and | his wife wipes 
off the herring-spawn from the hemlock-branches. Then she 'puts 

10 it j| on a mat; and when it is done, she covers it with a mat, | 
when it is evening. In the morning, when day comes, she | spreads 
all the mats, and she scatters the herring-spawn over them; and 
when | it is really dry, she takes her boxes and she | picks out 
from among the white herring-spawn large pieces and puts them into 

15 the || boxes; and when (a box) is full, she takes the cover | and puts 
it on. Then she puts it away in a dry place in the house". | This is kept 
to be eaten in winter. Then she takes a | medium-sized cedar-bark 
basket and puts into it the red spawn. | This is sold to other tribes, 

20 f° r II this is not good to be kept long. Now that is all about hemlock- 
branches with | herring-spawn on them. . . . Kelp is also towed 

1 Herring-Spawn. — Wa, 1 gi'l £ mese £ wilg"aalExs la'xa xwa'kluniixs la'e 
la'g'aala la'xa a £ wl'lba £ ye yix la'k!wemadzasasa ya'la. Wii, la ax £ - 
e'dxa g i'lsglltla dzESEqwa qa £ s qa'xalodes g"a gwa'leg'a {fig.). Wa, 
he'Em Le'gadEs qa'qla. Wa, g'i'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ge'x £ waLElo- 
5 da'lasa En £ EndEXLa'la q!wax laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese ae'gisa £ na/- 
laxs la'klwemasaeda ya'la, wa la lE'mwumx £ Idxa qlELtexsa' £ na'la. 
Wa, gi'Pmese £ wl' £ la lE'mx £ wIdExs la'eda bEgwa'iiEme 5x £ axo'dxes 
En £ EndExxa'la q!wa'xa qa £ s 3x £ aldda'leq la'xa t!edzEk!wa. Wa, la 
gEnE'mas qE'mxalaxa aE'nte la'xa qlwa'xe. Wa, la kla'dzodalas 

10 la'xa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wi' £ laxs la'e £ nakuj r i'ntsa le £ wa £ ye 
la'qexs la'e dza'qwa. Wa, gi'l £ na'x -£ idxa gaa'laxs la'e £ wl' £ la 
LEpIa'lodalaxa le'El £ wa £ ye qa £ s gweldzolalesa aE'nte laq. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese a'lak!ala lEmx £ wi'dExs la'e Sx £ e'dxes xEXEtsE'me; wa, la 
mE'nmaqaxa £ mE'la aE'ntaxa a £ wa' £ wastowe qa £ s la latsla'las la'xa 

15 XEXEtsE'me. Wa, gi'l £ mese qoqiltlaxs la'e ax £ e'dEx yikuya' £ yas 
qa £ s yikiiyi'ndes laq. Wa, la g'e'xaq la'xa lEmwe'le la'xa g 6'kwe. 
Wa, he'Em axe'lasos qa £ s ha £ ml'lxa tslawu'nxe. Wa, la &x £ e'dxa 
ha £ ya'l £ a Lla'LlEbata qa E s k"!ats!o'desa L!a'L!ax u deeleqala aE'nt 
laq. Wa, he'Em la'xoyos la'xa a'logiila le'lqwalaLa £ ya, qaxs 

20 k'le'sae ga'la e'k!a he gwe'x'se. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xa qlwa'xe 
En £ EndaxLa'la. . . . 2 Wa, 3 he' £ misa qla'xqlElise la da'paso qa £ s 

> Continued from p. 185. » Continued on p. 422, line 1. "Continued from p. 422, line 12. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 255 

and I put into the spawning-place. It is also anchored there; | and 22 
when the herring finish spawning, after four days, | the kelp with 
the spawn on it is taken oUt of the water; and || the hair of the kelp 25 
is pulled off from its stem and is hung on the poles | on the point 
where the wind blows hard, and the | woman always turns it over; 
and she does not do so a long time, | before it gets dry; and when it 
is quite dry, | the stems of kelp are counted into lots of ten, which 
are laid flat || one on another, and are tied in the middle with 30 
cedar bark, this way: ,^ ^> _^ Then they are put into a box, 
and | a cover is put I|gS|| [lllS on tight. Then it is put away 
in a dry place | in the ^=^^^^ "=^ house. This is to be eaten in 
winter. That is all about this. | 

Preserving Roots. — See p. 188. 

Elderberries. — After 1 all (the berries) have been earned down- l 
stream, (the woman) spreads a | mat at a place not too near the fire. 
She unties | the cords of her elderberry-basket, and pours the berries | 
on the mat that has been spread down. She sits down by the side 
of it, and puts the || empty baskets down on her left-hand side. Then 5 
she takes up one bunch of | elderberries at a time and strips off the 
elderberries into the cleaning-basket. | As soon as they are all off, 
she throws away the stem and | takes up another bunch of elderberries 
and strips the berries | into the basket in which she had carried the 

le'xat! axaLayo'dayo la'xa wa'yade. Wa, laE'mxae a/Em qte'lsala. 22 
Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal wa'seda wa'na £ yaxa la m6'p!Enxwa £ s £ na'laxs 
la'e ax £ flsta'noweda En £ EndEXLa'la q!ax - q!Eli'sa. Wa, la klulpa'la- 
yEwa awa'dzo sE £ ya'sa q!a'x"q!Elise qa £ s lii te'x £ iinda'layo la'xa 25 
dzo'xiime la'xa awl'lba £ ye lax lak!we'madzasasa ya'la. Wa, le'da 
tsteda'qe he'mEnaiaEm le'x - lexaq. Wa, k!e'st!a ge'x -£ id he gwe'- 
g'ilaqexs la'e lEmx £ wI'da. Wii, g - i'l £ mese a'laklala la lEmx £ wI'de 
la'e ho's £ itsE £ wa £ naE'nqaxsa q!a'xq!Elise. Wa, la papEqa'laxs la'e 
yiLoyo'tsasa dEna'se (Jig.). Wa, la ge'ts!oyo la'xa xEtsE'me. 30 
Wa, la aEinxa'sE £ we yikuya £ ya'sexs la'e ge'xayo la'e lEm £ wI'le la'xa 
go'kwe. Wa, laE'm ha £ ml'lxa tslawu'nxe. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Preserving Roots. — See p. 188. 

Elderberries. — Wii, 1 gil £ mese £ wi £ latosamasqexs lae LEplalilasa 1 
le £ wa £ ye laxa k - !ese nExwala laxes lEgwile. Wii, lii qwelEyindEx 
t!Emakiya £ yases ts!enats!e lExa £ ya. Wii, lii qEbEdzotsa ts!ex'ina 
laxa LEbele le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii k!unxElilaq yixs lae ha £ nela £ nEmsgEme 
loptsla lExii lax gEmxagawalllas. Wii, la £ mes dax £ idxa £ nEmxL5la 5 
tslexina qa £ s x ix - ts!ahsa ts!ex"ina laxa lExa £ ye xig'ats!eq. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ wilg - ilEXLoxs lae ts!Ex £ edEx ts!enanas. Wa, laxae et!ed 
ax £ edxa £ nEmxLala ts!ex'ina. Wii, laxae x*ix - ts!alasa tslexlna 
laxes x'Ix - ts!alasaqes xigikwiiguts!a ts!enats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, 

1 Continued from p. 205, line 23. 



256 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann.sb 

10 elderberries. || When these are also off, she throws away the stems, 
and | continues doing so with the other elderberries. When they are 
all | off, she goes to pick more elderberries. In the morning, when 
daylight comes, | she does the same as she did before when she went 

15 to pick elderberries; | and when her baskets are full, she || ties down 
the top and she carries them down river on her back, | carrying one 
basket at a time; and she does the same as she did with the | 
elderberries she picked first, stripping the berries. When | they are 
all off, she puts them into the baskets; and | when this is done, she 

20 spreads a mat over them so that the || soot of the roof can not drop 
on them during the night. In the morning, when daylight comes, | 
she takes her paddle, goes to her small canoe and ] launches it, in order 
to go and get fire-wood. When she reaches | the place where there 
is much driftwood, she puts it aboard her small canoe; | and when 

25 it is full, she goes home. When || she reaches the beach of her house, 
she takes out of the canoe the | driftwood that she has obtained ; and 
when it is all on shore, she asks her | husband to carry it up | into 
the house. Then her husband goes and | carries it up into his house; 

30 and his wife goes, taking her clam-digging stick || and a shell of the 
horse-clam. She sits down on the floor in the | middle of the house, 
and with the end of her digging-stick digs up [ the ground. Then she 

10 glh'Emxaawise £ wllg'ilEXLa lae ts!Ex £ edEx tslenanas. Wa, ax u sa- 
£ mese he gweg'ilaxa waokwe ts!ex'ina. Wa, g - il £ mese c wFla la 
x'ig'ikwaxs lae etled ts!ex - axa ts!ex'inaxa la e nax" £ Idxa gaala, wa, 
laxae aEm he gweg'iles gilx'de gwegilasExs lax'de ts!ex - axa ts!e- 
x - ina. Wa, g"il £ Emxaawise qoqutle ts!ets!enats!as laElxa £ yaxs lae 

15 tlEmakiyEndalaq. Wa, g'axe oxLatosElaq laxa wa. Wa, laEm- 
xae £ nal £ nEmsgEmEmk'aq. Wa, laxae heEm gwex -£ Idqes gllxde 
gweg'ilasxes g - ilxde ts!enanEmxs lae x'lx^IdEq. Wa, gil £ mese 
E wFla la x'ig'Ekuxs lae E wi £ la la laaxtslalas laxa laElxa e ye. Wa, 
g'il £ mese gwatexs lae nakuyindalasa le £ wa £ ye laq qa k - !eses q!up!E- 

20 qElaso e sa q!walobEsaxa la ganoLa. Wa, g'il £ mese £ nax' £ Idxa ga- 
alaxs lae ax £ edxes se £ wayowe qa £ s la laxes xwaxwagume. Wa, 
la wI £ x u stEndEq qa £ s la aneqax qlexala. Wa, g'ih'mese lag'aa lax 
qlayasasa q!aq!exEmaxs lae moxsaq laxes xwaxwagume. Wa, 
g - il £ mese qot!e xwaxwagumasexs g'axae na £ nakwa. Wa, giPmese 

25 g-jLx'alis laxa L'.Ema £ isases g'okwaxs lae hex £ idaEm moltSdxes 
qlexanEme. Wa, g'il £ mese £ w! £ loltaxs lae hex ,£ idaEm axk - !alaxes 
larwtinEme qa las wex'wtisdesElaxa q!exale qa las weglLElaq 
laxes g - 6kwe. Wa, la £ mese wlx'wusdese la £ wunEmaseq qa £ s la 
wlg'iLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wa, laxa gEnEmas ax £ edxes k'lilakwe 

30 LE £ wa £ walase xalaetsox mEt!ana £ ye. Wa, lii k!wag - alll laxa 
awagawalllases g - 6kwe. Wa, lii ts !Ex £ walllaxes k'lilakwe laxa 
awlnagwlle. Wa, he £ mis g"ag illlatsexs lae bal £ Itses q!waq!wax- 



eoas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 257 

starts and measures | three long spans and one short one for the length 33 
of her | digging, and the same for the width of the hole she 
digs with her digging-stick. || Then she cleans the soil out with the 35 
large clam-shell. When | it is one span and four finger-width- | 
deep, she stops digging. Then she takes the small | pieces of drift- 
wood and puts them into the hole; and when they are level | with 
the floor, she takes larger pieces of driftwood and || puts them down 40 
on the sides of the hole. Then she puts one down on each side, 
inside of these two, | and she lays other medium-sized sticks cross- 
wise close together over the | four pieces. After this has heen done, 
she takes her medium-sized hand- | basket, goes down to the beach, 
and puts stones | into it. When it is full, she carries it up || into her 45 
house, and she pours the stones over the wood that she has built up. 
She I keeps on doing this, and does not stop until there are many 
stones on it. I When she thinks there are enough, she stops. She 
takes the | large basket, goes into the woods, where she is going to 
look for dead fern and | skunk-cabbage. First she plucks off the 
■ lead fern-fronds; and when || her basket is full, she breaks off the 50 
broadest leaves of skunk-cabbage; | and when she has broken off 
many of them, she piles them on top of the fern-fronds j and ties 
them down. She puts the basket on her back and carries j it out of 

ts!ana £ yaxa mamoplEnk'Elasa ts!Ex u ts!ana £ ye yix e wasgEmasas 00 
daplalilai.as. Wa, la heEmxat ! £ wadzEgEg - axs lae laptitses kdila- 
kwe. Wa, la gololtslalasa £ walase xalaes laxa t!Ek*a. Wa, g'il- ■..- 
£ mese moilEiibaleda '"nEmp!Enk'e IaxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e ye ytx la 
E walabEtalllasas E lapa s yasexs lae gwal e lapa. Wa, la ax-edxa amEm- 
£ ye q!aq!exEma qa £ s Loxts!odes laq. Wa, gibmese £ iiEmakiya 
LE £ wa awlnagwllaxs lae ax £ edxa LasLakwala qlexala qa J s kak'E- 
dEnodes laq. Wa, lii kiik - Etotsa malts!aq lax awaga"wa £ yas. 40 
Wa, la gEk'Eyindalasa niEink'Ewakwe hayal £ ast6 qlexal laxa mo- 
ts !aqe. Wa, gil'mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes hela k - !ogwats!e Ie- 
xa £ ya qa £ s la lEnts!e laxa LlEma £ ise qa £ s lii xox u ts!alasa tlesEme 
laq. Wa, gibmese qotlaxs lae oxLosdesElaq qa £ s la oxLKeLElaq 
laxes gokwe qa £ s la guqEyints laxes eaxalasox u de. Wa, la he- 45 
x'saEm gwegile. Wa, abmise gwalExs lae q!enEma t!esEmc. Wa, 
gil £ mese kotaq laEm helalaxs lae gwala. Wii, lii ;ix'"edxa £ wa- 
lase lExa £ ya qa £ s la laxa aide. Wa, laEm la] axlxa gEmse lo £ k!E- 
k - !aok!wa. Wa, het!a gll k !ulx -£ its6 £ seda gEmse. Wa, gibmese 
qot!e lExa £ yas lae p!ox £ widxa awadzoxLowe k!Ek' !aok!wa. Wa, 50 
gll'Emxaawise q!enEme plogwaiiEmasexs Lie mokuyints laxa gEm- 
se, qa £ s tlEmak-iyindeq. Wii, lii 6xi.Ex ; I<li:q qa £ s gaxe oxloI- 
t'.alaq qa £ s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe. Wa, lii oxLEg'alllas 
75052—21 — 35 eth— rr 1 17 



258 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [utii.ann. 35 

the woods into the house. She puts it down on the floor, | not too 

55 close to the pile of wood and stones. She does not set fire || to it 
until daylight. As soon as the wood is burnt up, she | takes her 
tongs, which are in readiness on the floor of the house. She also 
takes a long-handled | large ladle and a large dish. If | there are many 
elderberries, there are three, or even four, | large dishes for holding 

60 the boiled elderberries. This is all || she needs for her work. When 
the stones are red-hot, | she takes her tongs and picks out what is left | 
of the drift-wood and the small pieces of charcoal. When | these 
are all out of the fire from the stones, she levels down the top of the | 
red-hot stones so that it is level; and after this has been done, she || 

05 takes the dead fern-fronds and sprinkles a little water over them, 
just enough to | dampen them; and after this has been done, she 
throws them on the red-hot | stones. When these are thickly 
covered with dead fern-fronds, she takes the | broad leaves of skunk- 
cabbage and spreads them over the dead fern-fronds as smoothly as 
possible; | and she bends the edges of the skunk-cabbage leaves in at 

70 the sides || of the hole that she has dug; and she only stops when she 
has four layers of | skunk-cabbage leaves on top of the fern-fronds. 
After doing so, she | takes her elderberry -basket, and she pours the 
bemes over the | skunk-cabbage leaves; and when all have been 
poured on, she takes many | skunk-cabbage leaves and spreads them 

laxa k!ese nExwala laxa t leqwabEgwIle. Wa, al £ mese mEnabo- 

55 tsa gfilta laqexa la £ nax -£ idxa gaala. Wa, gil £ mese x'lqostaxs lae 
ax-'edxes k"!lpL§,laa qa g"axes gwalel k'adela. Wa, he £ misa g ilt !i;\- 
Lilla £ walas k'5ts!Enaqa. Wa, he £ misa £ walase loq!wa. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese qlenEma tslexinaxs lae qliinala yuduxiixxa loxs mEwex- 
Laeda awawe dzeg'atslexa tslex'ina loElqlwa. Wa, heEm waxe 

60 ax £ exstsE £ was qa £ s eaxalaya. Wa, g'il £ mese memEnltsEmx" £ Ideda 
tlesEmaxs lae ax £ edxes kllpLalaa qa £ s k" !ips £ alax -e idexa x'lx'E- 
q!ayawa £ yasa qlexale LE £ wa am £ Emayastowe tslotna. Wa, g il- 
£ mese e wilg"ilqeda t!esEmaxa gultaxs lae £ nEmak - Eyhidxa x'Ixex- 
sEmala tlesEma qa mEmak'Eyes. Wa, gih'mese gwalExs lae 

65 ax e edxa gEmse qa £ s xaL!Ex ,£ Ide telxEg - ELEyintsa £ wape laq qa 
dslxes. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae lEXEyindalas laxa x'Ix'exse- 
mala t!esEma. Wa, glPmese la wakwa gEmsaxs lae ax £ edxa 
awaxLowe k"!Ek!aok!wa qa £ s aek'le LEpEyindalas laxa gEmse. 
Wa, laxae ek' !Ebax" £ ide 6ba £ yasa k!Ek'!aok!wa lax wax'sane- 

70 qwasa E labEkwe, wa fll £ mese gwalExs lae- modzEkwaleda k' !e- 
k!aok!wa lax okwaya £ yasa gEmse. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
k' loqiilllaxes ts!ets!enats!e laElxa £ ya qa £ s lii giiqEylndalas laxa 
k - Ek"!aok!wa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wilts!axs lae ax £ edxa qlenEme k'!E- 
k!aok!wa qa £ s lexat! LEpEyindalas lax okiiya £ yasa ts!ex - ina. Wii, 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 259 

over the elderberries. || She stops when these are very deep, and she 75 
waits for the j berries to be cooked. Then she washes the large 
dishes and the | large long-handled ladle; and after doing so, she 
rests for a little while. When evening comes, she peels off the 
skunk-cabbage covering | from the elderberries which have been 
steamed; and after the skunk cabbage lias been taken off, || she takes SO 
the large dishes and puts them all round it. | Then she takes the large 
ladle and dips into the cooked | elderberries. She puts them into 
the large dish; and | when it is full, she continues dipping into them 
and pouring them into the other elderberry-dishes. | When all have 
been taken out of the steaming-hole, she takes || other skunk-cabbage 85 
leaves and spreads them over the cooked-elderberry | dishes, for she 
does not want the soot to fall into them. She | leaves them that way 
over night, so that they will cool off and become | cold in the night, 
and also that they may become thick. | In the morning, when day 
comes, the woman who works at the elderberries takes a straight- 
splitting || cedar-stick, square in cross-section, of the thickness of 90 
one-half of our || little finger. She takes her knife and | measures off 
pieces of square cedar-stick two | spans long. Then she cuts them 
off. There I are two of the same length. Then she measures off ||- 
two pieces, each one short span long, and she takes the straight- 95 
edged knife and cuts them off. | Now there are two each two spans 

giPmese la, qlex'dzEkwalaxs lae gwala. Wa, il'mise la esElaq qa 75 
l lopes. Wa, he £ mis la tsloxng'indaatsexa awawe IdElqlwa LE £ wa 
£ walase giltlEXLala k'atslEnaqa. Wii, g'il-mese gwalExs lae 
yawaa £ id x'5s £ ida. Wa, lii dzaqwaxs lae knsalaxa iiEyime k'lEk'Iao- 
k!wa lax okny a lyases iiEk'asE s we tslex'ina. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laweda 
k'Ek'laoklwaxs lae ax £ edxa awawe loslqlwa qa-s la k - a e stalilElas laq. 80 
Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase k'atslEnaqa qa £ s tseqes laxa kfr'nekwe tsle- 
x'ina qa £ s la tsets la-las laxa awawe dzeg'Egwatsle loElqlwa. Wa, 
giPmese qotlaxs lae h.-mal tsets lalaxa waokwe dzeg'Egwatsle IoeI- 
qlwa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wllgElts!awa kunyasaq lae ax £ edxa k'lE- 
klaoklwa waokwa c[a £ s lii LEpEylndalas laxa dzEgEgwatsle IoeI- 85 
qlwa qaxs gwaqtelaaq q!upEyindalas6 £ sa qlwalobEse. Wa, laEin 
xamaelL hel gwaeLe qa £ s alaklalll wudEx -£ ida; wa, he £ mis qa 
wndaqedesexa ganoLe; wa, he £ mis qa gEnx' £ ides. Wa, g'il £ mese £ na- 
x "Idxa gaalaxslaeda tslatslex'sila tslEdaq ax £ edxa eg'aqwa lax xa- 
sE £ we klwaxLawa. Wa, la k'!5dEne k' lEWElx £ unena £ yas laxEns 90 
sElt!ax'ts!ana £ yex yix £ wag'idasas. Wa, la ax £ edxes k'lawayowe. Wa, 
la bal-klxa k' lEWElx £ ime klwaxLawa qa malp lEnk'es laxEns q!wa- 
q!wax'ts!ana £ yex yrx awasgEmasasexs lae k'limtslEiidEq. Wa, la 
maltslaqa £ nEmasgEme. Wa, laxae bal £ itses tslEx u ts!ana £ ye laxa 
maltslaqaxs laaxat! ax £ edxes liExxala k'lawayowa qa £ s k'limtslEii- 95 
deq. Wii, laEm maltslaqa maemalplEnkas awasgEmase liixEns 
q!waq!wax'ts!iina £ yex. Wa, la malts lax'Emxaeda ts!etslEx u ts!ana- 



260 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL linn. ann. 35 

97 long, | and there are also two (each) one short | span long. She uses 
these to | measure the width of the elderberry-cakes. It is like this. 1 || 
100 After she has finished, she takes the broadest skunk-cabbage leaves 
and j spreads them out on a mat. Then she takes her husband's 
crooked | knife and cuts out the middle vein of the leaves of the | 
skunk-cabbage, trying to get it of the same thickness as the | edge 
of tin- leaf. After doing this with many of them, she puts down 
5 flat || all the skunk-cabbage leaves which she has cut, (putting them 
fiat) on the fire of her | house, so that they will get soft. She wants 
them to get a little | heat only, and therefore she puts them on the tire 
fur a little while. | After doing this with all of them, she puts them 
away. Sometimes | they leave the elderberries in the house for 

10 three days, so that they may get very || thick before making them 
into cakes. Now they are ready to be | made into cakes. 2 | . . . 

The 3 woman takes the drying-frame for the elderberry-cakes. | She 
puts it down where she is going to put the elderberries on it. She 
takes | the skunk-cabbage leaves which have been heated, and the 

15 middle vein of which has been cut out, and she puts them on || the 
drying-frame smoothly. As soon as the | skunk-cabbage leaves have 
been spread over the drying-frame, she takes her straight | knife and 



98 £ yes awasgEmase laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa laEm k'adayol 
qa a\vadzE £ wasi.Es lEqaLases tsiendzoLexa g'aLa gwalaLeg'a .' 
100 Wa,g'il : "mese gwalEXS lae ax £ edxa awadzowe k' !fik' !aok !wa q.rs pfi- 
gEdzodes laxa LEbele le^wa'ya. Wa, la &x £ edEx xElxwala k!a- 
wayases hVwunEme qa £ s xElxwales lax t !EnxEdzo £ yas nEgEdz4 £ yasa 
k!Ek!aok!wa. Wa, laEm laloida qa £ nEmakwes £ wagwasas i,E £ wa 
fiwfinxa'ye. Wa, g - ll £ mese qlexse la he gwex' £ Itso J sexs, lae papagE- 
,", i.-lasa k - !axEwax ll s t tent !EirxEdza £ ye k'!Ek - !aok!wa lax lEgwIlases 
gokwe qa lelEndEdzox-wkles. Wa, laEin km £ nex - qa xai.!Ex -£ I- 
des ts!Elts!Elgudzox-wIdEx lae yawas £ ld paxLEnts laxes lEgwile. 
Wa, gil £ mese maxwa la gwalaxs lae gexaq qaxs £ nal £ nEmp!En e 
yudux u p !Enxwa e se £ nalas he gwaela dzeg'Ekwe ts!ex - fn;! qa 

1(1 alak'Iales la gEnlcaxs lae lEqasE £ wa. Wa, laEm gwalila lalai I lax 
lEqax'dEmLaq. 2 . . . 

Wa,, 3 la ax £ ededa tstedaqaxes lEgEdzowe kMitktedesxes ts!endzoLe 
qa £ s la pax £ a.lilas laxes lEgasLaxes ts!endzoLe. Wa, la ax £ edxes 
pEnkwe k!axEwax u s t!Ent!EnxEdzE £ we k"!Ek"!a5k!wa qa £ s aek'Ie 

15 LEbEdzodalas laxes lEgEdzowe k* !ltk" lEdesa. Wa, g"il £ mese labEnde 
LEpa'yas k!Ek!aok!wa laxa k - !itk p !Edesaxs lae ax £ edxes nExxala 
k' lawayowa qa £ s t losalexa la £ wadzogawa £ yasa QExtslawasa k' !ftk" !e- 

i A rectangulai cake. 2 Continued on p. 107, line 1. -'Continued from p. 171, line 86. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 261 

cuts off all those that are broader than the middle sticks and that li 
hang over the drying-frame. | When she has cut them all off, she 
takes her measuring-stick | (for the 
berry-cakes) and places it down at (1), 
and she takes || one of the dishes con- 
taining the cooked elderberries and puts 
it down at (1), next | to the drying-frame. Then she takes her large 
long-handled ladle | and a large shell of the horse-clam, and [ she dips 
the ladle into the cooked elderberries. She sits | down on the floor 
at one end of the drying-frame at (1), and takes her measuring- 1| rod 25 
and puts it down at the end at (1) ; and she puts down | three sticks; 
and as soon as they have all been put down, she takes the large | 
ladle which is full of cooked elderberries, and pours them into | the 
cedar-stick mould. Then she takes the large shell | of the horse- 
clam, which she turns on its back, and presses the back of the || shell 30 
on the cooked elderberries, so as to spread them inside, of the | cedar- 
stick mould. Now she presses them with the back of the shell, | so 
that they settle down and have the same thickness as the | cedar- 
stick mould, and have the same thickness all over. | After doing so, 
she takes off one of the moulding- || sticks, the one nearest to (1), and 35 
also two | side-sticks, but she does not touch the | cedar-stick mould 
nearest (2). Now she puts down the | cedar-stick mould; one short 

dese. Wa, g'iPmese la £ wl £ la la tlEwekwaxs Lie ax £ edxes k'atse- 18 
stalayoLe mEnyayowa qa £ s g'edzodes lax (1). Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 
£ HEmexLa dzeg'Egwats!axa tslexina loqbva qa e s g - axe hanballlas 20 
lax (1) klitklEdesa. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase g'iltlEXLala k'atslE- 
naqa. Wa, he £ misa £ walase xalaetsox mEt!ana £ yex. Wa, lii 
tseqasa k'atslEnaqe laxa dzeg'Ekwe tslex'ina (fig.). Wa, la k!wa- 
bahlaxa k'Btk'lEdese lax (1). Wa,, la ax £ edxes k'atse £ stalayowe 
mEnyayowe. Wa, la k'atbEnts lax (1). Wa, lii kats e £ stalasa yu- 25 
dux u ts!aqe laq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal £ aLElaxs lae dax' £ Idxa e walase 
k'atstenaqaxs lae qotlaxa dzeg'Ekwe tslex'ina qa £ s lii tsets lots laxa 
mEnyayowe klwaxLawa. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase xalaetsox 
mEt!ana'"yex; wa, lit nELaleda xalaesaxs lae SxElges awig'a s yasa 
xalaese laxa dzeg'Ekwe tslex'In-!, qa gwelalts !awe lalaneq" laxa 30 
mEnyayowe klwaxLawa. Wa, laEm Laqulges awigayasa xalaese 
laq qa qlEsmEnkwes. Wa, he £ mis q; E nEmales wagwasas le £ w;- 
mEnyayowe klwaxLawa. Wa, he £ mis qa '"iiEmakwe wagwasas. 
Wa, g'iPmese gwala lae ax £ aLElodxa £ nEmts!aqe mEnyayowe 
klwaxLawaxa gwaqEnwa £ ye lax (1). Wa, he £ misa maltslaqe gege- 35 
ba £ ya. Wii,. la £ me hewaxaEin Labalaxa mEnyayowe klwaxLawa 
gwiiqEnwe lax (2). Wa, lii k'atEmg'aaLElotsa memEnyayowe 
klwaxLawa £ naFnEints!aq lax wax'sba £ yaxa tslEg'ola. Wii. la 



2G2 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.anh.S5 

stick at each end, | and she puts down the long cedar-stick measure 

40 at the end, || this way: , . , , , , After doing so, 
she again takes her : = _| == s= ; ladle, | which is 

always kept filled with cooked elderber- 

ries, and | she pours them into the cedar-stick mould; and she 
again takes the | large shell, and she does the same as she did 
with the first one. | She continues doing so with the others, || 

1") and she only stops after finishing the whole length of the drying- 
frame. | As soon as all the elderberries have been made into cakes, 
she calls her husband j to lake hold of the end of the elder- 
berry diving-frame, and they | put it up right over the lire where 
salmon are always dried; | and when they have all been put there, 

50 they build up the fire so that it burns || well, for she wishes them to 
dry quickly. When | there is a good fire underneath, the elderberry- 
cakes dry in one day, and they are really | dried (through). She leaves 
them drying there one day and one night. | In the morning, when 
day comes, the woman takes her breakfast, the one who makes the | 
elderberry cakes. 1 || 

55 When 2 (the cedar bark) is all split into strips, she takes her elder- 
berry-cakes j and piles up the drying-frames | which she is going 
tie together in bundles. She takes up one of the strips of 
soft cedar-bark | and breaks it in two. She puts (the two pieces) 
down on the floor, on a mat that has been spread out. Then she takes 

kat !ai.i'.lotsa gildola inEnyayowe klwaxLawa lax oba £ yas g'a gwii- 

40 leg'a {jig.)- Wa, g"il £ mese gwatexs lae etled dax ,£ Idxa k'atslEnaqe 
qaxs heniEnala £ mae qotlalalilxa dzeg'Ekwe ts'ex'Ina. Wa, laxae 
tsetslots laxa mEnyayowe klwaxLawa. Wa, laxae etled six £ C'dxa 
£ walase xalaesa qa £ s kemiexat! gwex £ Itse laxes gilx - de gwegilas 
g'ale lEqasE E wa. Wa, aX'sirmese he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wa, 

45 fihmese gwalExs lae labEndEx £ wasgEmasasa k" !ltk" lEdese. Wa, 
g11 £ mese e wl £ la la lEgEkwa tslendzowaxs lae Ee'lalaxes la £ wiinF.me 
qa g'axes dadEbEndxa tslendzodzala k - !ltk" tedesa qa e s lii Lag'a- 
ai.Elots lax nEqostawases lEgwIle lax x'ildEmase xaxamase. Wa, 
g'ih'mese £ wllg - ustaxs lae lEqwelax-'idxa lEgwaba £ y; s qa alalr laics 

50 ex - x'lqEla qaxs walaqelaaq halabala lEinx £ wIda. Wa, gil £ mese 
eke Llesaaba, £ yas lae helalaEmxa 'nEinxsa s nalaxs lae alakliila 
lEmx £ wida. Wa, lii hexsiiEin x'ilEhiLElaxa e nala LE s wa ganoLe. 
Wii, gil £ mese £ nax' £ Idxa gaalaxs lae gaaxstalax" e ldeda lEqlenoxwaxa 
tsle.vlna tslEdaqa. 1 . . . 

55 Wa, 2 g'il £ mese £ wl £ la la dzEdzExsaakwa lae ax £ edxes tslendzowe 
qa gaxes papEqEwek'ales dzedzendzodzala kleklEtklEdesa lax 
yaeltsEmasLaseq. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ nEints!aqe dzEXEk" k'Sdzskwa 
qa £ s EltslEndeq. Wa, lit kak - EdEdzolllas laxa LEbele ELdzo le £ wa £ ya. 
Wii, lii ax £ edxa tslendzowe ssk'laxsa qa £ s papEqodes lax ek'!a £ yasa 

1 Herefollows a description of theshredding of cedar-bark, p. 132, line 1. ! Continued from p. 134, line 34. 



BOAS] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 263 

five cakes of elderberries, one on top of the other, and [| puts them 60 
on the two strips of soft cedar -bark, (in this way) : 
and when | the edges are even, she pulls the 
two strips of cedar-bark tight and ties the ends to- 
gether. | As soon as she finishes it, she takes up another | piece of 
soft split cedar-bark and breaks it in two; and she puts down the 
pieces on the | mat that has been spread out. Then she takes the 
bundles of elderberry-cakes that have been tied and || puts them 65 
on it. She ties them crosswise, the same way as the first, | in 
this manner: This is what they call one bundle of 

elderberry- V ! — 1 cakes, | when five cakes of elderberries 

are tied to- > — I 1 gether. She continues doing so with 



what she in- tends to keep in the house, to be eaten in 

winter. She uses | a medium-sized box. When she finishes tying the 
elderberry-cakes into bundles, || she tilts (the box) to one side, near the 70 
fire; and when it is warm inside and really | dry, she puts the bundle 
of elderberry-cakes | into the box. When it is full, she puts the | 
cover on and ties it down. When this is done, | she puts the elder- 
berry-box away in a place where it is always dry; || that is, where the 75 
heat of the fire can reach it. After she has done so, she | gathers tip 
the cakes that she did not tie into bundles, and puts them into an- 
other | small box, and she throws all the elderberry-cakes into it. | 
When they are all in, she puts the cover on, | ties it down, and puts 
(the box) down by the side of the first box. || 



la, ax £ axel malts !aq dzExEk" kiidzEkwa (Jig.). Wii, giPmese la 60 
£ naxwa £ nEmEiixalaxs lae lEk!iit!cd yaltsEmtsa malts !aqe dzEXF.k u 
IriidzEkwe laq. Wa, g"il £ mese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe 
dzExEkwe k'adzEkwa qa £ s Eltstendeq. Wii, laxae k'adEdzodalas lax 
LEbele Ie £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii ax £ edxa la yiltsEmala tslendzowa qa £ s 
axEyindes laq. Wit, laEm galfipalaxs laeyil £ ets laxesg ilx'de yiLa £ ya 65 
g'a gwalega (fig.). Wa, heEm gwE £ yo £ nEmxsayok u ts!endzowa la 
ylltsEinala sEklaxsa ts!ets!endzii. Wa, lii hexsiiEm gwegilaxes 
gwE-yo qa £ s hangwil qa £ s ts!ex'ts!axsolxa tslawiinxLa. Wa, lii fix £ ed- 
xa hela xiixadzEmaxs lae gwal yaeltsEmaxes ts!ets!endzowe. Wii, 
lii qogunolisas liixes lEgwIle qa £ s pExts.'odeq. Wii,gtl £ mese alak" !ala 70 
lii lEmx u ts!axs lae aek"!a hants!alaxa yaeltsEinala ts!ets!endzo laxa 
ts!endzoats!e xiixadzEma. Wii, g'il £ mese qotlaxs lae yikuyints 
yikuya £ yas. Wii, lii t!Emak - EyindEq. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
hang'alllases ts!endzoats!e xaxadzEine laxa hemEnala £ me lEm £ w!la 
ylx lag'aaasasa Llesalases lEgwIle. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae 75 
q!ap!eg illlaxes k' !ese yiltsEntso £ tslendzowa qa £ s lii ax £ edxa Qgvi- 
£ la £ me xaxadzEma. Wa, la pElx' £ alts!alasa tslendzowe laq. Wii, 
gil £ mese £ wllts!axs laaxat! yikuyints yikwaya £ yas. Wii, laxae 
tlEmak'EyiiidEq <ja £ s lexat! hanolllas laxa g-ilx - de hang'alilEins. 



264 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 36 

] Salal-Berries. 1 — She takes a large dish and puts it down by the | 
side of her salal-berry baskets. She unties | the tops of the salal- 
berry baskets; and when | this is done, she pulls out the hemlock- 
5 branches which cover the top. || Then she takes a medium-sized mat 
and spreads it outside of where she sits, where | she is going to. pluck 
the salal-1 terries off the stems. She takes hold of a salal-berry branch | 
and plucks off the berries from the stems, and she goes on and puts | 
the cleaned berries into the dish, and she throws the branches | on 
the mat that has been spread out. She cleans them very quickbj : 

10 and || after all the berries have been cleaned which she put into the 
dish, | and after the branches have been put on the mat that has 
been spread out, | she folds up the mat holding the branches, | and 
she goes out and shakes them out outside of the house. Then she 
goes back into | the house. She takes her front-basket, goes down 

15 to the || beach in front of her house, and picks up fresh stones, which | 
she puts into her small basket, enough so that she can | carry them. 
Then she carries the basket on her back into the house, | and she puts 
it down by the side of the fire. Then | the stones are poured out by 
the side of the fire. Then she goes down again, carrying her front- 

20 basket, || and puts more stones into it; and when | she has enough, 
she carries them on her back into the house, and | puts them on top 



1 Salal-Berries. — Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase loqlwa qa £ s g'fixe kan5- 
lilas lax haxhanelasases nenEgwats!e laElxa £ ya. Wa, la qwelE- 
yindEx t!et!Einak'Eya £ yases nenEgwats!e laF.lxa'ya. Wa, g"il £ mese 
gwalExs lae lEkiimwalax t!ak'Eya £ yases nenEgwatsle q!waxa. Wa, 
5 la Sx £ edxa hel £ a le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEp lallleq lax Llasalilases klwaelasi.axs 
laLe k'imt!edEixa nEklule. Wa, lii dax'Idxa £ nEints!aqe laxa 
nEk!iile qa £ s klulpalexa nEk!ule laxes ylsx'Ene, qa £ s la k!ats!otsa 
k'lmdEkwe nEk!ul laxa loqlwe. Wa, la ts.'EgEdzodalasa yEsx'ine 
laxa LEbele le e wa £ ya. Wa, la halabalaxs lae k'lmtaq. Wa, g - il- 

10 £ mese £ wl £ la kimdEkwa nEk'.ule la k!ats!;\xa kfmdEgwatsle loq!wa. 
Wa, laxae f wl £ ladza £ ya yisx'Ene laxa klmdEdzowe LEbel le e wa e ya. 
Wa, g"il £ mese e wi £ laxs lae q'.EnepElUaxes klmdEdzowe le=wa ; va 
qa £ s la laaqEWElsaq lax L!asana £ yases g"5kwe. Wa, lii edei. laeL 
laxes gokwe qa £ s ax £ edexes nanaagEme qa £ s la lEntsles laxa 

15 L!Ema £ isases gokwe. Wa, la xEx ue wklxa alExsEme tlesEma qa £ s 
la xEx u ts!alas laxes nanaagEme. Wa, a £ mise gwanala qa e s 
lakwesexs g'axae oxLosdesElaq qa f s la oxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe. 
Wii, la oxLEg'alllas lax onalisases lsgwlle. WiL, laEm gugEnolisas 
laxes lEgwllexa t!esEme. Wa, laxae etEnts!esa k'loqulaxes nana- 

20 agEme qa £ s laxat! et !ed xEx"ts!alasa tlesEme laq. Wa, gll'mese 
helatslaxs lae oxLosdesa qa £ s laxat! oxLaeLElaq laxes g'okwe qa £ s 

i This follows the description of the gathering of salal berries, p. 207, line 53. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 265 

of those she brought in first. She just puts | the basket with stones 2:; 
in it on the floor, and she builds up the fire so | that it is high. She 
takes good dry fire-wood and || lays it across the top of the fire. When 25 
this is done, | she piles stones on top of it; and when they are all 
on, | she takes a low box and washes it out. | When this is done, she 
puts it down. She takes a small steaming- | box and pours water 
into it half way up from the bottom; and she || leaves it there just 30 
outside of the low box, at a place between it | and the fire. Then 
she takes the fire-tongs and puts them down on the floor. | Now it is 
all done, and she waits for the stones to get red-hot, | as they arc 
still on the fire. | 

Now we will talk for a little while about the low-sided box for 
mixing salal-berries. || It is three long spans and one short span | in 35 
length, and it is just two | long spans in width, and it | is one span 
in height. | The corners ma tie in the same way as the boxes for 
keeping preserved salmon. || That is all about this. | 40 

As soon as all the stones winch are on the fire are red-hot. | the woman 
wIki works on the salal-berries takes the dishes containing the cleaned 
berries and puts them down by the side of the low box for making 
salal-berry cakes; | she takes the tongs and puts them down at the 



la oxLaqas laxes g'ibrde xEgwanEma. Wii, a'mese la hangellla 22 
fc!ets!ala lExaxa xEgwile tlesEma. Wa, la heTldxes lEgwlle qa 
q!ap!esgEmllles. Wa, lii ax £ edxa eke lEmxwa lElqwaEma qa £ s 
gayi £ lalax' £ ideq lax 6kiiya £ yases lEgwlle. Wii, gil-mese gwalExs 25 
lae xEquylndalasa t!esEme laq. Wii, glh'mese f wIlk'EyEndExs lae 
ax £ edxa bEngEla t!Eqagi £ lats!a qa £ s aek'Ie ts!oxug'indEq. Wa, 
gihmese gwalExs lae hang - ah~las. Wii, laxae ax'edxa ama e ye 
q!olats!a qa f s giixtslodesa f wape qa £ nEgoyoxsdales. Wii, laEm 
ha £ nel lax Llasotiiga^yasa bEng'Ela t!EC[ag - i"lats!ii lax awagawa'yas 30 
LE £ wa lEgwlle. Wii, laxae ax-'edxa tslesLala qa gaxes kadela. Wit, 
laEm J wi £ la laxeq. Wa, a J mise la esEla qa memEnltsEmx -£ ideda 
tlesEme la xEx u Liilales lax lEgwilas. 

Wii qEns yawas £ lde gwagwexsEx J Id laxa bEngEla t!Eqagi ; la- 
ts!a, yixs mamoplEiikElaasa ts!Ex u ts!ana e ye laxEns q!waq!wax - - 35 
ts!;ina £ yex j'ix £ wasgEmg'Eg'aasas. Wii, la iiExnEqEla malp.'Enk" 
laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix J wadzEgEg'aasas. Wii, lii 
c "nEmp!Enk'osta laxEns q!waq!waxts!;ina-yex yix e walasgEmasas. 
Wa, la yiiEm gwale wi'dayasox wula e yasa xEtsEmaxs k'ogEkwae. 
Wa, la e mEn gwal laxeq. 40 

Wii, gil £ mese ^naxwa la mEmEnltsEmx'Jdeda xEx u Lalalese t !e- 
sEmxs lae ax £ ededa nanak!t"dtslla ts!Eilaqxes k - lmdEx u ts .'alaxa de- 
kluie loElqlwa qa £ s g'axe k"anolilElas laxa bEng'Ela t!Eqag - i- 
e lats!a. Wa, laxae &x £ edxes ts!esLala qa gaxes k'adel lax eaxElas- 



266 K'l HXOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 36 

45 place where she is going to work. || Then she takes up with both 
hands the cleaned salal-berries and | pours them into the low box for 
making salal-berry cakes, for its name is | "low box for making salal- 
berry cakes." She puts the berries into it; and | she only stops pour- 
ing in salal-berries when they arc four | finger-widths deep, when they 

50 are levelled down on top. || Then she takes the tongs and takes up 
with them the red-hot stones. | First she dips them into a steaming- 
box containing water, so that | the ashes that stick on the stones will 
come off, and so that they may not be too hot | and burn the salal- 
berries when they are put in. | After dipping the stones in, she puts 

55 them in one corner of the || salal-berries; and she continues doing so 
with the other red-hot stones. | When she finishes, it is this way. 
Then | with both hands she takes more salal-berries 
and pours them on the red-hot stones which | are in 
the salal-berry box; and when these are also four | 
finger- widths ha depth, then she takes the tongs and 

60 takes up || more red-hot stones. She dips them into the steaming- 
box | with water hi it, and puts them on the salal-berries; | and 
when these are all covered with stones, she pours more | salal- 
berries on top; and when these are all in, she again | puts in more 

65 hot stones; and when they are all covered || with hot stones, she 
takes a medium-sized mat | and spreads over it, for now it boils up; 

45 Las. Wa, la gox £ wId laxa lEx u ts!ala klmdEk" nEklfila qa £ s lii 
gox u ts!alas laxes tlEqag'i £ lats!e bEngEla qaxs he £ mae la LegEm- 
sa bEngEla tlEqagldatsliixs lae goxtsloyowa nEklule laq. Wa, 
al £ mese gwal goxtslalasa nEklulaxs lae modEn laxEns qlwa- 
q!wax"ts!ana £ yex yix wax u tslEwasas yixs lae £ nEinakE £ yaakwa. 

50 Wa, lii ax £ edxes tsIesLala qa £ s kliplldes laxa xIxExsEmala tlesEma 
qa e s lii gagilasda hapstEnts laxa qlolatsletslala £ wapa, qa lawiilesa 
k!wek!utsEina £ yaq gnna £ ya. Wa, he £ mis qa k - !eses xsnLEla tslElqwa 
qa k!eses k!umElx ;e Ideda nEk!ule qo lal k'!ip!Eqalts laq. Wa, gil- 
£ mese la hapstaakweda t!esEmaxs lae k!ip!Eqas lax apsbalts lawasa 

55 iiEklule. Wii, la hex'sa gweg'ilaxa waokwe x - IxExsEmala tlesEma. 
Wa, g'5l £ mese gwalExs lae g'a gwaleg'a (Jig-). Wa laxae et!ed 
gox £ \vld laxa nEklute qa £ s goxuyindes laxa xIx'EXSEmala tlesEmaxa 
la axEgexa nsklule. Wa, g'ilEmxaawise modEne wagwasas laxEns 
q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yexs lae etled ax £ edxes ts iesLilla ' qa £ s k'!!p!edes 

60 laxaaxa x'lx'ExsEmala t!esEma qa £ s la hapstEnts laxa £ wabEts la- 
wasa qlolatsle. Wa, laxae kliplEqas lax 6kuya £ yasa nEklfile. 
Wa, gil £ Emxaawise la hamElqEyindqexs lae etled goxuyindalasa 
nEklfile laq. Wa, gil : mese £ wllg - Elts!ayeda nEklidaxs lae etled 
k' lipEyindalasa tslElqwa tlesEm laq. Wii, g'il £ Emxaawise haniEl- 

65 qEyE £ yeda tslslqwa tlesEm laqexs lae &x £ edxa heladzowe le £ \va £ ya 
qa £ s LEpEyindes laq, qaxs lE £ mae maEmdElqula. Wa, g - il £ mese 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 267 

and after | she has done so, she takes an elderberry-cake that has not 67 
been tied up in bundles with | shredded cedar-bark, and puts it up 
on edge over her fire. | It gets brittle quickly, and she goes down to the 
beach in front of her house || to look for a flat sandstone; and when 70 
she finds one, | she takes it up and puts it down by the side of the 
box in which | the salal-berries are being cooked. She takes her 
husband's stone hammer and | places it on the flat sandstone. When 
the elderberry-cake is-quite | brittle, she takes down the elderberry- 
cake and she takes a new |[ mat and spreads it out. She puts the flat 75 
sandstone on the | mat and takes up the cake of elderberries, places 
it | on the sandstone, and she takes the stone hammer and pounds | 
the elderberry-cake so that it breaks in pieces. When it is all broken 
up, | she takes up the pounded elderberry-cake with both hands, 
rubs it together || so as to make a powder of it, ami she only | stops 80 
when it is all like flour. After she has broken up | one of the elder- 
berry-cakes, she takes others, for generally | they break ten cakes of 
elderberries for making the | salal-berry cakes. After ten elderberry- 
cakes have been broken up, || she takes off the mat that has been 85 
spread over the salal-berry box, for | they are done when they stop 
boiling. She takes a ladle | and a large dish and puts them down 
by the side of the low salal-berry box. | Then she takes the tongs 

gwfilExs lae ax £ edxes ts!endzewats!e, yixa k - !ese yaeltsEmalaxa 67 
k - adzEkwe qa £ s lii pElk'EmgaaLElots laxa nEqostawases lEgwIle 
qa halabales tsos £ eda. Wa, lii lEnts!es lax iJEma £ isases g'okwe 
qa £ s la alax pEgEdzowa dE £ na tlesEma. Wit, g11 £ mese qlaqexs 70 
lae ax £ edEq qa £ s g'axe pax £ alilas lax apsanallJases t !Eqag"ilasE £ we 
QEklula. Wa, lii &x £ edEx pElpElqases la £ wunEme qa £ s lii mEgu- 
dzots lax pEgEdzowe dE £ na tlesEma. Wii, gihmese alak"!ala 
la tsosaxs lae axiixodxa ts!endzowe. Wii. lii ax £ edxa Eldzowe 
le £ wa £ ya qa e s LEp!allles. Wa, lii pagEdzotsa dF/na tlesEin laxa 75 
le ; 'wa'ye. Wii, lii ax £ edxa £ nEmxsa ts!endzowa qa £ s |>;>x £ fdodes 
laxa dE e na tlesEma. Wii, lii ax-edxa pElpElqe qa £ s lEsEldzodes 
laxa tslendzowe qa q!weq hilts !es. Wii, gIPmese £ wFwe1xsexs 
lae g5x £ wltses wax'soltslana^ye c E eyaso laxa qlwelkwe ts!endzowa 
qa £ s helox u sEndeqexs lae flzakodxes e £ eyasowe. Wii, al'mese 80 
gwillF.xs lae yoEm gwex'sa quxex. Wii, g11 £ mese £ wI £ wEbrseda 
'"uEmxsa tslendzowa lae etledxa waokwe qaxs heniEnala'mae 
nEqaxse tslendzowe q!welasE £ wasa tstediiqe qas axEgEmxes t !Eqa- 
g-ilasE £ we nEk!ula. Wii, gih'mese £ wi £ Ia la qlwelkwa nEqaxsa tslen- 
dzowa lae axodxa le £ wa £ ye LEpEmalllasa t !Eqag"I £ lats !e bEng'Ela qaxs S5 
lE £ mae L!opaxs lae gwiil mEdElqula. Wii, lii ax £ edxa kats!i:naqe; 
wii, he £ misa £ walase loq!wa qa £ s la lranolilas laxa t!Eqag-i £ lats!e 
bEng'Ela. Wit, lii ax £ edxa tsIesLala qa £ s klapteles laxa t.'esE- 



268 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.aitn.85 

and feels for the stones, | which are in the bottom, under the 
90 boiled salal-berries ; and when || she gets hold of a stone, she takes a 
spoon and scrapes off the jam that | sticks to the stone. After 
scraping it off, she puts | (the stone) into the dish; and she continues 
doing this with the other stones. | When all the stones are out, she 
takes the dish with the stones, | goes out, and throws them out of the 
95 house. Then || she goes back with the dish and puts it down. Then 
she takes her tongs | and stirs the salal-berries : She stirs them for a 
long time. Then the | boiled salal-berries become liquid. Next she 
takes a spoon | and dips it into the pounded elderberries, and pours 
these into the boiled | salal-berries; and she continues stirring them 
]()() with the tongs. When || all the pounded elderberries have been 
thrown in, it gets thick. | After finishing this, she takes her drying- 
frame, (the same one) that is used in making elderberry-cakes, | and 
she also uses the (same) measure that she used to measure the elder- 
berry-cakes, | and also the skunk-cabbage leaves heated over the 
tire, for she does everything | with the boiled salal-berries, making 
5 them into cakes, as she did when || making cakes of the elderberries; 
and she also ties them into bundles | with shredded cedar-bark in the 
way in which she tied the dried elderberries. | Thus they are tied 
into bundles with shredded cedar-bark, and they are put into a 
(square) box, which is | called "salal-berry box" because it contains 



maxs lae xEgiindzes laxa Llope nEklula. Wa, giFmese lalxa 
90 tlesEmaxs lae ax e edxa k'atslEnaqe qa £ s kixalexa tlEqiixs lae 
klwekliitsEmexa tlesEme. Wa, g'iPmese £ wilgEltsEmxs lae k'lip- 
tslots laxa loqlwe. Wa, ax'sa £ mese he gwegilaxa waokwe tlesE- 
ma. Wa, giPmese £ wi £ losteda tlesEmaxs lae dag'ililaxa tletslala 
loqlwa qa £ s la guqEWElsaq lax L !asana £ y ases g'Qkwe. Wa, g'ax- 
95 £ mese k'alaxa loqlwe qa £ s kagallles. Wa, lit ax £ edxes tslesLala 
qa £ s xwetledes laxa Llope nEklula. Wa, la geg'illlExs lae ala- 
k - !ala la s wapaleda Llope nEklula. Wa, lii ax £ edxa k'atslEnaqe 
qa £ s tseqes laxa qlwelkwe tslexina qa r s la tseqElas laxa Llope 
nEklula. Wa, lii hemEnalaEm xwetasa tslesLala laq. Wa, g"il- 
100 £ mese -wPlaqeda qlwelkwe tsle.vina laqexs lae gEnx £ Ida. Wa, 
g'il-mese gwatexs lae ax e edxes k" lltk - Isdesexes lEgEdz6x"diixa tslen- 
dzow r e. Wa, heEinxaawis nii:nya\ a>es niEnyayaxa tslendzowe. 
Wa, laxae pEnkwa k"lEk"!aok!wa laxa li-.gwlle, vixs a £ mae naqEin- 
gilto laxes la gwegilasxa Llope nEkliilExs lae lEqaq laxes gweg'ila- 
5 saxs liixde lEqaxa tslendzowe. Wa, heEmxaawise gwiilaxs laeyael- 
tsEmalaxa k'adzEkwe laxaax gwalaasasa tslendzowaxs lae yael- 
tsEmalaxa kadzEkwe. Wii, laxae xEtsEme hants lEwasaxa Lega- 
das nEgudzEwatsle XEtsEma, ylxs lae g'Its!Ewax u sa nEgudzowe 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 269 

the salal-berry cakes. | Those are not the best salal-berries that arc 
mixed with || elderberries; for they make them in a (cheap) way to sell 110 
them, and also for her [ husband to give a feast of salal-berry cakes. 
They do the same with the | salal-berries as they do with the elder- 
berries when a feast is given. | The only difference is that the dishes 
are called | " salal-berry-cake dishes." That is all about the one 
way of doing this.|| 

Salal-Berries and Elderberries mixed — (Strips of caked salal- 1 
berries). | In tins 1 (box) salal-berries mixed with elderberries are 
pounded before they are ripe. | This is what I talked about first, for 
they are made as cheaply as possible, because they are for sale | or 
given at a feast to different tribes. Therefore the salal-berries are 
not pure; || and they put in the elderberries so that they will show 5 
up better and | that the salal-berry cakes will dry more quickly, when 
elderberries | are mixed with them, for this is sold cheaply. | 

Now I wall talk about the salal-berry cakes, wluch are made care- 
fully by the | women for their own food and for their husbands, their 
children, and their || relatives. When (the woman) makes the salal- 10 
berry | cakes mixed with elderberries, she does not pick the largest 
salal-berries seen by her, those which grow well, | she keeps these to 
be picked when they are | ripe. When they are quite ripe, she 
takes her three | baskets, the same ones that were used before, 



t!Eqa. Wa, heEm k!es aek!aak u iiEgudzS tteqeda la geqElaxa 
tslex'ina, yixs hiie senatseq qa £ s laxoya. Wa, he £ mis qo t!Eqa- 110 
gilaexsde la £ wunEmasex nEgudzowa, wa laxae heEm gweg'ila- 
sE £ weda nEgudzowe tlEqe gwegilasaxa ts'.endzowaxs lae klwela- 
dzEma. Wa, lex'a-'mese ogux'ldeda LegEinasa loElq!wiixs t:Ext!aga- 
ts!axa nEgudzowe. Wa laEm gwala e nEmx -£ idala gwegilasEq. 

Salal-Berries and Elderberries mixed (Tlsqelaxa heyadzo nEgiidzo 1 
t!Eqa). — Wa, 1 la heEmLal klilxamEiiqula nEklula axEqElaxa ts!en- 
tlzowEn gale gwagwex - s £ alasa qaxs yayaqelakwaaxs laxoyEweLe 
loxs klweladzEmae laxa qleiiEme lelqwalaLa £ ya, lagllas k!es 
sayoqwa nEklule. Wa, he £ mis lagilasa ts!ex"ina q!aq!ek"!es. Wa, 5 
he £ misexs halabalae lEmx e wideda nEgudzowe t!sqaxs laeda ts!en- 
dzowe axEgeq, yixs holaloxwaaxs kilxwasE ; wae. 

Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwexsEx £ IdF.l laxa nEgiidzowaxs aek - !asE £ waasa 
ts!Edaqe qa £ s helelayo LE £ wis la £ wunEme LE £ we sasEme L6 £ mes 
LeEELala. Wa, he £ maaxs lae gwal eaxElaxa ts!ets!EnqEla nEgiidzo 10 
tteqa laxes k!ets!ena £ ye nEkwaxes dogide awa, nEklula, ylxa ekas 
q!wax £ edaena £ ye. Wa, laEm giiLlEsaq qa £ s lal nEkwaLEq qo lftl 
q!ayox £ w!dEl. Wa, g'il £ mese qlayoqwaxs lae ax £ edxes yudux u sEme 
laElxa'ya yixaaxes g'ilxde nEgwatsla. Wa, lii heEmxat! gwegi- 

1 Continued from description of the dish for pounding salal-berries (p. 60, line 78). 



270 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

15 and she does everything || as she did before when she went to pick 
salal-berries, as I first described; | and she also does as I said before, 
when she picks the salal-berries oh* the branches, | and she puts 
them into the same dishes; and when they have all been cleaned, | 
she takes the mortar-box for the salal-berries, and she puts it down 
on the floor | where she is going to work; and she also takes her 

20 husband's stone hammer and places it || on the edge or by the side 
of the mortar-box. Then she takes the | disli containing the cleaned 
salal-berries and puts it down next to the mortar-box; | and she puts 
in both hands and takes out the | cleaned salal-berries and places 
them in the mortar-box. When | they are two finger-widths deep 

25 in the || bottom of the mortar-box, she takes her [ stone hammer 
and pounds them until they burst, and she continues | pounding 
them until she sees that they have all burst. Then she takes the | 
large dish and pours the pounded salal-berries into it. After | pour- 
ing all out, she takes some more of the cleaned salal-berries, || 

30 puts them into the mortar-dish, and when they are | two finger- 
widths deep in the | mortar-box, she takes her stone hammer and 
pounds them. | She pounds them for a long time; and when she sees | 
that they have all burst, she puts the hammer down on the floor || 

35 and pours the pounded salal-berries into the dish. | She continues 

15 les gweg'ilasaxs g'alex'de nEkwaxEn gibrde gwagwex - s £ alasa. Wa, 
laxae heEm gwegilaqes gweg-ilasaxs lae klulpalaxa nEklule. Wa, 
laxae heEm k - !ats!alaseda loElqlwe. Wa, g'iPmese £ wi f lala k iindi:- 
kwaxs lae ax £ edxa bag'atslaxa nEklule qa £ s g'axe hang'alilas laxes 
eaxElasLe. Wa, laxae ax £ edEx pslpElqases la £ wunEme qa e s gaxe 
*20 mEkwagEhlas laxes lEgatslaxa nEklule. Wa, la ax s edxa kimdE- 
gwatslaxa nEklule loqlwa qa e s g'axe k'anodzEnts laxa lEg"ats!axa 
nEklule. Wa, la gox £ witses wax'solts!ana £ ye e £ eyaso laxa kimdE- 
kwe nEk'ula qa's la goxts!alas laxa lEg'ats laxa nEklule. Wa, g'll- 
'"mese maldEii laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex yix wagwasasa kimdE- 

25 kwe nEklid lax otslawasa lEg-atslaxa iiEklulaxs lae dax e idxa 
pElpElqe qa £ s lEsElgEndes laq qa £ wi £ les kiix £ kla. Wa, la gegilfl 
lESElgeq. Wa, g il £ mese doqulaq laEm £ wi £ la kukaxs, lae ax e edxa 
E walase loqlwa qa £ s la qEposasa la lEdzEk" iiEklul laq. Wii, gil- 
£ mese £ wllasExs lae etled g6x £ wld laxa klmdEkwe nEklula qa £ s 

30 lexat! goxtslots laxa lEg-atslaxa nEklule. Wa, glPEinxaiiwise 
maldEn laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix wagwasas lax otslawasa 
lEgatslaxa nEklulaxs lae dax -£ Idxa pElpElqe qa e s lESElga £ yes laq. 
Wa, laxae gegilllExs lESElga £ yaaq. Wa, g"tl £ Emxaawise doqulaq 
laEm £ wl £ la kukiix u sExs lae g'eg'alllases lEdzayowe pElpElqaxs lae 

35 qEpasasa la lEclzEk" iiEklfd laxa lsdzEgwatsle nEkliil loqlwa. 
Wa, ax u sa £ mese la he gweg - ilaxa waokwe k'imdEk" nEklula. Wa, 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD '2 71 

doing this with the other cleaned salal-berries, and | only stops when 37 
they have all been pounded. She does not make them into cakes 
quickly, | but leaves them for two nights in the dish, covered over 
with a mat, before | making the cakes. || 

Now I will talk about the long strips of dried salal-berries. When | 40 
the woman gets ready to dry them, after leaving them two nights 
covered | over with a mat, so that no soot will drop into them and | so 
that they will get thick, — for she can not make them into cakes 
immediately | after pounding, because the berries are full of juice, 
and therefore || she leaves them for a long time to dry up, — then she 45 
takes up the drying-frame, | the (same) one as she used when she dried 
elderberries mixed with salal-berries, | and also the heated skunk- 
cabbage. She puts the heated | skunk-cabbage leaves down flat the 
whole length of the drying-frame. She puts them on very | smoothly; 
and when they are all down on the drying-frame from end to end, || she 50 
takes her straight knife and cuts the curved edges | of the skunk-cabbage 
leaves that hang down over the two side-pieces of the drying-frame | 
(this is called by some people "stiff edge of the drying-frame) ". | 
Alter cutting them all off, she takes a large horse clam-shell | and a 
large spoon, and she takes the pounded-salal-berry dish j[ and puts it 55 
down by the side of the drying-frame. She | takes the ladle, dips 
it in, and stirs it until they are well mixed | with the juice; and when 



almiese gwalExs lae £ wl £ la la lEdzEkwa. Wa, k - !est!a ya £ nag'aala 37 
lEx £ edEq. Heda la malExse ganoLas -nakiiyalaxa le £ wa £ yaxs lae 
li;x £ edEq. 

Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwexs'EX £ IdEl laxa heyadzo nEgudzoxs laeda 40 
ts!i:daqe xwanaKd qa £ s lEqeq laqexs lae malExses ganoLe naxum- 
lllxa le £ wa £ ye qa kMeses q!wap!EqElaso'"sa qhvalobEse. Wa, he £ mis 
qa alaklales gEnx £ Ida qaxs k - leasae gwex""idaas lEx £ edqexs g'alae 
gwal lESElgeq qaxs alak"!alae qlenEme saaqas. Wa, he £ mis lag-tfas 
he gwaele qa lEmlEmox u des. Wa, lii ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxa k'!itk'!E- 45 
dese, yixes k" !itEiax - daxs galex'de lsqaxa ts!ets!EnqEla nEgudzo- 
wa. Wa, he £ misai>Enkwe k'!Ekaok!wa. Wa, la pagEdzotsa pEnkwe 
k!Ek!aok!wa lax £ wasgEmasasa k!itk - !Edese. Wa, laEm aeklaxs 
lae hamElgEdza £ ya k - !Ek!aok!wa papEqo £ nakulaxs labEndalae. Wa, 
la ax £ edxes nExxala klawayowa qa £ s t!5salexa kilkElxEnxa- 50 
£ yasa k - !Ek - !aok!waxs lae klesala lax kak'EtEnxa £ yasa k itklEdese; 
ylxs LeqElaeda waokwas LlaLlEXEnxe laxa kakEtEnxa- c ya. Wa, 
gil'mese £ wl £ la t!osEwakiixs lae ax £ edxa £ walase xalaetsa mEt!ana £ ye. 
Wa, he £ misa £ walase katslEnaqa. Wa, la ax £ edxa lEg"Ex u ts!alaxa 
nEk!ule loq'.wa qa £ s gaxe hanEiixEhlas laxa k' !itk' tedese. Wa, lii 55 
dax ,£ Idxa katslEnaqe qa £ s tseqes laq qa £ s xwetledeq qa Islgowes 
LE £ wis saaqe. Wa, glhmese alak" !ala la lElgoxs lae tsex £ Itsa kats !e- 



272 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

58 the berries are well mixed, she dips the | spoon into them until it is 
heaping full of the pounded salal-berries ; and she pours | them on 
one end of the drying-frame. Then she takes a straight cedar-stick|| 

60 and puts it down (crosswise) near the end of the drying-frame, in this 

manner: | The thickness of the cedar-stick is one- 

hali'of the II 1 - | little finger, | and it is just squeeze, I 

between the two side-pieces of the drying-frame. 

She | does the same at the other end; and after doing so, she takes 
the | clam-shell, turns it over, and uses it to smooth the pounded 

65 salal-berries || on one end of the drying-frame. Then the pounded 
salal-berries are levelled down | to the crosspiece of cedar-wood, and 
she presses | the pounded salal-berries against the two side-pieces. 
As soon as she has spread all the pounded | salal-berries, she dips the 
spoon into the berries again and pours them out at the | end of the 

7ii salal-berries. She continues doing this until || she reaches the end 
of the drying-frame; and when she reaches the other crosspiece, | 
she stops. After doing so, it is in this way: 
Sometimes she has as many as twenty dryin 



frames with | pounded salal-berries, or even more when the salal- 
berries are growing well | in summer, and when the woman is indus- 
75 trious in picking salal-berries. || After this has been done, she asks 
her husband to come and help her | put the frames up just over the 
fire, not very high, | for the woman must bend her head when she 

58 naqe qa Llak'Emallsexa lsgEkwe nEklula qa £ s la tsedz5ts lax apsba- 
£ yasa k' !itk" lEdese. Wa, lit ax £ edxa k IwaxLiiwe qa £ s nEgEnSsa. Wa , 

60 hi katl)Ents laxa maxba £ yasa k" !itk - !Edese g - a gwa £ lega ( fi<j.), ylxs 
k!6dEnae laxEns sElt!ax - tsana £ yex yix wagwasasa klwaxLawe. Wa, 
lii a Em qataweltEwe lax L!aL!EXF.nxa £ yasa k!itk!Edese. Wa, lfixae 
hcicm gwex £ Idxa fipsba £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax e edxa 
xalaese qa £ s nELalamaseqexs lae gweldzodalaxa lsgEkwe iiEk!n! lax 

65 5psba £ yasa k' !itk' lEdese. Wii, laEm £ nEmakaleda lEg - Ekwe ni:k!ul 
LE £ wa geba £ ye klwaxLawa. Wii, la lalEnxEndxa L!aL!EXEnxa £ vas;i 
lEg'Ekwe nEklula. Wa, gilnaxwa £ mese gweldzod £ wl £ lasa lEgskwe 
iiEklulExs lae et!ed tsex -£ etsa kats!Enaqe qa £ s la tsedzots lax hi 
£ walalaats oba £ yasa nEk!ule. Wii, ax u sa £ mese he gweg'ilaxs lae 

70 labEndalaxa klitkMEdese. Wa, gil £ mese lagaa laxa £ iiEme geba- 
£ ya lae gwala. Wa, g'll £ mese gwalExs lae g - a gwaleg'a {Jig.), ytxs 
£ nal £ nEmp!Eiiae maltsEmgustaxseda k'litklEdese la axdzalaxa 
lEgEkwe nEk!ula lo £ xs hayaqamaaq, yixs helaeda iiEklflle laxes 
q!wax £ edaena £ ye lo £ xs sE £ x u ts!aeda tslEdaqe la nskwaxa iiEk!ttle. 

75 Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae axk" lalaxes Ia £ wunEme qa g'axes gewalaq 
qa £ s Les £ aLElodes lax nEqostawases lsgwllexa k - !ese alaEm ek" !ala 
qaxs g'imxwala £ maeda ts!Edaqaxs lae LawabEwexa k' !itk - lEdesaxs 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 273 

is standing under the drying-frame | when it is put up over the 77 
fire. Now the woman takes hold of one end, | and her husband of 
the other, and they put the salal-berry cakes (for now their name 
is changed) || over the fire. After doing so, her husband | builds up SO 
the fire with very dry alder-wood. | The reason why they use alder- 
wood to burn underneath is because it gives no sparks | and it makes 
a very hot fire, for the owner of the salal-berries wishes them | to dry 
quickly. As soon as the fire burns well, they watch || the drying- 85 
frames that they may not catch fire, and they do not leave (the cakes) 
there for more than two | hours. Then they are half dry. Now | 
the berry-cakes are done; and she takes them all down and puts 
down on the floor one | of the drying-frames. Then she takes down 
another one and puts it on top | of the one on the floor; and she con- 
tinues doing so, putting them one |[ on top of another. After she has 90 
taken them all down, the woman | takes an empty drying-frame and 
places it over the top | one which has the long strips of salal-berry 
cakes on it. Then she turns it over on the | empty one. The woman 
is careful that the salal-berry cake | is flush with the end of the 
empty drying-frame, and || that the sides are straight along its sides; 95 
for all the frames are made of the same length | and of the same 
width. As soon as | she has finished, she calls her husband to come 
and take hold | of the drying-frames that he face to face. Then her 

lae Lestaya lax i?k'!a £ yasa lEgwIle. Wa, laEm dadEba £ ya tslEdaqe 7S 
LE £ wis la £ wunEmaxs lae Lestodxa t!Eqa qaxs lE £ mae Llayoxxaxs 
lae Lesta/ya laxa lEgwIle. Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae la £ wunEmas SO 
lEqwelax £ Idxes lEgwIlasa L!asmF.sexa alak - !alii la lEmxwa. Wa, 
heEm lagilas he lEgwabEwIseda LlasmEsaxs k - !esae anobexostala. 
Wa, he £ misexs Lomae LlesEgustala qa £ s £ nek - ae qa halabales 
lEinx'wides t!Eqa. Wa, g - il £ mese x'iqostawe lEqwela £ yas lae q!aq!a- 
lalaq qa k!eses xlx £ ede k'Utk'lEclesas. Wii, k - !est!a malts !agELE- 85 
laglla laxa q!aq!alak - !a £ yaxa e nalaxs lae k" !ayax s wlda. Wa, laEm 
L!opa t!Eqa. Wa, la axaxod £ wriaq qa £ s pax £ alllesa £ nEmxs 
k!itk!Edesa. Wa, la et!ed axaxodxa £ nEmxsa qa £ s pageg - indes 
laxa la, pagela. Wa, la hanal axaxElaxa waokwe qa £ s la £ wl £ la 
pagegindalas laxa waokwe. Wa, gil^mese £ wPlaxaxs laeda tslEdaqe 90 
ax £ edxa lobEdzala k!itk'!Eclesa qa e s lii pap.EqodEq LE £ wa ek'!F,n- 
xellle tlEqadzalaxa heyadzowe t!sqa. Wa, laEm bEnasaleda 
lobEdzala. Wa, la doqwaleda tslEdaqaxa tlEqadzala k!itk!Edes 
qa £ nEmabales oba^yas LE £ wa lobEdzala k' !itk - !Edesa. Wii, hermis 
qa e nEmEnxales ewEiixa £ yas qaxs £ nEm e maes awasgEmase. Wa, 95 
laxae £ nEm £ me awadzEwasasa k!ek!itk!Edese. Wa, gll s "mese 
gwalExs lae Le £ lalaxes la £ wiinEme qa gaxese dadEbEndxa la, 
haqala k - !ek!itk - !Edesa. Wa, la £ mese la £ wiinEmas dabEndxa 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 18 



274 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Iktii.ann. 35 

husband takes hold of | one end, and the woman takes hold of the 
100 other (end). They || lift them up at the same time, and then turn 
them over so that the drying-frame with the salal-berry cake is on 
top; I and when they turn them over, the cake falls upon the | 
empty drying-frame, and the strip of salal-berry cake has been 
turned over. | Then they put it again just over the fire. | After this 
has been done, she takes the same drying-frame | from which she 
5 had taken the strip of salal-berry cake. || She peels off the heated 
skunk-cabbage leaves which stick to it, and throws them away. | 
Then she turns it over and puts it on the next one; and she does | as 
she did before with the first one, turning over the cakes; and she 
continues | doing this with the others. It takes only one day | to 

10 dry all of them. When they are all dry, the woman || takes a small 
square box, takes off the cover, and she tilts it on one side by the side 
of the fire, ] so that it will get dry inside. | As soon as the inside is 
very dry, she puts out the fire. | Then, without help, the woman 
takes down the drying-frames and | puts one on top of another, as 

15 they had been before, when she turned them over. || She takes the 
small square box of medium size and places it | near the drying- 
frames. Then she takes up the end of one strip of salal-berry cake, | 
puts it into the bottom of the salal-berry box, | and the end up 
against the narrow end of the small box. When part of it | covers 

apsba £ ye. Wa, lada tstedaqe da.v'Idxa apsba £ ye. Wa, lit £ nEma- 
100 x £ Id wlx'Idqexs lae lex-ldEq qa lies la ek' !agawa £ ya tlEqadzala 
k!itk!i:desa. Wa, gil-mese lex £ Idqexs lae laseda tteqalaxa lobs- 
dzala k' !itk' lEdesa. Wa, laEm lenkwa heyadzowe t!Eqa. Wa, 
hex -ida ; mese la xwelaqa Les £ aLF.lots lax liEqostawases lEgwIle. 
Wa, gdPmese gwalExs lae ax-'ediox axdzayaasdasa heyadzowe t!Eqa 
5 qa ; s kusalexa ts!agEts!aye pF.nk" k'!Ek!aok!wa qa £ s ts!Ex £ edeq. 
Wa, la hax-wldEq qa e a liixat! papEqodEq. Wa, lae hesm gwex £ Id- 
qes 2; ilxde gwex £ idaasxes g ilxde lexasE £ wa. Wa, ax u sa e mese he 
gwegilaxa waokwe. Wa, la e iiEmxsa £ mese £ nalaxs lae £ wl £ la 
li:mx £ wida. Wit, gil £ mese -naxwa licni £ wi:mx £ Ida laeda tshxlaqe 
10 ax s edxa xaxadzEme qa £ s axodex yikiiya £ yas qa £ s qogiinolisesa 
xaxadzEme laxes lpgwlle qa alak'lales lEmx £ wIde otslawas. Wa, 
gih'mese alak"!ala la lEmx u ts!axs lae k!ilx £ edxes lEgwIle. Wii, 
liinaxukrmf'da ts!i-;daqaxs lae axaxslaxa k'!ek!itk"!Edese qa £ s 
papEq5 £ nakuleq laxes laxde gwaelasExs laxde lexaq. Wa, la 
15 ax £ edxa xaxadzEme, yixa hela XEtsEma qa £ s gaxe hiing'alila lax 
maklnxelilasa k!ek!itk!Edese. Wii, lii dabEndxa heyadzowe t!Eqa 
qa £ s ts!Enx u ts!rdes lax nxi.a'yasa hayadzEwats !e tlEqa xaxadzEma. 
Wa, lii sEkale oba £ yas laxa a,|)sanexts!awasa xaxadzEme. Wii, 
o-il £ mese hamElxalts!axs lae gwanax e edEq qa £ nEmalases k"!o- 



uoas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 275 

the bottom, she folds it back so that it is of the same size || as the 20 
bottom of the small box. It is in this way | ^__^__^ when it is 



folded. | 
when they 
leaves over 



put into the small box into which it is being 
She continues doing this with the others; and 
are all in, | she heats some new skunk-cabbage 
the fire; and | when they are soft, she takes the crooked knife, of 
her husband, || cuts out the thick veins in the middle, and, when they 25 
are all off, | she heats them again over the fire. She does not stop 
until they are almost brittle | and very dry. Then she puts the 
leaves on top of the [ strips of salal-berry cake, and she tucks them in 
all round inside the box | containing the strips of salal-berry cakes, 
so that it is very tight. After doing this, || she puts the cover on 30 
and ties it down. When | this has been finished, she puts it down 
in a place where the heat of the fire reaches it, and | she leaves it 
there until whiter; for generally | the cannibal dancers wish to eat only 
long salal-berry cakes, | when the owners of the long salal-berry cakes 
have a winter ceremonial, and also || the head chiefs of the owners of 35 
long salal-berries | wish to eat them; but the poor people of the tribe | 
eat salal-berries mixed with elderberries when they are given at a 
feast. | Now this is finished. | 

Currants 1 . — After doing so, (the woman) takes a large dish and | 1 
puts it down by the side of the currant-baskets. She pulls out the | 



xwa £ yas LE £ wa paq!Exsda £ yasa xaxadzEme. Wa, hi ga gwiilegaxs 20 
{fig.) lae hantsla laxa xaxadzEme laxes q!Elx u ts!aena £ ye. Wa, la 
ax u s:iEm he gwegilaxa waokwe. Wa, g'il'"mese £ wllts!axs lae 
5x £ edxa alomase k!Ek!aok!wa qa £ s pEx £ ideq laxes lEgwile. Wa, 
glPmese pEx £ widExs lae ax £ edEx XElxwalases la-wimEme qa £ s 
xElxwalex t tent !EnxEdza £ yas. Wii, giPmese £ wi £ laxs lae et!ed 25 
papaxELalas laxes lEgwile. Wii, ab'mese gwfdExs lae Elaq tsos £ eda 
qaxs lae alak' !ala la lEmx £ wIda. Wa, lii aek' !a paqEyints laxa 
heyadzowe t!Eqa. Wa, laEm dzopas lax ewaneqwas 6kiiya £ yasa 
heyadzowe tlEqa qa alak'Iales Emxa. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
yikiiyints yikiiya £ yas. Wii, lii tlicmakEyindEq. Wii, g'iPmese 30 
gwalExs lae hang'alllas laxa lagaaasas L!esaliis lEgwila qaxs 
hex'siv'meLe ha £ nel lagaal laxa laLa ts!awunx £ ida qaxs qlunalaeda 
hiimatsla £ nex - qa £ s lex'ame t!F.xt!;Iqxa heyadzowe t!Eqaxs lae 
ts!ets!ex £ Ide g-okfdotasa tlEgadiisa heyadzowe tlEqa. Wii, he E misa 
xamagEma £ ye g'igEgamesa g'okiilotasa tlEgadiisa heyadzowe t!E- 35 
qaxs £ nek - ae qa £ s t!Ext!aqeq, yixs laaLas bEgiilIda £ yas g - 6kulots 
liEngiidzoguxa ts!ets!EiiqElaxs lae klweladzEma. Wa, la £ mEn 
gwiil laxeq. 

Currants. — Wii, g'ih'mese gwala, lae fix £ edxa £ wiilase loq!wa, qa 1 
g'axese hanalllxa niige q!edzats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, la lEk - Emodxa 

1 Ribes bracteosus, Dougl., Ribes pctiolare, Dougl. Continued from the description of gathering currants. 
See p 209, line 37. 



276 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth. jjjn. SB 

3 huckleberry-branches that have been pushed through the baskets, 
and she takes oft' | the skunk-cabbage covering and puts it down, 
•5 and she takes a mat || and spreads it outside of the basket. | She puts 
the large cleaning-dish on the left-hand side of the | currant-baskets. 
When everything is ready, she takes | one branch of the currants. 
She takes hold of it with her left | hand, and pulls off the berries with 

10 her right hand, and || she drops them into the large dish for holding 
the cleaned berries. She | continues doing so, cleaning the currants. 
When they are all cleaned, she takes her | front-basket, goes down 
to the beach in front of her house, and | picks up twelve stones. 
When they are all in, | she carries it on her back into the house 

15 and || puts it down by the side of the fire. Then she puts the 
stones | into the fire; and after doing this, she takes a | square 
box and puts it down next to the fire, and also her tongs, which | 
she puts down on the floor, and also a large, long-handled | ladle, which 

20 she puts next to the square box. || She also takes skunk-cabbage 
leaves which were used for covering the berries, cuts out the mid- 
ribs, | and, after these have been cut out, she heats them over the 
fire. | She continues to do this until they get very brittle. Then she 
puts them into a | small dish and breaks them to pieces until they 

25 are as fine as | flour. When this is done, and the stones that || she 
has put on the fire arc red hot, she takes a small steaming-box and | 

3 L§Lask'Eya £ ye gwadEmsa qa £ s ts!Ex £ Ideq. Wa, laxae lawEyodxa 
nasEya £ yas k"!Ek'!aok!wa, qa £ s ax £ allleq. Wa, la, ax £ edxa le £ wa £ ye, 
5 qa £ s LEplallleq lax iJasalllases naga £ ye q!edzats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, 
hi'i.atla ha £ nela £ walase kimdatsle loq!we gEmxanalilasa nag'a £ ye 
q!edzats!e bsxa £ ya. Wa, giPmese gwalEingalllExs lae dax £ idxa 
£ nEints!aq!EXLa q!esena, qa £ s daxi.ayex yisx'Enase ylses gEmxol- 
ts!ana £ ye. Wa, la x'ik'alaxa q!esenases helk'!ots!ana £ ye, qa £ s la 

10 k!ats!ots laxa k'tmtslalase £ walas loqlwa. Wa, ax"sa £ mese he 
gweg'ilaxs k"irntaaxa qlesena. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae 8x £ edxa 
nanaagEm h:\a-ya, qa £ s la lEnts!es lax L!Ema £ isases g'okwe qa £ s 
la xE £ x u ts!otsa g'ag^iwala tlesEm laq. Wa g-il £ mese £ wllts!axs 
g-axae oxLosdesElaq qa £ s la 6xi>aeLElaq l.axes g'okwe, qa £ s la 6xLa- 

15 nolisas laxes lEgwIle. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese xE £ x u wElts!alaq, qa £ s la 
xE £ x u LEiidalas laxes lEgwile. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 
k' limyaxLa, qa £ s g - axe h&nolisas laxes lEgwile LE £ wis tslesLfda. He- 
Emxat! ax £ etso £ s, qa g'axes k'adila. Wa, he £ misa £ wiilase giltlEx- 
Lfila katslEnaqa ax £ etso £ s, qa g'axes g'enalllxa k'limyaxLa. Wa, la 

20 :1x £ edxa ts!ets!ak'Eyex'das k!Ek!aok!wa qa £ s k'.'axalex t.'Ent!EnxE- 
dza £ yas. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae pEX' £ IdEq laxes lEgwile. Wa 
al £ mese gwal pEX'aqexs lae alak'lala la tsosa. Wii, la axtslots laxa 
lalogume, qa £ s tsosElgEndec[. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae yo la gwex'sa 
qtixex. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae memEnltsEmx' £ Ideda tlesEme 

25 xE £ x u Lalales laxa lEgwile. Wa, la ax £ edxa arna £ ye q!6lats!a, qa £ s 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 277 

pours some water into it, until it is half full. She puts it down | be- 26 
tween the square box and the-fire. Then she takes the large | long- 
handled ladle, dips it into the currants, and pours (them) | into the 
square box; and when one-half of the currants are in the box || one- 30 
half are still in the large dish containing the cleaned berries. | 
Then she takes her tongs, picks up the red-hot stones, | and dip them 
quickly into the water in the steaming-box and | puts them into the 
currants. She puts in six red-hot | stones. Then she dips more of the 
cleaned currants with her large || long-handled ladle out of the dish 35 
containing the cleaned currants j and puts them over the red-hot 
stones. She only | stops when they are all in. Then she again takes 
her tongs and again picks | up red-hot stones, which she first puts 
into | the water in the steaming-box, and she puts these on the 
currants. || She only stops when six stones have been put in. | Then 40 
she takes a mat and covers over the currants that she is steaming. | 
She leaves them this way all day and all night. Then the woman | 
goes into the woods looking for broad skunk-cabbage leaves; and 
when she has found some, | she breaks off the broadest leaves. || 
When she has many of these, she digs up spruce-roots, which she | 45 
splits in two and which she ties in the middle. When this is done, 
she carries | everything home and puts it down at the left side of the 



giixtslodesa £ wape laq qa nEgoyoxsdales. Wa, lit hanagots lax 26 
awagawa £ yasa k!imyaxi,a LE £ wa lEgwIle. Wa la fix £ edxa £ walase 
glltlEXLala katstenaqa qa £ s tseqes laxa qlesena qa £ s la tsets!alas 
laxa klimyaxLa. Wa, gihmese iiExseda qlesena la tsEyadzEms 
laxa klimyaxLa LE £ wa g'etsla laxa k'imdEgwatsle £ walas loqlwa, 30 
lae ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s k!ip!edes laxa xIxsEmala tlesEma, 
qa £ s la hanax £ wid hapstEiits lax '"wabEtslawasa qlolatsle, qa £ s 
la k - !ip lEqas laxa qlesena. Wa, la qlELlEsgEma x'lxExsEmala 
tlesEin la k - !ip IgEmseq. Wa, laxae etled tsex ,£ Itsa £ walase gil- 
tlEXLala k'atslEnaq laxa lEx u ts!ala k'imdEk" qlesena, qa's lexat! 35 
tsekEyints laxa la axEqslaxa x'lx'ExsEmala tlesEma. Wa, al £ mese 
gwalExs lae £ wl £ la. Wa, laxae etled ax £ edxes tsIesLala, qa £ s k'!ip!e- 
des laxaaxa xixExsEmalat!esEma, qa £ s lexat! gag'alaslla hapstEiits 
lax £ wabEts!awasa q !olats!e. Wa, la k' lip IeIoxs lax okuya £ yasa q !e- 
sena. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae £ wi £ leda c{!EL'EsgEme tlesEma. Wa, 40 
la ax £ edxa le £ wa £ ye qa £ s £ naxumdes laxa q!olasE £ wasa qlesena. Wa, 
ax u sii £ mese he gwaelxa £ nfda EE £ wa ganuLe. Wa, la £ meseda tslEdaqe 
laxa fiLlealaxa awadzoxLowe k!Ek!aok!wa. Wa, gil £ mese qlaqexs 
lae p!ap!ox £ wEqEwaxa awadzoxLowe liixa k'!Ek"!a5k!wa. Wa, 
gil £ mese qlEyoLExs lae £ lap!idxa L!op!Ek'asa alewase, cja £ s pak'tex- 45 
sEndeq cja £ s ytLoyodes laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwatexs g - axae gEmxE- 
laq, qa £ s la na £ nak u laxes g'okwe, qa £ s la gEmxEnolisas laxes 1e- 



278 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

18 fire. ] Then she takes her husband's crooked knife and | sits down 
where the skunk-cabbage leaves have been placed. She cuts up 

50 the || tying of the spruce-roots which have been split in two, takes 
hold of a | leaf of skunk-cabbage, and she cuts off the mid-rib, so 
that it is the same | thickness in the middle and at the edges, then | 
she takes hold of another one and she does the same as she did with 
the | first one. She continues doing this with the others; and || 

5.") when nil have been finished, she heats them by the lire; and when | 
they are soft and thin, she puts them down on a mat. She does | the 
same with all of them. When they are all done, she takes | the 
drying-frames, the same ones that were used for the salal-berry 
cakes, | and she also uses the same cellar measure which she used 

60 for || mixed elderberry and salal-berry cakes. She takes the four | 
cedar-sticks. and puts them on the drying-frames, and she also | takes 
a large horse-clam shell and puts it down. | Finally she takes off the 
mat that has been spread over the steaming-box | in which the cur- 

65 rants are. She takes up another medium-sized || dish and puts it on the 
corner of the square box. She takes the | large shell and skims off the 
juice of the boiled currants, | since the boiled berries have all gone 
down in the | juice. She skims the juice into the dish which she 
placed on the corner of the box; | and she does not stop until the 

48 gwlle. Wa, lii iix £ edEx xElxwala k- liiwayoses la £ wunEme, qa £ s la 
klwagahl lax gEmxelasasa k" !i:k!aok!wa. Wa, la. tlotslEndxa 

3d yir.oyoyc pale !Exsaak u L!op!EX"sa alewase. Wa, la dax £ Idxa nEinxsa 
k!Ek!aok!wa, qa £ s XElxwalex tlEnt!EnxEdza £ yas, qa £ nEmes wa- 
gwasasa nEgEdza £ ye LE £ wis ewunxa £ ye. Wa, g'tl £ mese gwfdsxs lae 
etled diix £ idxa E nEmxs qa £ s a £ mexat! he gwex £ IdEq laxes gwex -£ I- 
daasdaxes gllx.'de axsE s wa. Wa, ax u sa e mese hegweg'ilaxa waokwe. 

55 Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae pEX -£ IdEq laxes lEgwile. Wa, gIPmese 
lEndEdzox £ wida, lae pagEdzolilas laxa i.ioblle ie £ wa £ ya. Wii, la £ na- 
xwaEm he gwex-'Idxa waokwe. Wii, g'iPmcse £ wFlaxs lae ax £ ed- 
xa lc!itk - !Edese, yixaax k"!itk'!EdesElasexa nEgudzowe tlEqa. 
Wa, laxae heEm mEnyayoseda k!waxLawe, ylxes mEnsEliixa ts!e- 

60 ts!EnqEla nEk'.iila. Wii, he £ mis ax £ ets5 £ seda motslaqe mEnyayowe 
klwaxLawa, qa £ s gedzoliles laxa k - !ek'!itk'!Edese. Wa, laxae 
iix £ edxa £ walase xalaetsox mEt!ana £ yex qa £ s g'axe gig-alilas. 
Wii, lawesLe axodxa le £ wa £ ye LEpEmallltsa k-JimyaxLa q!ola- 
ts!exa q!esena, qa £ s gigallles. Wa, la &x £ edxa ogii £ la £ me hela 

65loq!wa, qa £ s kagiigEndes laxa klimyaxLa. Wii, lii <lax- £ Idxa 
£ w. r dase xalaesa, qa £ s ax £ \vldexa saaqasa q!esenaxs g - axae q!o- 
kiiyexa qlolkwe q!esenaxs lae wundzeses hamaese lax awaba £ yasa 
saaqe. Wa, lii ax u ts!alas liixa loqlwe la hang'iigexa k - !imyaxi.a. 
Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae lEmokwa qlolkwe qlesena. Wii, gil- 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 279 

boiled currants are dry. When || this is done, she takes the tongs, 70 
with which she searches for the stones | that are still in the bottom 
of the box. | She takes out the stones and puts them down by the 
side of the fire.. When | all the stones have been taken out, she takes 
a small dish into which she puts the | powdered skunk-cabbage, and 
she empties it into the boiled || currants. When if is all in, she takes 75 
her tongs and | stirs it; and she only stops stirring when it is all | 
mixed. Now the boiled currants are thick. When she has | done so, 
she takes the heated skunk-cabbage leaves and spreads them | on 
the drying-frame along the whole length. After || doing so. she takes SO 
the cedar-stick measures ami lays them down on the drying frame, | 
in this way, 1 so that the four measures are at (1). | She takes the large 
shell anil dips it into the boiled currants, | and she pours them out 
inside the measures at (1). Then she turns [ the shell on its back 
and spreads (the currants). When they are spread all over, || 
she presses them so that they fill the corners of the mould and | so 85 
that they are pressed close together. After doing this, | she con- 
tinues doing so with the others, when she makes berry-cakes. When 
the I cakes have all been made to the end of the frame, she puts it 
just over the fire; | and after doing this, she takes another drying- 
frame, and || she does the same as she did to the first one when she 90 



£ mese gwalExs lae ax-edxa tsIesLala qa £ s k' lap Isles laxa tlesE- 70 
maxs he e mae ales XEgwes llix 6xLa £ yasa k' limyaxLa. Wa, 
laEin klipustalaq qa £ s k' libEiiolisEles laxes lsgwlle. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese £ wld5steda tlesEmaxs lae ax £ edxa lalogtime, ylx axtslEwasasa 
qlwelkwe tsEwek" k' !Ek - !aok!wa, qa £ s la k'laqas laxa qlolkwe 
qlesena. Wa, glPmese '"wldaqaxs lae ax £ edxes tsIesLala qa's 75 
xwetledes laq. Wa, al e mese gwal xwetaqexs lae alak'lala la 
lElga. Wii, la £ me la gEnkeda q!olkwe qlesena. Wa, gtl e mese 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa pEnkwe k!Ek!aok!wa qa f s LEbEdzodales 
laxa k" !itk" Isdese labEndalax £ w5sgEmasas. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwalaxs lae dax'Idxa mEnyayowe klwaxLawa qa £ s k'atEmgaaLE- 80 
lode g'a gwalegasa 1 motslac^e k!wek!waxEn mEnyayo lax (1). 
Wa, lii ax'edxa 'walase xalaes qa £ s tseqes laxa qlolkwe qlesena 
qa £ s la tsedzots lax otslawasa mEnyayowe lax (1). Wa, nELala- 
masxa xalaesaxs lae gweldzots laq. Wii, gil-'mese gweldzodExs 
lae Laqwaq, qa lalaneqwes lax ewunxa £ yasa mEnyayowe. Wa, 85 
he £ mis qa gwalEles ci!EsmEnx e w!da. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae 
asm he gwemakulaxa waokwaxs lae lEqaq. Wii, giPmese labEnde 
lEqa £ vasexs lae hex'idaEm Liistots lax nEqostawases lEgwile. Wa, 
giPmese gwalExs lae etled :ix £ edxa £ nEmxsa klitklEdesa. Wa, 
aEmxaftwise nEqEing iltEwexes gwegilasaxes gilx'de lEgEdzotsE- 90 

1 See figure on p. 261. 



280 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Lbth.ann.sb 

91 put the cakes on. | She continues doing this until all the currants 
have been made into | cakes. After this is done, she takes a mat and 
spreads it over them, | so that the soot of the fire will not fall on 
95 them | and so that the heat of the fire will go up to it. || They need 
a strong heat to dry quickly, for the | cakes of currants do not dry 
quickly. Sometimes it takes three or | even five days to dry them. 
When they are | dry, she takes down the drying-frames ami [ places 
them one on top of another by the side of the fire. When they have 
100 all been taken down, || the woman takes an empty drying-frame and 
puts it on top of | one with a currant-cake on it. She takes care that 
the edges are flush | on all sides ami at the ends of the two drying- 
frames. | Then she calls her husband to come ami help her turn over 
5 the | currant-cakes ; and when her husband comes, the woman || takes 
one end of the two drying-frames which lie together, | and her hus- 
band takes hold of the other end. Both lift them up at the same 
time, | and they turn them over. Then the currant-cake is turned, | 
and falls on the empty drying-frame. All the | currant-cakes 
10 and the heated skunk-cabbage leaves fall off together. || When 
they take off the now empty drying-frame, she puts it down | and 
peels off the skunk-cabbage leaves that stick to the backs of the | 
currant-cakes. When the skunk-cabbage leaves have been taken off, | 
they put (the frames) up where they were before, and they do the 

91 wa. Wii, ;V"mise he gwe £ naktilaxs lae £ \\i £ la lEgEkweda qledzEdzowe 
tEq!a. Wii, g'il-mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa le £ wa £ ye qa £ s LEbeg'in- 
des lax elc !adza £ yas, qa k'leses la q!ubEtlzodaleda qhvalobEse laq. 
Wii, ke £ mis qa alak' !ales L!esalaso £ sa LlesEg'ostalasa lsgwlle, qa 

95 hiilaxtsles lEmo £ nakula qaxs k' !esa6 gEyolenox lEmx £ w!deda 
qledzEdzowe t!Eqa, yixs £ nfd £ nEinp !Enae yuduxiixses e nala lo £ xs 
lagaae lax sEk!ap!Enxwa £ ses e nala lidEm £ wa. Wa, giPmese lEmx- 
£ vvk1exs lae e naxwa LeLaxoyEwa k!ek!itk - !Edese, qa £ s gaxe 
papEqEwenekala laxa onalisasa lsgwlle. Wii, g - il £ niese £ wl £ laxaxs 
100 laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa lobEdzala k' !itk!i:desa, qa £ s lii pagEdzots 
laxa axdzalaxa qledzEdzowe tlEqa. Wii, lii aekila qa nenamEn- 
xale e £ wEnxa £ ya LE E we 6ba £ yasa malExsa kMekMitk'Edesa. Wa, 
lii Ledalaxes la £ wiinEme, qa gaxes g - Iwalaqexs liiLe lexalxes 
qledzEdzowe tlEqa. Wa, gil'mese g p axe la £ wunEmasexs lae diibEn- 
5 deda ts!Edaqaxa apsba £ yasa papEqala malExsa k'!ek!itk'!Edesa. 
Wii, lii hVwiinEmas dabEndxa apsba £ yas. Wii, la £ nEmax -£ IdExs 
lae wegiLElodEf(, qa £ s lex ,£ ideq. Wii, he £ mis la ladzatsa qledzEdzowe 
t !sqa liixa lobsdzala k' !itk' lEdesa. Wii, la £ iiEmax -£ idaEm lasa 
qledzEdzowe tlEqa LE £ wis axdzayansa pEnkwe k'!Ek'!aok!wa. Wa, 

10 gil £ mese ;ix £ aLElodxa lii lobsdzala k - !itk - lEdesa qa £ s la pax E alilas. 
Wii, lii qusalaxa k'!Ek - !aok!wiixs lae klulfda lax e £ eweg'a £ yasa 
ci!edzEdzowe tlEcpi. Wii, glhmese £ wi £ lawa k"!Ek!aok!waxs lae 
xwelaqostod LagaaLElots. Wa, la heEmxat! gwex -£ idxa m&kllaq. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 281 

same with the next one; | and after all (the cakes) have been turned 
over, they spread a mat || over them, and they are left there only one 15 
night. Then they are | dry all through. Then she takes down the 
drying (frames) and puts them down. When they have all been put 
down, she gathers up the | currant-cakes and puts them in piles of 
five, | and ties them with soft shredded cedar-bark, as she did with 
the || cakes of elderberries mixed with salal-berries when they were 20 
tied into bundles, and about which I talked before. | She also puts 
them into a dry small box which she keeps j not too far from the fire 
of the house, so that | the heat of the fire strikes it, for the currant- 
cakes get damp easily, | unless they take good care of them and if 
they do not know how to treat them. || That is all about this. | 25 

Viburnum-Berries. — While 1 (the man) is carrying in (the berries), i 
his wife goes up the beach, | and the man goes aboard the canoe | to 
get driftwood. Meanwhile his wife eats. | The husband does not stay 
away long before he comes back; and as soon as || he reaches the 5 
beach, he backs up the stern of his small canoe and | goes ashore. 
He throws ashore the driftwood that he brought; and when it | is 
all out, he carries it up on his shoulder into his | house, and he throws 
it down at the place where he intends to build the fire | to cook the 
viburnum-berries. As soon as all the wood has been carried up, he 



Wa, g'ih'mese £ wi £ la la lenkiixs lae et!ed LEbegintsa le £ wa £ ye lax 
ek' !adzE J yas. Wa, £ nEmxsa £ mes la ganoLe hexdEinas gwalaLE- 15 
laxs lae alak!ala la lEmx-wula. Wa, la LeLaxodxa k!ek!itk!E- 
dese, qa £ s pax £ alllEles. Wa, giPmese £ wIlgalIlExs lae q lap !ex £ Idxa 
q!eq!edzEdzowe tlEqa, qa e s papEqodaleq, qa sesEk' laxsagales. 
Wa la yaeltsEmasa qloyaakwe kadzEk" laq, lax gwalaasasa ts le- 
ts lEnqEla nEgudzoxs lae yaeltsEmakwaxF.n gilxdii g\v;igwex's £ alasa. 20 
Wa, laxae hants!oj-o laxa pEX - tsEwakwe xaxadzEma, qa £ s la hanga- 
lllEm laxa k - !ese xEnLEla qwesala laxa lEgwilasa gokwe, qa laga- 
aasesa L!esalasa lEgwile, qaxs alakMalae dElnaka q!edzEdzowe 
tlEqaxs k - !esae aekilasE £ wa yisa k - !ese qlaLEla gwegilasaq. 
Wii, laEm gwala. 25 

Viburnum-Berries. — Wa, 1 g'il £ mese £ wllosdesa lae htsdese gEnEmas, 1 
wa, la laxsa bEgwanEmaxa t!EldzElalats!exde xwaxwaguma, qa £ s 
lii q!exats!enox u s laxa q!exale. Wa, la £ me LlE.wa gEUEmas. Wa, 
k'!est!a alaEm galaxs g'axae aedaaqe la E wunEmas. Wii, gih'mese 
gaxalisExs lae aLaxLax -£ Idxes q!exats!e xwaxwaguma, c^a^s lalta- 5 
wexs lae sEp!ultalax £ Idxa rjlexale qlexanEms. Wii, gib"mese 
f wI £ loltaxs lae yilx E usdesElax -£ IdEq, qa s s la yilgweLElaq laxes 
g - okwe, qa £ s la yilx £ walllas laxes gwE E yo, qa £ s lEx- c wall £ lasLEx 
LlobasLasa tlElse. Wii, giPmese e wFlosdesExs lae xamax -£ ida- 

'Continued from p. 218, line 44. 



282 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.ss 

10 [himself]" goes || and takes a basket, goes down to the beach, | picks 
up stones, and puts them into the basket. He puts in as many as 
he ran | carry. Then he stops putting them in and carries them in 
one hand [ up the beach into his house. He puts | them down at 
the place where he intends to work a I the unripe viburnum-berries. 

15 When || he thinks there are enough stones, he stops. | You know 
already everything about the ways of building a fire to heat | stones, 
for there is only one way of heating stones for steaming | and for 
heating water for steaming. The | man has to go out to get drift- 

20 wood and stones || for this purpose, because his wife is working at the 
viburnu m-berries. When he has finished building the fire, | he puts on 
the stones, but he does not light the fire under them. Then | the 
man goes to help his wife, who is sitting by the side of the mat on 
which he lias poured | out the viburnum-berries; for the woman 
does that first after she | has eaten, after coming home. She goes 

25 and spreads a new mat, || takes the large berry-basket, and | 
pours the viburnum-berries on the mat. She does the same | with the 
front-basket and with the medium- J sized basket. Now her baskets 
are empty. Then she takes the smallest basket, the front-basket, || 

30 and puts it down on her left-hand side. She sits down next to the [ 
mat on which the viburnum-berries are, and she takes a bunch of | 
berries and picks the berries off the stems, and she puts them into 

10 Emxaaxs lae ax e edxa h-:xa £ ye, qa e s la hmtsles laxa L!Ema £ ise, qa £ s 
lii XEX u ts lalasa tlesEme laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, a E mise gwanala, qa e s 
lakwesexs lae gwal xexHs lalaqexs lae kMoqullsaq, qa £ s gaxe 
k- !ox £ wusdesElaq, qa £ s gaxe k - !6gweLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wit, lii 
lc!ox ; "walIlas laxes t 'fits'i.ltsedasi.axa k' !Elx - e tbslsa. Wa, la e me 

15 hex'idaEm gwalExs lae k'otaq laEm helales xEgwanEme tlesEma. 
Wa, laEmLas E naxwa qlaLElax gweg'ilasasa la lEqwelaxa ts!ats!Ei- 
qlwaasLaxa tlesEme qaxs E nami £ lala*mae gwayi £ lalasa laxa nsk'aLe 
i.F."wa qlolaxes q!oias5Laxs lae fcs!ats!Elq!waxa tlesEme. Wa, heEm 
lagilas hex'saEm la eaxEleda bEgwanEmaxa rjlexale LE f wa t lesEmaxs 

I'll lae gEnEmas eaxElaxa t !i:lse. Wa. g-il £ mese gwal £ allla lEqwiixs 
lae mokuyalaxa tlesEmaxs k!es ; 'mae menabEwakwaxs laeda bEgwa- 
nEiiie gox £ wIdxes gEnEmaxs lae k!unxelllxa le £ wa £ ye la qEbEdza- 
lllatsa tlElse, ytxs. he e mae g'il ax e etso e sa tslEdaqaxs g-alae gwal 
LlExwaxs g'alae g - ax na E nakwaxs lae ax £ edxa Eldzowe le £ wa £ ya, qa £ s 

25 LEplallleq. Wa, lii ax £ edxa e walase niige t!Elts!a,la lExa £ ya, qa £ s lii 
qEDEdzotsa tlElse laxa LEbete le £ wa £ ya. Wa, laxae heEmxat! gwe- 
x £ klxa nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, laxae heEm gwex- £ ldxes helo- 
magEme lExa £ ya. Wa, la £ me £ wi £ la lii lopEmts!awa laElxa £ yas; 
wa, lii ax e edxa amayaga e yases lai:lxa r yexes nanaagEme lExa £ ya, 

30 qa £ s hang allies laxes gEmxagawalilaxs lae klunxelilxa tlEldzEdzala 
LEbel le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii dax'idxa nEXLala tlElsa, qa £ s klulpalexa 
t!Else laxes t !i:ldzanowe, qa £ s lii k'lats lalasa ttelse laxa nanaagEme. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 283 

the small basket. | She throws the stems down on the right-hand 33 
side. In | this way her husband helps her; and as soon as they have 
picked off all the || berries, the man lights the fire under the 35 
place where he is about to heat, | the stones. As soon as it burns, 
he takes the high | steaming-box and puts it down by the side of the 
fire. He | takes two large water-buckets and goes to draw fresh 
water; | and as soon as he comes carrying a bucket of fresh water in 
each hand,'[| he goes to the place where the stcaming-box is standing, 40 
and pours the water into it. | There are only two buckets of water 
poured in. | That is sufficient for the high steaming-box. After he 
has done so, | he takes the basket for holding the berries, puts it next 
to the | steaming-box, and he takes the long tongs || and the water- 45 
bucket and puts them down. Then he goes to draw | fresh water, 
which he places between the stcaming-box and the fire. [ The red-hot 
stones are to be dipped into this water. When it is all there, he I 
takes an empty oil-box and puts it down. Then | he draws some 
more water in another || large bucket. When he comes back, he 50 
pours the water into the | empty oil-box and washes it out. After 
doing so, he | goes and puts it down where it is to be left until winter 
comes; | however, he has poured away the dirty water with which 
the box has been washed out. I As soon as this is done, and when he 



Wa, la ts teqElasa t lEldzanowe laxes helk" lotagawalile. Wii, hemiis 33 
la gEx u£ widaats la £ wimEmaseq. Wa, gib'mese £ wl £ la la klfllbEkwa 
tlElsaxs lae menabodeda bEgwanEmaxes gwalelexdeda ts!ats!E- 35 
q !waasLaxa t !esEme. Wa, gil £ mese xlqostaxs lae :ix £ edxa Lawats !exa 
yix"sEine q!olats!a, qa £ s g-iixe hanolisas laxa lEgwile. Wa, laxae 
ax £ edxa maltsEme awa naEngatsUi, qa's la tsex -£ IdEx £ wE £ wap tema. 
Wa, g ih'mese g'ax wax - sEnkulaxa E wi E wabEts!ala naEngats!exs lae 
he £ nakulaEins laxa yix u sEme q!olats!a, qa £ s lii guqasasa E wape laq. 40 
Wa, laEm maltsEma naEiigatsle qoqiit!axa E wape guxts !oj T osexs 
lae helatslawa yix u sEme q!olats!exa E wape. Wa, gih'mese gwalExs 
lae ax £ edxa k - !oxstanowe lExilxa t!Else, qa £ s gaxe ha £ nolllas laxa 
yix u sEme q!olats!e. Wii, laxae et!ed ax £ edxa gilt !e kltpLalaa qa £ s 
gaxe katlalilas. Wii, la ax £ edxa nagatsle, qa £ s la tsex £ Id laxa 45 
£ wE £ wap!Eme, qa £ s g'axe hanagots laxa q!olats!e LE £ wa lEgwile 
qa £ s habasxes klipLalaa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wllgalllExs laeda bEgwa- 
iiEme ax £ edxa dEngwats lemote, qa £ s gaxe hangalllas. Wii, lii 
et!ed lii tsa laxa £ wape. Wii, laEm he tsayatslesiida £ nEinsgEme 
£ walas nagatslii. Wii, gil £ mese g-ax aed;.aqaxs lae guxts lots laxa 50 
dEngwats lemote qa £ s tsloxugindeq. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
hangalilas laxes hemEnelasLe ha £ nelalL lalaal laxa hlLa tslawun- 
x £ edEl, yixs laaLal guqodxa neqwa E wapa yixs tsoxug indayaseq. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwalsxs lae dox £ waLElaqexs lE £ mae mEnmEiiltsEmx £ i- 



284 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 3.-, 

55 sues that the stones are red-hot, || he takes his long tongs, | puts the 
end into the bucket with water which stands between the | steaming 
box and the fire, and. when 1 be end of the tongs is wet, he picks the | 
red-hot stones out of the fire and puts them into the steaming-box ; 
he | continues doing this with the other red-hot stones; and when || 

60 the tongs catch fire at the end, he puts the end into the | bucket of 
water. The man is careful that | the water does not boil up, for he 
only wants it to be real hot. | When it has nearly come to a boil, he 
stops putting stones into it. | Then he takes the front-basket, which is 

(55 now filled with viburnum-berries, || and pours the berries into the cook- 
ing-basket. Then (thewoman) | fills the front-basket withmore berries, 
which are in the | medium-sized swallowing-basket, and she pours these 
too into the cooking- 1 basket. When it is nearly full, she stops. Then 
the man takes hold of the | handles of the cooking-basket and puts 

70 it || into the hot water in the steaming-box. The woman watches | it 
carefully while it is covered with water, for (the berries) must not 
be cooked too long. | She takes it out of the hot water every now 
and then, and watches it. | When (the berries) all turn red, they 
are at once | taken ou1 and poured into the empty oil-box, || 

75 which has already been put down at the place where it is to stay 



55 dedatlesEme lax lsgwltas. Wa, la dax* £ idxes g'flt !a k" IfpLalaa qa £ s 
LtenxstEndes 6ba £ yas laxa £ wabEts!ala nagats!e hanagawalllxa q!o- 
lats!e LE^wa lEgwile. Wii, g'iPmese la kliinxbalaxs lae k'lipllts laxa 
xixExsEinala t!esEma, qa £ s la k'lipstEnts laxa q!olats!e. Wa, la 
banal he gwegilaxa waokwe x'lx'ExsEmala tlesEma. Wa, g'll- 

60 £ naxwa £ mese xlxbax £ lde oba £ yas k - !ipLalaas lae L!EnxstEnts laxa 
"w fd )Ets!allle nagats!a. Wii, la'me qlagEmaleda bEgwanEme qa 
kleses niEdElx-wideda £ wape qa a'mes alak'Iala ts!Elx"sta. Wa, 
gll £ mese Eliiq mEdElx £ widExs lae gwal k!ipstalasa tlesEme laq. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa . nanaagEme lExa £ ya, ylxs lae qotlalalilxa tlslse, 

65 qa e s la guqasasa tlslse laxa k'loxstanowe lExa^ya. Wa, lanaxwe 
etled klasasa tlElse laxa nanaagEme lExa £ yaxa k!ots!awaxa 
helomagEme lExa £ ya, qa e s lii et!ed guqasas laxa k'loxstanowe 
hcxa'ya. Wa, glPmese Elaq qot!axs lae gwala. Wii, la dagaaLEla 
lax k" !ek - lak'ogwaasasa k'loxstanowe lExa £ ya, qa £ s la kloxstEnts 

70 laxa ts!Elx u sta £ wap q!ots!axa qlolatsle. Wa, la Lomax e id q!aq!a- 
lalaqexs lae haiiEndzesa, qa kMeses hax'SEqla L!opalaena £ yas. Wii, 
la e me yala k!ox £ wustEndEq laxa ts!Elx u sta £ wapa, qa £ s q!aq!alaleq. 
Wa, gil-mese ; naxwa la l !a.L !Ex u sEmx -£ idExs lae nex- £ idaEm 
k!ox r wustEndEq, qa £ s lii guxtslots laxa dEngwats lemotaxs lae 

75 gwalil hiVnel laxes hemEne £ lasLe ha £ ne £ las lalaal liixa tslawunxxa. 



boasj PRESERVATION OF FOOD 285 

until winter. | As soon as the cooking-basket is empty, (the woman) 76 
pours | in more raw viburnum-berries; and when it is full, she puts it 
down by the side of the | steaming-box, and she puts a few more 
red-hot stones | into it. When (the water) nearly boils up, she 
puts || the cooking-basket in, and watches it until they | get red or 80 
sometimes whitish yellow. Then they are | done. When they have 
that color, they are taken out, and | the woman then goes and pours 
them into the empty oil-box. When four | basketfuls (of berries) 
have been poured into the empty oil-box, || she takes another empty 85 
oil-box, washes | it out, and, after doing so, she puts it down along- 
side of one that has been filled with | viburnum-berries; and she pours 
in also four | basketfuls of steamed viburnum-berries. Sometimes | a 
couple will put up as many as ten oil-boxes full of viburnuni-berries, || 
when they have a strong desire to do so, for they help each other 90 
when they wish to have | many oil-boxes full of viburnum-berries. 
When they are all done, | (the woman) goes to draw fresh water in a 
large bucket, and | four bucketfuls are poured into each of the oil- 
boxes containing steamed viburnum-berries. | When water has been 
poured into all of them, they || take a board and lay it as a cover on 95 
top of the oil-boxes containing the berries. | They keep it there until 
the winter, | when the people will have a winter ceremonial. That 
is all about this. | 

Wii, glPmese la loptslaweda k"!oxstanowe lExa £ yaxs lae et!ed gtix- 76 
ts'.otsa k - !ilxe ttels laq. Wa, glPmese qot!axs lae hanolllas laxes 
q!olats!e, qa £ s xaL!Ex £ lde k!ipstalax £ Itsa xIxExsEmala tlesEin 
laq. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise Elaq niEdElx £ wIdExs lae k' IdxstEntsa 
t!Elts!ala k!oxstanowe IexS. laq. Wa, laEmxae q!aq!alalaq qa 80 
L!aL'.Ex u sEmx'Ides lo £ xs e mElxdeeleqalae lEnxeda waokwaxs lae 
L!opa. Wa, g - iffmese he gwestox-wIdExs lae k!ox £ ustEndEq, qa £ s 
la guxts lots laxa dEngwats!emote. Wa, g"Il £ mese la niEwexxa 
ci6cp"it!eda k!oxstanowe lExa, la guxts !oyosexa dEugwatsIemotaxs, 
lae e!ted ax £ edxa ogu £ la £ maxat ! dEngwatsIemota, qa £ s ts!ox £ wu- 85 
g'indeq. Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae hangogwalllaq LE £ wa la helats!a 
t!Elyats!e dEngwatsIemota. Wa,, laxae guxts !otsa mowexa k!e- 
k'Soxstanowe laElxe c[!olk u t!Els laq, ylxs £ nal £ nEinp lEnae 
nEqasgEme dEngwats!emote t!Elyats!iisa ha £ yasEkala, ylxa la- 
k!wemasas naqa £ ye, qa £ s gawalap!aaxs £ nekae qa q!exLeses t!e- 90 
tlfilyatsle dEngwatsIemota. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ la LlOpaxs lae tsex £ ld- 
xa £ wE £ wap!Eme, ylsa awawe naEngats!a, qa £ s le gucjEylndalasa 
maemosgEme awa naEngats!e laxa £ n;ll £ nEmsgEme t!Elyats!e 
dEngwatsIemota. Wa, gil £ mese q!walots!Ewax u sa £ wapaxs lae 
ax £ edxa £ wadzowe saokwa, qa £ s papanaqes laxes t let Myats !e 95 
dEngwatsIemota, qa pepaqEmes. Wa, laEm edzelLExa tslawunxLa, 
qo ts!ets!ex £ IdELe gokulotas. Wa, laEm gwala. 



286 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.35 

1 Crabapples. — The woman takes the large basket, | which is still 
full of crabapples, and pours these | on the mat at the same place 
where the first lot were poured out. | She does this with all of them, — 
5 the medium-sized basket and the || front-basket. When they are 
empty, she puts them down all around | the crabapples which she 
had poured on the mat. After tins is done, | she sits down on the 
right-hand side of the basket in the front corner, and | her husband 
sits down at the right-hand side of the medium-sized basket. | The 

1 baskets are on the left sides of the || woman and her husband who are 
sitting down. Then they take up each a bunch | of crabapples and 
pinch off the stems of the crabapples | with the right hand. With 
the left they hold the | crabapple-stems, which are in bunches; and 
when the crabapples have been picked off, | the woman puts the 

15 cleaned crabapples hi to the front-basket, || and her husband puts the 
cleaned crabapples into the | medium-sized basket. They continue 
doing this while they are cleaning them; | and when the baskets have 
been filled, they pour them | into the large basket. They only | 

20 stop pouring them into the large || basket when it is very full. Then 
the woman takes a | large dish and pours into it the clean crab- 
apples and those which | her husband has cleaned; and generally 



1 Crabapples. — Wa, la £ me ax £ ededa tstedaqaxa nagae £ walas lExa 
£ ya, yixs he c "mae ales tsElx u ts!alaxa tsElxwe, qa £ s guqlEqesa tsEl- 
xwe gltslaq laxa lax'de gugEdzoyosexa LF.bele le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 
la £ me £ naxwaEm he gwex £ Idxa helomagEme lExa £ ya LE £ wa na- 
."> naagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, giPmese la lopEmtslaxs lae h:iue £ stalas 
laxa tsElxwe lii k'ladzalllaxa le ; \va £ ye. Wii, giPmese gwalExs lae 
klwagalil lax helk* lodEnwalllasa iianaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gaxe 
la £ wunEmas klwagalil lax helk!odi'.u\valilasa helomagEme lExa £ ya. 
Wa, laEm gegEmxagawallla laElxa £ ye lax k!iidze £ lena £ yasa tslE- 

10 daqe LE £ wis la £ wunEme. Wa, lax - da £ xwe dax £ idxa £ nal £ iiEmxLala 
laxa tsElxwe qa £ s eplEXLe maginodalaxa tsElxwaxs lae epalaq 
ylses helk'!ots!ana £ ye. Wa, la he dalayoses gEmxolts !ana £ ye lax 
tsEltsElx u niEts!ExLa £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl-iawa tsMxwaxs lae 
k"!ats!odeda tslEdaqases k imta\ye tsElx" laxa nanaagEme 1e- 

15 xa £ ya. Wa, laLa la £ wuiiKnias he' k'!ats!alases kimta £ ye tsElxwa 
helomagEme lExa £ ya. Wii, ax"sa £ mese he gwegilaxs k'lmtaaq. 
Wii, giPmese qoqutle k - eklmdats!asexa tsElxwaxs lae giixtslots 
laxa £ walase kimdEgwats!exa tsElxwe nage lExa £ ya. Wa, al- 
£ mese gwal guxtslalaxa £ walase k"imdEgwats!exa tsElxwe nage 

20 lExaxs lae alalclala la qotla. Wii, Iaxae ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxa 
£ walase loqlwa, qa £ s la guxtsla'ases k'imta £ ye tsElx" laq lo £ kim- 
ta £ yases la £ wunEme. Wa, la qlunala ax £ edxa kMimyaxLa lo £ xs 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 287 

she takes a short oil-box or | a high box and pours the cleaned crab- 23 
apples into it, | in case she is picking a great many. When all the 
crabapples have been cleaned, || the husband of the woman goes to 25 
get driftwood, | for it is hard work to prepare crabapples. There- 
fore | the man helps his wife. When he gets home from getting | 
driftwood, he carries it on his shoulder into the | house, and puts it 
down where he is going to build a fire. As soon as || all the drift- 30 
wood has been carried in, he puts down two medium-sized logs, | 
which will be the side-pieces. Between them he puts small pieces | of 
dry driftwood. He places larger pieces of driftwood | crosswise 
over the side-pieces for the stones to rest on. When ( this is done, 
he takes a basket, goes down to the beach, || and puts stones into the 35 
basket. | When he thinks he has as many as he can carry, he 
carries them on his back up the beach, | and carries them into the 
house in which the crabapples are being prepared. | Then he puts 
(the basket) down on the wood that is built up for it. | He brings 
many stones which he has picked up; and when he has brought in 
enough, || he lights the fire under the wood and stones. When | 40 
it is burning, he takes an empty oil-box and puts it down along- 
side I of the wood and stone in order to heat it. Then he goes and 
gets I two large buckets and draws water in them. He | pours the 

hae &x £ etsE £ wa Lawatsa, qa £ s gftxts lalasosa kimdEkwe tsslxwa, 23 
yixs qlenEmaeda tsElwanEmas. Wii, g iPmese £ wi e la la k imdEkwa 
tsElxwaxs lae he £ rne hVwunEmasa tslEdaqe la qlexaxa qlexale, 25 
qaxs laxumlaeda tsElxwaxs eaxElasE £ wae. Wa, he £ mes lag'ilas 
g'iwaleda bEgwaiiEmaxes gEiiEme. Wii, gil e mese gaxExs q!exex- 
diixa q!exiilaxs lae hex -e idaEm wex" £ IdEq, qa £ s la weg'iLElaq luxes 
gokwe, qa £ s la wex £ alliaq laxes lEx £ walllasLe. Wii, gIPmese £ wi- 
£ losdesa qlexalaxs lae k'atlalllasa ma £ lts!aqe hii £ 3 T al £ ag - it q!exala. 30 
Wa, heEm kakEdEnwa £ ye. Wa. la Lolaxotsa g'alastoyowe aniE- 
ma £ } T ast5 kmxwa qlexala. Wit, lit ax £ edxa awawastala qlexala, 
qa £ s gek"Eyindales qa t!iixt!Einasa tlesEme. Wii, gil £ mese 
gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa lExa £ ye, qa £ s lii lEnts!es liixa L!Ema £ ise, 
cpa £ s lii t!axts!alasa tlesEme laxes t!agats!exa t!esEme lExa £ va. 35 
Wii. gil £ mese gwiinala lax u sexs lae 6xLEx -£ IdEq, qa £ s la uxlos- 
desElaq, qa £ s la, oxLaeLElaq hixes tsatsElx u se £ lats!eLe g okwa. 
Wii, lii oxLEgalllaq qa £ s lii t !iic[Ej T indalas laxes la gwiillla-'ya. Wii. 
lii qlenEine tlaganEmas t!esEma. Wii, g'iPmese hel £ ale t liiganE- 
masexs lae tsenabotsa gulta laxes t!eqwapa £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese 40 
xlqostaxs lae :ix £ edxa dEngwatslemote, qa £ s giixe h;i £ nolisas laq 
laxa t !eqwapa £ yas, qa ts!ElxsEmx £ Ides. Wii, he £ mis la :ix £ edaatsexa 
awawe ma £ ltsEm naEngats!a, qa £ s la tsex" £ Td laxa e wap, qa*s lii 
giixts!alas liiq. Wii, g - il £ mese la iiEgoyoxsdalaxa £ wiipaxs lae gwala. 



288 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ann.ss 

45 water into the box. Wlien it is half full, he stops. || Then he takes 
his tongs and puts them down on the floor. 1 

(As | soon as this is done, the man takes a bucket and goes to | 
draw water; and when he comes back, he puts it down between the | 
empty oil-box and the fire.) Now all j the stones on the fire are red-hot. 

50 Then he || takes the tongs, dips the end. into the | bucket, and picks 
out the red-hot stones. He | dips them into the water so that the 
ashes that stick on them come off;| and after doing so, he puts them 
into the water in the steaming-box. | He continues doing this, and 

55 does not stop until || the water really boils up. Then he takes the | 
rack and puts it into the boiling water. | After doing this, he takes 
the large basket containing the cleaned crabapples, | puts them on the 
rack of the one who steams crabapples, | and he also takes the medium- 

G0 sized || basket and puts it in, and he also takes the | front-basket and 
puts it in. | As soon as they are all in, they are covered with hot 
water. Then | the man takes his tongs and picks up more [ red-hot 

65 stones, which he dips into the water, || and then puts them in, so that 
the water really boils up. | When it is boiling, he takes a rest. | His 
wife watches the crabapples. She takes a ladle | and dips it into 



45 Wa, laxae ax £ edxes k!ipLalaa, qa g'axes kadela. 1 . . . Wa, 
g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ ededa bEgwanEmaxa nagatsle, qa £ s la 
tsaxa £ wape. Wa, g - il £ mese g - ax aedaaqaxs lae hanagots laxa 
dEngwats lemote p e wa lEgwIle. Wa, la £ me maxwa la memEnl- 
tsEmx -e Ideda tlesEme tlaxLalales laxa lEgwIle. Wa, he £ mis la, 

50 dax- £ Idaats!exes k'lipLalaa, qa £ s LlEnxstEndes laxa £ wabEts!awasa 
nagatslaxs lae k - !ip!its laxa xIxExsEmala t!esEma. Wa, laxae 
hapstEnts laxa e wape, qa lawayes k!wek!CitsEmayaq guna £ ya. Wa, 
g'iMmese gwalsxs lae k'lipstEnts lax £ wabsts!awasa q!olats!axa 
tsElxwe dEngwats !emot a. Wa, la hex'sa gweg-ile. Wa, al £ mise 

55 gwalExs lae alaklala la maEindElqiileda c wape. Wa, lii, ax e edxa 
k !itk-!Edese, qa £ s la paxstEnts laxa maEmdElqiila £ wapa. Wa, 
gil^mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa £ walase klmdEgwatsIe nag-e lExa- 
£ ya, qa £ s la handzots laxa k - !itk!Edesasa tsatsElx u sllaxa tsElxwe 
q!olasE £ wa. Wa, laxae :lx £ edxa kimdEgwats!axa tsElxwe heloma- 

60 gEm lExa £ ya, qa £ s laxat! ha £ nodzEnts laq. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 
klmdEgwats!axa tsElxwe nanaagEm lExa £ ya, qa e s la hanagots laq. 
Wa, giPmese £ wi £ lastaxs lae t!EpsEmxa ts!Elx u sta £ wapa. Wa, la 
ax £ ededa bEgwaiiEmaxes k'lipLalaa, qa £ s etlede k!ip!lts laxa 
x'lxExsEmala t!esEma, qa £ s laxat! hapstEnts laxa £ wape. Wa, 

65 lit xaL!Ex- £ Id kMipstalas, qa alax' £ idages mEdElx £ wideda £ wape. 
Wa, glPmese alakMala la maEmdElqulaxs lae x-os £ ida. Wa, 
hetlale gEiiEmas la q!aq!alalaq. Wa, laEm ax £ edxa k-ats!Enaqe, 

i Then follows the description of the manufacture of a drying frame, p. 171. line 1, to p. 172, line 27. 



boas] PKESEKVATION OF FOOD 289 

the crabapples and feels if they get soft. | When they are soft all 
through, they are done. Then she || calls her husband to take out 
the three | baskets with the boiled crabapples. They pour these into 70 
the empty oil-box | which has been washed out by the wife of the 
man, and which is now ready to be placed | where the crabapples are 
to be kept. They | pour in the steamed crabapples. If they do not 
boil all the || other crabapples, the woman puts the green cleaned [ 75 
crabapples into the three baskets, and | her husband puts more red- 
hot stones into the cooking-box. | As soon as the water boils up, he 
puts in | the three baskets with crabapples and does the || same as he 80 
did before; and after the crabapples have been boiled, | he takes the 
two large buckets, goes to draw some | water, and pours it on, 
because he wants to have two- | thirds more water than crabapples. | 
After he has done this, he takes a short board and puts it on. || He 85 
keeps them there until winter comes, when the tribe of the crabapple- 
owner have a winter ceremonial. | Sometimes the chiefs want to 
give a crabapple-feast, for | this is one of the great feasts of the 
tribes. | That is all about the cooked crabapples. | 



qa £ s tsex £ Ides laxa tsElxwe, qa £ s p!ex £ wide, qa tEltELx u sEmx £ - 68 
Ide. Wa, giPmese la tEltElx u sEmxs lae L!opa. Wa, la £ me Le- 
£ lalaxes !a £ wunEme qa £ s k'!ox £ ustalax £ Idexa yiidux u sEme q!eq!olx u - 70 
ts!ala laElxaxa tsElxwe, qa £ s la giixts!alas laxa ogu £ la £ max"at ! 
la ts!oxiigitso £ sa gEiiEmasa bEgwanEmexa la gwa £ lll ha £ nel laxes 
heniEne £ lasLe ha £ nelasa tsEl £ wats!e dEngwatslemota. Wa, he £ mis la 
guxts!alatsesa q!6lkwe tsElxwa. Wa, g'iPmese k - !es £ wi £ la q!ol £ Idxa 
waokwe tsElxwa lae a £ ma ts!Edaqe xwelaxtslotsa lEnlEnxsEme 75 
kimdEkwe tsElx u laxa yudux u sEme la tsetsElx u ts!alaxa tsElxwe la- 
ai.es la £ wiinEme et!ed k!ipstalasa x'lx'ExsEmala t!esEm laxes q!olas- 
Laq. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise mEdElx £ wideda £ wa])axs lae k - !5xstEnda- 
lasa yudux u sEme tsetsElx u ts!ala laElxa laq. Wa, aEmxaawise iie- 
qEmglltEwexes gllxde gwegilasa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la q!olkwe 80 
tsElxwasexs lae ax £ edxes awawe ma £ ltsEm naEngats!a, qa £ s la tsaxa 
*wape, qa £ s la giiq!aqas laq. Wa a £ mese £ nex - qa ma £ lp!Enes 
he £ waxeda £ wape £ waxaasasa tsElxwaxs lae gwala. Wa, giPmese 
gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa ts!ats!Ets!ax u sEme qa £ s la paqEinlllas laq. Wa, 
laEm lalaal laxa ts!awiinxLa, qo ts!ets!ex £ IdLe,gokidotas tsEpwadas 85 
loxs kilxwasE £ waasa g'igEma £ yas tsElxweliLaxa tsElxwe, yixs he- 
£ mae glgexa £ walase k!weladzEmxa q!enEme lelqwalaLa £ yaxa 
tsElxwe. Wa, laEm gwal laxa qlolkwe tsElxwa. 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — ft 1 19 



290 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [eth. ANN. 33 

1 Qotlxole.' — When she has finished, she takes a dish and | puts the 
(>erries into it. Then she takes oil and pours | much of it on. There 
is more oil than there are berries. | When this is done, she takes a 
5 wooden spoon and puts it down next || to her seat. Then she calls 
her husband and her | children to come and eat the berries; | and 
when they have all come, the woman gives them spoons; | and after 
doing so, she takes up the dish with the berries | and puts it before 

10 them. Then they all begin to eat the berries. || The} 7 eat them with 
their spoons. | Whoever is not accustomed to eat them drains off the 
oil to make them dry when | he is eating them, but the berries choke 
one when they are eaten; | and therefore any one who does not like 
to eat od with them must chew them a long time, and | can not 

15 swallow them: he just has his mouth full || of berries. But if he is 
experienced in eating them, he does not take many | berries in his 
spoon, and he takes much od, | when he puts them into his mouth; 
and he does not chew them long | before swallowing, for the oil makes 
them shppery. After eating the berries, | they do not drink water, 

20 and just || go out of the house. They do not drink water for a long 
time, because they | do not want the oil to rise into their throats. 
Tins is one way to do with the berries, when | they are given at a 



i Qotlxole. 1 — Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae fix £ edxa loqlwe, qa £ s k!a- 
tslodesa qotlxole laq. Wa, la ax £ edxa Lle £ na, qa £ s kiinqlEqesa 
qlenEme laq. Wa, laEm he q!iigawa £ ya L!e £ nasa qot!x5le. Wii, 
g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa klkayEme, qa gaxes gael lax hemE- 
5 ne £ lase klwaelats. Wa, he £ mis la Ledalatsexes la/wmiEme LE £ wis 
sasEme qa g'axes k!us £ ahla, qa £ s qotqwat ledexa qotlxole. Wa, 
g'il £ mese g'Sxda £ xuxs laeda tslEtlaqe tslawanaesasa kak'EtslEnaqe 
laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae kag'illlaxa qotqudatsleLe loqlwa, 
qa £ s la kaxdzamoldas laq. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese £ naxwa qotqwa- 

10 tledxa qotlxole. Wa, la £ me yosases kak'EtslEnaqe laq. Wa, 
heEm yiig'ilwat qotqwata x'atslalaxa Lle £ na, qa lEmokwesexs lae 
qotqwat ledEq, qaxs alaklalae mskwa lax qotqwatsE £ wae. Wii, 
heEm gegilll wiil £ Em malekwaqiixa kllltiisa Lle £ na. Wa, la 
kMeas gwex £ idaas nEx £ w r IdEq. Wa, he'mis la aEm la qotlaeLlE- 

15 xalatsexa qotlxole. Wax'Ida egilwate, yixs k'lesae qlesgEma 
qotlxolaxs XEX u ts!a,e lax k'atslEnaqas. Wa, hetla qlensma Lle- 
£ naxs lae yosk" lEdzEnts. Wii, k'lestle geg'ihl malekwaqexs lae 
nEX £ widF.q, qaeda Lle £ naxs tsax'ae. Wa, giPmese gwala qQtqwa- 
daxa qotlxolaxs lae k'les nagekilaxa £ wape. Wa, la £ me asm 

20 hoquwElsa. Wa, la £ me k'les gEyol niix £ edxa £ wape qaxs gwaqlE- 
lae lEwumsa Lle £ na. Wa, la £ me gwal laxa £ nEmx £ idala, yixs 
he £ mae gweqiixs lae qotelagila qlenEme lelqwalaLa £ ya lax gwiila- 

' This description follows that of the gathering of qotlxole (p. 218, line 1, to p. 219, line 39). 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 291 

feast to many tribes. It is the way | I have described before. I 23 
will only talk about it | when they are put into boxes for winter use. 
They are just put into || (square) boxes, and the cover is put on and 25 
it is tied down. | Then they are put in a cool corner of the house, | 
and they are eaten in the way I have just described. | That is all. | 

Qot !xole mixed with Oil. — When many berries have been picked by 1 
the | woman, she asks her husband to get a | high box that does not 
leak and to put it down; and then he builds up | the fire and puts 
stones into it. There || are very many stones. Then he takes his 5 
bucket and goes to draw | a bucketful of water; and when he comes 
back, | he puts it down next to the fire. When this is done, he takes 
his | tongs and puts them down by the fire. He takes his | oil-box 
and puts it down by the fire. When || this has been done, he takes 10 
the basket with berries and [ puts them down next to his high boxes, 
and pours | them in. As soon as (the boxes) are nearly full, he 
stops pouring them in. | He continues doing this until the other 
boxes are all full. | As soon as (the berries) are all in, he just waits 
for the || stones which he put on the fire to be red-hot; and when he 15 
sees | that they are getting red-hot, he takes his tongs, | picks up 
the red-hot stones, dips them into the | water in the bucket so that 



asasEn la, q!wel £ idayowa, yixa lexaEmLEn gw5gwex - s £ Ex £ IdaasL 23 
laqexs lae hankwa qaeda tslawiinxe, yixs a £ mae k - !ats!oyo laxa 
xexEtsEme. Wa, a £ mese la yikiiyintsoses yikwaya £ yaxs lae tlEmaki- 05 
yintsE £ wa, qa £ s la kiingalllEm laxa wudanegwllases gokwaxa qo- 
dats!e xexEtsEma. Wa, he c "mis qotqwat!eneqEn lax - de gwagwex - - 
s £ a)asa. Wii, lasm gwala. 

Llakwe qotlxola. — Wa, he £ maaxs qlenEinae qodanEmasa ts!E- 1 
daqe qotLxolii. Wa, la axk'Ialaxes la £ wunEme, qa ;ix £ edesexa lS- 
watsaxa alii la Einxa, qa g - axes hax-hanlla. Wit, la lEqwelax ,£ id 
laxes lEgwile. Wa, lii xEx u Lalaxa tlesEme liixes lEgwIle. Wii, la 
q!enEmk'as £ ma t!esEme. Wa, lii ;ix £ edxes nagatsle, qa £ s la tsiisa c 
£ nEmsgEine nagatsle laxa £ wape. Wa, giPmese g-ax aedaaqaxs 
lae ha £ nolisas laxes lEgwile. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ;ix £ edxes 
k - !ipLalaa, qa £ s gaxe k'adEnolisas laxes lEgwile. Wa, la iix £ edxes 
dEngwatsle qa £ s g'axe ha £ nolisas laxes lEgwile. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwiilExs lae ;ix £ edxes qeqot!xoleats!e laElxa £ ya, qa £ s g-gxe iq 
hnnEmgalilElas lax h;ixha £ ne £ lasasa LeLawatsa. Wa, lii guxts!o- 
dalas laxa LeLawatsa; wa, gil £ mese Elaq qot!axs lae gwal giiqas 
laq. Wii, la hex'saEm awaxatsla laxa waokwe LeLawatsa. Wa, 
g-il £ mese £ wilts!axs lae km la esEla qa memEnltsEmx- £ Idesa 
tlesEme xEx u Lalalis laxa lEgwile. Wa, gtl £ mese dox £ waLE-i5 
laqexs lE £ mae memEnltsEmx £ IclExs lae dax ,£ Idxes k'llpLalaa, qa £ s 
k!ip!ldes laxa xIx'ExsEmala tlesEma qa £ s lii hapstEnts laxa 



292 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [hth. ann. ss 

the ashes that stick to them come off, | and puts them into the oil 

20 which is in the oil-box. || He continues doing this, and does not stop 

until the oil in the box begins to boil. | He does not dip out | the 

boiling oil immediately to pour it on the berries in the box, | but he 

takes a large shell of a horse-clam and skims off the | froth floating 

25 on the hot oil. When that is all off, || he takes a long-handled ladle. 

and dips it into the. hot oil. | Then he pours it on the berries, and he 

does not stop until | the berries are covered by the boiling oil. He 

leaves them there, on the floor of the house, | until the oil tliickens. 

He leaves them there for two days to get entirely cooled off. | Then 

30 he takes the boxes containing the berries and the oil and || puts them 

down in a cool corner of the house. After he has put them there, 

he | takes the cover, puts it on, and ties it down. | After he has 

done so, he takes an old mat and | spreads it over them, and there 

they will stay until winter comes. | 

1 Curing Seaweed (l). 1 — A woman inexperienced in working | seaweed 

spreads it out at once on the beach to | dry. Then the seaweed 

that is treated that way is tough. | An experienced woman only takes 

5 the || seaweed out of the canoe, and she takes a mat and | covers it 

over on the beach, after she has piled it up on the beach, | even when 

the day is fine. She does not spread it for a long time, for she wishes | 

18 £ wabEts!awasa nagats!e, qa lawayes k!wek!utsEmayaq guna £ ya. 
Wa, la k'llpstEnts laxa L!e £ nats!awasa dEngwats!e. Wii, la hex - - 

20 saEm gwegilaq. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae alak'lala la maEmdEl- 
quleda l !e £ nats lawasa dEngwats!e. Wii, k'!est!a yanagaala tsex -£ Id- 
xa maEmdElqula L!e £ na, qa £ s la guqEyints laxa q5dats!e Lawatsa. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase xalaetsa mEt!ana £ ye, qa £ s ax £ wklexa 
a £ awiis 6kiiya £ yasa ts!Elx u sta L!e £ na. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wi £ lawa 

25 a £ awiixs lae iix £ edxa tsexLa, qa £ s tsex' £ Ides laxa ts!Elx u sta L!e £ na 
qa £ s la guqEyindalas laxa qot !xole. Wii, al £ mis gwalExs lae t !EpE- 
yeda qot!xolaxa maEmdElqula L!e £ na. Wa, la hexsaEm haxha £ nile 
qa L!ax £ Idesa L!e £ naxa la ma £ lExsa £ nala, qa alak'Iales wtidEx £ Ida. 
Wa, la ax £ edxes Llagwatsliixa qot!xole Lawatsa, qa £ s lii h:ing - a £ li- 

}0 las laxa wiidanegwilases gokwe. Wii, g il £ mese gwah'alllExs lae 
ax £ edEX yikuya £ yas, qa £ s yikiiyindes laq. Wii, la £ me tlEmakiyin- 
dEq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa k!ak!Ek'!obana, qa £ s 
LEpEyindes laq. Wa, laEm lalaal laxa ts!awiinxLa helgwaeLe. 
1 Curing Seaweed (l). 1 — Wii, g'i'l £ mese ya'g'ilwateda tslEda'qea'axsi- 
l.ixa IsqlEstE'naxs la'e he'x -£ IdaEm lex - alisaq la'xa LlEma £ ise qa 
lEinx £ wi'des. Wa, he'Em LlasLlExdzo lEqlEstE'neda he gwe'x ,£ i- 
tsE £ we. Wii, gi'l £ mese e'gilwateda tslEda'qaxs la'e a/Em molto'd- 
5 xa lEqlEstE'ne la'xes ya £ yats!e. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa le'wa £ ye qa £ s 
£ nax u sEmli'ses la'qexs la'e q!ap!esgEmlisa la'xa L!Ema £ ise yixs 
wa'x'mae e'k'a £ na'la. Wa, la k'!es gEyol lex'ali'saq qaxs £ ne'kae 
qa xas £ i'des. Wa, he'tla la mo'xse £ na,'lasexs la'e le't!edxa le £ wa £ ye 

1 Continued from p. 186, line 21. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 293 

it to rot. After it has been in this way for four days, she takes off the 
mat | cover. Then she takes a drying-rack made for the || seaweed, 10 
to dry it on. It is made of broad split cedar, and is | one fathom in 
length, and three | spans is the length of the four crosspieces. | That is 
the width of the drying-rack. Then she spreads the seaweed | on it. 
Now she dries it in the sun and the wind. || Sometimes one woman has 15 
ten drying-frames on which | seaweed is drying. When it is a fine | 
day, she turns the seaweed over at noon, and | in the evening it is 
entirely dry. When it is dried, | the woman rolls it all up and puts 
it away in her house. || Now it is rolled up in a mat; and when it is a 20 
fin e day, | she starts again in her canoe. She is going to get chitons. 
As soon | as she has many, she goes home. 1 | 

After 2 the men have eaten the chitons, they go out of the house | 
after they have drunk water. The woman takes the dish from which 
they have eaten || and puts it down at the place where she is going to 25 
work at the seaweed. | Then she takes her small box and puts it 
down at the place where | the dish is. Then she takes cedar-branches 
and breaks off the | soft tops and puts them down. Then she takes 
the cover of her | little box and puts it down on its back. Then she 
takes the seaweed and spreads || it on the box-cover. She folds it over 30 

na'kuyes. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa k' !itk - tede'sexa hekwe'le £ nie qae'da 
lEq!EstE'he qa lE'm £ wats ylxa awa'dzos xa £ ye k!waxLa/wa, lat!a 10 
£ nE'mp!Enk- la'xEns ba'Le awa'sgEmasas. Wii, lat!a yu'dux u p!Enk - 
laxEns q!wa'q!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yl'xa mo'tslaqe gayo'lEms. Wa, 
he' £ mis £ wa'dzE £ watsa k - !itk'!Ede'se. Wa, la lEntso'tsa lEqlEstE'ne 
laq. Wa, laE'm lE'mxwaq la'xa Lle'ssla LE £ we ya'la. Wa, 
laE'm £ nEl'"nE'mp!Ena £ nEqa'xseda k'!itk'!E(le'se lEmo'dzosa 15 
£ nEmo'kwe tslEda'qa la'xa lEqlEstE'ne. Wa, g'i'l £ mese e'k"a 
£ na'laxs la'e le'x' £ IdaEmxa lEqlEstE'naxa £ nEqii'la. Wa, la lE'mx- 
£ w!daEm £ na'xwaxa la dza'qwa. Wa, g-i'l £ mese lEmx £ wi'dExs lae'da 
tslEda'qe le'x -£ EndEq £ wl £ la qa £ s le g'e'xaq la'xes g'6'kwe. Wa, 
laE'm le'x -£ Enalaxa le' £ wa £ ye. Wa, g'l'l £ mese e'k'a £ na'laxs la'e 20 
e'tled ale'x-'wlda. Wii, laE'm lal qlE'nsax q!ana'sa. Wii, gi'l £ mese 
lalxa qle'nEmaxs g'a'xae nii' £ nakwa.' 

Wii, 2 g'i'l £ mese gwii'lExs la'e ho'quwElseda q!E'nsq!ase, ylxs la'e 
gwal nii'qaxa £ wa'pe. Wa, leda tslEdaqe ax £ e'dxa ha £ maats!e'x - de 
lo'qlwa qa £ s le ha'ng - a £ lllaxs la'xes e'axE £ lasLaxa lEq!EstE'ne. 25 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxes xa'xadzEme qa £ s g'a'xe ha'ng - a £ lilas l3x la ha £ ne'- 
£ latsa lo'qlwe. Wii, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa ts!ap!a'xe qa £ s k - oqa'lex tEltEl- 
giita £ yas qa £ s ax £ ii'lIlEles. Wii, la ax £ e'dEx yikuya' £ yasa xa'xa- 
dzEme qa £ s nEpa'lileq. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa lEqlEstE'ne qa £ s LEbE- 
dzo'des la'xa ylkiiya' £ ye. Wa, la q!anepi £ lii'laq qa *nEmala'ses 30 

i Here follows a description of how the chitons are cooked and eaten (see p. 483). 
- Continued from p. 4S4, line 18. 



294 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.aub.8b 

31 so that it is folded the same size | as the box-cover. Then she takes 
a mouthful of the liquid of the | chitons, and she spreads it out again. 
Then she blows water from her mouth over it. | She takes four 
mouthfuls of the dirty water and blows | it on it. Then the seaweed 

35 gets all wet, || and she folds it up again to the size of the cover. | 
Now it is four fingers thick. | As soon as this is done, the woman takes 
the soft tips of | cedar-branches and puts them in the bottom of the 
small box. Then she takes the | seaweed and puts it on the branches ; 

40 and she takes more || cedar-branches and lays them over the seaweed. 
When | no more shows, she takes another piece of seaweed and | 
docs the same as she did to the first one which is in the | little box; 
and she does not stop until all the seaweed is in the | small box. As 

45 soon as she has finished, she takes a long || rope and ties it around the 
small box. Then she draws the rope tight, | because she docs not 
wish the small box to burst open, and she | puts stones on top of it. 
As soon as she has finished, she takes | short boards and measures the 
size of the top of the small box, so | that they fit the corners of the 

50 inside of the small box. Then she puts it down flat || on the seaweed. 
Then she takes up stones and puts them on the | small box containing 
the seaweed; and she does not stop until there is no | room to put 
stones on, for there are | many stones to put on the top of the box 

31 k'!o'xwa £ yas LE £ wa yikuya' £ ye. Wa, la ha'msgEmd lax £ wa'palasa 
qlana'se qa £ s e'tlede LEple'dEq. Wa, la sElbEx £ wi'ts lax awa'ga- 
£ yas. Wa, mo'plEna ha'msgEmd la'xa neqwa £ wa'pa qa £ s sElbEx- 
£ wl'des laq. Wa, laE'm £ na'xwaEm la LEx £ e'deda lEq!EstE'naxs 

35 la'e e'tled k"!o'x £ wodEq qa £ nEma'lases LE £ wa yikuya' £ ye. Wa, 
la'xae m5'dEn la'xEns q!wa'q!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix wa'gwasas. Wa, 
g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa tEltElx u ba' £ yasa 
tsla'plaxe qa £ s ts'.ak - lEXLE'ndes la'xa xa'xadzEme. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 
lEq!EstE'ne qa £ s axyi'ndes la'xa tsla'plaxe. Wa, e'tled ax £ e'dxa 

40 tsla'plaxe qa £ s haniElqEyi'ndes la'xa lEqlEstE'ne. Wii, g-iTmes 
k!eo's la ne'lalasexs la'e e'tled ax £ e'd la'xa lEqlEstE'ne qa £ s 
a' £ mexat! £ nEgEltodxes g"i'lx - de gwe'gilasxa la'g'itsla, la'xa xa'xa- 
dzEme. Wa, a'l £ mese gwalExs la'e £ wl' £ lts!amasxa lEqlEstE'ne la'xa 
xa'xadzEme. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lsxs la'e ax £ e'dxa g'i'ltla dE- 

45 nE'maqa £ s qEX'ss'mdes lii'xa xa'xadzEme. Wa, laE'm lEklutEle'da 
dEnE'me qaxs gwa'qlElaaq yimltsle'da xa'xadzEme qo xEqti- 
yl'ntsa tle'sEme laq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa 
ts!a'ts!ax u sEme qa £ s £ mE'ns £ Ides lax o'kuya £ yasa xa'xadzEme qa 
bEnbane'qwes lax o'tslawasa xa'xadzEme. Wii, la pa'qEyints 

50 la'xa lEqlEstE'ne. Wa, la t!a'x £ Idxa tle'sEme qa £ s le t laqEyindalas 
la'xa lEga'tsle xa'xadzEma. Wa, a'lmese gwa'lExs la'e k'leo's 
la gwa'yak' lalas e'tled la t!a'x £ aLEleda tle'sEme qaxs la'e qle'- 
nEma la tlaqElaLEla lax 6'kuya £ yasa lEga'tsle xa'xadzEma. Wa, 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 295 

containing the seaweed. | Sometimes they are left this way in the 
house for one month. || When the woman thinks that the seaweed 55 
sticks together, | she takes off the stones when it is a fine day. | 
Then she takes out the seaweed, which is now one | finger thick. Then 
she takes it out of the | house and puts it fiat on the beach, where it 
is dry; and || when it is evening, she takes it up and takes it into the 60 
house. | Then she puts it back into the small box, and she again | 
puts cedar-branches between them; and she also puts | stones on it 
again. She does this four times; and after | she has done so four 
times, she puts them into a small box, || after she has taken out the 65 
cedar-branches and also the | stones on it. Now she only puts on 
the cover, and the cover is | tied down. Then it is put away. That 
is all about this. | 

Curing Seaweed (2). — They drive into the floor two | poles half a 
fathom long, and sharp at the ends. Then || they split cedar- wood; 70 
and when it is in thin pieces, these are two | finger-widths wide and 
hah a finger-width | thick, and they are a little more than hah a 
fathom long. | Then they take split narrow cedar-bark and tie one end 
to the pole | standing alongside of the fire, and they do the same 



la e na'l e nBmp !Bna £ nE'msgEmgIlaxa £ mEku'la he gwae'le la'xa 
go'kwe. Wii, g"i'l £ rnese k'o'teda tsteda'qaq laE'm k!uto'x £ wi- 55 
deda lEqlEstE'naxs la'e tlaqaxodxa tle'sEme yixs e'k'aeda £ na'la. 
Wa, la ax £ wults!o'dxa lEqlEstE'naxs la'e e na'l £ nEmdEn la'xEns 
q!wa'q!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix wa'gwasas. Wa, la la'wElsas la'xes 
g'o'kwe qa £ s le pa'x £ alIsElas la'xa l tern a £ isa la'xa lE'm £ wese. Wa, 
g'i'Pmese dza'qwaxs la'e ax £ ali'saq qa £ s le lae'Las la'xes g'Q'kwe. 60 
Wa, la'xae xwe'laxtslots la'xa xa'xadzEme. Wa, la'xae ts!a'ts!E- 
k'odalasa ts!a'p!axe laq. Wii, la'xaa e't!ed £ Emxat! la tlii'qEyintsa 
tle'sEme laq. Wa, la moplEna he gwe'x ,£ IdEq. Wa, gi'Pmese 
mo'plEnaxs la'e gwa'la. Wa, laE'm g'e'tslayo la'xa xa'xadzEme, 
yixs la'e la'woyEweda ts!a'p!axe. Wa, he' £ mesa t!a'gEme t!e'- 65 
sEiua. Wii, la a'Eni la yikuyi'ntsoses yikuya' e ye. Wa, la t!E- 
ma'k'intsE £ wa. Wa, la g'e'xasE £ wa. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Curing Seaweed (2) . — Wa, la'xae de'x £ walelEma malts!a'qe dzo'- 
xuma na'qlEbode awa'sgEmasas. Wa, la dzo'dzEx u baa'kwa. Wii, la 
xo'x £ witsE £ weda klwaxLa'we qa pE'lspadzowes. Wa, la mae'maldEn 70 
hi'xEns q!wa'q!wax'ts!ana £ ye awa'dzEwasas. Wa, la klo'dEiie we- 
wa'gwasas. Wii, la hayaxk - !6'db5de awa'sgEmasas la'xEns ba'Lax. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa tslEXEkwe ts!eq! dEnasa qa £ s yll £ aLElodes oba £ yas 
laxa la Lana'les la'xa lEgwI'le dzS'xuma. Wii, la e't!ed he gwe'x - - 
£ ldxa apsba' £ ye. Wa, la q!EL!Ets!a'qa xo'kwe k!waxLa'wa la 75 



296 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Lbth. abk. m 

5 at II the other end. There are six split cedar-sticks | tied to the 



poles in this way: 
seaweed, break it 
are thin and flat, 
SO rack. As soon as 
turned over; and 
taken down from 



When it is done, | they take the 
in pieces, and, when | the pieces 
they hang them over the [ drying- 
it is browned by the fire, || it is 
when it is browned again, | it is 
where it had been put, and 



placed on dressed deer-skin. Then it is made into a bunch. | A wedge 
is taken, and with it it is beaten as it is | lying on the board on 
the floor of the house. Then it is just like | powder after it has been 

85 beaten, and it is shaken into the || small box. Then a tight cover is 
put on, and it is placed in a | dry place in the house. 

Boiled Huckleberries. — The woman goes | to get driftwood after 
she has picked huckleberries, | when she has many and they have been 
cleaned. | She goes herself to get driftwood; and when she gets 
5 home, || she carries it up the beach into the house, and | she throws 
it down. After she has carried in all the driftwood, she takes a 
medium-sized | basket and goes down to the beach in front of her 
house. She | puts stones into it, as many as she can carry. | Then 

10 she carries it on her back into her house || and puts it down. Then 
she continues carrying stones. | When she thinks she has enough, 

76 yae'llala la'xa dzS'xume g-a gwii'lega {fig.). Wa, g-f'l £ mese gwa'- 
Iexs la'e ax £ etsE £ wa lEqtestE'ne qa £ s pa'pEx'salasE £ we. Wa, g't'l- 
£ mese la pE'lspEla g I'lsg - ildEdzoxs la'e ge'x -£ waLElodalayu la'xa 
lEinx u dEina. Wa, g - fl £ mese la kulx £ w!dExs lae £ wl £ la le'x -£ ItsE £ wa. 

80 Wii, gi'l £ Emxaa'wise la ku'lx £ wldExs la'e £ wl' £ la axa'maxoya qa £ s 
axdzo'dayuwe la'xa £ wa'dEkwe. Wa, la q!Ene'psEmtsE £ wa. 
Wa, la ax £ e'tsE £ weda LE'mg'ayowe qa £ s t!E'lx £ w!dyowe laqe'xs 
la'e axdza'lilxa pae'le sao'kwa. Wa, laE'm la yo gwe'x"sa ts!o'- 
layoxs la'e gwal t!ElxwasE £ wa. Wii, a' £ mese la laaxtslo'yo la'xa 

85 xa'xadzEmaxs lae aEinxasE £ wes yikiiya' £ ye qa £ s ge'xasE £ we la'xa 
lEin £ wI'le la'xa g'o'kwe. 
1 Boiled Huckleberries (Dzeg-Ek £ gwadEm). — -Wa, heEm gll ax £ e- 
tso £ sa ts!Edaqa qlexale lEqwa, ylxs g-alae gwal k-lElaxa gwadE- 
me, yixs qlEyoLaaq. Wa, hiEmxaawise ek !EgEkwa. Wa, laEm 
gwalilaxs lae aneqaxa q!exale. Wa, g - il £ mese giix na £ nakuxs lae 
5 hex £ idaEm wex-wusdesElaq, qa £ s la wegiLElaq laxes gokwe, qa £ s 
lii wex £ alilaq. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wi £ losdesxa qlexalaxs lae ax £ edxahela 
lExa £ ya qa £ s la lEntsles laxa L!Ema £ isases gokwe. Wa, la xe £ x u - 
tslodalasa tlesEme laq. Wa, a £ mese gwanala, qa £ s lakwesexs lae 
5xLEX ,£ Ideq qa £ s g - axe oxLOsdesElas qa £ s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes g - o- 

10 kwe qa £ s la oxLEgalllas. Wii, lii hanal XEqwaxa tlesEme. Wa, 
g-iJ £ mese k-6taq laEm helaxs lae ax £ edxa malts !aqe haa £ yalag - it 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 297 

she takes two medium-sized | pieces of driftwood and puts them 12 
down as side-pieces at the place where she intends to | build her fire, 
and between them she puts kindling-wood. When | the kindling- 
wood is level with the two side-pieces, || she takes short pieces of 15 
driftwood and puts them crosswise over the side-pieces. | The stones 
are to be placed on these. When (the wood) is all on, she puts the 
stones on top of it; | and after the stones are all on, she lights | the 
fire underneath. When it blazes up, she takes the | huckleberries, 
which she is going to cook in a high square box, which she puts down 
next to the fire which she has made, and also her || long tongs and a 20 
bucket filled with water. She | places the bucket with water next 
to the fire, so that it may get warm. | After doing so, she takes 
spawn of the humpback-salmon and | puts it down in a dish. She 
takes her huckleberry- | baskets and pours the huckleberries into the 
high box in which || they are to be cooked. When the box is nearly 25 
full, she stops | pouring in huckleberries; and when the stones get 
red-hot, | the woman who cooks the huckleberries takes her | tongs, 
picks up the red-hot stones, and | dips them into the water hi the 
bucket, so that the || ashes that stick to them come off. Then she 30 
puts them into the huckleberries which she is cooking. | She con- 
tinues doing this, and the hot stones sink down | in the berries. 
There are not very many stones which she puts in, | when they begin 



q!exala qa £ s k'fikEdEnSdes laxes gwE £ yo qa £ s lEx £ walilasxes 1e- 12 
qwela £ ye. Wa, la ax £ odalases g-alastayowe laq. Wa, g'iPmese la 
£ nEmak - Eyeda g'alastayowe LE £ wa malts !aqe xwexwalEnwa £ yaxs 
lae ax £ edxa ts!Elts!Ex u stowe qlexala, qa £ s gek'Eyindales laq, qa 15 
XE £ x u dEmasa tlesEme. Wii, g-il £ mese e wIlgaaLElaxs lae XEquyinda- 
lasa t!esEme laq. Wa, g-iPmese £ wIlk-EyindExs lae mEnabotsa 
gulta laq. Wa, g'iPmese xiqostaxs lae ax £ edxes dzegats !eLaxa 
gwadEme Lawatsa, qa g - axes kanalesxa lEqwela £ yas. Wa, he £ mesa 
g-ilt!a klipudaa. Wa, ke £ mesa nagats!e qotlaxa £ wape. Wa, laEm 20 
hiinolisasa £ wabEts!ala nagats!e laxa lEqwela £ yas qa ts!Elxstax -£ I- 
des. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae Sx £ edxa ge £ na hanone, qa £ s g - axe 
hang - ali £ lasexs g-ets!ae laxa lalogiime. Wa, la ax £ edxes gwegwa- 
dats!e laElxa £ ya, qa £ s lii guxts!alasa gwadEme laxa Liiwatsaxa 
dzeg - ats!eLaq. Wii, gib'mese Elaq qotleda Lawatsaxs lae gwal 25 
guqasa gwadEme laq. Wii, gil'mese memEnltsEmx £ Ideda t!esE- 
maxs lae hex -£ lda £ ma dzek"aLaxa gwadEme ts!Edaq dax -£ Idxes 
k - !ipLalaa, qa £ s k'!ip!ldes laxa x - ixExsEmala t!esEma, qa £ s lii 
hanax £ wid hapstEnts lax £ wabEts!awa nagatsle, qa £ wllawesa 
guna £ ye k'.wekltitalaq. Wa, la kMipEyints laxa gwadEme dze- 30 
k - aso £ s. Wa, lii hanal he gwegile a £ mese hamEnsEleda tslElqwa 
t!esEm laq. Wa, k - !est!a alaEm q!enEma tlesEme la, k - lip !EgEmse- 
qexs lae niEdElx £ wida. Wii, la k - ag'ililaxa ge £ nets!ala laloguma, 



298 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etu. ann. 33 

to boil. Then she takes the dish with spawn | and empties it on the 

35 boiling huckleberries. Next she takes || a mat and covers (the high 
box), so that the steam does not come out; | and she piles up the fire 
over the rest of the red-hot stones. | Then she rests a long time before 
she takes off the mat covering. | When she sees that the salmon- 
spawn is turning white, she takes a | broken paddle and stirs with it 

40 the huckleberries which have been || mixed with salmon-spawn. As 
soon as they are mixed, she puts down her | broken stirring-paddle. She 
takes the tongs and | feels for the stones which are piled together in 
the bottom of the box in which the | huckleberries were boiled. She 
puts them down by the side of the | fire. When they are all out, 

45 she takes up more || red-hot stones that are on the fire. She first | 
dips them into the bucket with water, and then she | puts them again 
into the huckleberries that she is cooking; and she only stops | when 
the huckleberries mixed with salmon-roe are thoroughly boiling. | 

50 Then she spreads the mat over them. |[ After doing so, the woman 
goes into the woods to break off | broad leaves of skunk-cabbage. 
She does not break off very many of them, and | takes them home. 
Then she | takes her husband's crooked knife and cuts off the veins | 
in the middle of the leaves. As soon as (the veins) are all rut 

55 off, she warms the leaves by the fire to make them || pliable and 

qa £ s guqEyindes laxa la maEmdElqula gwadEma. Wa, la ax £ edxa 

35 le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s naxwodes laq qa k-!eses kEx u saleda k-'.alEla. Wa, 
a £ mese q!ap!esgEmtsa lEgwile laxa waokwe x'lxExsEmala t!esEma. 
Wii, la gagalaxs lae x - os £ IdExs lae axodxa £ naxumallle le £ wa £ ya. 
Wii, giPmese doqiilaxa ge £ ne la £ DiEl £ mElsgEmx" £ Ida lae ax-edxa 
qtekwase se £ wayowa, qa £ s xwetlldes laxes dzekasE £ we gwadEma, 

40 qa lElgowes LE £ wa ge £ ne. Wii, guPmese lslgoxs lae g-Ig-alllaxes 
xwedayowe q!Ekwas se £ wayowa. Wii, la ax £ edxes klipLfdaa qa £ s 
k"!ap teles laxa tlesEmaxs lae xEqluxLales laxa dzeg-ats!axa 
gwiidEme k' IlmyaxLa, qa £ s k' lip lalilEles lax maginwallsasa 
lEgwile. Wii, g"il e mese £ wFlostaxs lae etled k!ip!ed laxa x - ix - ex- 

45 sEmfila t!esEm XEx u L&lales laxa lEgwile, qa £ s la gag-alasela 
k - !ipstEnts lax -wabEtslawasa nagatsle. Wii, laxae et!ed k- !3|>e- 
yints laxa dzekasE £ waseda gwadEme. Wa, iil- c Em gwalExs 
lae alak!iila la maEmdElqilles dzek - asE £ we malaqEla ge £ ne LE £ wa 
gwadEme. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s LEpEyindes liiq. 

50 Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae laxa aLlexa tslEdaqe, qa £ s la p!ox £ wid 
laxa iiwfulzoxLowe k - !Ek - !aok!wa. Wa, la k'!es q!exse plogwanE- 
masexs gaxae gEmxElaqexs g'axae nii £ nakwa. Wii. hex £ ida £ mese 
iix £ edEx xEixwala k-'.awayases la £ wiinEme, qa £ s k'laxalex tlEntlEn- 
xEdza £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae pEx -£ IdEq liixa lEgwile, qa 

55 lEnlEndEdzox £ wides. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae la £ wiinEmas iix-'ed- 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 299 

thin; and after she has done so, her husband takes [ a short board 56 
and makes a cover for the box. He | fits it so that it will not leak. 
Then his wife | takes olachen-fat that is left after the oil has been 
dried out of the olachen in | Knight Inlet. She puts it on a board, 
takes a stone || and hammers it until it becomes a thick paste, which 60 
is very sticky. | After she has done so, she takes her tongs and with 
them picks the | stones out of the bottom of the box in which the 
huckleberries with salmon-spawn have been cooked. | When all the 
stones are out, she takes the pounded fat | and puts a little all around 
the opening of the || box. Then she fits the cover on the box so that 65 
it | lies on the olachen-fat and so that it is air-tight. | Then her hus- 
band sits down on it, and the woman takes more olachen-fat and | 
smears it all around between the box and the cover. She takes | 
the heated skunk-cabbage leaves, cuts off a strip two finger-widths 
wide, || and sticks it on to the olachen-fat | all around the box cover. 70 
When this is done, she puts it down in a | cool corner of the house. 
She leaves it there until the | season of the winter-ceremonial. | 

I have forgotten this. She spreads the heated skunk-cabbage 
leaves || over the boiled huckleberries mixed with salmon-spawn. | 75 
She spreads them smoothly all around the corners; and after doing 
so, she puts on | the cover. All this is done in the same way with 



xa ts!ats!ax u same, qa £ s yikuyag-ileq qaeda Lawatsa. Wa, la £ me 56 
babanaakwa qa k - !eses hatsaleda hasa £ ye laq, yixs laai.es gEiiEme 
8x £ edxa qlaboqwe yix sEmyak - awa £ yasa sEmk - axa dzax £ une lax 
Dzawade, qa £ s lEgEclzodes laxa sax u dzEse. Wa, la axfedxa tlesEme, 
qa £ s lEsElgEndes iaq, qa alak - !ales gEnx- £ Ida, qa alak - !ales k!uta. 60 
Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa k!tpLalaa, qa £ s k - !ip £ ustales laxa 
t !esEmaxs lae xEq luxLales laxa dzegikwe malaqElaxa ge £ ne LE £ wa 
gwadEme, Wa, gil £ mese £ wI £ losteda t!esEmaxs lae ax £ edxa lEdzE- 
kwe q'.aboqwa, qa £ s xaL!Ex' £ lde gEls £ its lax awe £ stas awaxsta £ yasa 
Lawatsa. Wa, la ax e edxa ylkuya £ ye, qa £ s yikiiymdes laq. Wa, 65 
la £ me papaxk'Enaxa qlaboqwe, qaxs aEmxaakwae. Wa, la k!wa- 
kEyinde la £ wunEmaseqexs laes gEnEme ax £ edxa qlaboqwe, qa £ s 
gEltse £ stalis lax awe £ stas paqalaena £ yasa £ yikiiya £ ye. Wa, la ax £ ed- 
xa pEnkwe k!Ek'!a5k!wa, qa £ s bExalexa maldEndzayaakwe laxEns 
q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex. Wa, la k!iideg - Ints laxa qlaboqwe lax 70 
awe £ stasa yikiiya £ ye. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. Wa, la hang'alilas 
laxa wudanegwllases g - okwe. Wa, laEm lalaal laxa tsets!eq!En- 
xaxa ts'.awunxe h& £ nel laq. 

Wa, hex5LEn LlElewesoxs LEpEyindaasa pEnkwe k - !Ek"!aok!wa 
laxa dzeg-Ikwe malaqElaxa ge £ ne LE £ wa gwadEme. Wa, laEm ae- 75 
k'!axs lae LEpEyints laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalE.xs lawisLae j-iku3-fnts 
yikiiya £ yas. Wa, heEm £ nami £ lal5te gwag-ilasaxa gwadEme LE £ wa 



300 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 86 

78 huckleberries, | with large blueberries, small blueberries, and scarlet 
berries ( ?). All of these are treated in the same way, | the four kinds 
that I have just named, in the same way as the red huckleberries are 

SO treated when they are || picked and eaten. The eating of the large 
blueberries, the eating of the small blueberries, | and the eating of the 
mountain scarlet berries (?) is the same. | Another name of the 
small blueberries is "mouldy blueberries." That is all about this. | 
1 Viburnum 1 -Berries with Oil. — Now I will talk about | the viburnum- 
berries mixed with oil, for there is only one way of cooking them, | 
as I have described. When they have been cooked, | they pour them 
5 into the large swallo wing-basket and the || medium-sized swallowing- 
basket, and also into the front-basket; and when | they are all full 
of steamed viburnum-berries, the woman takes a | high box, which is 

10 two spans | wide and long, | and which is three spans high. || The 
cover is made to fit on (air-tight). This is put down by the | woman. 
Then she takes a large dish and puts it down next | to her seat, and 
she takes oil and pours it | into the large dish. When it is half full, 
she stops | pouring in the oil. She takes a small basket, goes down 

15 to the beach, || and puts six stones into it. She carries them back in 
one hand, | coming up from the beach, and carries them into the 
house, and | she puts them down next to the fire. Then she puts 



78 sElEme LE £ wa noxwa LE £ wa tsEltsEle; £ naxwaEm he gwegilasE £ wa 
mox-widalaxEn LeLEqElasE £ we lax gwayFliilasaxa gwiidEinaxs lae 

80 k - !ElfisE £ wa lQxs lae gwatgutsE £ wa, LE £ wa sEsElEmg-axa SElEme, 
LE £ wa nox u naxwaxa noxwa, LE £ wa tsEtsEltsEleg'axa tsEltsEle. 
HeEm £ nEm LegEmsa £ noxwe qQxalas. LaEin £ wl £ la gwala. 
1 Viburnum'-Berries with Oil. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwex - s £ alal 
laxa Lliikwe ttelsa ylxs £ nEmaaLe gweg-ilasaqexs lae L!aL!op!a- 
SE £ wa laxEii g - ale waldEma. Wa, he £ maaxs lae gwfda L!aL!op!aqexs 
lae L!6pa. Wa, a £ mise giixtslalayo laxa nag - a £ ye LE £ wa heloma- 
5 gEine lExa £ ya loxs lE £ maeda nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ nilxwa qoqiitlaxa q!5lkwe t!Elsaxs iaeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa Lawa- 
tsaxa yIx u sEme, yixs ma £ lp!Enxse £ stalae laxEns q!waq!wax*ts!a- 
na £ yex, yix £ wadzosgEmasas. Wa, laxae heEm g-ildo £ latse. Wii, 
la yudux u p!Enk-e £ walasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. 

10 Wii, la babanaakwe yikwa £ yas. Wa, heEm g - ax hang-ali £ lEmsa 
tslEdaqe. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase loqlwa, qa £ s g'axe hrmgalllas 
laxes klwaelase. Wii, laxae ax £ edxes L!e £ na, qa £ s la guxtslots 
laxa £ walase loqlwa. Wa, gil £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae gwal 
guqas. Wii, la. ax £ edxa lalaxame, qa £ s la iEnts!es laxa L!Ema £ ise, 

15 qa £ s xE £ x u ts!odesa qlELlssgEme tlesEm laqexs g - axae k - !oxk - !otE- 
laqexs g'iixae losdesEla, qa £ s la kMogweLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wa, la 
k!ogtinolisas liixes lEgwIle. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese xEx u LEntsa t!esEine 

1 Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaine. 



boas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 301 

them I on the fire, and she takes the bucket of water and | puts it 
down where she is going to work. She takes her tongs and || puts 20 
them down. Then she takes a small dish and puts it down. | Then 
she takes a bucket of water, and she pours the water | into the small 
dish. Now she watches the stones which are on the | fire until they 
are just hot enough to be a little red. | As soon as they have that 
color, she takes her tongs, || picks up the stones, dips them into the 25 
small dish with water | in it, so that the ashes on them come off, and 
she | puts them into the oil. She does the same with the other | 
stones; and when all the oil is melted, she takes a | bucket of water 
and pours it on the melted |] oil. After it has staid there a little while, 30 
she picks the stones out | and throws them down by the side of the 
fire. After she has taken them all out, she | takes a large ladle, dips 
it into the oil and water, and moves it up and down. | When she has 
done this a little while, the oil and water are mixed, and | they get 
cold, and the mixture of oil || and water looks white. When they are 35 
well mixed, she takes a basket of viburnum-berries | and pours the 
berries into the high box. When | they are all emptied out, the box 
is full. Then she takes the dish in which she has | the water mixed 
with oil, and places it across the corner of the berry-box, and | pours 
(the contents) very slowly over the || viburnum-berries. Then the 40 



laxes lEgwile. Wii, la ax £ edxa nagatsle £ wabEts!alaxa £ wape, qa £ s 18 
g-axe hang'alllas laxes eaxElase. Wa, la ax £ edxes ts!esLala, qa 
g'fixes k'adela. Wa, lii ax £ edxa lalogume qa £ s g'axexat! kag-all- 20 
las. Wa, la ax £ edxa nagatsle £ wabEts!alllxa £ \vape, qa £ s la guqa- 
sas laxa lalogume. Wa, la dSqwalaxa t!esEme xEx u Lalales laxa 
lEgwlla, qa a e mes helale ts!Elqwalaena £ yas qa halsEla £ me xIxsEm- 
x £ lda. Wii, g - il £ mese he gwegiisgEmx -£ IdExs lae ax £ edxes ts!esLala, 
qa £ s k'!ip!ides laxa tlesEme, qa £ s la hapstEnts laxa e wabEts!ali- 25 
laxa lalogume, qa £ wi e lawesa guna £ ye k!wek!iitsEmeq. Wa, la 
k - !tp!Eqas laxa t,!e £ na. Wa, la hanal he gweg-ilaxa waokwe 
t!esEma. Wa, g11 £ mese £ wi £ la yax £ Ideda L!e-niixs lae ax e edxa 
nagatsle £ wabEts!alllxa £ wape, qa £ s la guqlEqas laxa yaxEkwe 
L!e f na. Wa, g - il £ mese gagalaxs lae k - !ip £ tistalaxa tlesEme laq, 30 
qa E s k- libEnolisEles laxes lEgwile. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi e lo e staxs lae 
tix'edxa £ walase k - ats!Enaqa, qa £ s tseg-ostalesa L!e £ na LE £ wa £ wape. 
Wa, gil £ mese gegilllExs lae lElgoweda L!e £ na LE £ wa £ wiipaxs lae 
wuda £ stax -£ Ida. Wii, la e me alak'lala la £ mElstowa qElokwe L!e £ na 
LE £ wa £ wape. Wa, gIPmese lElgoxs lae ax £ edxa t !et telts !ala 35 
laElxa £ ya, qa £ s lii guxtslalas laxa yix u sEme Lflwatsa. Wa, gil- 
£ mese £ wi £ 1osexs lae Elaq qot!a. Wa, lii kag-illlaxa qElox u ts!iiliixa 
L!e £ na loqlwa, qa £ s la k-ag-agEnts laxa t!Elsts!ala Lawatsa, qa £ s 
k!ese ealtsilaxs lae qEbE e nakulasa qElokwe L!e £ na lax okiiya £ yasa 
tlElse. Wa, he £ mis la ts!axalts!alatsa qElokwe L.'e £ na lax awaga- 40 



302 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKH'TL [eth. ANN. 35 

41 water and oil run down among the | berries. She keeps the dish with 
the mixed oil and berries turned over for a long time, | because the 
mixture does not run very fast. It runs in among the | viburnum- 
berries. When the mixed water and oil does not run in any more, 
she puts | the dish upright and places it on the floor of the house, 

45 for || the berries are now covered with water and oil. She takes the 
cover of the | box, and her husband takes a | drill and his straight 
knife and splits good | red-pine wood. He cuts it out and makes 
pegs out of it. When | he has done so, he drills through the cover 

50 and the edge of the || box, pulls out his drill, wets the pegs with his 
saliva, | and, when one is wet all over, he puts it into the | drill-hole 
and takes a stone and drives in the peg. | The drill-holes are three 

55 finger-widths apart. | He puts a peg into every hole. After || he has 
done so, he puts the box down in a cool corner of the house. That is 
all about this. | 
I The First Dog-Salmon of the Season. — Now I will talk | about the 
salmon obtained by those who fish [on the rivers] at the mouth of 
the I river, when they are going to eat (the salmon) quickly. When 
the dog-salmon are seen | jumping at the mouth of the river, the 
5 man at once || takes his fishing box and opens it, and he takes 
out | his two harpoon points, and he prepares them. And after | he 



41 £ yasa tlElse. Wa, la gael q6gu £ nakulasa qElogwats !axa L!e £ na 
loq'.wa qaxs k'lesae albaleda qElokwe L!e £ naxs lae ts!ats!aqElaxa 
t'.Else. Wa, g-iPmese gwal ts!axEleda qElokwe L!e £ niixs lae t!ax £ id- 
xa qElox u ts lalaxa L!e £ na loq!wa. Wa, lii hang-alilaxa loq!wa, qaxs 

45 lE £ mae tlEpEyalaxa qElokwe L!e £ na. Wa, la ax £ edEx yikuya £ yasa 
Llagwatslaxa tlElse Lawatsa. Wa, lii &x £ ede la £ wunEmasexes 
sElEme LE £ wa nExx - ala k - !awayowa, qa £ s xox £ widexa eg'aqwa 
wunagiila. Wa, lii k' !ax £ w!dEq, qa £ s Lapelax- £ Ideq. Wa, g-il £ mese 
gwalExs lae sElx -£ IdEx yikuya £ yas hex - sala lax 6gwaga £ yasa La- 

50 watsa. Wa, lii lExuLElodxes sElEmaxs lae mElx £ untses k!uneL!E- 
xawa £ ye laq. Wa, g-il £ mese la klunxEnalaxs lae Lastots laxes 
sEla £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edxa tlesEme, qa £ s dex u bEtEndesa LabEme. 
Wa, la yaeyudux u dEne awalagalaasae sEla £ yas laxEns q!waq!wax- 
ts!ana £ yex, ylxa la q !walxostalaxa LabEme. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs 

55 lae hang-alllas laxa wtidanegwllases g-okwe. Wa, laEm gwala. 
1 The First Dog-Salmon of the Season. 1 — Wa, la £ me'sEn gwa'gwexs £ §- 
lal laqe'xs ga'lae la'loL!asosa wlwamets !enoxwe lax o'x"siwa £ yasa 
wa, qa £ s hala'xwasE £ wa. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e do'gula gwa e xni'se 
Ek'a lax 6'x u siwa £ yasa wa. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ meseda bEgwa'nEme 
5 ax'e'dxes wi'wakayEwa'ts!e qa £ sx - 5'x £ wldeq. Wa, lafix £ wults!o'd- 
xes ma £ ltsE'm mema'sa qa £ s hashe'naqeq. Wa, g p i'l £ mese gwal 
hashe'naqaqexs la'e ax £ e'dxes t!a,'t!aq!wayowe qa £ s hashe'naxe- 

i Here follows a prayer to the salmon (see p 609, also p. 223). 



iioas] PRESERVATION OF FOOD 303 

has prepared them, he takes his harpoon shaft and prepares | it, S 
putting on the prongs, so that they fit on firmly. | As soon as he has 
done so, he goes to the beach where his fishing canoe is. || Then he goes 10 
to spear the salmon, which swim in the | mouth of the slough. Then 
he begins to spear them. If there are many | dog-salmon, it does 
not take long until he has obtained many. | Then he goes home. 1 | 
Then the woman herself 2 replies- "Yes," and goes up from the bank 
of the river, and || takes an old mat and spreads it out on the beach 15 
seaward from | the high-water mark. As soon as she has done this, 
she goes down to the beach | where the spearsman's canoe is, and 
she puts her fingers into the gills of two | dog-salmon, two in each 
hand. Then she carries the | four salmon up from the beach, and 
she puts them on the old mat which is spread out on the beach. || 
After she has taken them all out, she takes her fish-knives and | sharp- 20 
ens them on a whetstone; and after she has sharpened | them, she 
takes a small mat and spreads it out on the beach by her side. Then 
she | puts the salmon on it. Then she can just reach the | salmon, 
when she takes it to cut it open. Then she does the same as she || 
does when she is cutting open dog-salmon to be roasted, and she 25 
only | cuts the meat thin along its skin, and the | edges of the cut 
salmon are left on in this manner. 3 I After she has cut it on her 



dex dze'giimas qa £ s bE'nx ,£ Idesa me'mase laq qa E'l £ alales. Wa, g 
giTniese gwa'lEXs la'e la'Ents!es la/xes t!a't!aq!waats!axs ha £ ne'- 
sae. Wa, laE'm lal t!a't!aq!walxa k!o'tElaxs niEna'lae lax o'x u si- io 
wa-yas wa'yalasas. Wa, la £ me'se t!ax £ wl'da. Wa, gi'Pmese q !e'nE- 
meda gwa £ xnisaxs la'e k"!es ge'x -£ IdExs la'e qteyo'La. Wa, gax 
na' £ nakwa.' . . 

Wa, la q!ule'x - s £ Em 2 wa'xeda tsteda'qaxs la'e la'sdes qa £ s le 
ax £ e'dxes k!a'k!obane qa £ s ga'xe LEp!a'lisaq lax L!a.'sa £ yasa 15 
yaa'xmote. Wii, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lalise axa' £ yasexs la'e lE'ntsles 
lax ha e 'ne'dzasasa t!a't!aq!waats!exde. Wa, la gasx'Ex £ I'dxa mae'- 
mal £ e gwa £ xnis lax wa'xsoltslanas. Wii, la £ me'se gaso'sdesElaxa 
mo'we k'!otEla qa £ s le klEgEdzo'dalas la'xa LEbe'se k'!a'k!obana. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ loltamasqexs la'e ax £ e'dxes xwa'xuLayowe qa £ s 20 
ge'xElalax £ ideq la'xa ge'xesdEme. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ge'xa- 
qexs lae ax £ edxes amay £ e le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEp!a'liseq la'xa o'gwage- 
lisas k - !Eg"ats!a'sexa k!o'tEla. Wa, a' £ mese he'ltslapElaxa k!o'tE- 
laxs la'e da'x £ IdEq qa £ s xwa'l £ ideq. He'Emxaa gwe'gilaqe gwe'- 
gi £ lasasa xwaLiixa L!obEkwelasE £ 'wa gwa £ xnise. Wa, le'x - a £ mesex 25 
pEla'e t!E'lsa £ yas yix q lEmElts !a £ yas Lle'sas. Wa, he' £ mesexs k!a'- 
k" JswasEnxElaeda t!Ele'kwe; ga gwii'leg-a (Jig. 3 ). 

Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal t!E'lsaq laxes t!Ele'dzowe xag - agwa'lega 4 la'e 

' Here follows 3 prayer, p. 609. ' She answers her own prayer. > See first figure on p. 304. 

1 On a slanting board supported by a log See figure on p. 250. 




304 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 85 

cutting-board in this manner, 1 | _ r X v -.^ she takes her basket 
30 and puts into it what she has \| Tj cut - Then || she car- 
ries it up on the beach and takes it \ \ / / into her house. Then 
she takes the | drying-poles, which \ \ // are always left in their 
places in the houses of the river W_Z/ people. | Then she 
hangs the cut salmon lengthwise on the drying-poles in this manner: | 
After she has done so, she takes short boards 
and | puts them under the place where she has 
hung up her cut salmon. She does || not 
allow the heat to strike what is now hanging 
lengthwise on the | drying-poles. Sometimes 
it hangs for one day; then the woman | looks 
at it. As soon as it is half dry, the woman takes it down; and | she 
gathers together the drying-poles, and she puts the cut salmon up 
40 again; | but it is spread out. Now it is spread out when she || puts 
it up again; and it only differs from preserved skin of salmon | caught 
with a hook in the upper part of the river, in that (the salmon) is not 
fat | when it is found spawning | in the upper part of the river, 
while it is really fat when it is speared at the | mouth of the river. 
45 And as soon as they finish cutting up || the speared salmon, the 
woman at once gathers the slime and | everything that comes from 
the salmon, and puts it into the basket, and | she goes and pours it 
into the water at the mouth of the river. 

ax £ edxes lExa £ ye qa £ s axtslodaleses t!Elsa £ ye laq. Wa, la k!ox £ - 

30 usdesElaq qa £ s las lae'Las la'xes go'kwe. Wa, la £ mes ax £ e'dxa 
gayoqaxs he'mEnala £ mae ax £ a'laLEla la'xa wl'wamedzats!e go'kwa. 
Wa, la £ me'se ao'tslaqaleda tlfile'kwe la'xa ga'yowe; g - a gwa'lega 
(fig.). Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa ts!a'ts!Ex u sEme qa £ s 
he'lEwabodes la'xa la gila'laLElats tlEle'kwe. Wa, laE'm 

35 k - !es he'lqlalaq xa £ mag - aaLEleda LleVala la'xa la g'lla'laLEla la'xa 
gayo. Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Eiia xa £ malaLElaxs la'eda tslEda'qe do'x- 
£ w!dEq. Wa, gi'l £ mese k!a'yax £ widExs la'eda tslEda'qe fixa'xodEq 
qa £ s q!a'p!egaaLElodexa gega'yowe. Wa, la £ me'se xwe'laqostod 
LEpIa'LElotsa t!Ele'kwe la'xa e'k!e. Wa, laE'm LEpa'laxs la'e 

40 e'tled e'k - !e £ stEndEq. Wa, le'x'aEm 6'guqalayos la'xa t!E'lsa 
qa £ s xamsllaxs ha'ela ga'Le £ nE'ldzasa waxs la'e ts !e'nas £ Ideda 
gwa £ xnl'saxs la'e xwe'la £ wa la'xes la qla'nEm qa £ s xwe'la £ waas 
lax £ nE'ldzasa wl'wa, yixs a'lae tsE'nxweda sEg'ine'te lax 6x u - 
siwa £ yasa wl'wa. Wa, he £ 'mesexs g'i'l £ mae gwal xwa'LasE £ wa 

45 sEg-ine'taxs l'ae hex ,£ ida £ ma tslEdaqe q lap !ex" £ Idxa klele LE £ wa 
£ na'xwa g'ayo'l la'xa k' lotEla qa £ s lExtsIo'des la'xa lExa' £ ye qa £ s 
la qEpstE'nts laxa 6x u siwa £ yasa £ wa. 

1 On a slanting board supported by a log. 



IV. RECIPES 

Roasted Salmon. — This is when the man goes catching salmon | at 1 
night. That is what is called by the river people "taking salmon | 
with hooks at night up the river," when they are going to dry | the 
roasted dog-salmon for winter. Dog-salmon are speared || by the 5 
river people at (he mouth of the river when they are going to eat 
them at once, | while the dog-salmon are still phosphorescent. 
Then they will not | keep a long time without getting mouldy when 
they are roasted, for they are fat. j 

Now I shall talk about the salmon speared at the mouth of the 
river | when it is still phosphorescent. When the man || who spears 10 
the salmon gets one, he goes home as soon as he has | speared it. 
His wife at once takes an j old mat and spreads it over her back; 
then she takes her | belt and puts it on over the old mat on her back. | 
Then she takes along a large basket in which to carry the dog-salmon 
on her back. |[ She goes to the canoe of her husband and puts \ four 15 
dog-salmon into her carrying-basket. Then she goes up the beach to 
the place | where she is going to cut them. She puts them on an | 
old mat, which is spread on the ground outside of the house. As soon 
as I she. has thrown them on the ground, she takes her fish-knife and 
sharpens it; || and after she lms sharpened it, she cuts off the gills of 20 



Roasted Salmon. — Wa, he £ maaxs la'eda bEgwii'nEiiie ya'Pnsku- 1 
jaxa ga'nuLe; wa, he'Em gwE £ yo'sa wiwayii'laenoxwe ncgwi'saxa 
ga'Laxa gwa £ xnl'saxa ga'nuLe la'xa £ nE'ldzasa wa, yi.xs x ile'Laxes 
L!o'pasoLe gwa £ xnl's qae'da tslawu'nxe. Wa, he' £ mis sEka'sosa 
wlwaya'laenoxwa gwa £ xnfse lax o'x u siwa £ yasa wiis, ylxs ha'labaleLe 5 
ha^ma'xs he' £ mae a'les bE'nkweda gwa £ xni'se, qaxs k!ea'sae 
gwe'x ,£ idaas ga'la k'les x'lts!EX' £ I'deda L!o'bEkwaxs tsE'nxwae. 

Wa, he'tlaLEn gwa'gwexs^alasLa sEgine'te lax o'x u siwa J yasa wa, 
ylxs he' E mae 5,'les bE'nkweda gwa e xnl'se. Wii, he' J maaxs la'e 
sske'da ya'l £ nEk!wenoxwaxa gwa £ xnl'se. Wii, g i'Fmese gwal 10 
sska'xs la'e na' £ nakwa. Wii, he'x ,£ ida £ mese gEnE'mas la &x £ e'dxes 
k!a'k!obane cpx- c s LebEgi'ndes la'xes awl'g - a £ ye. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes 
wuse'ganowe qa £ s qEk'iyu'ndes la'xes Le'bega £ ye k!a'k!obane. 
Wa, la £ mes o'xLEX £ I'dxes £ wa/lase o'xLaatslaxa gwii £ xnl'se. Wii, 
la £ me's lax ya' £ yats !iises la' £ wuiiEme. Wii, lii £ me's k!Exts!o'tsa 15 
mo'we gwa £ xnl's la'xes o'xxaakwe lExa' £ ya. Wa, la £ me's la'sdets 
qa £ s les la'xes xwa'l £ IdaasLaq. Wa, la £ me's axtslo'ts la'xa 
k!a'k!ol)ane LEplEsa' lax i.!ii'sana £ yases g - o'kwe. Wa, glTmese 
c[Ep!F.lsaqexs lae ax £ edxes xwiiLayowe qa £ s t!ex £ Ideq. Wii, gil- 
£ mese gwal tleka'qexs la'e t!o's £ IdEx q!o'sna £ yasa gwa £ xnise. 20 
75052 -L'l -.".." 1:111— pt 1 20 305 



306 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.isn.35 

21 the dog-salmon. | When the gills are off, she cuts around the | neck, 
but she does not cut off the head from the backbone. Then | she cuts 
from the back of the neck down to four finger-widths from the tail on 
the upper side. | Now a thin strip of flesh is left on the backbone. || 

25 As soon as the cut reaches down to the belly, she turns it around, | 
and she begins to cut from the tail upward to the back of the neck. | 
As soon as she takes off the backbone, she | takes her roasting-tongs 
and takes the slime and rubs it | over the roasting-tongs, so that they 

30 may not get burned when they stand || by the fire of the house. 
Then she winds cedar-bark around the tongs one | span from the 
bottom of the roasting-tongs; | and when this is done, she takes one 
of the cut salmon and | puts it crosswise into the roasting-tongs. 
Then she takes cedar-bark and ties it | tight above the cut salmon; 

35 and after she has || tied it, she takes another salmon and puts it | the 
other way, above the one that she put in first. | Then she again takes 
cedar-bark and ties it above the salmon. | After she finishes tying it, 
she splits cedar-wood, — | long and slender pieces. These are called "the 

40 lock." || Then she pushes one of these on each side, two finger-widths 
from | the edge of the salmon-meat, through between | the legs of the 
roasting-tongs, lengthwise of the salmon; | and after she has finished 
this, she pushes long ones across | the salmon and the "locks" which 

21 Wii, giTmese lawa'masxa q!o'sna £ yaxs la'e t!o'tse £ stE'ndEx oxa'- 
wa £ yas; la kMes qako'dEX he'xt!a £ yas lax XEklii'dzas. Wii, la 
xwa'h'ldicx <VxLaata £ yas ka'xEla la'xa mo'dEiie lax e'k'!a £ yas 
ts !a'sna £ yas. Wii, laE'm pEle' q !EmEldza/ £ yasa xa'kladzowe. Wii, 

25 giTmese lii'gaa lax tEklases xwa'LasE £ waxs la'e xwe'HdEq. Wii, 
la ga'bEtEiid xwaTedEx wElxwa'xsda £ yas e'k!olEla lax o'xnaata- 
£ yases xwa'LasE £ we. Wa,giT"mese lawii'masEX xa'k'ladzasexs la'e 
ax'e'dxes Llo'psayowe qa £ s ax £ e'dexa k!e'la qa £ s yiltshd'E'ndes 
la'xa Llo'psayowe qa k'le'seLEs k!iiniElx £ I'dEf qo lal Lana'lesL 

30 la'xa lEgwI'las. Wii. la qEx -£ I'tsa dEna'se la'xa £ nE'mp!F.nke 
la'xEns q!wa'q!wax-ts!ana £ ye, g - ii'x -£ id lax 6'xLa £ yasa Llo'psayowe. 
Wa, gi'Pmese gwii'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa xwa'LEkwe k!o'tEla qa £ s 
ge'ts'.odes la'xa Llo'psayowe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa dEna'se qa £ s yil £ I'de 
lEkliide'ts lax e'k!a £ yasa xwii'LEkwe kMo'tEla. Wa, gi'l £ mese 

35 gwal yiLa'qexs la £ e e'tled &x £ e'dxa £ nE'me k lo'tida qa £ s xwe'la- 
iemaseqexs la'e ge'ts lots lax e'kleLElasa gi'lxde axts!o'yos. Wa, 
la'xaa ax £ e'dxa dEna'se qa £ s yil £ I'des lax e'k'!Enxa £ yas. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gwa'le yiLa /£ yasexs la'e xci'x £ wldxa k !wa £ xxa' £ we, 
wl'swulta, la gi'lsgilsta. Wii, he'Em Le'gadEs k'la'adEme. Wa, 

40 la £ me'se La's £ Itsa £ na'l £ nEmts!aqe lii'xa ma'ldEne g-a'x- £ kle lax 
ewii'nxa £ yasa q!E'mladza £ yasa kMo'tEla. Wii, la na'qodalax 
e'wanuts!EXsta £ yasa Llo'psayowe ao'ts!aqala LE £ wa kMo'tEla. Wii, 
gl'Pmese gwa'lxe([ la'e LaVltsa g-i'lsgllstowe lax na'qawa £ yasa 



boas] RECIPES 307 

she first put on. Now there is || one on each side of the roasting. 45 
tongs in this manner: | Then the same is done on the 

other side. After this is -^^^b*-? finished, | the woman puts (the 
tongs) up by the side of H-sU-f^ the fire. She first turns | the 
meat side towards the j^j M— i fi re i a]U l when it is done, | she 
turns it around to the XJ— j~TT S ^ U1 side. As soon as that is 
done, the || man requests ^^P^ permission from his wife to in- 50 
vite his friends | to come and eat the roasted salmon while 

it is warm. \ As soon as his wife tells him to go ahead and call 
them, I the man goes and invites them. Then his wife takes a 
mat, I which is to be the food-mat of the guests of her husband; 
then she || spreads a mat for the guests of her husband to sit on; 55 
and it does not | take long before her husband comes back fol- 
lowed by his guests, for | they try to come before the roasted 
salmon cools off. | Immediately they sit down on the mat that has 
been spread out; and when | they are all in, the woman takes the 
food-mat and || spreads it in front of her husband's guests. Then 60 
she goes back | and takes the two roasted salmon in the tongs; and 
she takes them out, | one for each two men. Then she lays them 
skin down, | on the food-mat. When there are four men, | there 
are two food-mats, and there is one || roasted salmon. There is no 65 



klo'tEla LE £ wa g"i'lx'de ax £ a'LEloyos k"!a'adF.ma. Wa, laE'm £ nal- 
e nEmts!aq lax wa'x'sot!Ena £ yasa Llo'psayowe; ga gwa'lega (Jig.). 45 
Wa, laxa'e ke'Em gwii'leda apsii'dza £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs 
la'eda tslEda'qe La'nollsas la'xes lsgwl'le. Wii, laE'm gwa'sala 
laxes q!E'mladza £ ye la'xa lEgwi'le. Wii, giTmese l!o'pexs la'e 
le'x £ IdEq la'xes L!e'sadza £ ye. Wa, g-i'Pmese Llo'pExs la'eda 
bEgwa'nEme hana'k - axes gEnE'me, qa e s Le' £ lalexes Mie'iiEmo'kwe 50 
qa ga'xes liExlia'q u xa Lld'bEkwaxs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwe. Wa, 
gi'Pmese wii'xe gEnE'mas qa Le' e lalagis la'e he'x -£ Ida e meda 
bEgwa'nEme la Le'^lala. Wa, la'La gEnE'mas ax £ e'dxa le' £ wa £ ye 
qa ha £ ma'dzoLEs Le £ hinEmLases la'' c wxinEme. Wii, la/xaa LEpla'- 
lllax k!wadzE s we'soLas Le4anEmLases la' £ wunEme. Wa, k' !e'st!a 55 
gix'laxs gii'xae la' £ wmiEmas hogwi'k'Elaxes Le £ lanEmE, qaxs 
ha £ ya'lEmk - !aaqexs k'leVmae wudEx -£ I'deda L!o'bEkwe. Wa, 
he'x £ ida £ mese kliulzEclzo'lilxa LEbe'le le' £ wa £ ya. Wii, gi'Pmese 
£ wI'lgalllExs la'eda tslEda'qe fix £ e'dxa ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ye qa £ s 
le LEpdzamolIlas lax Le £ liinEmases la £ wunEme. Wa, giixe aedaaqa 60 
qa £ s ax £ e'dexa L!5pts!a,'la ma £ l LleLlo'bEkwa qa £ s le xlk - !EX*1'dxa 
£ nE'me qae'da ma £ lo'kwe be'bEgwiinEma. Wa, la nELEdzo'lllas 
la'xa ha £ ma.'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, gt'l £ mese mo'kwa be'bEgwanE- 
maxs la'e ma' £ la ha £ ma'dzowe le'Elwa £ ya; wii, la £ nal £ nEmeda l!o'- 
bEkwe. Wa, laE'm k!ea's L!e' £ na tslEpa's qaxs Lo'mae tsE'nxweda 65 



308 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

66 oil for dipping, for the | dog-salmon is very fat while it is still phos- 
phorescent, when it is jumping in the mouth of the rivers. | Then the 
guests themselves break it and eat the salmon | speared at the mouth 
of the river. Early in the morning, | dog-salmon speared at the mouth 

70 of the river is not eaten, for it is fat; || it is only eaten in the after- 
noon and evening. | Whenever it is eaten in the morning, it makes 
those who eat it feel sleepy the whole day long, | for it is very fat. 
Therefore they are afraid | to eat it in the morning. As soon as the 

75 guests finis h eating it, | the man takes what is left and eats it || with 
his wife, while his guests drink water freshly | drawn. After they 
finish drinking, the guests go out. | They only wash their hands in 
their houses; and | after the man has finished eating with his wife, 

80 he I gathers the bones and the skin left by his guests, || puts them 
on a mat, and throws them into the sea on the j beach. This is all 
about the salmon speared at the mouth of the river. 
1 Blistered Salmon. And we will also talk about the green | salmon 
almost dry. The woman takes the almost dried green | salmon from 
the place where it is hanging. ! She takes her tongs and picks up the 
5 green salmon, and || blisters the meat-side of the green salmon by 
the fire. As soon as j the green salmon gets grey, she turns it and 
places the skin-side | towards the lire; and as soon as the skin is 

00 gwa £ xni'saxs he' £ mae a/le £ s bE'nkwexa mE £ na'la lax o'x u siwa £ yasa 
wl'wa. Wa, la qlule'xsEm LE'nqweda klwe'laxs hExha'qwaaxa 
sEg'ine'te lax o'x"siwa £ yasa wa. La k' !es gaa'xstexagaa'leda liExha'- 
qwaxa sEgine'te gwa £ xne'sa lax o'x u siwa £ yasa wa qaxs tsE'nxwae. 

70 A'l'Em ha £ mx £ I'tsoxa la gwal nEqa'leda £ naia LE £ wa dza'qwa. 
G'iT'EinLa hExha'x"soxa gaa'laxs la'e lox u£ me'qa sE'nbexa £ na'lada 
ha £ ma'paq qaxs XE'nLElae tsE'nxwa. Wa, he' £ mes la'gilas k'ilE'm 
ha £ ma'xa gaa'la. Wa, gl'Pmese gwal hExha'qwa LedanEmaxs la'e 
he'x £ ida £ meda bEgwaiiEme la ax £ edxa ha'mote qa £ s wa'waqlaayowe 

75 Lirwis gEnE'maxs la'aLal nax £ e'des LedaiiEinaxa a'lta £ wap tsa'- 
nEins. Wa, g i'k'mese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'qiiwElseda klwe'lde. 
Wa, laE'm a'b'Einl ts!E'nts!Enkwal la'xes glgo'kwe. Wa, g'1'1- 
£ meseda bEgwa'nEme gwal wa'waqlaayo LE £ wis gEiiE'maxs la'e 
q!ap!e'x -£ idxes->ha £ mo'te xaq LE £ wa Lle'sases klwe'ladzEmaxs la'e 

80 axdzo'ts la'xa le' £ wa'"ye qa £ s le k - !a £ stE'nts la'xa dE'msxe la'xa 
i.!Eina="ise. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xa sEg ine'te lax o'x u siwa £ yasa wa. 
1 Blistered Salmon. — Wa, he'Emlxains gwa'gwex - s £ alaLa a'lxwase 
klo'loxwa. Wii, gi'l £ Em qa'tse £ staleda ha'"yalaxa a'lxwase k-!5'- 
loxwa la'eda tsbsda'qe ax £ e'dxa k lo'loxwe la'xe ge'xwalaase. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa £ s k - !ip!e'des la'xa kMO'loxwe qa £ s 
5 pExa'les E'lsadza £ yasa k - lo'loxwe la'xa gu'lta. Wii, gi'l £ mese 
quxdzo' £ nakuleda klo'loxwaxs la'e lex- £ IdEq qa £ s gwaVldeq iJe'sas 
la'xa gu'lta. Wa, gi'k'mese hami'.lgEdzo'deda pE'nsa lax Lle'sasa 



boas] RECIPES 309 

covered with blisters, | the woman knows that it is done. Then [ S 
she puts it on the dish-mat. || 

She takes water and sprinkles it over it to make it soft; | and after 10 
she has sprinkled it with cold water, she takes the | oil-dish and 
pours oil into it; and alter she has done so, she | takes the blistered 
green salmon and puts it down flat, and places it before | those who 
are going to eat it. Then she takes an oil-dish and puts it || outside 15 
of the blistered green salmon. 1 . . . As soon as the woman | takes the 
cup, the man breaks off a piece of the blistered | salmon and dips it 
into the oil, and puts it into his mouth. | He himself breaks off bits 
from what he is eating. | 

Scorched Salmon. —Dried 2 salmon is the breakfast of the Kwakiutl.|| 
In the morning, as soon as they arise, the wife of the | chief takes 20 
dried salmon and scorches it by the fire. As soon as | she finishes 
scorching it, she pounds it on a mat spread out on the floor, to f 
remove the scales loosened by the fire. As soon as she finishes 
pounding it on the floor, | she rubs it to make it soft; and after she 
has rubbed it, || she pounds it again on the floor of the house. Then 25 
she folds up the scorched dried salmon | and puts it down on the 
floor. Then she takes a dish and puts it down at | the place where 

k'lo'loxwaxs la'e qla'leda ts lEda'qaqexs lE e ma'e Llo'pa. Wii, la 8 
axdzo'ts la'xa he'laxsta'llle le' £ wa £ ya. 

Wii, la ax-'e'dxa £ wa'pe qa^s xosEldzo'des laq qa pe'qwes. Wii, 10 
gi'Pmes gwal xo'sasa wuda s sta' £ wiip la'qexs la'e ax-e'dxa ts!E- 
ba'tsle qa £ s k!iinxts!o'desa Lle'ma laq. Wa, gi'l e mese gwa'la la'e 
ax £ e'dxa la nELdza'lilatsa pE'nkwe k"!5'loxwa qa £ sle axdzamo'lilas 
lii'xa ha e ma'pLaq. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s le k - a'x' £ Its 
lax L!a'sa £ yasa pE'nkwe k'lo'loxwa 1 . . . Wii, gi'l E mesedats!Eda/qe 15 
da'x £ klxa k!wa £ stii'xs la'eda bEgwa'nEme k"!o'p!ed la'xa pE'nkwe 
k'lo'loxwa qa £ s ts!Ep!e'des la'xa ide' £ na qa £ s tslo'qtises la'xeq. 
Wii, laE'm qlule'xsEm k!o'pk!opa la'xes ha £ inii' £ ve. 

Scorched Salmon. — Wa, 2 he'sm gaii'xstesa Kwa'gula xamia'se. 
Wii, he' £ maaxs g'a'lae La'x £ wldxa gaa'la, wii, la ax £ e'de gF.nE'masa 20 
gi'gama £ yaxa xa-mii'se qa £ s ts!Ex £ I. eq la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwiil tslExa'q la'e xusxudzi'laq la'xa LEbl'le lE ,£ wa £ ya qa 
hVwesa tslExmo'tasa gu'lta. Wii, g iTmese gwal xusxiidzl'laqexs 
la'e q!\ve'x £ IdEq qa pe'x £ wldes. Wa, gi'hmese gwal q!o'yaqexs 
la'e e'tled xiisxiidzllaq. Wii, la k!o'x u sEmdxa tste'nkwe xa £ ma'sa 25 
qa £ s gi'g'allleq. Wa, la ax5e'dxa lo'qlwe qa E s ax e a'lileq la'xes 
k!wae'lase. Wii, la e'tled 3x £ e'dxa ts'.E'nkwe xa £ mii'sa qa £ s ts!a- 

1 Part of the description of the eating of the salmon has been omitted, it being a repetition of pre- 
vious descriptions. 

2 Line! 19-22 repeated from Publ. Jes. Exp. Vol. V, 427-428. 



310 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

27 she is sitting, and she takes up again the scorched dried salmon, | 
opens it, and spreads it out; then she breaks out the belly-part | and 
puts it down. Then she breaks the dried salmon to pieces and puts 

SO it into the || dish. As soon as she has finished, the woman arises 
again and | dips some oil out of the oil-box which stands in the 
corner of the| house. Then she takes an oil-dish [dipping-receptacle], 
and when it is full | she [comes] and puts it down cm the floor at the 
place where she is sitting. 1 . . . After (the man) | has taken a drink 

35 he takes a piece of the dried salmon, folds it up, chews || it, and 
then dips it into the oil. 
1 Preserved Brittle Salmon. — Many men | like to eat preserved 
brittle old salmon roasted. | When a man goes to visit one who has | 
5 preserved roasted salmon, the one who has || roasted old salmon at 
once requests the one who comes to visit him to go himself and | 
invite his friends. Immediately the man goes | and invites his 
friends who are sitting on the summer-seat. | As soon as the one who 
invites them comes, | they all go out of (the summer-seat), and they 
all go into the house with the one who goes to visit. Then a mat || 

10 is spread out, and the one who goes to visit shows the guests where 
to sit. | Then the one who goes to visit does not sit among | his 
friends. Immediately the woman goes and opens the | basket in 
which the roasted salmon is kept, and her husband tends the fire. | 

28 x £ wi'deq qa LEple'des. Wa, la'wisLa kMo'podEx tEkMEqa's qa £ s 
gi'galiles. Wa, la k - !o'k!upsalaxa xa £ ma'se qa axtsla'les la'xa 

30 lo'qlwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'la, le e'tled Laxulileda tslEda'qe qa £ s 
le tsa'x £ Id la'xa dE'ngwatsIe L!e' £ naxs ha £ nelae laxa one'gwilasa 
go'kwe. Wa, laE'm la da 'laxa ts!Eba'ts!e. Wa, qo't!a £ mesexs 
ga/xae ka'galllaq la'xes klwae'lase. 1 . . . Wa, gi'Pmes gwill 
na'qaxs la'e ax £ e'd la'xa xa £ ma'se qa £ s k - !o'x u sEmdeq. Wa, 

35 la ma'lex u bEiidEq qa £ s tslsple'des la'xa L!e £ na. 
X Preserved Brittle Salmon. — Wa, la q!e'nEma be'bEgwanEine 
ax £ e'xsd qa £ s ha £ ma'pexa la ge'masxa tso'sa tslEla'k - Llo'bEkwa. 
Wa, gi'pEm la qa'tse'staleda e nEmo'k u bEgwa'nEm la'xa axno'- 
gwadasa ge'mase Llo'bEkwa; wa, la he'x £ ida £ mesa axno'gwadasa 
5 ts!Ela'ke Llo'bEk" axk!a'laxa qa'tse-'stala qa les q!iile'xs £ Em 
Le' £ lalaxes £ ne e nEmo'kwe. Wa, he'x - ida £ mese la qa's J ideda bEgwa'- 
nEme qa £ s le Le' £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEino'kwaxs awa'qwalae la'xa ftwa'- 
qwa £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese leda Le £ laliiqexs ga'xae hoqiiwEls qa 6 s g'a'xe 
£ wi' £ laho'gwlL la'xes qa'tse e stalase. Wa, laE'm gwa'leleda le' £ wa £ ye 

10 LEbEgwilkwa. Wa, a' £ mese he' £ ma qa'tse £ stalaxde qla'xsldzexes 
Le'-'lanEme. Wa, la £ me'seda qa'tse e stalaxde k"!es la k!wa,-'g-I- 
lilxes £ ne £ nEmo'kwe. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mesa tslEda'qe la xox £ widxes 
L!o'bEgwats!e Lla'bata. Wa, la'La la' £ wunEmas he'laxes lEgwi'le. 

1 Part of the description of the eating of the salmon has been omitted. 



boas] RECIPES 311 

Then the one who went to invite takes roasted salmon and puts it 
down flat || on the fire, with the skin of the roasted salmon down. 15 
ward. I As soon as the skin is scorched, he breaks it quickly to pieces 
and I puts it on the mats that have been spread out. The woman 
only I looks on. As soon as he has done so, he takes the dish and | 
puts the broken roasted salmon into it. Then he also takes || oil and 20 
pours it into an oil-dish; and | after he has done so, he takes up the 
dish and the oil-dish which he puts into the dish | at the farther side, 
and he also takes water for them. [ Then they rinse their mouths- 
and after they have rinsed their mouths, | they drink. After they 
have finished drinking, they eat. || Then the owner of the house just 25 
watches the one who | came to visit him when he is attending to 
the oil; for the guests take much oil | for dipping. They sometimes 
drink oil | when they get choked ; and the one who went to invite will 
pour in oil | whenever the oil-dish is empty [of oil]. When || they 30 
nearly finish eating, the one who went to invite draws fresh water, | 
and he does not stay long before he comes back, and | he places the 
bucket with the water in it in front of liis friends. | Then he takes 
away the dish, and puts it down at | the place where the woman is 
sitting, and the guests drink at once of the || water. After they have 35 
finished drinking, they just | wait for the second course. That is 
the end. | 

Wa, le'da qa'tse £ stalax - de ax £ e'dxa Lid'bEkwe qa £ s pElx - LE'ndes 
la'xa lEgwIle. Wa, laE'm bEna'dza £ ye Lle'sasa Llo'bEkwe. Wa 1.5 
g'i'Pmese ts!Ex £ I'de Lle'sasexs la'e ha'labala LE'nLEnxsEndEq qa e s 
axdzo'des la'xa le' £ wa £ ve la LEbi-.la'. Wa, a' £ meseda tslEda'qe xi'- 
tslaxilaq. Wa, gi'l-'mese gwa'lEXs la'e &x £ e'dxa lo'qlwe qa £ s 
k"!a'ts!odesa LE'ngEkwe Llo'biik" laq. Wa, he'Einxaa-'wise ax £ e'd- 
xa L!e' £ na qa £ s klGnxtslo'des la'xa tslEba'tsle.. Wa, gi'1-mese 20 
gwa'lalllExs la'e k"a'x £ Itsa lo'qlwa LE £ wa tslEba'tsle la kane'q 
lax Lla'saneqwasa lo'qlwa. AA'ii, he'Einxaa'wise la'sa £ wa'pg laq. 
Wa, la £ rne'se ts'.Ewe'iJExoda. Wa, g'i'Pmese gwfll ts!Ewe'L!Exo- 
dExs la'e na'x £ Ida. Wa. gl'Pmese gwa.1 na'qaxs la'e hamx -£ i'da. 
Wa, la £ me'da axno'gwadasa g - okwe a'Em x'i'ts laxilaxa qa'tse- 25 
£ stalax'daxs la'e aa'xsllaxa L!e' £ na, qaxs lE £ ma'e cj!e'q!Ebaleda 
klwe'laxa L!e' £ naxs tslEpae. Wa, la na'x £ ede ma'xwa la'xa l!c- 
£ naxs la'e e niEk"!Exa'. Wa, he' £ mis la k!iinxts!o'daatsa cja'tse'"sta- 
laxdaxs la'e £ wi'lg"Elts laweda ts'r.ba'tslaxa L!e £ na. Wa, giPmese 
Ela'q gwa'la ha £ ma'paxs la'eda qa'tse £ stalaxde tsax a'lta £ wa.'pa. 30 
Wa, k!e'st!a ga'x -£ IdExs ga'xae ae'daaqa. Wa, a' £ mese la 
ha'nxdzamolilasa nagatsle' £ wa'bEts!ala la'xes £ ne £ nEmo'kwe. 
Wa,^he'x £ ida £ mese ax £ e'dxa lo'qlwe qa £ s le ha'ng'alilas lax k!wa- 
e'lasasa tslEda'qe. Wii, la he'x £ idaF.m na'x £ Ideda klwe'laxa 
£ wa'pe. 'Wii, gi'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'e a'Em la awu'lgEiuga £ lll 35 
qa £ s he'legintsE £ we. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 



312 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 35 

1 Cold Roasted Salmon. — But now this is finished with two ways of 
doing with | rousted salmon-backs, — the fresh roasted salmon-backs; | 
and we have talked about the old soaked roasted | salmon-backs. 
5 Now we wall go on and talk about the || roasted salmon-backs when 
they are fed to young men, even | when they are really dry, in 
winter. When they are | given to young men, they are broken into 
three pieces | and put on the food-mat. | They are just put down in 

10 front of the guests, || and the oil-dish is also put down | in front of 
what is to be eaten. Then water is taken by the | man and given 
to Iris guests to | rinse their mouths, and they drink some of it after 
they have finished rinsing their mouths; | and after they have 
finished drinking, they eat the dry salmon, which is really brittle; || 

15 and only that is different from the soaked salmon, | that they do 
not take much oil when they dip it; but they take | much oil when 
the brittle salmon-back is dipped in, for | the food chokes them. 
There is also always a bucket | of water standing in front of those 

20 who are eating the roasted salmon-back; || for, as soon as those who 
are eating it get choked, they | take some water and wash down what 
chokes them. 1 . . . | As 2 soon as the young men finish eating, they drink 
much I oil; namely, the oil that is left in the oil-dish; | anil after 

1 Cold Roasted Silmon. — Wa, lar/mr.a gwa'la ma e le'dala gwe'g'ilasxa 
Llo'bEdzowe xa'k!adza. Wa, la £ xa a'lxwa £ se Llo'bEdzo xa'kla- 
dza. Wa, la'x - dEns gwa'gwex-s^ala la'xa ge'mase t!elk u Llo'bE- 
dzo xa'kladza. Wa, la £ me'sEns wa'g'il gwa'gwex"s e alal la'xa 
5 Llo'bEdzo xa'k'ladzaxs hamgi'layae la'xa ha £ ya'l £ a, wa'x £ mae 
la a'lak' lala la lE'mxwaxa tslawti'nxe. Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e 
hamgi'layo la'xa ha £ yal £ a la a/Em ya'lyudux u sEnd k'o'k'Ex's'En- 
tsE £ wa qa £ s axdzo'dayuwe la'xa he'lExstalile ha £ madzo' le'- 
£ wa £ ya. Wa, a' £ mis la axale'lEin lax Lla'sExdzama £ yasa Le'Ma- 

10 nEme. Wii, a'Emxaa £ wise la ha'ng'alelEma tslEba'tsle lax iJa'- 
sEnxellltsa ha £ me'L5. Wa, laE'mxaii'wise he'Em gil ax £ e'tso e sa 
bEgwa'nEma £ wa'pe qa £ s le tsa'x -e its la'xes Le £ lanEme qa tslEwe'- 
LlExodes. Wii, la na'x J Id la'qexs la'e gwal tslEwe'LlExoda. Wa, 
gi'l : mese gwal na'qaxs la'e hamx'"I'dxa le a'lak' !ala la tso'sa 

15 qae'xs la'e lE'mxwa. Wa, le'x - a £ mesLaL 5'giicialayos la'xa tle'l- 
kwaxs kle'sae qle'c^lEbElaxa Lle' £ naxs tslEpa'e. Wii, la'La q!e'- 
qlEbalaxa Lle'maxs ts'.Epaa'sa tsosa Llo'bEdzo xa'k'ladza, qaxs 
mEkwae laxo'x ha £ ma £ yex. Wii, la he'mEnil £ Emxat 1 hameledana- 
gatsle lax Lla'sExdzamalllasa ha £ ma/pxa Llo'bEdzowe xa'kla- 

20 dza, qa £ s g'i'Pmae £ mEk - lExo'weda ha e ma'paqexs la'e he'x £ idaEm 
tsa'x' £ id la'xa £ wa'pe qa £ mEkwa'xes ^F.klExa'wa^yas. 1 ■ ■ Wii, 2 
g'i'l £ mese gwal ha £ mii'pa ha £ ya'laxs la'e q!a'q!ek - lEya na'x £ edxa 
Lle' £ na, yixe's ane'xsa £ ye la'xa L!e' £ na.g - I'ts!axa tslEba'tsle. Wa, 

i Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V., p. 428. 
2 Continued from ibid., p. 428. 




BOAS) RECIPES 313 

they finish drinking the oil, they drink some more water; || and after 25 
they finish drinking water, the}* wait for the | next course. That 
is all. | 

Old Salmon, roasted. — Now I will talk about the | roasted old 
salmon when it is eaten before it is quite dry. | It is broken to pieces 
and put into a dish, || and the oil-dishes are, filled with oil, for much 30 
oil | is mixed with fresh salmon coming from the upper part of the 
rivers; for | people really choke with this food, and sometimes those 
who eat | the roasted old salmon have to drink oil when they gel j 
choked. The host always pours oil into the || oil-dishes of his guests. 35 
After the guests finish eating, | they drink much water. This is 
also the breakfast-food | of the Kwakiutl, and they also do the same: 
they rinse | their mouths with water before they eat. Now we have 
finished with this. | 

Boiled Salmon. — Now I will talk about the cooking of salmon that 
is speared, | whenitisnotreally dry. When | the speared salmon isl 
dry, the woman takes it down. | Then she takes a kettle and 
puts it on the || fire, and she pours water into it. Then she 
takesher | fish-knife and cuts (the salmon) topiccesinthiswav: 
and | after she has cut it, she puts it into the kettle before 



gl'l-'mese gwal na'qaxa L!e' £ niixs la'e e'tled na'x £ Id la'xa £ wa'pe. 
Wii, g'i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxa £ wa'paxs la'e awu'lgamgalll qa-s 25 
he'legintsE £ we. La-me gwal. 

Old Salmon, roasted. — He'EinlxaEn gwa'gwexs'alaLa ts!Ela'ke 
Llo'bEkwa, yixs kamgi'layaaxs k!e's-mae lE'mx £ weda a'la-nia. 
Wa, laE'm k"!d'k!upsalasE £ \va qa £ s axtslo'yuwe la'xa lo'qhve. Wii, 
la qo'qutleda ts!ets!eba'ts!axa L'.e' e na qaxs q!e'q!Ebalaya £ eda 30 
alxwa'se tsle'nas g'ii'yol lax -nE'ldziisa wlwa', qaxs a'lak'Ia- 
lae £ mEkwa' la'xox ha £ ma £ yex. Wii, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena nax- 
na'qeda ha £ ma'paxa tslE'lginete L!o'bEx"xa L!e' £ niixs la'e £ mE- 
k'lExa'. Wa, la he'niEnala £ ma klwe'lase giiqa'sa L!e' £ na lax ts le- 
ts !Eba'ts!ases Le' £ lanEme. Wii, gi'Pmese gwal ha £ mii'peda k!we'- 35 
laxs la'e q!a'q!ek'!Eya nii'x £ edxa £ wa'pe. Wa, g'as'mxaat! gaax- 
stesa Kwii'gulaxa gaa'la. Wii, he'F.mxaa gwe'gilaxs tslEwe'LlE- 
xodaaxsa £ wa'paxs k!e's £ mae hamx ,£ i'da. Wa, la £ mEns gwal liiq. 

Boiled Salmon. — Wii, la £ me'sEn gwa £ gwex's £ alal la'xa sEgine'taxs i 
la'e ha £ me'x £ sllasE £ wa, yixs k'!e's £ mae a'laEm lE'mx £ wIda. Wii, 
he' £ maaxs la'eda sEg-ine'te k'!a'ya £ x u wida, la'eda tslEda'qe axa.'- 
xodEq. La £ me's ax £ e'dxa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s ha'nxLEndes la'xa 
lsgwl'le. Wii, la giixts!o'tsa £ wa'pe liiq. Wii, la ax-e'dxes xw:i'- 5 
Layowe qa £ s t !o't !Ets lEndeq ; g'a gwa'les t'o'sa-yeg-a {fig.) . Wa, gi'l- 
£ mese gwiil tlo'saqexs la'e ax £ stE'nts la'xa ha'nx'Lanaxs k - !e's £ mae 



314 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.S6 

8 it | begins to boil. Then she takes a stone and puts it on top 
of it | to keep it under the water; and after she has clone so, she 

10 takes || a dish and a kelp bottle with oil in it, and puts them | at the 
place where she is sitting; and she does not leave (the salmon) long on 
the fire, | before it is done. Then she takes it off, and at once she | 
takes her tongs and lifts it out and puts it into the dish. | After it is 

15 all out, then she smoothes it in thedish,so || that it is level. Then she 
takes her kelp with oil in it, and she | pours it over the quarter-dried 
salmon in the dish. | After she has done so, she gives water to those | 
whom she is going to give to eat. As soon as they have rinsed their 
months, they drink; | and after they finish drinking water, she puts the 

20 dish || before those whom she is going to give to eat. When this is 
done, they go to draw | fresh water for them to drink after they have 
eaten; and it is not | long before he who went to draw water comes 
back; and after those | to whom she has given to eat have eaten, the 
woman takes soft | white cedar-bark and gives it to those to whom 

25 she has given to eat, to wipe their hands with, || and to take the oil 
off of the hands of those to whom she has given to eat, for there is 
really much | oil on their hands, and they are always covered with 
oil when I key are eating quarter-dried | speared salmon with oil for 
their food. After they have | wiped their hands, the woman takes | 

s mF.dE'lx £ wkla. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa tle'sEme qa £ s e mEkwayl'ndes laq 
qa wii'nsalayos. Wa, g*l'l £ mese gwfd aa'xsilaqexs la'e 8x £ e'dxa 

10 lo'qlwa lk'wcs £ wa' £ wade L!e' £ nats!ala qa £ s ga'xe ax £ a/lllas la'xes 
klwae'lase. Wii, kle'stla ge'x i.aleda ha'nLEndas la'xa lsgwl'laxs 
la'e Llo'pa. Wii, la £ me'se ha'nx'sEndEq. Wii, he'x £ ida £ mese 
ax £ e'dxes tse'sLala qa £ s lF.xHlstE'ndeq qa £ s axtsla'les la'xa loqlwe. 
Wii, gi'Pmese £ wI' £ lo £ staxs la'e gwe'laltslots la'xa loqlwe qa 

15 e nEma'k"tyes. ^Vii, la ax £ e'dxes £ wa/ £ wade J. !e' £ nats!ala qa £ s klihi- 
gELEyi'ndes la'xa la g'its!a'xa lo'qlweda klungEgEkwe fcs!ets!ElE- 
mala. Wii, gi'Pmese gwa'l^alilExs la'e tsii'x £ Itsa £ wa'pe la'xes 
ha £ mgi'lasoLe. Wa, g'i'b'mese gwal ts lEwe'L texodEXs la'e na/x £ Ida. 
Wa, g - i'Pmese gwal na'qaxa E wa'paxs la'e kii'glmlilasa lo'qlwe 

20 la'xes ha £ mgi'lasoLe. Wa, g1'l £ mese gwa'l £ al!lExs la'e tsa'x £ Itsi:- 
£ weda a'lta £ wap qa na'geglLEs qo gwal ha £ ma'pLo. Wii, kie'st !a 
ga'laxs g-a'xae ae'daaqeda tsa'xa £ wa'pe. Wa, gi'Pmese gwfd 
ha £ ma'pa ha £ mg"i'lasE £ waxs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa qlo'yaakwe 
ka'dzEkwa qa £ s le tslas la'xes ha £ mgI'lasE £ we qa dedE'nx £ w!des 

25 qa lawii's q!E'lq!Elts!ana £ yases ha £ mgi'lasE £ we qaxs a'lae q!e'nEme 
q!E'lq!Elts!ana £ yas qaxs he'mEnala £ mae tlEbEgF.li'sa k!u'nqa £ yasa 
sEg'ine'te ts!e'ts!ElEmalaxa L!e' e niixs ha £ ma' £ yae. W«a, gi'Pmese 
gwal dedE'nkweda ha £ mg"I'lasE £ waxs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa 
o'gu £ la £ me lo'qlwa qa £ s qEptslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la e'tled 



boas] RECIPES 315 

another dish and pours water into it, and she || puts it before those 30 
to whom she has given to eat, and they wash their hands. | After 
they have done so, the woman gives them water | to drink. After 
they have finished drinking, they wait for | the next course. That 
is the end. | 

Old Dried Salmon. — Now we will again talk about dried salmon. | i 
That is the way of cooking fresh dried salmon, what I said first; 1 | and 
this is the way of cooking old dried salmon, what I am going | to say. 
This is when it is the middle of winter, when || all the women put 5 
down the soaking-boxes in the corner of their houses. | Then (the 
woman) puts into the water much dried salmon. Now she soaks 
it I to make it soft. In the morning, as soon as day comes, the 
woman | takes some of the soaked dried salmon and folds it up; then 
she puts it I into a kettle and places it over the fire of her house. |[ 
Next she pours not much water on it. Then it begins to boil; | and 10 
the kettle is not over the fire long, when | she takes it off. Then the 
woman takes a dish and | puts it down, and she takes (the salmon) 
out with her tongs and | puts it into the dish. Then she waits until 
it gets cool; || and as soon as it is cool, she takes it and breaks it 15 
into I small pieces. Then she puts it into the dish; then | she takes 
the oil-dish and pours oil into it; and then | she puts it before him to 
whom she is going to give to eat. Others pour the | oil on the 

qaxdzamo'lllas la'xes ha £ mg'i'lasE f we. Wii, laE'm ts<E'nts!Eii- 30 
x'wlda. Wii, g i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'eda tsbada'qe tsa'x £ Itsa e wa'pe 
laq qa na'x e Ides. Wa, gi'Pmese gwiil na'qaxs la'e awiiigEmgalil 
qa £ s he'legintsE £ we. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

Old Dried Salmon. — He'EmlxaEns gwa'gwexs e alasLa xa e ma'se. l 
Wa, he/Em hame'xsllaene £ xa a'lxwase xa e ma'sEn gl'lx.de wa'l- 
dEina. Wa, he' £ mis hame'xsllaenexa ge'mase xa £ ma'sg"in la'i.Ek - 
al wa'ldEma.' Wii, he'- c maaxs la'e nEgEltsE'megi tslawii'nxa la'e 
£ na'xwa £ medats!e'daqe ax J a'lllxa t!e'lats!e lax o'negwilases g'o'kwe. 5 
Wa, la mo'stallltsa qle'nEme xa £ ma's laq. Wa, iaE'm tle'laq qa 
ti:'lx-wkles. Wii, giT'mese £ na'x" e idxa gaa'laxs la'eda tslEda'qe 
axT'dxa la'xa tlelkwe xa f ma'sa qa £ s k - !o'x u sEindeq qa £ s axtslo'des 
Ia'xa ha'nxxano qa e s ha'nxLEiules la'xa lEgwIlases go'kwe. Wii, 
la a'l- c Em gii'qlEqasa kle'se qle'nEm £ wap laq. Wa, le mEdslx- 10 
e wlda. Wa, k!e's £ Emxaa'wise ge'xLfila ha'nxxiila la'xa lEgwI'laxs 
la'e ha'nxsEntsF/wa. Wii, la ax £ e'deda tsteda'qaxa lo'qwe qa f s 
ha'ngaliles. Wii, la fix^e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa kMipiistE'ndeq qa 
k!ipts!o'des la'xa lo'q!we. Wa, la k'a'k'Ewaq qa wudEX -e I'des. 
Wa, g-i'Pmese wudEx ,£ i'dExs la'e ax £ e'dEq (\afs k-!o'k!upsE'nde 15 
qa 5m £ Ema'yastowes la'e axtslodalas la'xa lo'qlwe. Wii, la 
ax £ e'dxa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!unxts!o'desa L!e' £ na laq. Wii, IaE'm 
ka'gEmlilas la'xes ha £ mgi'las6 £ Le. Wii, le'da wao'kwe klu'nq teqasa 



316 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.3j 

20 soaked salmon when they break it into the dish; and [| the Koskimo 
drink the liquid of the soaked salmon as they eat it, for | they have 
no oil. | 

Fresh Dried Salmon. The food of thosewho catch salmon | is fresh 
dried salmon. Before the (dried) salmon is dry, j it is taken by the 

25 woman and put down on a mat. Then || she takes her fish-knife and 
cuts the quarter-dried salmon; | and she puts it into a keltic and she 
puts the kettle over the | fire of the house. Then she pours water in In 
it; | and it does not stay there long boiling, when she takes the kettle 
off the fire. | Then she puts it down on the floor, and takes a dish, 

30 and oil from a || kelp bottle in which the oil is kept. Then she 
puts (the salmon) down at the place where she is sitting. | Then she 
takes her largest spoon and scoops out | the quarter-dried salmon 
and puts it into the dish. As soon as she has | spread out the 
quarter-dried salmon evenly in the dish, she takes the kelp bottle 
in which the oil is, and pours (the oil) over the food to be served. || 
1 Green Salmon. — This is another break fa si -food of the | Kwakiutl, 
when they live at the river catching salmon. It is the "green 
salmon'' j cut straight along the hack. This is the way it is cut: 
At this time it is not | really dry, and therefore it is called 
5 "half-dry || green salmon." The woman just takes it down 
from where it is hanging; j then she puts it on a food-mat, 

i.'F.' r na la'xa t le'lkwaxs la'e k"!6'pts!Ewak u la'xa to'qlwe. Wa, 
on le'da Go'sgimoxwe na'xnaqax £ wa'palasa tlelkwaxs t!e'lt!alae qaxs 
k - !ea'sae L!e' £ na. 

Fresh Dried Salmon.- -Wit. he'Em ha £ ma'sa wrwii'miseda dze'- 

(l/Klmala t!Ele'k u . Wit, he' £ maaxs he' £ mae a'les dze'leda xa-ma'se 

ia'as axa'xayasa tsbsda/qe qa £ s axadzo'des la'xa le' c 'wa-ye. Wa, la 

• .y ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s t !5't !Ets tendexa dze'dzEhnala xa £ ma'sa. 

Wa. la axtslo'ts la'xa ha'nxi.anowe. Wii. la ha'nx i.Ents la'xa 

lEgwilases go'kwe. Wii, lawl'si.a gu'qlEqasa e wa'pe laq. Wa, 

k- ie'st lage'giltslla maE'radslqulaxs la'e ha'nx'sEndxes ha'nx'LEnde. 

Wa, la ha'ngalilasexs la'e fix £ e'dxa l5'q!we le-'wTs j.!e'-na. la'xa 

UK £ wa' e wadets!alax"deL!e /£ na, Wii. la ax e a'lllas la'xes klwae'lase. Wa : 

la ax £ e'dxa E wa'lega £ yases k'a'k'Ets lEnaqe, qa £ s XElo'stEndes la'xa 

dze'dzEhnala qa e s axts!o'des la'xa lo'qlwe. Wii, g iT'mese -'wl'daxs 

la'e £ nEma'g'aalts!odxa dze'dzElmalaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa e wa' e wade 

g I'tsF/watsa L!e' £ na qa £ s klii'nqlEqes la'xes ha £ mgl' £ layui.e. 

] Green Salmon. — Wa, gaE'mxat! £ nEmx £ idala gaa'xstesa Kwii'- 

gulaxs la'e g - o'kula la'xes wFwame'dzaseda k!o'loxwexa HEge'- 

ga £ 3 T as xwa'La £ ye. A'Emgagwale xwa'La £ yasega [fig.). Wa, lak'les 

a'laEm lE'mxwa. Wii, he' £ mis hT'gilas la Le'gadKs k!a'yaxwa 

5 klo'loxwa. Wit, laE'mxaa a' £ meda tslEda'qe axa'xr>dqexs ge'xwa- 

laLElae. Wa, laE'm axdzo'ts la'xa ha £ me'xslladzE £ we le' £ wa £ ya. 




boas] RECIPES 317 

and she takes her fish-knife and cuts up the green salmon. | 7 
Then what she is cutting is in small pieces. When she finishes this 
work, | she takes the kettle and puts it over the fire, and she || pours 10 
water into it. As soon as it boils, she takes | the half-dry green 
salmon and puts it into the | boiling water on the lire. However, it 
is not on the fire really long, when she takes it off. [ Then she puts it 
down and takes a dish, which she puts down: | then she takes oil from 
the kelp bottle and puts that down; then she || takes an oil-dish and 15 
puts it down; and as soon as | all these things named have been 
brought, she takes the tongs and takes out | the cut pieces of green 
salmon and puts them into the dish. She | takes them up with the 
tongs because they are [not] quarter dry, and they are not j dry. This 
i< called "half-dry green salmon." As soon as the dish is || full, she 20 
levels it out so that it is level. Then she | takes an oil-dish and 
pours the oil into it. 1 | . . . (The 2 man who eats it) takes what he is 
going to eat and folds it up. He chews | one end of it; and as soon 
as what he has chewed is soft, he dips it | into the oil and puts it 
into his mouth; and he continues doing this while || eating. | 25 

As soon as he finishes eating, the woman rises from her | place and 
takes the dish and the oil-dish. Then she | puts them down near 

Wa, la ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s tlo'tlEtsh.'nde la'xa kMo'loxwe. 7 
Wa, laE'm am £ ama'yastowe t!o'sa\yas. Wa, la gwii'le axa' £ yasexs 
la'e ax £ e'dxa ka'nx - Lanowe qa £ s ha'nxLEndes la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, 
laguxtslo'tsa -wa'pe laq. Wa, g'iT'niese mE(lElx £ wI'dExsla'e ax'e'il- 10 
xa la k'!a'yaxwa klo'lox" qa e s SxstE'ndes la'xa la ha'nxxala 
maF.'mdElqula. Wa, k/!e'st!a a/laEm ge'x-Lalaxs la'e ha'nx - sEn- 
dsq. Wa, la ha'ngalllaqexs la'e Sx £ e'dxa lo'q!we qa £ s ha'ngalltes. 
Wa, la ax e e'dxes L!e' e na £ wa' £ wadets!ala qa £ s ax £ a'llles. Wa, la e'tied 
ax £ e'dxa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s ha'ng"aliles. Wa,, gi'l £ mese £ wl £ la gax 15 
axe'lEn Le'LEqElasE £ waxs la'e ax'e'dxa tslesLala qa £ s k' Hpusta'lexa 
t !o't '.Ets laa'kwe k' lo'loxwa qa £ s k!ipts!a'les la'xa lo'q!we. He 'Em 
la'gilas k' lipnstalaqexs k' le'sae dze'dzEhnala. Wa, la k!es 
lE'mxwa. He'Em Ee'gadEs kla'yaxwa kloloxwa. Wii, gi'Pmese 
qo't!eda lo'qlwaxs la'e £ iiEma'gaalts!odEq qa £ nEma'kiyes. Wa, 20 
la ax £ e'dxa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!iinxts!o'desa L!e' £ na laq. 1 . . Wii, 2 la 
da'x -£ ld la'xes ha e ma'Le qa e s k - !6'x u sEmdeq. Wa, la male'x u l>Eii- 
dEq. Wa,, gi'Pmese la tE'lx £ wkle male'kwa £ yasexs la'e ts!Ep!e'ts 
la'xa L!e' £ na qa £ s ts!o'q!uses. Wa, he'xsa £ mes la gwe'gilaxs 
lia £ ma'pae. 25 

Wa, gi'h'mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'eda ts!Eda/qe Lii'xulll la'xes 
klwae'lase qa £ s le 5x £ e'dxa l5'q!we LE £ wa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s g-a'xe 

i Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 129. 
• Continued from ibid., p. 429. 



318 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. SB 

28 the place where she is sitting. Then she. "pours | the green salmon 
thatis left over back into the kettle in which it was boiled. 1 . . . Then 2 

30 the man sits down || and waits for her to give him the second course. 
I shall | talk about this later on, for I am talking now about | the 
breakfast. | 
1 Soaked Green Salmon (1). — Now I will talk again | about soaked 
green salmon, — the food of those who do not go to catch | salmon in 
green salmon that have been dry for a long time. | They are always 
5 winter, — soaking in a soaking-box, which stands in the || corner of the 
house, full of water. Dried green salmon are always kept | in it. After 
they have been soaking for two days, | they get soft; then the soaked 
green salmon are taken | and folded up. The kettle is taken, | and 
the soaked green salmon are put into it. Then (the kettle) is put || 

10 over the fire of the house. As soon as it is well over the fire, | 
water is poured into it; but now it is a longer time over the fire | 
boiling before the cook takes it off . Then she takes | a dish and she 
puts it down, and she again takes an oil-dish | and oil and puts it on 

15 the floor where she is sitting. Then she || takes her tongs and takes 
up the soaked green salmon | out of the kettle and puts them into 
the dish. Then she | waits for them (to cool off). Then she takes a 
food-mat and spreads it | before the one to whom she is going to give 

28 ka'galilas la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, la qapstE'ntsa he £ maxLa £ ye 
k!6'lox u la/xa ha'nxLEiidaatslex'diiq. 1 . . . Wa, 2 la klwfig'alileda 

30 bEgwiinEm, qa £ s awu'lgEmgalile qa £ s he'legintsE £ we. Wa, a'l £ EmlwI- 
SEn gwa'gwexs £ alaL laq qaE'n le'xaene £ me gwa'gwexs £ alasa 
ha £ ma/yaxa gaa'la. 
1 Soaked Green Salmon (1). — Wa, he'-'niEn lal 6'tledEL gwa'gwex - s £ a- 
lasLa tle'lkwe klo'loxwa. Wa, he'sm ha £ ma £ yasa kle'se wl' £ wa- 
mets lenoxwaxa tslawunxa la ga'las lEmo'kwa k'lo'loxwa. Wa, 
la he'mEnalaEm tle'lascV la'xa tle'latsliixs ha £ ne'lae lax one'- 
5 gwllasa g'o'kwe qo'tlaxa £ wa'pe. Wa, la he'mEnalaEm ax £ sta'- 
dayoweda hcmio'kwe k'lo'lox" laq. Wa. he'tla la malplE'n £ stElsa 
t!e'lasE'we klo'lox" la'qexs la'e pe'x^wlda. Wii, la ax £ e'tsE £ \veda 
tde'lkwe klo'loxwa qa £ s k - !5'x"sEintsE £ we. Wa, la ax £ e'tsE £ weda 
hanxLanowe qa £ s axts!o'yoweda tle'lkwe k!o'lox u laq. Wa, la 

10 ha'nx'Lano la'xa lEgwi'lasa g'o'kwe. Wii, gi'l £ mese E'lgaaLElaxs 
la'e gu'q!Eqas5sa £ wa'pe. Wii, la'"me'sLa ge'gexxalaEm maE'm- 
dElqulaxs laeda ha £ mex'sllE]gise hanx - sEndEq. Wa, la £ mes ax £ edxa 
lo q!\ve qa £ s ax £ a'llles. Wii, laEmxaa'wise ax £ e'dxa ts!Eba'ts!e 
LE £ wa L!S' £ na qa £ s ax £ a'liles la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, la e'tled 

15 ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa £ s k!ipu £ sti;'ndexa t!e'lkwe k-!6'loxwa 
la'xa hanxLauowe qa £ s k'!ipts lodes la'xa lo'qlwe. Wa, la 
ka'lvEwaq. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa ha £ madzo le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le LEpEmli'- 

i Continued in Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. v, p. 430. 
2 Continued from ibid.', p. 430. 



boas] RECIPES 3 1 9 

breakfast; and as soon as the soaked (salmon) are lukewarm, | she 
breaks them in pieces small enough for one || bite. 1 ... 20 

As soon as she has finished breaking the soaked green salmon, 
she spreads them out | so as to make them level in the dish- 
Then she takes the oil-dish | and pours the oil into it. As soon 
as she has done so, she takes | the dish and the oil-dish and 
puts them j| in front of the one to whom she is going to give to 25 
eat. She puts down the oil-dish just | outside of the dish; and after 
doing so, she draws water and | gives it to him who is going to eat. 
Then the man who is going to eat takes | a mouthful of water and 
rinses the mouth; and after [ rinsing the mouth, lie drinks. After 
drinking, he takes || a piece of the soaked salmon and dips it in the 30 
oil and puts it into his mouth. | He never chews it, because it is 
soft. Then he keeps on | doing this whde he is eating; and when it 
is nearly all gone, he stops | eating 2 . . . . | 

After he finishes drinking, lie waits for the second course. || That is 35 
the end of this. 

Soaked Green Salmon (2).- -When a man wishes to | invite his tribe 1 
the following day, he | asks permission of his wife to give a feast (to 
his friends) on the following day. | The woman at once makes her 
husband go and fetch || water and pour it into the soaking-box. 5 

las la'xes gaa'xstala'matsE-'we. Wa, g'iTmese k'o'x^wideda t!e'l- IS 
kwaxs la'e k'!o'k!upsEndF.q qa haya'l r astowes lax £ nE'mp!En- 
qtetsla'ye. 1 . . . 20 

Wii, g - il £ mese gwal klopaxa t!elkwe kloloxiixs lae goli £ liilaq 
qa £ nEinagaalts!owes laxa loqlwe. Wa, la ax^edxa tsh.batsle, 
qa £ s k!unxts!odeq visa L!e £ na. Wa, gih'mese gwah:xs lae Sx £ e- 
deda tslEdaqaxa loqlwe Le £ wa ts!Ebats!e qa £ s lii kaxdzamotsa 
loqlwe laxes ha £ mgllasE-we. Wa, lii kax £ Itsa ts!Ebats!e lax L!a- 25 
sa £ yasa loqlwe. Wii, gil £ mese gwidExs lae tsex £ idxa E wape qa £ s 
lii tshis laxa ha £ mapLe. Wii, lii dax £ ideda ha £ miipLaxa E wape, 
qa £ s hamsgEmdllaq qa £ s ts!EweL!Exode. Wii, g'il £ mese gwal ts!E- 
weLlExodExs lae nax £ ida. Wa, g'ih'mese gwal naqaxs lae daxa 
laxa t!elkwe lclolox" c[a £ s ts!Ep!edes laxa L!e £ na qa £ s ts!oq!iises. 'M) 
Wa, laE'm kewa'xa ma'lex"bEndEq qaxs tE'lqwae. Wii, a'x'sa £ mes 
he gwe'g'ilaxs ha £ ma'pae. Wa, g'i'l £ Emse Ela'q £ wi' £ laxs la'e gw&i 
ha £ ma'pa. 2 . . 

Wii, g'i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e awE'lgEmgalil cja £ s he'legin- 
tsE £ we. Wa, laE'mxaa gwa'la. 35 

Soaked Green Salmon(2).— Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e £ ne'keda bEgwa'iiEme 1 
qa £ s Le'lahlxes go'lgukulotaxa la'La e'tledEl £ na'x £ IdEL. Wa, la- 
£ mese hana'kaxes gEiiE'me C[a £ s klwe'lasekjexa la'La £ na'x £ I(li'.i,. 
Wii, he'x -£ ida £ mesa tslEda'qe axk - !a'laxes lii' £ wunEme qa les tsiix 
£ wa'pa qa £ s qEpts!o'yoxa t!e'lats!e. Wii, he'x' £ ida £ mese la tsa'ye 5 

> Here follows p. 750, lines 1-3. 2 The description of the eating of the salmon has been omitted. 



320 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann .36 

6 Her husband goes at once | and pours water into the soaking-box, that 
stands in the | corner of the house; and when it is half full of water, 
the | woman takes roasted salmon and puts it into it; and | when it is 

10 done, the man goes to get fire-wood and || takes it into his house. 
Now it is evening. As soon as | night comes, they lie down; and 
therefore in the morning, when daylight comes, | the man arises and 
builds a fire in his house; and as soon as the | fire in the house blazes 
up, lie sends one of his house-fellows to go and | call all the men; and 

] f) it is not long before the messenger || comes back. Immediately they 
clear the house; | and after they finish clearing it, they take the 
kettle and | put it down in front of the fire; and the woman takes | 
her dishes and places them at the place where she is sitting, and also | 

20 the oil-dishes and oil. As soon as this is all ready in the house, || the 
man goes to call the guests again. He stays a long time outside 
calling them, but | the men come in one by one into the house. At 
last they are | all inside. Then a drum is taken and is | pxit down 
on the right-hand side of the guests. Immediately the | song- 

25 leader begins to sing the new songs. Now they || sing a feast-song, 
and the host takes the soaked | salmon out of the water and puts it 
into the large kettle. | When it is full, it is put over the fire, and | 
1 hen water is poured into it. It does not boil long | before the kettle 



6 ta' £ wunEmas qa £ s qEptsIa'les laxa tle'latslaxs ha'ne'lae la'xa 
o'negwilases g'o'kwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese nEgo'yoxa e wa'paxs la'eda 
tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxa Llo'bEkwe qa £ s le axstE'nts laq. Wii, gil- 
miese gwa'lExs la'aseda bEgwanEme ane'x £ edxa lEqwa' qa £ s ga'xe 

10 ax £ a'hlas Ia'xes go'kwe. Wii, laE'm dza'qwa. Wii, g - I'l £ mese ga'- 
nnlMdi'.xs la'e ku'lx £ Ida. Wii, gi'lgll £ mas £ na'x £ idxa gaa'laxs la'- 
eda bEgwii'nEme La'x £ wid qa £ s lEgwi'lexes go'kwe. Wii, gTl £ mese 
xi'qostawe lEgwl'la £ yasexs la'e '"ya'laqases £ nEina'elwiite qa les 
Lc'Malaxa £ na'xwa be'ljEgwaiiEma. Wa, k!e'st!a gii'laxs g'a'xae 

15 ae'daaqeda Le £ lalElg ise, wii, he'x £ ida £ mese e'x £ wldxa go'kwe. 
Wa, gi'Pmese gwal e'kwaqexs la'e ax £ e'dxes ha'nx'Lanowe qa 
g'ii'xes hami'i la'xa osta 'biases lEgwiie. Wii, le'da ts!Edii'qeax £ e'd- 
xes lo'slqlwe qa ga'xes niExe'l Ia'xes klwae'lase. Wa, he' £ misa 
ts!e'ts!Ebats!e LE £ wa L!e £ na. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi £ la la gwa'lila, laasa 

20 e'tse £ sta. Wa, lai:'m ge'gilsa e'tse £ sta. Wa, laE'mLa £ nal £ nEmo'- 
k!iimkeda bEgwa'nEmaxs g - ii'xae hogwI'LEla. Wa, ladza'la £ me 
nvl-laci.a. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese ax £ etsE £ weda mEna'ts!e qa £ s le axa- 
lelEm lax he'lk" lodEnuLEmalilasa klwe'le. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese 
na,'q!aq!a £ yas da'qalasa a'ltsEine c[!E'mdEma. Wii, la'x- £ da £ x u£ me 

25 k!we' £ lala dE'nxEla. Wii, la'Leda klwe'lase ax £ ustE'ndxa t!e'l- 
kwe Llo'bEk" qa £ s ga'xe axtslo'ts la'xa £ wa'lase ha'nxxanowa. 
Wa, gi'Pmese qo'tlaxs la'e ha'nx'LEnts la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, a'l- 
£ mese guq'.Eqa'sa e wa'pe 1;kj. Wa, k!e'st!a ge'gilll maE'mdElqu- 



boas] RECIPES 321 

is taken off. It is only on the fire waiting || for the guests to finish 30 
singing. As soon as they finish singing, | the man takes a mat and 
spreads it out, and he takes | his long tongs and takes the roasted 
boiled salmon out with them. | Immediately the woman takes one 
roasted salmon and | puts it into each dish; and when || one roasted 35 
salmon has been put into each, the woman breaks it into small pieces | 
just the right size for our mouths; and j after she has broken it in 
pieces, she pours oil into the | oil-dish. After she has done so, the 
man | takes the drum and puts it down by the door of the house: 
and || he puts down the dishes and gives one dish to each two men, | 40 
when really all the tribes are guests in the house; | and as soon as all 
the dishes have been put down, he takes a bucket and | places it 
before the guests highest in rank, and they rinse | their mouths ; and 
after they have rinsed their mouths, they || drink. After they have 45 
finished drinking, they begin to eat; and | when they begin to eat, 
the man goes to draw fresh water, for | they drink after the} 7 finish 
eating. After they have eaten, | the man takes away the dishes and 
takes them to the place where his | wife is sitting. After he has 
taken them away, lie puts the bucket jj with water before the guest 50 
highest in rank; then he dips | the cup into it and gives it to him; 

laxs la'e ha'nxsana. Wit, a £ mesl'la ha £ ne'la e'sEla qa gwa'- 
les dE'nxEleda Le' £ lanEme. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal dE'nxElaxs la'e 30 
ax £ e'deda bEgwa'nF.maxa le' £ wa £ ye qa £ s LEp'a'lileq. Wa, la ax ; e'd- 
xes g'i'lt!a ts!e'sLala qa £ s LExusta'lexa ha'nx'Laakwe Llo'bEkwa. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ nieseda ts'.Eda'qe ax £ e'dxa £ nal £ iiE'me Llo'bEkwa qa £ s 
axts!o'dales la'xa £ nal £ nEme'xLa lo'Elqhva. Wa, gi'h'mese qhva'- 
lots!Ewax u sa Llo'bEkwaxs la'eda tsteda/qe k - !o'k!upsalaq qa am £ a'- 35 
mayastowes qa a' £ mes ha £ ya'l £ ats!Ekila la'xEns sE'msex. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mesegwal k'!o'k!upsalaqexs la'eda tslEda'qe k!'unxts!odalaxa ts'.e'- 
ts!Eba'ts!asa L!e' £ na. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'l £ alilExs la'eda bEgwa'nE- 
me ax £ e'dxa mEna'ts!e qa £ s les la'xa t!EX'i'lases g'6'kwe. Wa, la 
k - a'x -£ Itsa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, laE'm maema'lo'kwa bEgwa'nEme la'xa 40 
£ nEme'xEal6'q!waxs a'lae £ wI' £ laeLEla klwe'la le'lqwalaLa £ ye. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese £ wl' £ lgallleda lo'elq!waxs la'e klo'kulllxa na'gatsle qa £ s 
les lax nExdzama'hlasa nena'xsalasa k!we'le. Wa, la'xda £ xwe ts!E- 
we'L!Exoda. Wa, gl'Pmese gwal tstewe'iJExodExs, la'x-da £ xwae 
na'x £ ida. Wii, gl'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'e hamxn'da. Wa, 45 
gl'Pmese hamx £ idExs la'e tsayeda bEgwa'nEmax a'lta £ wa'pa qa 
na'gegilts qo gwal ha £ ma'pL6. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal ha £ ma'pExs 
la'eda bEgwanEme ka'g-illlxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s les lax klwae'lasases 
gEnE'me. Wa, g i'l £ mese £ wi' £ lamasEq la'e hangEmli'lasa £ wa'bE- 
tshila na'gatsle la'xa na'xsalaga £ yasa klwe'le. Wa, la tsa'x -£ itsa 50 
k!wa £ sta' laq qa £ s ts!Ewe's laq. Wa, la'x'da £ xwe £ wl' £ la na'x £ ida. 
75052 — 21—35 eth— pt 1 21 



322 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 35 

52 then they all drink; | and after they finish drinking, the woman 
washes | four dishes and pours water into them, and the | man puts 

55 them before the guests. Then || they all wash their hands; and after 
they have washed their hands, | they wait for the next course. 
That is the end of this. | 

Salmon Preserved in Cellars. — (It has been described before [p. 237], 
how salmon is kept in cellars for winter use.) 
1 When there are no more | salmon in the rivers, the cellar is dug 
up. The salmon are washed in water | until all the clay and sand 
come off. As soon as all | the dirt is off, they are soaked in the river 
5 and are left there over || night. As soon as day comes, the woman 
takes | out of the river what has been soaking. Now the quarter- 
dried | green salmon are thick; they are just like fresh salmon. | The 
woman just takes her fish-knife, and they are cut this way | /jtj\ 

10 into twelve pieces. Then she puts them into a || kettle; 
then she puts it on the fire and pours water over | it. 
Then it is boiled a long time before it is taken off. | She 
stirs (the meat). As soon as it is all to pieces, she | puts 
the kettle back over the fire. Then it is left over the fire a very 
long time. | When it is done, it becomes a mush; and she pours || 

15 oil into it while it is still over the fire, and it is stirred again. | Then 
the kettle is taken off and put down. Then | spoons are given to the 




52 Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'eda tslEda'qe tslo'xug'indxa mo- 
we'xLa l5'Elq!wa qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa/pe laq. Wa, le'da bE- 
gwa'nEme hangalilas lax nExdzama/lIlasa klwe'le. Wa, la £ nie'se 

55 f na'xwa ts!E'nts!Enx £ wkla. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal tste'ntslEnkwaxs 
la'e awu'lgEmgalll qa £ s he'leg'intsE £ we. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Salmon Preserved in Cellars. — Wa, gi'l £ rnese la kleo's k!o'k!u- 
tEleda wl' £ waxs la'e £ la'p!Eqoya qa £ s le ts!o'x £ w!tso £ la'xa £ wa'pe 
qa £ wl' £ les lawa'eda L!e'q!a LE%a e'g'ise. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wl' £ la- 
weda tslEqwa'xs la'e t!e'l £ IdEq la'xa wa. Wa, la xa'mastalisxa 
5 ga'nuLe. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ na'x £ idExs la'eda ts!Eda'qe axwustE'nd- 
xes t!e/lasE £ we la'xa wa. Wa, laE'm la wa'kweda dze'le £ lakwe 
k!o'lox u . Yu'Em la gwe'xsa alo'mase k - !o'tEla. Wa, a' £ mesa 
tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s t!ot!Ets!E'ndeq; ga gwii'laga 
{fig.) miilEg'Eyo'wexs la'e t!o't!Ets!aakwa. Wa, la axts!o'ts la'xa 

10 lia'nx'Lanowe. Wa, la £ me'se ha'nx'LEntsexs la'eqEp!Eqa'sa £ wa'pe 
laq. Wa, la £ mes la ge'giltse laE'm maE'mdElqulaxs la'e hanx'sE'n- 
dEq. Wa, la xwe'tledEq. Wa, gi'l £ mese q!we'q!ults!Exs la'e 
xwe £ laqa ha'nxLEndEq. Wa la £ me'se la a'la la ge'x p Lala ha'nx - - 
Lala; wa, gi'Pmese la l!o'pexs la'e xa's £ ida. Wa, la gu'q!Eqaso £ sa 

15 L'.e' £ naxs he' £ ma§ a'les ha'nxxale. Wa, la e'tled xwet !etsE £ wa. 
Wa,lawI'sLa ha'nxsEntsE £ wa qa £ s ha'ngaliles. Wa, laE'm tsla'yeda 
ka'kats lEnaqe la'xa k Iwe'le. W a, la ax £ e'deda ts !Eda'qaxa lelo'q !we 



boas] RECIPES 323 

guests, and the woman takes the dishes | and she pours into them the 18 
quarter-dried salmon that is to be eaten with spoons. Then the 
dishes are nearly | full, 1 . . . They are not given a second course. 
Sometimes || green salmon are just put into a kettle and boiled for a 20 
short time, | when they are taken off and cut to pieces. They are 
put | into the dish without water. Then oil is poured over them. | 
The man only takes them from the dish with his hands | and eats 
them. 1 . . . Then (the guests) just lie down on their seats and || 
wait for the next course until it is done. Another | course is not 25 
given when they have eaten with spoons the quarter-dried green 
salmon. This is | the way of the Denax'da £ x u in Knight Inlet. 

Middle Part of Salmon, cold or boiled. — The description of a feast 
continues with the following notes on the preparation of middle parts 
of the salmon 2 : 

(1) Then the woman J takes a dish and puts it down at the place 1 
where she is sitting; then she goes | and opens the basket in which 
the middle part of the salmon is, | and she breaks off the cedar-bark 
with which the middle parts of the salmon are twined together. 
When there are four || men, the woman takes eight middle parts | of 5 
salmon and breaks them up into two dishes, | four pieces into each 
dish. As soon | as she has broken them, she takes her oil-dish and 
pours | oil into it. 3 . . . They 4 take up what they are going to eat 
and || fold it over, and chew it to make it soft, and then they dip it | 1 

qa £ s ts!ets!a'lesa yEwI'kwe dze'le £ lak u laq. Wa, giTmese Elaq 18 
qo'tlaxs 1 . . . Wa, laE'm k!es he'legintsE £ wa. Wa, le £ nal £ nE'm- 
plEna a'Em &xts!o'yo la'xa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s ya'was £ ide mEdE'lx- 20 
£ wk1exs la'e ha'nxsEntsE £ waxs la'e t!o't!Ets!aak u . Wa, a' £ mese ax- 
ts'.o'yo la'xa lo'q'.we k!eo's £ wit'paga £ ya. Wa, la k!iinq!Eqaso £ sa 
L!e' £ na. Wa, le'da bEgwa'nEme a'Em dalta'laq la'xa lo'qlwaxs la'e 
ha £ ma'pEq. l . . . Wii, hi'La a'Em t!e'k imga £ llla. Wa, laE'm 
e'sa-lll qa £ s he'leg intsE £ we. Wii, laE'm gwa'la. Wa, la/La k!es 25 
he'leg"indgulExs yo'sasE £ waeda dze'ledakwe k'lo'loxwa. Wa, g'aE'm 
gwe'gilatsa DEna'x - da £ xwe lax Dza'wade. 

Middle Part of Salmon, cold or boiled. — 'Wa, 3 le'da ts'.Eda'qe 1 
ax £ e'dxa lo'q!we qa e s k - a'g - aliles la'xes k!wae'lase. Wii, la qaVid 
qa £ s le x'o'x £ widxa Lla'bate, yix ge'ts!E £ wasases q!a'q!aga £ ye. Wa, 
la, a'l £ edxa dEna'se ya'polayosa qlaq'.agaye. Wa, gi'l £ Em mo'kwa 
be'bEgwanEmaxs lae'da tsEda'qe ax £ e'dxa ma £ lguna'lExse q!a'q!a- 5 
ga £ ya, qa £ s p!oxts!a'les la'xa ma £ lEXLe' loElqlwa. Wa, laE'm 
mae'moxse p!o'xts!oyos la'xa £ na'l £ nEme'xLa lo'qlwa. Wii, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwal plo'qwaxs la'e ax £ e'dxes ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!u'nxts!odesa 
L!e' £ na laq. 3 . . . Wa, 4 laE'm ax £ e'd la'xes ha £ ma'Le qa £ s k!5'x u - 
sEmdeqexs la'e male'x u bEndEq qa tE'lx £ wldesexs la'e ts!Ep!l'ts 10 

1 Here follows a description of the eating of the food, which has been omitted. 

2 Continued from Jesup Expedition, etc., Vol. V, p. 436, line 24. 

s Continued from ibid, p. 431, line 7. ' Continued on ibid, p. 430, line 25. 



324 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

11 into the oil; and then they put it into their mouths and they begin 
to eat, 1 . . . and (the men) wait for the second course. | That is the 
end. | 

(2) When the middle parts of the salmon are really dry, they are 

15 soaked || in the soaking-box, which stands in the corner of the house. | 
It is always filled with water; and the woman | always puts the 
middle parts of the salmon into it, so that it is full; and when | she 
goes to take the middle parts of the salmon to cook them, she | puts 
in again some more dried middle parts of the salmon, and changes || 

20 them for those that have been taken out. 2 . . . When her husband 
comes, | the woman takes the soaking middle parts of the salmon 
and j counts two pieces of the middle parts of the salmon for each | 
man; and so she takes twelve pieces. She | puts them into the 

25 kettle; and her husband puts the kettle || on the fire, and he also 
pours water into it. | Then the woman takes two dishes and also | 
two oil-dishes, and puts them down where she sits. | The kettle is 
not very long over the fire, when it is taken off; | and the man also 

30 takes the tongs || and takes out the soaked middle parts of the sal- 
mon and puts them also into | a large dish which stands on the floor 
of the house, | made for this kind of cooking. 3 . . . | 

11 la'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, la'wisLa tslo'q'.usas, wa, laE'm ha £ mx £ I'dEx- 
da E xwa. ' . . . Wa, laE'm awu'lgEmgalll qa £ s he'leglntsE £ we. 
Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

(2) Wa, gi'l £ mese la a'la la lE'mx £ weda q!a'q!aga £ yaxsla'e tle'laso 

15 la'xa t!e'lats!axs ha £ ne'lae la'xa onegvvllasa go'kwe. Wa, laE'm 
he'mEnalaEm la q!o'ts!asosa £ wa'pe. Wa, la £ me'sa ts!Eda'qe he'- 
mEnalaEmxat! axsta'lasa q!a'q!aga £ ye laq qa qo'tles. Wa,he' £ maaxs 
la'e ax £ wustE'ndxa q!a'q!aga £ ye qa £ s ha £ me'xsllasE £ we. Wa, la 
a/Em xwe'laqa ax £ e'dxa lE'mxwa q!a'q!age £ qa £ s L!a'yo £ stE'ndes 

20 la'xes la axiista'na. 2 . . . (Wa, g - il £ mese g'axe la £ wunEmasexs) 
la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'd la'xes t!e'lasE £ we q!a'q!aga £ ya. Wa, laE'm 
hS'sEmtsa mae'ma £ lExsa q!a'q!age £ la'xa £ na'l £ nEmokwe begwa'- 
nEma. Wa, laE'm ax £ e'dxa ma e lExsil'gEyowe. Wa, he' £ mis la 
axts'.o'yosexa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, la £ me'se ha'nxLanos la' £ \vunE- 

25 mas la'xa h'.gwl'le. Wa, he'Emxaa'wise la gQ'q!Eqasa £ wa'pe laq. 
Wa, la ax £ e'deda ts!Eda'qaxa ma £ lEXLa' lelo'q.'wa. Wa, he' £ misa 
ma £ lEXLa £ maxat! ts!ets!Eba'ts!a qa £ s le k'a'galElas la'xes k!wae'- 
lase. Wii, la k!es a'laEm ge'xxaleda ha'nx'Lanax, la'e ha'nxsana 
la'xa bsgwl'l. Wa, he'Em £ xaa'wiseda bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa tsle's- 

30 Lala qa £ s k'lipwusta'lexa t!e'lkwe q!a'q!age qa £ s k!ipts!a'les la'xa 
o'gu £ la £ maxat ! £ wa'las lo'qlwa g - ax ha £ ne'la; hekwe'leEm qae'da 
he gwa'las ha £ me'xsllasE £ we. 3 . . . 

1 Continued in Jesup Expedition, etc., Vol. V., p. 431, lines 1-14. 
^Continued in ibid., p. 431, lines 15-39. 
"Continued in ibid., p. 431, line 40, to p. 432, line 4. 



boas] RECIPES 325 

Her husband breaks to pieces the soaked middle parts of salmon, 33 
and | he measures what he is breaking so that they will be the right 
size for our mouths; || and his wife pours od into the oil-dishes; j and 35 
after the man has finished breaking what he is working at, | the guests 

finish singing. 1 . . . _____^ Then (the man) takes up two| 

oil-dishes and puts |Y~" c5 j) them | in the far side of the dish, | 
in this manner: 2 lc^ _ — -^ Z> ... As soon as (the guests) 
finish, they wait || for X x x the next course. 40 

Split-Backs. — (The split-backs are eaten without being boiled or l 
blistered. The man takes the "split-down" and folds it up and dips 
it into the oil and puts it into his mouth.) He does not chew it 
before he | clips it into the oil, for it is really soft. 3 . . . After | 
the men have finished drinking, they wait for the second course. | 
That is the end of this. For they never soak this split-down, || be- 
cause it does not get hard, although it may be old. Even if it is two | 5 
years old, it never gets hard, for it is really worked thoroughly. There- 
fore | it keeps always soft. That is the end. | 

Soaked Backbones, boiled or blistered (1). — (The woman) takes | the 
soaked backbones out of the water in the soaking-box, and puts them|| 
on a mat that is spread at the place where she is sitting. Then the 1 
man | breaks them into three pieces and puts them into the kettle. | 

Wa, 1 le la' E wunEmas p!o'x c wIdxa tle'Ikwe q!a'q!aga s ya. Wa, 33 
lar/m a/Em J niE'nsases p!o'qwa £ ye qa heltslEqEles la'xEns SE'msex. 
Wa, la/La gEiiE'mas k!u'nxts!otsa L!e' £ na la'xa ts!ets!Eba'ts!e. 35 
\V:i , g - l'l e mese gwal plo'qweda bEgwa'nEmaxes axsE £ wa'xs lae 
gwal dEnxEleda klwele. 1 . . . Wa, la'xaa k - a'gilllxa ma J lEXLa' 
ts!ets!Eba'ts!a qa £ s le k'ane'qwas lax iJasaneqwasa lo'qlwe; ga 
gwa'leg'a {fig.). 2 ■ ■ ■ Wii, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e fiwii'lgEmgalil 
qa f s he'legintsE r we. 40 

Split-Backs. — Wa, laE'm k - !es malex'bE'ndqexs k'!e's £ mae ts!E- 1 
pll'ts la'xa L!e' £ na qaxs a'lae tE'lqwa. 3 . . . Wa, 4 gi'l e mese 
gwal na'qaxs la'e awii'lgEmgallleda bEgwa'nEme qa £ s he'leg'intsE- 
s we. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq qa k'!e'ts!ena e yas t!e'lasEwa Le'qwaxa, 
qaxs hewii'xae p!e's^IdEX wa'x e mae la gii'la, wa'x -£ mae la ma £ lE'nxe 5 
ts!awu'nxas la hewa'xaEm p!e's £ id. qaxs a'lae ae'k'!aakwa; la'g'ilas 
he'mEnalaEm tE'lqwa. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

Soaked Backbones, boiled or blistered (1). — Wa, la £ me's ax £ us- 
tF.'nilxa t!e'lkwe xa'k'Iadza la'xa t!e'lats!e qa £ s ga'xe axdzo'ts 
la'xa le' £ wa s yeLEbe 'la lax klwae'lasa. Wii, la £ me'seda bEgwa'nEme io 
vrrivudux"sala k'o'k'oxsalaq cja £ s ha'ntslales la'xa ha'nxxanowe. 

■ Continued in Jesup Expedition, etc., Vol. V, p. 432, lines 4-21. 
' Continued in ibid., p. 432, line 21, to p. 434, line 40. 
3 Continued in ibid., p. 434, line 40, to p. 435, line 8. 
' Continued from ibid., p. 435, line S. 



326 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUIL [eth. ann. 81 

12 After he has done so, he puts the kettle on the fire; and | as soon as it 
stands there firmly, the man pours water into it; | and it does not 

15 take long before it begins to boil. Then the kettle is taken off; || and 
the woman takes five dishes and | puts them down, and also five 
oil-dishes. As soon as | it is all on the floor, the man takes his tongs, 
and | takes the soaked backbone out of the water and puts it into the 

20 dishes. 1 1 . . . When they finish (eating) they wait for a second || course.] 

(2). — Sometimes the soaked backbone is blistered by the | fire of the 

house to heat it, when there are not many who have been | invited,— 

for instance, two men, — or when the owner of the house | is given this, 

25 to eat by his wife. She just goes and takes some || soaking backbone, 
and blisters it by the fire. When | it is done, she puts it on a food- 
mat; | and an oil-dish is taken and oil poured into it. | When it is 
put on the food-mat outside | of the blistered soaked backbone, it 

30 is eaten by the one || man and his wife and his children, in this man- 
ner. | Sometimes old people desire to eat it blistered in this | way, 
for it has a different taste from boiled | soaked backbone, and there- 

35 fore some men like it. | They never sing when their food || is going 
to be soaked backbone; for this is going to be their food when few 

12 Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwiiTExs la'e ha'nx'LEnts la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese E'lxxalaxs la'eda bEgwa'nEme gu'qlEqasa £ wa'pe laq. 
Wa, la £ me'se ge'giltsllaEm la maE'mdElqulaxs la'e ha'nx'sana. 

15 Wa, le'cla ts'.Eda'qe &x £ e'dxa sF.k'Ie'xxa lo'Elqhva qa £ s g'a'xe 
mEx'a'lilas LE £ wa sEk - !e'xLa £ maxaeda ts!ets!Eba'ts!e. Wii, g'i'l- 
£ mese £ wi"'lgalllExs la'eda bEgwa'nEme &x £ e'dxes tsle'sLala qa £ s 
k - ItpwEstalexa tle'lkwe xa'k'!adzo qa £ s k - !ipts!a'les la'xa lo'Elqlwe. 1 
. . . (Wa, gil £ mese gwala) la'e awu'lgEmgalll qa £ s ke'legin- 

20 tsE^we. 

(2). — Wa, la £ na'l E nEinp \r.na, pEne'sasE £ wa t Is'lkwe xa'k" !adzo la'xa 
lEgwI'lasa g'o'kwe, qa ts!E'lx £ w!des, yfxs k'le'sae qle'nF.ma Le' £ la- 
nEme, yixa ma £ lo'kwe l)e'bEgwanEma loxs he' £ maeda go'gwadasa 
g'6'kwe ha £ mg i'las5 £ ses gEnE'me. Wa, a' £ mes la ax £ e'd la'xes 

25 t!e'lasE £ we xa'k!adza qa £ s pEnnoli'seq la'xa lEgwI'le. Wii, g'i'1- 
£ mese Llo'pEx . la'e a'Em axo'dzoyo la'xa ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya. 
Wii, la iix £ e'tsE £ wa ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!u'nxts!otsE £ wesa L!e' £ na. 
Wa, a' £ mes la ka'dzodayo la'xa ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya lax Lla'sa- 
lllasa pE'nkwe t!elk u xa'k'ladzo. Wa, laE'm he' £ mesa £ nEmo'kwe 

30 bEgwa'nEm le £ wi's gEnE'me L6 £ me's sii'sEmeda he gwii'le. Wa, la 
£ na'l £ nEmp!Ena £ ma q!u'lsq!ul £ yakwe bebEgwa'nEm ha £ mae'xsdxa he 
gwe'kwexa pEnnOle'dzEkwe qaxs o'gilxplamae la'xa ha'nxLaakwe 
t!elk u xa'k'ladza. Wa, he' £ mis la'gulas ax £ e'xstso £ sa £ nal £ nEmo'- 
kwe la'xa bEgwa'nEme. Wa, la k - !es dE'nxElagilExs ha £ ma' £ ye'- 

35 Leda tle'lkwe xa'kladza, yix ha £ ma £ e'Le qaxs h5'lalaeda ha £ mii'j>a<| 

i Continued in Jesup Expedition, etc., Vol. V, p. 436, line 12, to p. 437, line 22. 



boas] EECIPES 327 

are eating, | for there are never many who eat this kind of cooking; I 36 
and the only time they eat this is in the morning. That is | all 
about this. | 

Fins and Tails (1). — Now I will talk about the cooking | of the. pec- 1 
toral fins and anal fins and the tails of the | dog-salmon. These three 
kinds are [never not] always eaten at | noon and in the evening. 
When they are going to eat pectoral fins || and anal fins and tails, a 5 
soaking-box is taken, | and water is poured into it. Then (several 
handfuls of) | pectoral fins are picked up and put into it. For four 
days they are soaking in it. | Then they are taken out and put into 
a kettle; and | water is poured on them before they are put on the 
fire. || When they are covered with water, they are put on the | fire. 10 
Sometimes they are kept boiling until it is nearly noon, | for they try 
to boil the bones soft. When the bones are boiled to pieces, | the 
kettle is taken off the fire. Then the | woman takes a dish and puts 
it alongside the kettle. || Then she takes a large spoon, | and ladles 15 
out the pectoral fins, and she pours them into the | dish. When they 
are all in it, she places it before the one who is to eat it; | and next 
water is given to drink to him who is going to eat it. As soon | as (the 
guests) finish drinking, they eat. No oil is || dipped with it when 20 

qaxs kle'sae qle'nEnienoxwa ha e ma'paxa he gwa/las ha f me'xsl- 36 
laene*. Wa, le'x'aEinxaa ha f ma'pdEmqeda gaa'la. Wa, laE'm 
gwa'la. 

Fins and Tails (1). — Wa, la e me'sEn gwa'gwexs -J alal la/qexs la'e ha- 1 
£ me'x - sIlasE £ weda pEL!Exa'wa'"ye LE f wa pELa'ga £ ye p f wa ts!a'sna- 
£ yasa gwa^xni'se. Wa, k - leya's k - !es ha' £ maEnxg-ada yii'duxwldala- 
k xa nEqa'la p £ wa dza'qwa. Wa, gi'l £ Eni ha £ ma'La pEL!Exa.'wa £ ye 
LE £ wa pELa'ga^ye LE'wa ts!a'sna £ yaxs la'e gEyo'l ax E e'tsE £ wa t!e'la- 5 
ts!e qa^s gtixtslo'yaeda £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la £ me'se k - !a £ stanoweda 
pEL!Exa'wa £ ye laq. Wa, he't!a la mo'p!Enxwa J stali'l la/qexs la'e 
ax £ wusta'na qa £ s axts!5yuwe la'xa ha'nxxanowe. Wa, la'xaa gE- 
yo'l guq!Eqa'sosa £ wa'paxs k!e's £ mae ha'nxxana, la'xa lEgwi'le. 
Wa, g-i'Pmese la qlo'giililxa £ wa'paxs la'e ha'nxxEndayo la'xa 1e- 10 
gwl'le. Wa, la'me f se £ naPnEmp!Ena Ela'q f Em k'!es s nEqa'lagila 
maE'mdElqula, qaxs xa'xayasE £ waes xa'qe. Wa, gi'l £ mese xa's^i- 
deda xa'qaxs la'e ha'nxsanowe.da ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, la e me'seda 
tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa lo'qlwe qa J s k'a'galiles lax o'na'^yasa ha'nx'La- 
nowe. Wa, la £ me'seda ts!Eda'qe ax £ e'dxa £ wa'lase k - a'ts!Enaqa 15 
qa f s xa'lostEndes la'xa pEL!Exa'wa e ye. Wa, la xE'lts!alas la'xa 
lo'qlwe. Wa, gi'Pmese e wl' £ lts!axsla'e ka'gEmlllas lax ha £ ma'pLaq. 
Wa, la e me'sa £ wa'pe ma'k'ilaq qa na'x £ Itsosa ha £ ma'pLe. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e hamx £ I'da. Wii, laE'm k' lea's L!e' £ na ts!E- 
pa'sos ]aqexsha £ mapaaxgada pEL!Exa £ wa J ye LE £ wa pELfiga^ye LEwa 20 



328 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

21 they eat these pectoral fins and anal fins and | tails. After they 
have eaten, the woman takes | the dish out of which those have 
eaten to whom she has given to eat, j and she takes water and pours 
it into it. Then she puts it back before those to whom she has given 

25 to eat, | and they wash their hands in it. After || they have done so 
they are given water to drink. | Often they are not given a second 
course after eating | pectoral fins and anal fins and also tails. | The 
guests just go out of the house. The | old people always eat that, 

30 about which I am talking. || Only poor people have, for their food, 
these three kinds | about which I am talking. That is all. | 

(2). — When there are many roasted salmon-tails, | the owner invites 
his friends early in the morning to come [ and eat breakfast in his house. 

35 As soon as the guests are all in, || the man who invited them takes a 
food-mat and spreads it on the floor | in front of his guests. Then 
lie takes the roasted salmon-tails | and puts them down lengthwise 
on the food-mat. Then lie takes | water and gives it to them; and 
after they finish drinking, | they begin to eat. As soon as the guests 

Id licgin to eat, || the man takes his bucket and goes to draw fresh water 
for I drinking afterwards. As soon as he comes back, he puts down 
on the floor the | bucket with water in it; and after they have 
finished eating the salmon-tails, | the man puts the bucket with 

21 ts!a'sna £ ye. Wii, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ mapExs la'e ax £ e'deda tslEda'- 
qaxa lo'qlwe. yix ha £ maats!e'x - dasa ha £ mgi'lasE £ was, qa £ s ax £ e'dexa 
e wa'pe qa £ s guxtslo'des laq. Wa . la xwe'laqak'a'gEmlllas la'xes ha £ m- 
gi'lasE £ we. Wa, la £ me'se ts!E'nts!Enx £ wIdEX"da £ x u laq. Wa, g't'l- 

25 £ mese gwa'lEXs la'e tsa'xltsosa £ wa'pe. Wa, laE'm na'x £ IdEX'- 
da £ x" laq. Wii, la qiflna'la kles he'leg intsE £ weda ha £ ma'paxa pE- 
LlExawa e ye t.tfwa pELaga £ ye. Wa, hemisLeda ts!asna £ ye. Wii, lasm 
a 1:111 ho'qiiwElseda Le £ lanEmxde. Wa, laE'mxaa'wiseda qluls- 
qlu'lyakwe he'mEnala ha £ ma'pEx gwe'x'sdEmasgin gwa'gwexs £ a- 

30 lasEk - ; le'xa £ meda wi £ wosElaga hemawalanux"sg'ada yu'dux"wl- 
dalagin gwa'gwex - s £ alasa. Wa, laE'm gwala. . . 

(2). — Wa, gi'Pmese qle/iiEma Llo'bEkwe ts!a'sna £ ya, la'e he'x ,£ i- 
da £ ma axno'gwadas Le' £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEmo'kwaxa gaa'la qa g"5'xes 
gaa'xstala lax g - o'kwas. Wa, la g'i'l £ Em £ wI' £ laeLeda i,e' £ lanEmaxs 

35 la'eda Le' £ lalaq ax £ e'dxa ha £ madzowe le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEpliililes lax 
L!a'sExdzama £ yases Le £ lanEme. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa Llo'bEkwe tsla's- 
na £ ya qa £ s le kadEdzo'ts la'xa ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ \\a £ va. Wa, la 
&x £ e'dxa £ wa'pe qa £ s le tsii'x £ Its laq. Wa, gl'hmese gwal na'qaxs la'e 
ha £ mx -£ I'dEx'da £ xwa. Wii, gl'l £ mese ha £ mx £ I'deda Le £ lanEmaxs la- 

40 eda bEgwa'iiEme ax £ e'dxes na'gatsle qa £ s le tsiix a'lta £ wa'pa qa 
nage'glLEs. Wa, gl'Pmese gax ae'daaqaxs la'e k"!o'x £ walilxa na'- 
gatsle £ wa'bEts!ala. Wa, gi'hmese gwal ha £ mii'pa ts'.etsla'snegaxs 
la'eda bEgwa'iiEme M'ng-imliltsa £ wa'bEts!ale na'gatsle laq. Wa, 



boas] RECIPES 329 

water in it before them, and | immediately they drink of it. After 
they finish drinking, || they go out. There is no oil to dip with it, 4.5 
and | there is no dish, and they do not rinse their mouths; for | the 
first people said that the silver-salmon would disappear | if these 
three kinds of things were done. | Therefore they take for them a 
new food-mat; and || they do not wipe their hands when they eat 50 
roasted salmon-tads | and roasted backbones of silver-salmon; for 
often the guests just rub [ their 1 ands, after they finish eating, to 
dry off | the fat of their food. The owner of the | salmon-tads eats 
some of what has been left over by those who have eaten, || when he 55 
gets hungry, and he does the same way with roasted | backbones. 
That is all. | 

Salmon-Cheeks. — As soon as winter comes, (the woman) takes | her 1 
soaking-box and puts it down in the corner of the house; | then she 
draws water (and pours it) into the soaking-box until it is half full 
of water. | Then she takes the basket in which she keeps the "plucked 
cheeks" and pours them into the || soaking-box. She soaks them 5 
four days in the house. After | they have been soaking four days, 
the woman requests her husband, | even if it is noon, to go and 
invite the old chiefs | to come and eat the "plucked cheeks," for only 
the chiefs | eat this kind (of food). The man at once goes and j| 



he'x £ ida £ mese na'x £ IdExda £ x u laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ho'quwElsa. Wa, laE'm kMeo's L!e' £ na tstepa's. Wa, he'- 45 
£ mesexs k" !eo'sae lo'q !wa. Wii' he £ misexs k" !e'sae ts lEwe'L <Exod qaxs 
£ ne'kaeda g - a'le bEgwa'nEmqexs he'x -£ ida £ mae k' !eyo'x £ wideda 
dza £ wu'naqexs ax £ e'tsE £ waeg"ada yu'dux £ wldalag - a. Wa, he' £ mis 
la'gilas ax £ e'dg Ilxa aldzEwe' ha £ madzo' le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, he' £ mis 
la'gilas k'lesxat! dedE'nkweda ha £ ma'paxa Llo'bskwe ts!a'sna £ ya 50 
i.o £ ma iJo'bEkwe xa'k!adzosa dza £ wu'ne, q!iina'lae a'Em dza'k'5- 
deda Le'danEmaxes e f eyasowaxs la'e gwal ha £ ma'pa qa lE'mxwa- 
LElesa tsE'nx\va £ yeses ha £ ma' £ ye. Wa, a' £ mes leda axno'gwadasa 
ts!a'sna £ j T e, yix k - !e'ts!a £ yaway £ asox le'xde ha J ma'p laha'mxliEmka 
lii'qexs la'e po'sq!EX' £ ida. Wa, la he'Emxat! gwe'gilaxa Llo'bE- 55 
kwe xa'kMadza. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

Salmon -Cheeks. — Wa, gi'Pmese ts!a £ wii'nx £ IdExs la'e ax £ e'd- l 
xes t!e'lats!e qa £ s le ha'ngalllaq la'xa o'negwdases go'kwe. 
Wa, la tsa'tslotsa e wa'pe laq, qa nEgoya'lesa t!e'lats!axa £ wape. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxes p!Elodzats!e lExa' £ ya qa £ s giixstE'ndes la'xa 
t!e'lats!e. Wa, la £ me'se mo'p'.Enxwa £ s t!e'ltahla. Wa, gi'l £ mese 5 
mo'p!Enxwa £ s ta'llla, la'eda tslEda'qe axk!alaxes la' £ wunEmaxa 
wa'x' £ Em la nEqii'la qa les Le' £ lalaxa q!ulsq!uTyak u g'i'gigEma-'ya 
qa g'axes p!Ep!El6'sgaxa phdose, qaxs le'x - a £ maeda g i'g'igama^ve 
ha £ ma'pxa he gwe'x - se. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mesa bEgwa'nEme la La'lll- 



330 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. a» 

10 selects the chiefs whom he intends to invite in. It is not long before 
they all come into | his house. [I have forgotten that his wife | at 
once spreads out mats for the guests to sit down on the floor. | Those 
who have been invited go right in and sit down on | the spread mats.] 

1 5 As soon as they are all in, the || man takes a kettle and pours water 
into it, | and he puts it on the fire in his house; but his wife goes on 
with her work. | She takes a basket, and takes the "plucked cheeks" 
out of the water and puts them into the | basket, and pours them 
into the kettle which | is boiling over the fire in the house. Then the 

20 woman takes dishes and || puts them down where she is sitting, and 
she also takes tongs; | and when she thinks that (the "plucked 
cheeks") are done, her husband takes | the kettle from the fire. 
Immediately the woman takes her tongs | and takes out the "plucked 
cheeks" and puts them into the dishes; | and when they are all in 

25 the dishes, she places || one dish in front of each four men. As soon | 
as this is done, she takes a bucket with water in it and places | it in 
front of the guests; then they drink; | and when they finish drinking, 
they begin to eat; | and when they begin to eat, the woman takes 

30 another || dish and pours the liquid of the "plucked cheeks" into it. 
Then she counts one | spoon for each guest, and she goes and gives 
them each one. She | takes up the dish with the liquid in it and 



10 qE £ waxa gi'g - igama £ ye. Wa, k - le'st !a ga'laxs ga'xae £ wl' £ la h5'gwl- 
LEla lax g'o'kwas. Wa, he'xoLEn L!Ele'wesE £ we gEnE'masexs he'- 
x £ ida £ mae LEp!a'lilElaxa le'Elwa £ ye qa k!udzEdza'll £ lasLEsa k!we'lE- 
La; wa, la'gllas he £ na'kula £ ma Le £ lanEme qa £ s le kliidzEclza'lI- 
laxa LEbEgwi'lkwe le'El £ wa £ ya. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wI' £ laeLExs la'eda 

15 bEgwa'nEme fix £ e'dxa ha'nx'Lanowe qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. 
Wa, la ha'nx'LEnts la'xes lEgwi'le. Wa, la'La a'x u slle gEnE'mas, 
ax £ e'dxa lExa' £ ye qa £ s le kMo'stEndxa plElo'se qa £ s lc!ats!o'des la'xa 
lExa' £ ye qa £ s lit giixtslo'ts la'xa h&'nx'Lala ha'nx'Lana. Wit, la £ me'se 
maE'mdElqula ge'gilila, la'asa ts'.Eda'qe ax £ e'dxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s 

20 ga'xe &x £ a'lllas la'xes klwae'lase; wa, he' £ mlse ts!e'sLala. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese ko'taq las'm L!o'pa la'e ta' £ wiinEmas ha'nx'sEndxa 
ha'nx Lanowe. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ meseda tslEdii'qe ax £ e'dxes tsle'sLala 
qa k!ipwiista'lexa plElo'se qa £ s k - !ipts!a'les la'xa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese £ wi' £ lt,s!a la'xa lo'Elqlwaxs la'e kax - dzam6'lllas la'xa 

25 mae'mokwe be'bEgwanEma la'xa £ na'l £ nEinexEa lo'qlwa. Wa, gi'l- 
£ mese £ wl £ laxs la'e ax £ e'dxa £ wa'bEts!ala na'gatslii qa £ s le ha'nx - - 
dzamolilas la'xes klwe'lekwe. Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mese na'x £ IdExda- 
£ xwa. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'x p da £ xwae hS- £ mx £ I'da. Wa, 
g - il £ mese hamx £ I'dExs la'eda ts!Edaqe ax £ e'dxa o'gii £ la £ maxat ! lo'- 

30 q!wa qa £ s guxts!o'des £ wa'paliisa plElo'se laq. Wa, la'xaa ho'sEmtsa 
ka'kEts!Enaqe la'xa k!we'le qa £ s le ts!as laq. Wa, la'xaa ka.'- 
g'llllxa £ wa'bEts!ala lo'qlwa qa £ s le k'axdzamo'lllas laq qa yo'- 



boas] RECIPES 331 

places it in front of them, to | eat it with spoons while they are 33 
eating the "plucked cheeks." They eat (the liquid) with spoons | 
while they are eating (the heads). After they have eaten, || the 35 
woman takes up the dish and pours out what was in it. | Then she 
pours some good water into it, and she | places it in front of her 
guests again. Then they wash their hands; | and after they have 
done so, the bucket with water in it is put before them, | and they 
drink out of it. After || they finish drinking, they go out; for no 40 
second course is served after | eating the "plucked cheeks," and also 
no oil is dipped with it. | Therefore only liquid of the "plucked 
cheeks" is drunk while they are | eaten. That is the end. | 

Fresh Salmon-Heads. — Sometimes they eat (the salmon-heads) at 1 
once when they are soft, for often | the old people come to the owner 
of this kind (of food to ask to be invited). | Then it is just put down 
on a food-mat and placed in front of those || who ask to be invited. 5 
They do not eat it in the morning, only | at noon and in the evening; 
and those who eat it do not rinse their mouths, | for that is only done 
in the morning. They only drink water | before they eat the roasted 
heads, and they also drink water | after they finish eating; and then 
they take a mouthful of water || and squirt it over their hands to 10 
wash them, for | their hands are greasy from the fat of their food, 

ts!ek'Eleseqexs ha £ ma'paaxa p!Elo'se. Wa, la'xda £ xwe yo'- 33 
ts!ekilaqexs la'e ha £ ma'pa. Wii, g - i'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs 
la'eda ts!Eda'qe ka/gilllxa lo'slqlwe qa £ s le giix £ I'dEx g'l'tsla- 35 
xdiiq. Wa, la £ me'se guxtslo'tsa e'k'e £ wap laq. Wii, laEmxaa'wi- 
se kaxdzam5'lllas la'xa klwe'lde. Wa, laxda £ xwe ts!E'nts!Enx- 
£ wlda. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwalExs la'e ha'ngEmlllEma £ wabEts!ala 
nagatsla'. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese na'x £ IdExda £ x u laq. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwal na/qaxs la'e ho'quwEls qaxs k'le'sae he'leg intsE £ wa 40 
ha £ ma'paxa p!Elo'se. Wa, laE'mxaa k" lea's L!e' £ na tsEpa'sos. 
Wa, he'Em la'gllas a'Em na'qasE £ we £ wa'palasa plElo'saxs ha- 
f ma £ yae. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

Fresh Salmon-Heads (Xo'xiisde). — Wii, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena he'- 1 
x £ ida £ Em ha £ mx £ i'dqexs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwe, yixs q!una'lae 
qa'tse £ staleda qlulsq'ulyakwe laxa axnS'gwadiisa he gwe'x'se. Wa, 
laE'm a'Em axdzo'yo la'xa ha 5 madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le axdzamo'- 
li £ lEm la'xa qa'tse c stala. Wa, la k!es ha £ ma'xa gaa'la, le'xa £ ma 5 
nEqa'la LE E wa dza'qwa. Wa, la kMes ts!Ewe'L!Exodeda ha £ ma'- 
paq qaxs la £ me'x'de gaa'xstala. Wii, laLa na'x £ i;laEmxa £ wa'paxs 
k!e's f mae ha £ mx £ I'dxa xo'xiisde. Wa, lii'xaa nii'x £ idaEmxs lae 
gwal ha £ ma'pa. Wa, he' £ mis laxat! ha'msgEindaats la'xa £ wa'pe 
qa £ s ha'mxts!anE'ndesexs la'e ts!E'nts!Enx £ weda, qaxs qte'lqlEl- 10 
tsliinae lax tsE'nxwa £ yases ha £ ma' £ ye qaxs a' £ mae da'x" £ idxa se'sE- 



332 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ANN. 35 

12 for they just take | the whole roasted salmon-heads and hold them 
when they eat them, therefore | their hands are very greasy. As 
soon as they finish, | they go out of the house, for no second course is 

15 served after fresh || roasted salmon-heads. That is all about this. | 
Preserved Salmon-Heads. — Now we wdl talk about the | roasted 
salmon-heads when they cook them in winter. When | it is winter, 
the common people are invited to come | to the house of the owner 

20 of the roasted salmon-heads. Then || they do again the same thing 
tli at I told of before, 1 when they spread out | mats behind the fire- 
place of the house for the guests to sit down on | when they come in. 
As soon as they are in, | they are led by the woman to their seats on 

25 the spread | mats. When they are all in, the || woman at once takes 
the basket in which she keeps the salmon-heads, and she puts it 
down | at the place where she is sitting; and her husband takes a 
large | kettle and puts it down also, next to the place where his wife 
is sitting. | At once the woman opens the top of the basket, | and 
she takes out the roasted salmon-heads and puts them into the 

30 kettle. || Then she places them in it so that all stand on the part 
where | the head has been cut off, and so that the faces of the roasted 
heads are upward; and she only | stops when the kettle is full. Her 



12 nala x'6'xiisda qa £ s deda'lalileqexs la'e ha £ ma'pEq. Wa, he' £ mis 
la'g'Ilas XE'nLEla qlE'lqteltslane. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'texs la'e 
a'Em ho'quwEls qaxs kle'sae he'leg - intsE £ wa ha £ ma/paxa ii'lxwase 

15 x'5'xiisda. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Preserved Salmon-Heads. 1 — Wa, la £ me'sEns gwa'gwexs £ alal la'xa 
xo'xtisdiixs la'e ha e me'x - silaqexs la'e ts!a £ wiVnxa. Wa, he' £ maaxs 
la'e ts!a £ wu'nxa la'e Le' £ lalasE £ weda be'bEgwanEmqlalaEm qa ga'xes 
lax go'kwasa axno'gwadasa xo'xiisde. Wa, he'Emxaa'wis gwe'- 

20 x £ Tde gwl'gilasasa gig'I'leyin wa'ldEma laE'm LEpla'lelEma te'- 
£ wa £ ye lax o'gwlwalllasa lEgwi'lasa go'kwe, qa kiudzEdzo'lllasosa 
Le £ lanEme qo gaxL ho'gwlLo. Wa, g'i'l £ mese g'ax ho'gwlLExs 
la'e q!a'x - sidzes6sa tslEda'qe qa las klfidzEdzo'lilEla la'xa LEbEl- 
kwe' le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi' £ laeLExs la'e he'x £ ida £ ma 

25 tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa x'o'xiisdaatsle Lla'bata qa £ s ga'xe ha'ngahlas 
la'xes klwae'lase. Wii, la'La la' £ wuriEmas ax £ e'dxes £ wa'lase 
ha'nx'Lana qa £ s g'a'xe ha'ngahlas la'xaaxa k!wae'lasases gEnE'me. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ meseda tslEda'qe xo'x £ wh1ex tlEma'g imasa Lla'bate. 
Wii, la ax £ wtilts!a'laxa x'o'xusde qa £ s le axtsla'las la'xa ha'nx- 

30 Lanowe. LaE'm ae'k'Ia k!uts!a'las qa £ na'xwa £ me he klwa'layoses 
qa'ka £ ye. Wa, laE'm e'k'lEgEmltsIaweda x'o'xusde. Wa, a'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e qo'tleda ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, la'La la' £ wunEmas 



boas] RECIPES 333 

husband | at once takes up two buckets and goes to draw water | 33 
for the liquid of what is being cooked. As soon as he comes back, || 
he pours (the water) into (the kettle). When it is half full of water, | 35 
his wife takes an old mat and covers it over, so | that the steam may 
not come through when it boils. As soon as | this has been done, 
she puts the kettle on the fire. Immediately | the guests begin to 
sing the songs of their ancestors. || Four songs are sung. Then the | 40 
host takes the dishes and puts them down at the place where his | 
wife is sitting; and when that is done, she dips up some water, so 
that | everything stands ready on the floor of the house. After it 
has been boiling for a long time, the | kettle is taken off; and it just 
stands on the floor of the house, || for she wants (what is being 45 
cooked) to swell up. After the guests finish singing, | and when the 
hostess thinks that what is being cooked is (thoroughly) soaked, | then 
she takes the tongs and takes off the covering. | Then she takes a large 
long-handled ladle and takes out | what has been cooked and puts 
it into the dishes; || and she only stops when they are all f u U of what 50 
lias been cooked. | Then (the host's) wife takes an old [bad] food- 
mat and | spreads it out in front of the guests. After she has done 
so, | her husband takes up the dishes and places them before his | 
guests. There are four men to each dish. || After this has been done, 55 



he'x £ idaEm klo'qulllxa ma £ ltsE'me nena'gats!a qa £ s le tsax £ wa/pa 33 
qa £ wa'palases ha £ ine'xsllasE £ we. Wa, gi'l £ mese gax ae'daaqaxs 
la'e guqteqa's laq. Wa, a' £ mese t!EpEya'x £ Idxa £ wa'paxs la'e 35 
ax £ e'de gEUE'masexa k'!a'k'!obane qa £ s nasEyi'ndes laq qa 
k'le'ses kux u sa'leda k!a'lEla qo mEdE'lx £ wklLo. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e ha'nxxEnts la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa he'x £ ida £ mese 
dE'nx £ ededa klwe'lasa gi'lts!Eyalay5 q!E'mdEma. Wa, laE'm 
mo'sgEmeda dE'nx £ edayos qlE'mqlEmdEma. Wa, la £ me'.sLaLeda 40 
k!we'lase ax £ e'dxes l5'Elq!we qa g'a'xese niEX £ a'lll lax k!wae £ lasases 
gEnE'me. Wa, la gwa'lExs la'e tsa'x £ idxa £ wa'pe qa g'a'xese 
ha £ ne'l gwa'llla. Wa, la £ me'se ge'gilil £ Em la maE'mdElquleda 
ha'nxLaiaxs la'e ha'nxsEndEq. Wa, a'Emxaa'wise la ha £ ne'la, 
qaxs £ ne'kae qa po's £ Ide. Wa, laE'mLa gwal dE'nxEleda k!we'le. 45 
Wa, gi'Pmese ko't!ededa k!we £ lasaq laE'm poVides ha £ me'x - silaxs 
la'e ax £ e'dxa ts !e'sLala qa £ s k!ip!l'des la'xa nayl'me qa £ s axo'deq. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxa £ wa'lase gi'lt!EXLala ka'ts!Enaqa qa £ s XElo'ltsiales 
la'xes ha £ me'xsilasE £ we qa £ s le xElts!a'las laxa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, 
a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e £ wi' £ lolts!amasxes ha £ me'xsilasE £ we. Wa, 50 
la £ me'se gEnE'mas ax £ e'dxa £ ya'x'SE £ me ha £ madzo' le' £ wa £ ya, qa £ s 
le LEpdzamo'lilas la'xes Le £ lanEme. Wa, g1'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e 
la' £ wunEmas k - a'gilllxa lo'Elq'.we qa £ s le kax - dzamolilElas la'xes 
Le £ lanEine. Wa, laE'm mae'malasE £ wa £ na'l £ nEmexLa lo'qlwa. Wa, 
g - i'l £ mese gwa'texs la'e tsa'x £ Itsa £ wa'pe laq qa na'x £ Ides laq. Wa, 55 



334 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ANN. 36 

56 she dips up some water, and they drink it; | and after they have 
finished drinking, they begin to eat. They just take up | one 
sakaon-head and hold it in their hands when they are eating, | and 
they throw the bones on the food- | mat; therefore an old [bad] 

60 food-mat is used, || for the fat of the salmon-heads sticks | to the 
mat. And after they have eaten, the woman | takes up the eating- 
dishes and pours out into the kettle | the food that was left. Then 
she washes them out; | and after she has done so, she pours some 

65 water into them, and she puts them again || before those to whom 
she has given to eat; and at once they all | wash their hands; and 
after the | men have washed their hands, the host draws some water, 
and they | all drink; and after they have finished drinking, | the 

70 oldest one among the guests speaks, praising the host; || and when he 
stops speaking, the host thanks them for their | words; and when he 
stops speaking, they wait for the | second course. That is all of this. | 
1 Steamed Salmon-Heads. — Now I will | talk about the salmon- 
heads steamed (on hot stones) , | — -the heads of all kinds of salmon. 
When | the woman cuts the salmon, as soon as she finishes, her || 
5 husband cuts fire-wood; and after he has done so, he | digs a hole 
on the beach. Then he puts the split fire-wood lengthwise | into it. 

56 g'iTmese gwal na'qaxs la'e ha £ mx -£ ida. Wa, laE'm a'Em da'x £ Id- 
xa £ na'l £ nEmsgErne he'x't!a £ ya qa £ s da'lallleqexs la'e ha f ma'pEq. 
Wa, la £ nie'se ts!EgEdzo'dalaxa xa'qesawa £ ye la'xes ha £ madzo'we 
te' £ wa £ ya. He'Em la'g'Ilas he ax £ e'tsosa £ ya'x"sa £ me ha £ madz5' 

60 le' £ wexs, yixs XE'nLElae klii'teda tsE'nxwa £ yasa he'xt!a £ yasa k"!6'- 
tEla la'xa le' £ wa £ ye. Wa, g'i'lmese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'eda tslEda'qe 
ax £ e'dxa ha' £ maats!ex'de lo'Elq!wa qa £ s le guxts!o'tsa k p !ets!a £ yawa- 
yasa ha £ mii'x'de la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, la ts.'oxug'indEq. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e guxts!6'tsa £ wa'pe laq, qa £ s la' £ xat! e'tled 

65 kaxdzamo'lllas la'xes ha £ mg'I'lasox u de. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese £ wl £ la 
ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!da. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwal ts!E'nts!Enkwaxs la'eda 
bEgwa'nEme, yixa Le £ lanEmaq tsa'x £ Itsa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la'x"da- 
£ xwe £ wi' £ la na'x £ Ida. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e ya'q!eg - a £ le 
q!u'lyak!iiga £ yasa k!wel. Wa, laE'm tslE'lwaqaxa Le £ IaiiEmaq. 

70 Wa, g'i'Pmese q!we'l £ TdExs la'e m5'mElk!aleda klwe'lasas wa'ldE- 
mas. Wii, g'i'l £ mese q!we'l £ edExs la'e awQ'lgEmga £ lIl qa £ s he'le- 
g-IntsE £ we. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Steamed Salmon-Heads (K!wE £ yaa'k u hext'.e). — Wa, la £ me'sEn 
e'dzaqwal gwa'gwexs £ alal la'xa he'x"t!a £ yaxs la'e nEk - a'sE £ wa, 
yix he'xt!a £ yasa £ na'xwa k'!o'k!utEla. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e xwa'- 
Leda tslEda'qaxa k - !o'tEla. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e la /£ wu- 
5 nEmas LE'mlEnox'sEndxa lEqwa'. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e 
la'p'.alisa la'xa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, la Lo'xtslalasa LE'mgEkwe lEqwa' 



boas] RECIPES 335 

After he has done so, he piles stones into it; | and when the fire-wood S 
is covered with stones, | he puts fire under the pile of wood and 
stones; and when the pile of wood and stones blazes up, [| he goes 10 
back into the woods and gets | skunk-cabbage leaves; and when he 
gets many of them, he brings them and puts them down | near the 
pile of wood and stones; and he takes his tongs | and lie brings his 
bucket. His wife takes off | the gills from the salmon-heads, and 
her husband takes || eel-grass, drifted ashore; and after this has been 15 
done on the beach, | and when the stones are hot enough the man takes 
his tongs | and takes up a fire-brand and puts it down on the beach, 
far away from | the place where the heads are to be steamed; and 
when all the fire has been taken out, | he levels the stones; and when 
they are all level, || he takes the eel-grass and puts it around the 20 
stones; | and when this has been done, he takes the skunk-cabbage 
leaves and spreads them | over the stones; and he only stops when 
there are four layers | of skunk-cabbage leaves spread out. As soon 
as this is done, he takes the | salmon-heads and places them, nose 
upward, on the skunk-cabbage leaves. || As soon as they are all on 25 
the stones, he takes several skunk-cabbage leaves and | spreads them 
over the salmon-heads; and when these are spread also four layers 
thick, | he takes his bucket, dips up sea-water | on the beach, and 
brings it up to the steaming-hole. | Then he takes mats and places 



laq. Wa, gl'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e XEquyindalasa tle'sEnie laq. 7 
Wa, gTFmese kamElqayi'ndeda tle'sEme la'xa lEqwa'xs la'e 
mEna'botsa gu'lta la'xes t!eqwapa £ ye. Wa, g'i'l £ mese x'I'qostowe 
t le'qwapa £ yasexs la'e a'Le £ sta la'xa a'lJe qa £ s le ax £ e'd la'xa io 
k' lEk'lao'klwa. Wa, g'i'l £ mese qlEyo'LEqexs g'a'xae gE'mxalesaq 
la'xa nExwa'la la'xes t!e'qwapa £ ye. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxes k'lipLa'la 
qa ga'xes k'ade'se LE £ wis na'gatsle. Wa, la'La gEnE'mas axa'lax 
q!5'sna £ yasa he'x"t!a £ ye. Wa, la'xae la' £ wiinEmas ax £ e'd la'xa 
qulE'me tsla'tslayi'ma. Wa, g1'l £ mese £ wl' £ la gax gwa' £ lisaxs la'e 15 
memEiiltsE'mx ,£ Ide. Wa, le'da bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa kMIpLa'la 
qa £ s k'lipsa'lexa gu'lta qa £ s ax £ a'llsEles la'xa qwa'qwesalaEm la'xa 
nEg'a'sLaxa he'x - t!a £ ye. Wa, g1'l £ mese £ wi' £ lx - seda gii'ltaxs £ nEma'- 
k-Eyindxa tle'sEme. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ w!' £ la £ nEma'k - E £ yaxs la'e 
ax £ e'dxa ts!a'ts!Esmote qa £ s le axse £ sta'las lax awe' £ stasa tle'sEme. 20 
Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'laxs la'e ax £ e'dxa k-!ao'k!we qa £ s LEp la'lodales 
la'xa tle'sEme. Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e mo'x u dzEk!weda 
LEplaa'kwe k'lao'klwa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa 
he'x't!a £ ye qa £ s le kludzEdzo'dalas la'xa klEk - !ao'k!wa. Wa, 
gii £ mese £ wl' £ lgaalaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa wao'kwe k"!Ek!ao'k!wa qa £ s 25 
LEpEyl'ndales la'xa he'x - t!a £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese laxat! mo'x u dzE- 
kwalaxs la'e ax £ e'dxes na'gatsle qa £ s le tsa'x £ Its la'xa dE'msx e 
la'xa LlEma £ ise. Wa, g - a'xe ha £ no'hsas la'xes nE'kas5Le. Wa, 
la iix £ e'dxa le'Elwa £ ye qa £ s axno'lises laq. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 



336 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

30 them by the side of it, and he takes a || pointed cedar-stick and 
pokes holes through the covering of skunk-cabbage leaves, for the 
water to go through when he pours it on. When | all this is done, 
lie takes the bucket of water and pours it over the | skunk-cabbage 
leaves; then he takes the mats and covers them over the leaves, | so 
that the steam can not come through. After he has covered (the 

35 steaming-hole) || he calls his friends to come and sit down on the 
beach at the place where he is steaming | salmon-heads. After they 
have been sitting there some time, the man uncovers | what he is 
-.teaming; and the guests at once | sit around the steamed salmon- 
heads, and they at once eat by picking the heads | with their hands 

40 while they are still hot; || and after they have eaten, water is drawn 
and | is drunk afterwards, and the hands are washed. After they 
finish drinking | water and washing their hands, they go home. | 
That is the way in which the Indians cook the heads of the dog- 
salmon | when they are first caught, and of the humpback-salmon 

45 and of silver-salmon caught by trolling, and || of all the other kinds 
of salmon. | 
1 Boiled Salmon-Heads. — Now I will | talk about boiled salmon- 
heads. | When the woman finishes cutting the | dog-salmon and 
5 silver-salmon, when they are first caught, || her husband at once takes 
a kettle and pours water into it, | and his wife takes off the gills from 

30 e'xba k!waxLa/ £ wa qa £ s LlE'nqEmxs'ales la'xa nayi'me klEkiao'- 
k!wa qa gayi'mxsalatsa £ wa'pe qo tsaVldLo. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa £ wa'bEts!ala nagatsla' qa £ s tsa'tslELEyi'n- 
des la'xa k!Ek!ao'k!wa. Wa, la Sx £ e'dxa le'El £ wa £ ye qa £ s naVldes 
laq qa kMe'ses kix u sa'leda k'lalEla. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwal na'saqexs 

35 la'e Le /£ lalaxes £ ne £ nEmo'kwe qa les k!us £ a'lis lax axa's nEga'sa- 
sexa he'x't !a £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese gaga'la k!udze'sExs la'e lo'tlededa 
bEgwa'nEmaxes nEk - a'. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mesa le'da Le £ lanEme qa £ s 
le k!utse £ sta'laxa nEg'Ekwe' he'xt !a £ ye. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese xamax - - 
ts'.a'na ha £ mx £ i'dxa he'x"t!a £ ye, yixs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwe. 

40 Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'e tsax £ itsE £ weda £ wa'pe qa 
na'geges, lo qa ts!E'nts!Egwayos. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxa 
£ wa'paxs la'e ts!E'nts!Enx £ wlda. Wa, la'xda £ xwe na' £ nakwa. Wa, 
he'Em ha £ me'x - silaene £ sa ba'klumaxa he'x't !a £ yasa gwa £ xnisaxs 
g'a'loLaiiEmae i,E E \va ha £ no'ne LE £ wa do'gwinete dza £ wu'na, Lo £ ma 

45 £ na'xwa klo'klutEla. 
1 Boiled Salmon-Heads (Ha'nxLaak u hext!e £ ). — Wa, la £ me'- 
sEn gwagwexs £ alal la'xaa he'xt !a £ yaxs ha'nxLaakwae. Wa, 
he' £ maaxs ga'lae gwal xwa'Leda tslEda'qaxa ga'loLanEme 
klo'tElaxa gwa £ xni'se L6 £ ma dza £ wu'ne. AVa, he'x £ idamese la'- 
5 £ wtinEmas ax £ edxa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s gdxtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. 
Wa, laLa gEnE'mas axa'lax q!o'sna £ yasa he'xt !a £ ye. Wa, g'1'1- 



boas] RECIPES 337 

the heads. | After this has been done, she puts the salmon-heads into 7 
the kettle; | and when it is full, she takes an old mat and | covers the 
salmon-heads which are in the kettle. || After she has covered them, 10 
she puts them over the fire. | Then they invite whom they like to 
invite among their tribe; | and when the guests come in, the woman 
takes | her dishes and her spoons, and takes them to the place where 
she is sitting. | The kettle has not been boiling a long time, || before 15 
it is taken off the fire. Then the cover is taken off. | The woman takes 
a long-handled ladle made for the purpose, | and dips out the 
salmon-heads one by one, and | puts them down into a dish. Then 
she counts the salmon-heads, so that | there are two for each man. [| 
There are eight salmon-heads in each dish for | four men. After she 20 
has done this, a | food-mat is spread on the floor of the house in 
front of the guests, and | an empty dish is taken and put down out- 
side | of the food-mat spread on the floor. Then || the dish with the 25 
heads in it is picked up and placed before the guests, | inside of the 
empty dish and nearest to the guests; | and (the woman) also takes 
the spoons and distributes them among the guests. | The guests at 
once pick off the skin of the salmon-heads [ and eat it; and after all 
the skin has been eaten, || they pick off the bones and suck them. 30 



£ mese gwa'lExs la'e axtsla'lasa he'x - t!a £ ye la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. 7 
Wa, gi'l £ mese qo'tlaxs la'e ax £ 5'd la'xa kMa'kMobane qa £ s na'sE- 
yindes la'xa he'x - t!a £ yaxs la'e g'e'tsla la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, 
gi'l £ rnese gwal na'saqexs la'e ha'nx'LEnts la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, 10 
la Le' e lalaxes gwE £ yowe qa £ s Le' £ lalas6 la'xes go'kulote. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gax £ wI' £ laeLeda Le £ lanEmaxs la'e gEnE'mas ax £ e'd- 
xes l5'Elq!we LE £ wis ka'kEtslEnaqe qa ga'xes axe'} lax k!wae'- 
lasas. Wii, k'!e'st!a a'laEm ge'g'illl maE'mdElquleda ha/nxLa- 
naxs la'e ha'nx'sana. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese axo'yuwe na'sEya- 15 
£ yas. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa hekwlla £ ye gi'ltlEXLala k'a'- 
tslEnaqa qa £ s £ na'l £ nEmsgEmEmke xElo'ltsIalaxa he'x't!a £ ye qa £ s 
le xE'lts!alas la'xa lo'q!we. Wa, laE'm ho'saxa he'x't!a £ j T e qa 
mae'ma £ ltsEmk - !Esesa £ nal £ nEmo'kwe bEgwa'nEma. Wa, laE'm 
ma £ lguna'ltsEma he'x - t!a £ ye la'xa £ nEme'xxa lo'qlwa qae'da mo'- 20 
kwe be'bEgwanEma. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e LEp!a'lllEma 
ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya lax £ nExdzamollltsa klwe'le. Wa, la'xaa 
ax £ e'tsE £ weda lo'pts!awe lo'q!wa qa £ s le kla'dzodayo lax L!a'sEnxa- 
£ yasa la LEbe'l ha £ madz5' le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, lawe'sLa k'a'gililxa 
he'xts!ala l6'q!wa qa £ s le k'a'x'dzamolllas la'xa klwe'le. Wa, 25 
laE'm a'Lesa lo'ptsla, lo'q!wa qa £ s le ma'k'ala la'xa klwe'le. Wit, 
a'xaa ax £ e'dxa ka'kEtslEnaqe qa £ s le tslEwanaesas la'xa klwe'le. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ meseda klwe'le XElwa'lax Lle'tsEma £ yasa he'x - t!a £ ye 
qa £ s hamx £ I'deq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wl £ la hamx £ I'dxa Lle'tsEma- 
£ yasexs la'e xe'lx -£ idEx xa'qas qa £ s k!ix £ we'deq. Wa, gi'hmese 30 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 22 



338 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

31 Then, | after all the good meat has been sucked off, they throw the 
bones which they have been sucking | into the empty dish which has 
been put down for the | bones that have been sucked off, to be thrown 
into it. After all the | bones have been taken out of the head, they 

35 pick up out of the dish with their hands || the edible part of the 
salmon-head and eat it; and after | they have finished eating it, the 
man takes away the dish with the bones in it, | and pours them into 
the kettle, and he washes | the dishes out, and he pours water into 
the dishes and places them in front | of those who have eaten the 

40 salmon-heads, and they wash their hands. || After they have finished 
washing their hands, the man | draws some water for them, and they 
drink it; and after they have finished drinking, | they go out. That 
is all about this. | 
1 Mush of Boiled Salmon-Heads. — Heads of all | kinds of salmon, 
eaten with spoons, — that is what I am going to talk about. This is 
the same as | I have told before; and the only difference is that they 
are not | covered with an old mat, and that they are left to boil a 
5 long time on the fire, so that they || fall to pieces. The reason why 
the salmon-heads are boiled to pieces is because they are always | 
stirred, so that the salmon-heads are broken. Then the kettle | is 
taken off from the fire, and the salmon-heads are dipped out into a 
dish, and | it is put in front of those who are going to eat it; and | 



31 £ wl £ la k'lix'o'dEX e'gE £ masexs la'e ts texts !a/lases k!a'x u mote xaq 
la'xa lo'ptshi lo'qlwa qaxs he' £ mae la'gllas ha'ngalilEme qaeda 
k'!ax u mote xa'qa qa ts texts la'laseq. Wa, g'i'Pmese £ wl' £ lamasxa 
xa'xsEma £ yasa he'x't!a £ yaxs la'e xa'max - ts!ana da/gilts !odxa 

35 hamtslawasa he'x - t!a £ ye qa £ s ha £ mx £ Ideq. Wa, gl'Pmese gwal 
ha £ ma'paxs la'e he'x -£ ida £ ma bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa xa'xtslala 
lo'qlwa qa £ s le qEptslo'dEs la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, la tslo'xu- 
g'indEq. Wa, la qEpts!o'tsa £ wa'pe laq qa £ s le hanxdzamo'lllas 
la'xa hex'ha'xdaxa he'x - t!a £ ye. Wa, la'xda £ xwe tste'ntstenx- 

40 £ weda. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal tste'ntstenkwaxs la'eda bEgwa'nEme 
tsa'x' £ Itsa £ wa'pe laq qa na'x £ Ides. Wa, g'l'Pmese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ho'quwElsa. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Mush of Boiled Salmon-Heads. — Yue'k" he'x - t!esa £ na'xwa k!o'- 
k'.utElagin e'dzagumLEk'. Wa, he'Emxaa gwii'leda g'i'lxilEn 
gwa'gwexs £ 5lasa. Wii, le'x'a £ mes 6'gu £ qalayosexs k!eo'sae na'- 
yEm k'!a'k - !obana. Wii, he' £ misexs ge'x - La £ lae maE'mdElqula qa 
5 xa's £ ides. He'Em la'gllas xa'xts !eda he'x - t !a £ ya qaxs he'niEnel £ mae 
xwe'tasE £ wa qa lE'lx - sesa he'x - t!a £ ye. Wa, la ha'nx'sanaweda 
ha'nxxano la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la tsatslo'dayo la'xa lo'q!we qa £ s 
le ka'xdzam5lllas la'xa yfi'saLaq. Wii, la ts!EwanaedzEma ka'- 
k'EtslEnaqe la'xa Le £ lanEme. Wa, la he'x £ idaEm yoVidEq. 



boas] EECIPES 339 

spoons are given to the guests. Then they at once eat it. || There are 10 
hardly any bones to blow out, for it is really boiled to pieces. | After 
they have eaten it, water is drawn, and they drink it; | and after 
they have finished drinking it, they go out. | No oil is taken with this, 
as with what I have been talking about before. 

Milky Salmon- Spawn. — When (the salmon-spawn) has been in the 
house for some time, || it is cooked, and then it is called "milky." | 15 
This is put into a kettle, and some water is poured over it; | then it is 
stirred, and they just stop | stirring when it is quite milky. Then 
the kettle is put | on the fire, and the man watches it; and when || 
it gets warm, the man takes a large | stirring-ladle with a long 20 
handle, made for this purpose, and stirs it with it, | and he continues 
stirring it while it is boding. It is not | left to boil a very long time, 
and is taken off from the fire when | it is done. The mdky spawn || 
with its liquid is dipped out into a dish, and oil is poured into it. 25 
Then | it is placed before those who are to eat it, and they eat it 
with spoons. | After they finish eating with spoons, they drink fresh 
water, | and they drink water before they begin to eat it. | This is 
eaten by the Indians at noon and in the evening. || They do not eat 30 
the milky spawn in the morning, for it makes them sleepy, | on 

Wa, laE'm ka'lsElaF.m po'x'olax xa'qas qaxs a'lae xa'sa. Wa, 10 
gi'l £ mese gwal yo'saxs la'e tsa'x £ Itsosa £ wa'pe. Wa, la na'x £ I- 
dEq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'quwElsa. Wa, laE'm- 
xaa k' lea's L!e' £ na laq EE £ wa gi'lxdEn wa'klEma. 

Milky Salmon-Spawn. — . . . .' la'e ga'gaelEla la'xa go'kwe qa £ s 
ha £ me'xsIlasE £ we. Wii, he'Em Le'gadEs dzEmo'kwe. Wa, he'- 15 
£ maaxs la'e tse'ts!o £ yo la'xa ha'nxLanowe, wa, la £ me'se guq'Eqa- 
sosa £ wa/pe. Wa, la £ me'se xwe't!etsE £ wa. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal 
xwetasoxs la'e a'lak'Ialala dzE'mx u sta. Wa, lawi'sLa ha'nxLana 
la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la £ me'seda bEgwa'nEme do'qwalaq. Wii, g i'l- 
£ mese dzEs £ e'dEXs la'eda bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa hekwe'la £ ye £ wa'las 20 
xwe'dayo k - a'ts!Enaqa gl'ltlEXLala qa e s xwe'tledes laq. Wa, la- 
£ mes he'mEiialaEm xwe'taqexs la'e mEdE'lx £ wida. Wa, k'!e'st!a 
a'laEm ge'gilil maE'mdElqiilaxs la'e hii'nxsana. Wa, laE'm 
Llo'pa. Wa, la^me'se tse'tsloyo laxa lo'cjlweda dzEmo'kwe ge'^ne 
le £ wis £ wa'pala. Wa, la k!u'nq!Eqasosa L!e' £ na. Wa, lawi'sLa 25 
k - a'x £ idayo la'xa ha £ ma'pLaq. Wii, laE'm yo'sasa k'a'tslEnaqe 
laq. Wii, g'i'Pmese gwa'la yo'siixs la'e na'gek ilaxa a'lta £ wa'- 
pa, yixs na'naqalgiwala £ mexdiixa £ wa'paxs k!e's £ mex"de y5's £ ida. 
Wa, yu'Em ha £ mii'sa ba'k!umaxa HEqii'la LE £ wa dza'qwa. Wii, 
la k - !es yo'saxa dzEmo'kwe ge' £ nexa gaa'la, qaxs kwalatslEmae 30 
qae's tsE'nxwa £ ye. Wa, la la £ me'sEn gwii'gwex"s £ alal la'xaaxa 

' Continued from p. 235, line 14. 



340 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 3? 

32 account of its fat. Now I will talk also about the | milky salmon 
when it lasts until the winter. | Then it is called "clayey." When 
the | old men are invited at noon or in the evening by the one who 

35 owns it, — for this also is not || eaten in the morning, — when all | the 
guests are in, the owner who invited them takes a kettle and | 
washes it out well, so that it is quite clean. He takes it up, | and puts 
it down by the side of the box in which the milky spawn was | before 

40 it began to rot. Then he takes || a large clam-shell and dips out the 
really | rotten-smelling spawn, and dips it out into the kettle; and 
when | the kettle is half full of salmon-spawn, the man stops dipping 
it out. | Then he takes up the kettle and puts it down | by the side 

45 of the fire, and pours water into it; and he only || stops pouring into 
it when the kettle is half full of water. He does not | stir it. As 
soon as it is done, he takes another | kettle and washes it out well 
with water; and when it is | clean, he puts it down on the floor of 
the house; and then he takes from the floor of the house | the 

50 kettle in which the salmon-spawn is, and puts it over the fire; || and 
when it is on the fire, he takes his long-handled stirring- | ladle and 
dips up the salmon-spawn and its liquid, and pours it back | into the 
kettle; and he continues doing this until it | bods over. He never 
stirs it: he only | dips it up. He does not dip it up for a long time, 



32 ax £ e'daasaxa dzEmo'kwe ge' £ nexs la'e la'gaa la'xa la tslawii'nxa. 
Wa, laE'm Le'gadEs Lle'gEkwe la'xeq. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'eda 
q!Qlsq!0'lyakwe Le £ lanEnixa nEqa'la L6 £ ma dza'qwa, yixs k'!e's £ ma- 

35 axat! gaa'xstexa gaa/la, yisa axno'gwadas. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wi'- 
£ laeLeda LedanEmaxs la'eda Le' £ lala ax £ e'dxa ha'nxxanowe qa £ s 
ae'kle tslo'xtig'indEq qa a'lakMalese la e'giga. Wa, la k'lo'qii- 
laq qa £ s le ha £ no'lilas la'xa L!e'gEgwats!e Lil'watsa, yixs dzEmo'- 
gwatslaaLExs lc !e's £ mexde q!al £ e'deda ge' £ ne. Wa, la £ me'se ax £ e'd- 

40 xa xa'laesasa mEt!a'na £ ye qa £ s xElo'lts!ode la'xa a'laklala la 
q!alp!a'la ge' £ na qa £ s le XElts!a'las la'xa hanx'La'nowe. Wa, g'1'1- 
£ mese nEgo'yoxsdaleda ha'nxxanoxa ge' £ naxs la'e gwal XEltsIa'leda 
bEgwa'nEmaq. Wii, la k - !o'qwaldxa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s le han5'- 
lisas la'xa lEgwIle. Wa, laguqlEqa'sa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, a'h'mese 

45 gwal gii'qaxs la'e nEgo'yaleda ha'nx'Lanaxa £ wa'pe. LaE'm k - !es 
xwe'tledEq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'la, la ax £ e'dxa 6'gfi £ la £ maxat! 
ha'nxxana qa £ s ae'kle tslo'xugintsa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
egEg'a'xs la'e ha'ngalilaq. Wa, lawi'sLa k' !o'qwalilxa ha'nx - - 
Lano, yix la axtsE £ wa'tsa ge' £ ne qa £ s ha'nx'LEndes la'xa lEgwi'le. 

50 Wa, gl'l £ mese la'xLalaxs la'e ax £ e'dxes gi'lt!Exi.ala xwe'dayo k a'- 
tslEnaqa qas tse'gostalls la'xa ge' £ ne LE £ wis £ wa'pe qa £ s xwe'laqa- 
e mexat! guxstE'nts laq. Wa, laE'm hexsa'Em gwe'gilaq la'laa lax 
tE'nx £ IdEX - dEmLas. Wa, laE'm hewa'xaEm xwe'tledEq. A'x'saEm 
tse'g'ostalaq. Wa, la k - !es gegllll tse'g - ostalaqexs la'e ya'was £ Id 



boas] RECIPES 341 

before it || boils a little; and as soon as it boils, over, it is taken off 55 
the fire | and poured into the cold kettle. Then it | is done. The 
reason why it is quickly poured into the | cold kettle is, that, if it is 
allowed to boil for a long time, then the | water gets clear, and the 
spawn separates from the liquid. || When it is poured into the cold 60 
kettle | as soon as it begins to boil over, then it is just like boiled 
flour, and it is mushy. | Immediately the man takes the dishes and j 
puts them down close to the place where the kettle is standing | in 
which the clayey spawn is. Then he takes a long-handled [[ ladle 65 
and dips up the clayey 'salmon, and puts it | into the dishes; and 
when the dishes are full of the | clayey spawn, he takes oil and pours 
it into it, — | really much oil. The reason why they take much | oil is 
that it chokes those who eat it. After (the man) finish |[ putting oil into 70 
it, he puts it before the guests, | and his wife takes her spoon-basket 
and distributes the spoons | among the guests. They do not drink 
water before | they eat it. They just eat it right away. As soon 
as | they begin to eat, the man draws fresh water for his guests to 
drink || after they have eaten. As soon as the one who went to 75 
get water comes back, | he puts down the water that he has drawn, 
and waits for his guests to finish | eating; and after they finish eating, 

niEdE'lx £ wida. Wa, g'i'Fmese tE'nx ,£ idExs la'e ha'nx - sEndayo 55 
qa £ s le guqa'dzEm la'xa wiidEsgE'me ha'nxLano. Wa, laE'm 
L,!6p la'xeq. Wa, he'Em la'gllas ha'labala guqa'dzEm la'xa 
wiidEsgE'me ha'nxxana, ytxs g - i'l £ mae ge'gilll tE'ntEnkilaxs la'e la 
q!o'ltse £ sta. Wa, laE'm gwe'l £ ideda ge' £ ne LE £ wis £ wa'pala. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese he'x -£ idaEm guqa'dzEm la'xa wiidEsgE'me ha'nxxanaxs go 
g - a'lae tE'nx £ Ida; wa, la yu gwe'xsa ha'nxxaakwex quxa' la gE'n- 
k'a. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ meseda bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa lo'Elqlwa qa £ s 
g'a'xe mEx £ alh*Elaq la'xa ma'kala £ me lax ha £ ne' £ lasasa hanxLa- 
nowe, ylx la g i'ts !E £ watsa L le'gEkwe ge'ma ; wa, la ax £ e'dxa g i'lt !ex- 
La k - a'ts!Enaqa qa f s tse'x- £ Ides la'xa l le'gEkwe ge' e na qa £ s tse- 55 
ts!a'les la'xa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, gl'Pmese qo'qutleda lo'Elqlwaxa 
l le'gEkwe ge' £ nexs la'e ax f e'dxa L!e' £ ne qa £ s k!iiq!Eqe's laq, yisa 
a'lak - !ala la qle'nEma L!e' £ na. Wa, he'Em la'gulas qle'nEma 
L!e' £ na la'qexs mEkwa'e la'xox ha £ ma' £ yex. Wii, gi'Pmese gwal 
klu'nqasa L!e' £ na la'qexs la'e kaxdzamo'lilas la'xes Le £ lanEme. 79 
Wa, la'La gEnE'mas ax f e'dxes k - a'yats!e qa £ s le tslEwanae'sas 
la'xa klwe'le. Wa, laE'm k'!es na'naqalgiwalax £ wa'paxs k!e's- 
£ mae yo's e ida. Wa, laE'm a/Em he'x £ idaEm yo'sa. Wa, g'1'1- 
e mese yo's £ idExs la'eda bEgwa'nEme tsiix a'lta £ wa'pa qa na'ge- 
g-eses L6 £ lanEme qo gwa'lL yo'saLo. Wa, g'l'l £ mese g - ax ae'daa- 75 
qeda laxde tsaxs la'e ha'ng'alilxes tsa'nEme qa £ s e'sEle qa gwa'les 
yo'ses Le £ liinEme. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal yo'saxs la'e ax £ e'dxa Io'eI- 



342 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. a.n.n. 35 

78 he takes the dishes | and puts them down at the place where his wife 
is sitting. | Then he takes the water and places it before his guests, || 

80 and they drink; and after they have finished drinking, they | go out. 
They never eat anything before they eat salmon-spawn, | and those 
who eat it never eat a second course with it. | 
1 Salmon-Spawn with Salmon-Berry Sprouts. — When | salmon-berry 
sprouts are eaten, the dried salmon-spawn is taken and eaten with 
it, I for it is not dipped in oil, for dried salmon-spawn and oil do not 
5 agree: | therefore they do not dip it into it. It is also eaten |[ with 
fern-root, when it is eaten by the old women and | men. It is eaten 
with salmon-berry sprouts | and fern-roots, because it makes one 
feel sick when it is eaten alone, | when it is not eaten with these two. 
It does not make one feel sick, | when the salmon-spawn is eaten 

10 with salmon-berry sprouts and fern-root. When || the winter 
dancers are brought back, and the singing-masters continue to sing, | 
the whole length of the night in the winter, and | when the speaker 
of the house has to speak every time (a dancer) goes out of the 
house, I when they lose their voices, they take dried salmon-spawn | 
and pass it to those who have lost their voices, that they may eat 

15 it. || They chew it for a long time, and they swallow the juice | that 
is in their mouths, for what comes from it is just like what comes from 
gum. Then | they have no longer lost their voices; and also the 

78 q!we qa £ s ga'xe mEx £ aiIlas la'xes klwae'lase LE £ wis gEnE'me. 
Wa, la &x £ e'dxa £ wa'pe qa £ s le hanxdzamo'lllas la'xa klwe'le. 

80 Wa, la'xda £ x u na'x £ Ida. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'qu- 
wElsa. Wa, hewa'xaEm ha £ malgiwaleda ha £ ma'paxa ge' £ ne. Wa, 
la'xaa k!es he'ligintsE £ weda ha £ ma'paq. 
1 Salmon-Spawn with Salmon-Berry Sprouts. — Wa, gi'Pmese ha £ nia' £ ya 
qlwa'lEme, la'e ax £ e'tsE £ weda la.'llEm f we'dzEkwe qa £ s ma'yEme laq, 
yixs k'le'sae ts'.Epa'sE £ weda L§' £ na, qaxs ao'ts!agaedala'llEin £ wedzE- 
kwe LE £ wa L!e' £ na; la'g'Ilas k!es tslE'pEla laq. Wa, laxaa ma'yEm 
5 la'xa sagume, yixs ha' £ mayaa'sa q!ulsq!u'lyakwe tsle'daqa Lo £ ma 
be'bEgwanEme. Wa, he'Em la'gilas ma'yEm la'xa qlwa'lEme 
LE £ wa sagume, yixs ts!E'xsEmts!E £ maaxs le'x - a £ mae ha £ ma' £ ya, 
yixs k'le'sae ma'yEma ma £ l £ eda'la. Wa, la k"!es tslExsEmsEle'da 
ma'sasa lallEm £ we'dzEkwe la'xa qlwa'lEme LE £ wa sagume. Wa, 

10 he' £ mesexs gi'l £ maeda nena'gade he'mEnalaEm dE'nxElaxs kiki'l- 
nElaeda ts!e'ts!eqax £ wa'sgEmasasa ga'nuLaxa la ts!awii'nxa Lo £ ma 
ya'yaq lEntemelasexs hemEnk' !ala £ mae yaqlEntlalax la'naxwaas la- 
wElsa yaexa. Wa, g'i'l £ mese LlEml £ edExs lae ax £ etsE £ weda la'llEm- 
£ we'dzEkwe qa £ s le tslEwa'nae'dzEm la'xa la LleijE'mla qa hamx £ - 

15 i'deseq. Wa, la ge'g'illl ma'lekwaq qa £ s nEqwe'xes £ wa'paeL!xa- 
wa £ yaxs la'e he gwex's gwa £ le'k - eda g'a'yole laq. Wa he'x -£ ida £ mese 
gwal L.'E'mla. Wa, he' £ misa k"!a'k'!Et!enoxwe, g'i'l £ mae k - !a'taxa 



boas] BECIPES 343 

painter, when he paints | the front of a house, takes rubbed cedar- 18 
bark and | puts it into 1ms mouth, and he takes dried salmon-spawn 
and || he bites a piece off from it, and he chews it with the cedar- 20 
bark; | and as soon as his mouth is full of that which is just like gum 
and nnlk, | he spits it into his paint-dish, and he does not stop until 
the paint-dish is nearly | full. Then he takes out of his mouth what 
has been chewed | and puts it into his brush -box; then he takes a || 
piece of coal and rubs it in the liquid that he spit out; ] and he 25 
only stops when his paint is really black. | That is all about this. | 

Sticky Salmon-Spawn. — As soon as spring comes, then [ the bladder 
with salmon-spawn is taken down from where it hangs, and it is broken 
open at the side. || Then a piece of sticky spawn is taken out when | 30 
the salmon-sprouts are brought into the house. They peel them, 
and eat the sticky spawn with the | salmon-berry sprouts when they 
eat', and when they do not want to eat the sprouts | dipped into oil, 
for od and sticky spawn do not agree; | and some men, when they 
have no sticky spawn, dip salmon-berry sprouts into || oil, and also 35 
fern-roots, when they are eaten | by the old women and men. 
When | the women go to dig fern-root, they | come home when they 
get a great many. Immediately they sit down by the fire and | roast 
the fern-roots under the fire in the house. As soon as || the bark is 40 
blackened all over, it is done. Then she takes a piece of fire-wood 

tsa'k'Ema £ yasa go'kwe la'e ax £ e'dxa q!o' £ yaakwe k'a'dzEkwa qa £ s 18 
axe'Les la'xes sE'mse. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa la'llEm £ wedzEkwe qa £ s 
q!Ex £ I'de laq. Wa, la ma'mElek'oq p £ wa k'a'dzEkwe. Wa, 20 
gi'l'mese qo't!a§L!xoxa he gwex's gwa £ le'k - a dzE'mx u st5, la'e 
hamtsla'las la'xes k'!a't!aase. Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e Ela'q 
qo'tles k"!a't!aase, wa, he'x £ Ida £ mese axo'dxes male'kwasoxde 
qa £ s g - e'ts!odes la'xes haba'yoatsle ga'g ildayEma. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 
tstegu'te qa £ s gexElts!a'les lax la q!o'ts!Ewa'tses hamts!a'layox u de. 25 
Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e a'lak'lala la ts!o'ltox £ wIde kMS'tElaLas. 
Wa, laE'm £ xaa gwa'la. 

Sticky Salmon-Spawn. — Wa, g'i'l £ mese qlwa'xEnxEXs la'e axa'xo- 
yowa q!E'ngwats!e la'xes te'kwalaase qa £ s qwabEno'tsawe. Wa, 
lii'naxwa xa'L!ax -£ Id ax £ e'tsE £ weda qlE'nkwe, yixsga'xae gE'mxela 30 
qlwa'lEme. Wa, la se'x £ Itso qas mayEmaeda qte'nkwe la'xa 
q!wa'lEmaxs la'e ha £ ma' £ ya, ylxs q!E'msae ts!Epe'deda se'x'axa 
qlwa'lEmaxa L!e' £ na, qaxs ao'tslagaeda L!e' £ na LE £ wa qlE'nkwe. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese k - lea's qlE'nkwa wao'kwe bEgwa'nEma la'e tslEpa'xa 
L!e' £ naxs se'xaaxa qlwa'lEme. Wa, he' £ mesa sa'gumaxs sa'x - sE- 35 
kwaeda q!ulsq!u'lyakwe Lo £ ma le'Elk!wana £ ye. Wa, gi'l £ mese la 
sa'kweda tslEdaqaxa sa'gflme; wa, g'i'Pmese qlEyo'lqexs la'e 
na' £ nakwa. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese k!wano'lisxes lEgwI'le qa £ s l!6'x £ - 
idexa sa'gume lax awa'bollsases lEgwI'le. Wa, g'i'l £ mese k!we- 
k!umElk!Enx -£ IdExs la'e Llo'pa. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa lEqwa' qa £ s 10 



344 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

41 and | puts it clown on the floor of the house; and she takes her 
shortest wedge, | and she takes the roasted fern-root, and, holding it 
in the left hand, | she puts one end of it on the fire-wood; tnen she 
begins to beat | it with the wedge, and she only stops beating it 

45 when it is flattened out. || After she has beaten it soft, she measures 
off lengths of | four finger-widths and breaks them off; | and after 
this has been done, she puts them on a food-mat. | Then she takes 
some of the sticky spawn to eat with the roasted [ fern-root, and they 
eat the fern-root. When there is no sticky spawn to eat with the 

50 fern-root, || they dip it into od. | 
1 Roasted Salmon-Spawn. — Now I will talk again about the spawn. | 
When various kinds of salmon are first caught by the fishermen who 
go trolling, | the woman takes the whole salmon-spawn, and she 
takes the roasting-tongs | and she puts the salmon-roe into them 
5 doubled up in this way: || After this has been done, she 

puts it up by the side of the -j^ fLj^ fire; and when it is | white all 
over, she takes it off. Then ^jhl EL it is done. I It is eaten at 



once, whde it is stdl hot; <9E=EL for | it is not eaten afterwards 
when it is cold; and it is ^fefeL not dipped into | od, but they 
10 drink much water after hav- ^QQ= ing eaten || the roasted salmon- 
roe. Then a flat stone is put on the fire; | and when it is 

41 k - a't!a £ lfieq. Wii, laxaa ax £ e'dxa ts!Ek!wiVga £ yases LE'mgayo. Wii, 
la ax £ e'dxa LlE'nkwe sa'gum qa £ s da'leses gE'mxolts!ana la'qexs 
la'e k - a't!ets o'ba £ yas la'xa lEqwa'. Wa, he'^mis la t !E'lx £ wIdaa- 
tseq, yisa LE'mgayo. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal tlE'lxwaqexs la'e pepE- 

45 XEnx ,£ Ida. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwal tlE'lxwaqexs la'e £ mE'ns £ IdEq qa 
mo'dsnes awa'sgEmas la'xEns q!wa'q!wax'ts!ana £ ye, la'e aEltsla'laq. 
Wa, g'i'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e axdzo'ts la'xa ha £ madzo'we le' £ wa £ ye. 
Wa, la ax £ e'd la'xa qlE'nkwe qa £ s ma'sesexs la'xa LlEnk" sa'- 
giimxs la'e LlExxlaxa. Wa, gl'Pmese k'lea's qte'nkwa LlExx!a'- 

50 x'axs la'e ts!Epa'xa L!e' £ na. 
1 Roasted Salmon-Spawn. — Wa, la £ me'sEn e'dzaqwaltsa ge' £ ne. Wa, 
he' £ maaxs ga'lae la'LanEma k'!6'k!utElasa d5'dEk!wenoxwe; wa, la 
ax e e'deda tslEda'qaxa sEne'ts!a £ ye ge' £ nii qa £ s ax £ e'dexa Llo'psayo 
qa £ s gwa'naxEndalesa ge' £ ne laq, g'a gwa'lega {fig-). Wa, gi'Pmese 
5 gwa'lExs la'e L&'nolisaq la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, g'i'Pmese f na'xwa 
£ mE'PmElsgEmx e IdExs la'e a'xsana. Wa, lar.'m Llopa laxe'q. Wa, 
he'x £ ida £ mese hanix £ I'tsE £ wa, ylxs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwe, qaxs 
k" le'sae ha £ ma'xs la'e wudEx -£ J'da. Wa, k" !e's £ Emxaa ts tepEla' la'xa 
l !e' £ na. Wii, la q !ek' !Ets !a £ ya £ wa'paxs la'e na'x £ Ideda ha £ ma'pdaxa 

10 Llo'bEkwe ge' £ na. Wii, la'xaa lax'Lanoweda pE'xsEme tle'sEma. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese ts!E'lxsEmx- £ idaxs la'e k'lipsana'weda t!e'sEme la'xa 



boas] RECIPES 345 

hot, the stone is taken off from the | fire and laid by the side of the 12 
fire. Then the | whole salmon-spawn is taken and is laid down 
lengthwise on the hot stone | in this manner: ^P~^-^. This is 

named "stuck-on-the-stone." As soon || as it ^^^^^p^^ is all on 15 
the stone, it is put up edgewise by the fire, v\^^^'^ so that | 
the spawn is heated. As soon as it all turns ^^ white, | 

it is done. Then it is taken off from the fire and scraped off; | 
and it is eaten at once, whde it is still hot; it is also | not dipped 
into off by those who eat it, only much water || is drunk after it has 20 
been eaten; also it is not used for inviting people of | another house; 
only the owner of this kind of | spawn eats what is stuck on the 
stone. | 

Boiled Spawn of Silver-Salmon. — The | spawn of the silver-salmon, 
when it is first caught by trolling, is also boded. || After the woman 25 
has cut open the salmon, she takes | a kettle and puts spawn into it. 
Then she pours | water into it, until it covers the spawn. | Then she 
puts it on the fire. It is not left to bod long, before it becomes white. | 
Then it is taken off the fire. The woman just takes the spoons || and 30 
gives them to her children and to her husband, | and the woman just 
puts the kettle with the spawn in it | before her chfidren and her 
husband, and they eat it with spoons. | They only eat quickly the 

lEgwi'le qa £ s paxale'lEme la'xa ona'lise. Wa, la £ me'se ax £ e'tsE £ wa 12 
sEne'dza £ ye ge' £ nii, qa £ s le kadEdzdda/layo la'xa tslE'lqwa t!e'sEma; 
ga gwii'leg'a {jig.). Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs k!ut!aa'k u . Wa,gi'l £ mese 
£ wl' £ la la axa'laxs la'e kMo'gunolidzEm la'xa lEgwi'le qa hes 15 
L!e'salasE £ weda ge' £ ne. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wl' £ la la £ mE'lx £ IdExs la'e 
L!5'pa. Wa, he'x £ Ida £ mese axsa'no qa £ s k'o'sElotsE £ we. Wit, la 
he'x -e idaEm ha £ mx £ itsE £ wa, ylxs he' £ mae a'les ts !Elq u . Wa, laE'mxaa 
k" lea's L!e' £ na ts!Epa's5sa ha £ rna'paq. Wa, a' £ mes qle'nEma £ wa'pe 
na'geg'esa ha £ ma'paq. Wa, la'xaa k'!es Ledalayo la'xa 6'gu- 20 
£ lats!Ese gok u be'bEgwanEma. A'Em le'xa £ ma axnS'gwadasa 
ge' £ ne he gwe'gile ha £ ma'pxa k!iit!aa'kwe. 

Boiled Spawn of Silver-Salmon. — Wa, la'xaa ha'nxLEntsE £ weda 
ge' £ niixs g'a'lae la'i.anEmeda do'gwinete dza £ wu'na. Wa, laE'm 
gi'l £ Em gwal xwa'LasE £ wa, yi'sa tslEda'qe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 25 
ha'nxLanowe qa £ s axtslo'desa ge' £ ne laq. Wa, la qEplEqa'sa 
£ wa'pe laq qa tlEpEya'lesa ge' £ naxa £ wa'pe. Wa, la ha'nxLEnts. 
Wa, k'!e'st!a ge'gilll maE'mdElqulaxs la'e £ mE'l £ mElsgEmx £ Ida. 
Wa, la ha'nxsEndEq. Wa, a' £ meseda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa ka'k'E- 
tslEiia'qe qa £ s tslEwa'naeses la'xes sa'sEme le £ wis la' £ wunEme. 30 
Wa, a' £ mese ha'nxdzamoldeda ts!Eda'qasa ha'nxLanowe ge' £ ne- 
tslala la'xes sa'sEme LE £ wis la' £ wunEme. Wa, la'xda £ xwe yo's £ Ida. 
Wa, laE'mxaa a'l £ Em ha £ ma' £ ya dze'le hala'xEk" ge' £ nexs la'e 



346 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 3c 

fresh salmon-spawn | at noon and in the evening. It is not eaten in 
35 the morning, for || it makes one sleepy. After they have eaten the 
salmon-spawn, | they drink water. That is all about the salmon- 
spawn. | 
1 Sockeye- Salmon. — Now 1 I will talk about the | way it is cooked. 
When winter comes, the | woman takes her soaking-box and puts 
it down in the corner of the | house. Then she pours water into 
5 it. When it is half full || of water, she takes the basket with 
the split salmon and | brings it out, and puts it down near the 
soaking-box. Then she takes out the | split salmon and puts them 
into the soaking-box. After she has done so, | she takes two large 
stones and puts them on top of | the split salmon that are to be 
10 soaked, to keep them under water. || Sometimes they are left in four 
or six | days soaking in the house. As soon as they are soft, the 
woman | takes a kettle and puts it by the side of the fire; then | she 
takes out the split salmon, and takes them where the kettle is stand- 
ing. | Then she cuts the split salmon into three pieces with her fish- 
15 knife, || and she puts them into the kettle. | After she has done so, 
she .takes a piece of old mat and covers over | the split salmon that 
is in the kettle. | After she has tucked in (the mat) all around, she 
pours a little | water over it. Then she puts it over the fire. As 



nEqa'la Lo £ ma dza'qwa. Wa, la k'!es ha £ me'xa gaa'la, qaxs 

35 kwa'lats !Emae. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal ha £ ma'pa yo'saxa ge' £ nexs 

la'e na'gekllaxa £ wa/pe. Wa, laE'm gwa'la ge' £ ne la'xeq. 

I Sockeye-Salmon. — Wa, 1 la £ me'sEn gwa'gwexs £ alal la'qexs la'e 

ha £ me'x'silasE £ wa. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e ts!awu'nx £ Ida. Wa, le'da 

tslEda'qe &x £ e'dxes tle'latsle qa £ s h&'ngallleq lax one'gwilases 

go'kwe. Wa, la giixtslo'tsa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese nEgo- 

5 ya'laxa £ wa'paxs la'e ax £ e'dxes q Iwa'xsayaa'ts !e Lla'bata qa £ s 

g'a'xe hano'lilas la'xa tle'latsle. Wa, la £ me'se L6'x £ WElts!odxa 

q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ s Lo'x £ stalIs la'xa t!e'lats!e. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'lExs 

la'e da'x -£ Idxa ma £ ltsE'me awa' tle'sEma qa £ s tla'qEyi'ndes 

la'xa t!e'lasE £ waseda q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ wu'nsales la'xa £ wa'pe. Wa, 

10 la £ mes £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena m5'p!Enxwa £ se £ na'las loxs q!EL!Ep!E'n- 

xwa £ sae £ na'las t le'ltalila. Wa, g'i'Pmese po's £ IdExs la'eda tslEda'qe 

ax £ e'dxa ha'nxxanowe qa £ s le ha £ no'lisas la'xa lEgwI'Ie. Wa, la 

Lo'x £ wustE'ndxa q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ s les lax hft £ ne'lasasa ha'nxxanowe. 

Wa, la £ me'se ya'lyudux u sala t!o't!Ets!alasa xwa'Eayowe la'xa 

15 q!wa'xsa £ ye. Wa, la £ me's mo 'ts lots la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, 

gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ^xo'dxa k' !a'k - lobana qas na'sEyindes 

lax 6'kwEya £ yasa q!wa'xsa £ ye la gi'ts!a la'xa h3,'nxLanowe. Wa, 

g'i'l £ mese gwal tslo'pax e'waneqwasexs la'e gflqlEqasa ho'lalbida £ we 

£ wap laq. Wa, la hS,'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwI'Ie.. Wii, gi'l £ mese la 

■ Continued from p. 240, line 27. 



boas] RECIPES 347 

soon as it || boils, she strikes with her tongs the covering on top, | so 20 
that no steam may come through the cover | of what is on the fire. 
It boils a long time. | Then she takes it off; then the kettle remains 
standing on the floor of the house. | Then the woman takes a dish 
and an oil-dish and oil, || and takes them to the place where she is 25 
sitting; and | after she has put them all down, she takes her tongs and 
takes off the covering of the | kettle, and she puts it down with her 
tongs at the end of the fire; | and she also takes out with the tongs 
the split salmon that she has cooked, | and she puts them into a dish. 
As soon as they are || all out of the water, she spreads out the split 30 
salmon in the dish; | and when this is done, she takes od and pours it 
into the | od-dish; and after this is done, she takes a food-mat | and 
spreads it before those who are given to eat. | After this is done, she 
takes up the dish and the od-dish || and places them in front of her 35 
guests. The oil-dish is put | inside of the dish. When this is done, 
she | dips up some water and gives it to those who are going to eat. ) 
At once they rinse their mouths; and after they have done so, they 
drink; | then they begin to eat. They themselves break to pieces || 
the split salmon that is given them to eat; and they dip it into od 40 
and | put it into their mouths; and after they have finished eating, 
the | woman goes and takes the dish and takes it to her seat, | and 



maE'mdElqulaxs la'e kwe'xases ts!e'sLala lax o'kwEya'yas nayimas 20 
qaxs k"!e'sae he'lqlalaq k"Ex u sa'leda k'!a'lEla lax nayimases 
ha'nx'LEnde. Wa, la £ me'se ge'gilil £ Em maE'mdElqulaxs la'e 
ha'nxs £ EndEq. Wa, a' £ rnese la h& £ ne'leda ha'nxLanowe. Wa, 
la'Leda tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxa lo'q!we LE £ wa ts!Eba'ts!e LE £ wa L!e' £ na 
qa g'a'xes axe'l lax klwae'lasas. Wa, g"i'l £ mese £ wl' £ la gax 25 
ax £ a'lilExs la'e ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa £ s k!Ep!e'des lax nayimases 
ha'nxLEnde. Wa, la k'!ip!a'lllas la'xa obe'xxalalllases lEgwI'le. 
Wa, laxaa he' £ ma ts!e'sLala k'!ip £ usta'lay6sexes ha £ me'x'sIlasE- 
£ weda q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ s le k - !ipts!a'las la'xa lo'qlwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
£ wi' £ lo £ staxs la'e gwe'laltslotsa q!wa'xsa £ ye la'xa lo'q!wa. Wa, 30 
gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa L!e' £ na qa £ s k!unts!5'des la'xa 
ts!Eba'ts!e. Wa, g - i'l £ Emxaa'wise gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha £ ma- 
dzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le LEpdzam5 £ hlas la'xes ha £ mgi'lasE £ we. 
Wii, g - i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e k'a'gllllxa loq!we LE £ wa ts!Eba'ts!e 
qa £ s le k - axdzamo'l!las la'xes Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la 'La ka'ts!E £ weda 35 
ts!Eba'ts!e lax o'tslawasa lo'qlwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e 
tsa'x £ idxa £ wa'pe qa £ s le tsa' £ x £ Its la'xa ha £ ma'pLe. Wa, he'x £ I- 
da £ mese tslEwe'LlExoda. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e na'x £ eda. 
Wa, la'x - da £ xwe ha £ mx ,£ I'da. Wa, laE'm q!idexs £ Em k - !5'k!upsa- 
leda ha £ mg i'lasE £ waxa q!wa'xsa £ ye qa £ s ts!Ep!ides laxa L!e £ na qa £ s 40 
ts!o'q!uses la'xes sE'mse. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pa la'eda 
ts!Eda'qe la k'a'gllllxa l5'q!we qa £ s les la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, 




348 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. 35 

she pours out into the kettle the food that is left; then she | washes 
45 it out with water; then she pours water into it, and she puts || it 
again before those to whom she has given to eat. At once | they 
who have been eating wash their hands. When | the guests begin 
to eat, the husband of the woman draws fresh | water; and when 
they finish washing their hands, | the bucket with water in it is 
50 put before them, and || they drink; and after they finish drinking, 
they wait for the | second course. That is the end of this. | And 
when the owner gets hungry, she takes a split salmon out of the 
soaking-box; ] then she takes the tongs and holds it between 
them, and scorches it by the | fire in this manner; 
55 and as soon as the steam comes through, || she 
knows that it is done; but this is called | "cooke'd. 
quickly for those who are hungry," and this is 
also dipped in oil | when it is eaten. That is all 
about this. | 

1 Silver-Salmon. 1 — In the evening the man invites the | chiefs to 

come and eat with spoons the fresh silver-salmon. | When all the 

men are in the house, he takes his kettle | and pours water into it. 

5 Then he puts it on the fire. || His wife takes four fresh split silver- 

43 la qEpstE'ntsa ha £ mxsa £ ye la'xa ha'nxxanowe. Wa, la £ me'se 
tslo'xug intsa £ wa/pe laq. Wa, la qEpts!o'tsa £ wa'pe la'qexs la'e 

45 xwe'laqa kaxdzamo'lllas la'xes ha £ mg i'lasE £ we. Wa, he'x £ ida- 
£ mese ts!E'nts!Enx £ wIdExda £ xwa ha £ ma'pde. Wii, g - i'l £ EmLa'xde 
ha £ mx' j rdeda Le' £ lanEmaxs la'e la' £ wunEmasa tsteda'qe tsax a'lta 
£ wa'pa. Wa, g1'l £ mese gwal ts!E'nts!Enkweda klwe'laxs la'e 
ha'ngEmlllEma £ wa'bEts!ala na'gatsle laq. Wa, la'xda £ xwe 

50 na'x £ ida. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e awu'lgEmga £ lll qa £ s 
he'legintsE £ we. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. Wa, gi'l £ Erh po'sq!eda 
axno'gwadas la'e a'Em ax £ wustE'ndxa q!wa'xsa £ ye la'xa t!e'lats!e 
qa £ s ax £ e'dexa ts!e'sLala qa £ s k' !ipa'leqexs la'e pEX'a'q la'xes 
lEgwI'le; gagwa'leg-a (fig.). Wa, gi'l £ mesekixumxsa'wedak'!a'lEla 

55 la'qexs la'e q!a,'LElaqexs lE £ ma'e Llo'pa. Wa, he'Em Le'gadEs 
ha'laxwasE £ wesa p6'sq!a. Wa, laE'mxaa tslspa's la'xa L!e' £ naxs 
la'e ha £ ma'pEq. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Silver-Salmon. 1 — Wa, la dza'qwaxs la'eda bEgwa'nEme Le' £ lalaxa 
g'I'gigama £ ye qa ga'xes yo'saxa dze'le o'klwinesa dza £ wu'ne. Wa, 
g - i'l £ mese £ wI' £ laeLExs la'eda bEgwa'nEme &x £ e'dxes ha'nxLanowe 
qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la hanx-LE'nts. Wa, la'La 
5 gEnE'mas ax £ e'dxa mS'we dzel xwa'LEk" dza £ wuna qa £ s k - aqEla- 

' The first silver salmon of the season is caught by trolling. It is cut in a ceremonial manner, head and 
tail being left attached to the backbone . These are roasted and eaten at once, as will be found described on 
p. 610. The meat of the silver-salmon is boiled. 



boas] RECIPES 349 

salmon and slices their meat | crosswise. When the water in the 6 
kettle is boiling, | she puts the four fresh silver-salmon into it. The 
woman only | stirs it when it has been boiling for some time, to 
break it into pieces. | After she has finished stirring it, she takes 
three dishes, || when there are twelve men who will eat with spoons 10 
the fresh silver-salrnon, | and she takes twelve spoons which are 
really new, | and the large dipping-ladle. As soon as | they have 
all been put down, she washes out the three dishes' and the spoons; | 
and after she has done so, she puts the meat of the || silver-salmon 15 
into the dishes. When the dishes are filled, [ she spreads a food-mat 
in front of (the men) ; and the man | takes up the dishes and places 
them before four | men, and he places another before four | others, and 
again one dish before four others. || After all the dishes have been 20 
put down, he distributes the spoons | to them; then he gives them 
water to drink. | After they have finished drinking, the one highest 
in rank prays the same | prayer that they said when they first ate 
the roasted eyes; 1 [ and after he stops speaking, they begin to eat 
with spoons. When || they begin to eat, the man takes up a bucket 25 
and goes to draw | fresh water; and when he comes back, he puts 
down the | bucket with water in it, and waits for them to finish 
eating. After they finish | eating, the man takes up from the floor 

tE'mdeq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese niEdE'lx £ w!deda la ha'nxxalaxs la'e 6 
axstE'ntsa mS'we dzel dza £ wu'n laq. Wa, a'l £ meseda tslEda'qe 
xwe't!edqexs la'e ge'g-illl maE'mdElqula qa q!we'q!ults!es. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gwat xwe'taqexs la'e ax £ e'dxa yu'duxiixLa lo'Elqlwaxs 
ma £ lo'gugiyoeda be'bEgwanEm yo'salxa dze'le dza £ wti'na. Wa, 10 
he' £ niisa nia £ lEXLa'giyowe keka'tslEnaqaxa a/la la Elo'laqa. Wa, 
he' £ misa £ wa'lase tsa'xLa k'a'tslEnaqa. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wl' £ l- 
galllExs la'e tslo'xiig'indalaxa yu'duxiixLa lo'Elq!wa LE £ wa keka'- 
ts!Eiiaqe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e tsa'ts!odalasa qlE'mlalasa 
dza £ wu'ne la'xa lo'Elqlwa. Wa, g i'Pmese e wI' £ lts!Ewakwa la'e 15 
LEpdzamo £ lilas5sa ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, le'da bEgwa'nEine 
ka'gilllxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s le k - axdzamo'lllas la'xa mo'kwe 
be'bEgwa'nEma. Wa, la e'tletsa £ nEme'xLa l5'q!wa la'xa mo'x u - 
£ maxat!. Wa, la e't!etsa £ nEme'xLa lo'qlwa la'xa mo'x u£ maxat!. 
Wa, gi'Pmese £ wi' £ lgalila lo'Elq'.waxs la'e ka's £ Itsa k"a'k'Ets!Enaqe 20 
la'x - da £ xwEq. Wa, la tsa'x £ itsa £ wa'pe laq qa na'x £ ideseq. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gwal naqaxs laeda na'xsalaga £ yas ts!E'lwax £ Ida, yi'sa 
tslE'lwaqEliisa gi'lx'de ha £ ma'pxa Llo'bEkwe xixExsto'wakwa. 1 
Wa, g'i'l £ mese q!we'l £ edExs la'x - da £ xwae yo's £ ida. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
yoVldExs la'e klo'qullleda bEgwa'nEmaxa na'gats!e qa £ s le tsax 25 
a'ltii £ wa'pa. Wa, gi'Pmese g'fix ae'daaqaxs la'e ha'ngallltsa na'- 
gats'.e £ wa'bEts!ala, qa £ s e'sEle qagwfiles j'5'sa. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwfd 
yo'saxs la'eda bEgwa'nEme klo'qulllxa na'gatsle £ wa'bEtsala qa £ s 

'See p. 611. 



350 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

the bucket with water in it and | puts it in front of his gue3ts. 

30 Then they drink, and || the man takes up the dishes and puts them 
down at the place | where his wife is sitting. Then he takes the 
spoons and | puts them down at the place where his wife is sitting. 
As soon as | this is done, the guests go out. They do the same with | 

35 the dog-salmon when it is caught for the first time. || They also do 
the same thing with the dog-salmon when it is | dried for winter, 
when they are going to keep it in the same way as the | silver-salmon. 
They do not pour oil over it, because it is really | fat: therefore they 
give it to eat only in the evening. | This is also the way when silver- 
salmon caught by trolling is eaten with spoons in the morning. || 

40 He who eats it is never strong; he always feels sleepy the | whole 
day, and he is not strong: therefore it is first eaten in the | evening. 
As soon as the dog-salmon coming from the upper part of the | river 
is eaten, they pour much oil over it, for it is dry; | and there is never 

45 a time when they do not eat it in the morning, at noon, and || in the 
evening. They are afraid to eat it in the morning, when it just 
jumps I at the mouth of the river, for it is really fat. That is | the 
cause of making (those who eat it) sleepy. That is the end of this. | 
1 Sun-Dried Salmon (G-wasila) . — When winter comes, (the woman) 
always | takes sun-dried salmon for breakfast-food; | and when she 
takes some of it, she takes her tongs and puts it flat between | them 

le ha'nx - dzamollla la'xa k!we'le. Wa, la'x - da £ xwe na'x £ Ida, la'aL a 

30 seda bEgwa'nEme k'a'gililxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s le k - a'g - alllElas lax 
klwae'lasases gEnE'me loxs la'e ax £ e'dxa ka'k'EtslEnaqe qa £ s 
la'xat! ax £ a'lllElas lax klwae'lasases gEnE'me. Wa, gi'l £ rnese 
gwa'lExs la'e hS'quwElseda klwe'ide. Wa, he'Emxaa gwegi'lasE- 
£ weda gwa' £ xnesaxs ga/lae la'LanEma. 

35 Wa, he' £ mise, he'Emxaa gwe'gilasE £ weda gwa/ £ xnesaxs la'e 
lE'mxwasE f wa qaLe'da tslawu'nxe, yixs axelakweLe gwegl'lasaxa 
dza £ wii'ne. Wa, laE'm k!es k!u'nq!Eqasosa L!e' £ na qaxs a'lae 
tsE'nxwa. He' £ mis la'gllas al £ E'm ha £ mgI'layoxa la dza'qwa. 
Wa, he' £ maaxs yo'sasE £ waeda do'gwinete dza £ wu'nxa gaa'la. He- 

40 wa'xatla la q!iiq!ula'x £ Ideda yo'saq. A 'Em he'mEnalaEm la'lasaxa 
na'la, k!es la'loqula. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas a'l £ Em yo'sasoxa 
dza'qwa. Wa, gi'l £ mese he'deda gwa' £ xnise gayo'l lax £ nE'ldzasa 
wa, yo'saso £ wa, la'e k!ii'nq!Eqasosa q!e'nEm L!e' £ na qaxs tsle'nasae. 
Wa, he'EmLal k' lea's k - !es yo'sdEmqxa gaa'la LE £ wa nEqa'la Lo £ ma 

45 dza'qwa. Wa, la kllE'm yo'sasoxa gaa'laxs he' £ mae a'les mEna'la 
lax 5'x u siwa £ yasa wa, qaxs Lo'mae tsE'nxwa. Hr'Emxat! lo'x"- 
megEme. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Sun-dried Salmon. — Wa, le ts!awu'nx £ IdExs la'e he'mEnalaEm 
ax £ e'd la'xa ta'yaltslala qa £ s gaa'xsta £ yaxa gaa'la. Wa, he' £ ma- 
axs la'e ax £ e'd laq; la £ me's ax £ e'dxes tsIe'sLala qa £ s k - !EbEts!a' £ yes 



boas] BECIPES 351 

in this manner: ] Then the skin side is first blistered, 

not || too near P ' ^--^ the fire, so that all the scales are 5 
blistered off. | *\^ "^ Then, when it is covered with blisters, 

she turns it over V^"^ | and blisters the flesh side. And as 

sood as it is all f gray, | she takes a bucket with water 

in it, and takes a mouthful and | blows it over the flesh side of the 
scorched sun-dried salmon || to wet it with water; and after she has 10 
done so, | she takes the tongs and folds over what she is cooking, | 
so that the skin is outside. Then she puts it under a mat and | steps 
on it; and after she has stepped on it, she takes it out again | and rubs 
it in the same way as women do when washing clothes; || and after she 15 
lias done so, she strikes it on the floor, so that the | scales which'have 
been scorched drop off. After she has done so, she takes small dishes, | 
and oil-dishes and pours oil into them. After she has done so, | she 
takes the scorched sun-dried sabnon and breaks it up into pieces in 
the I small dishes. After she has done so, she takes some water and || 
rinses her mouth with it. Then she drinks of it; and after | she has 20 
finished drinking, she takes the broken sun-dried salmon and chews 
one end; | and when what she has been chewing is soft, she dips it 
into the | oil and puts it into her mouth and chews it and swallows 
it; I and she continues doing so; and she only stops when it is nearly 

laq ga gwii'lega (fig.). Wa, la £ me's he gil pExa'sose Lle'sas k'!es 
XE'nLEla ma'x'Lala'masEq la'xa lEgwIle qa £ na'xwes pE'ns £ ede 5 
go'bEtas. Wa, gi'l £ mese ha £ mElgEdzo'deda pE'nsaqexs la'e le'x £ I- 
dEq qa £ s pEX £ I'dex q!E'mladzE £ yas. Wa, g i'l £ mese £ na'xwa qux £ I'- 
dExs la'e ax £ e'dxa na'gatsle £ wa'bEts!;lla qa £ s ha £ msgEmde laq. 
Wa, la sElbEx £ w!ts lax q!E'mladza £ 3*asa tslE'nkwe ta/yaltslala 
qa hamElx £ a'LElesa £ wa'pe lax 6'dza £ yas. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs 10 
la'e axo'dxa tsle'sLala. Wa, la k' !o'xsEmdxes ha £ me'x-sIlasE £ we 
he' L!a'sadza £ ya Lle'se. Wa, la glbabo'lllas la'xa le' £ wa £ ye qa e s 
t!e'p!edeq. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal t!e'paqexs la'e xwe'laqa ax e e'dEq 
qa £ s q!Ewe'x ,£ Ideq y6 gwe'giloxda tslEda'qaxs ts!o'xwaaxa gwet- 
gwa'la. Wa, g'i'hmese gwa'lExs la'e xusxiidze'Hts la q.'Qpa'- 15 
les tslaxmotas. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa la'logume 
LE £ we ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!uxts!o'desa L!e' £ na laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa tslE'nkwe tayaltslala qa £ s k'.'optslo'des la'xa 
lalogume. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e tsa'x £ Id la'xes £ wa'pe qa £ s 
tslEwe'Ltexode laq. Wa, la na'x £ Id laq. Wa, giPmese gwal 20 
na'qexs la'e ax £ e'd la'xes klQbEkwe tayalts!ala qa £ s male'x u bEndeq. 
Wa, gf'l £ mese tE'lx £ w!de ma'lekwa £ yasexs la'e ts!Ep!l'ts la'xa 
L!e' £ na qa £ s ts!o'q!uses qa £ s male'x £ wldeq qa £ s nEx £ wideq. Wa, 
he'x'sa £ mise gwe'g'ila. Wa, a'l £ mise gwa'lExs la'e Ela'q £ wl £ laq. 



352 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

25 all gone. || After she finishes eating, she drinks water; and | then she 
puts away the eating-dish. I have forgotten that, when the woman | 
first takes the sun-dried salmon out of her box, she scratches | the 
scales from the skin before she scorches it, so that it may be well 
covered with | small blisters after she has scorched it. They do this 

30 way only || with sun-dried salmon. It is also soaked when it is | 
very hard, when the spring of the following year approaches. This | 
is done the same way as the soaking of all kinds of soaked salmon 
which I | talked about before. Sometimes it is only taken out of 
the soaking-box | by the woman and by her husband; and (the 

35 woman) takes her tongs || and puts it in in this manner, 1 and she 
blisters it by the fire [ while it is still wet, and she turns it over and 
over. | Then the scales are never blistered off, because it is wet. 
This is | just like soaked salmon when it is done. When it is | done, 
she put it down on the food-mat on the skin side, and takes off 

40 the || tongs. Then she takes her oil-dish and she pours oil | into 
it. After she has done so, she dips water up to | rinse the mouth; 
and after she has rinsed her mouth, she drinks; | and after she has 
finished drinking, she breaks pieces of the blistered sun-dried salmon | 
which is lying on its back, and she dips it into the oil. She continues || 

45 breaking off pieces from the bkstered sun-dried salmon which is 



25 Wa, gi'Pmese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'e na'x £ Idxa £ wa'pe. Wa, la 
g"e'xaxes ha £ maa'ts!ex'de. Wa, he'xoLEn L!Ele'wIsE £ wa tslcda'qaxs 
gil £ mae axwultslo'dxa ta'yalts!ala la'xes xatsE'me q!fllEldzo'dEx 
g5'bEtadza £ yas Lle'sasexs kMeVmae ts!EX £ I'dEq qa e'keLEs amE'- 
ma £ yastowe pE'ns £ IdaeneLas tslEX'I'Las. Wa, laE'm le'xaEm he 

30 gwe'gilasE'weda ta'yalts!ala. Wa, la'xaa tle'lasoEmxaaxs la'e XE'n- 
LEla ple'saxa la he'Enbax £ Idxa la aps £ yE'nxa. Wa, la he'Em 
gwe'gilasE £ we t!e'lena £ yaxa £ na'xwa t!et!Ele'maxEn ga'le gwagwe- 
x - s £ alasa. Wa, la'xaa £ na/l £ nEinp !Ena a'Em axwusta'no la'xa tle'la- 
ts!e, yi'sa ts!Eda'qe L6 f mes la' £ wunEme qa E s ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala 

35 k"!EbEts!a' £ ves laq, g - a gwa'leg'a 1 qa £ s pEX - e'q la'xa lEgwI'laxs 
he' £ mae a'les k!u'nqe. Wa la £ mes le'x - I £ liilaq. Wa, la'La hewa'- 
xaEm pE'ns £ ide go'bEtas qaes k!unq!ena £ ye. Wa, a'Em yR'Em 
gwe'x'soxda tle'lkwaxs la'e Llo'pExs hanx'Laa'kwae. Wa,gi'l £ mese 
fdo'pExs la'e nELEdzo'ts la'xes ha £ ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s axo'dexa 

40 ts!e'sLala. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!u'nxts!odesa L!e' £ na 
laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'texs la'e tsax -£ idxa £ wa'pe qa £ s tslEwe'- 
LlExode laq. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal ts!Ewe'L!ExodExs la'e na'x £ Id 
laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e k - !o'p!ld la'xa la nELEdza,'- 
llle pEnk u ta'yalts!ala qa £ s ts!Ep!e'des la'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, a'xsa £ mes 

45 la k!o'pk'!opa la'xa pE'nkwe ta'yaltslalaxs nELEdza'lIlae la'xa ha- 

1 See figure on p. 351 . 



boasj RECIPES 353 

lying on its back on the | food-mat, and she dips it into the oil; and 4G 
she only | stops when what she is eating is nearly all gone. After 
she has finished eating, | she dips up water and drinks it; and | 
after she has finished drinking, she takes a mouthful of water and 
squirts it on her hands || and washes her hands; and after she fin- 50 
ishes that, she | puts away the food-dish. Then she takes the 
second course. | That is all about the blistered sun-dried salmon. 1 | 

Boiled Silver-Salmon. — After | the silver-salmon has been caught 1 
by trolling, the | woman takes one, the head, backbone, | and tail 
of which have been cut off, and the split silver-salmon is spread open. || 
Then it is placed on an old mat ] which is spread on the floor near the 5 
fire of the house. She takes her small kettle | and washes it. After 
washing it, she | pours it half full of water and puts it on the | fire. 
She takes her fish-knife and .. cuts crosswise what she is || 

going to cook, in this maimer, f~~J. 2 1 on the outer (skin) side; | 10 
and after she has cut it cross- t ■ I wise, the water in the kettle 
on the fire begins to boil. | \ i I Then the woman takes the 
cut silver-salmon | and puts it \ / into the water; and when 
the salmon is in it, | the water N — ' in the kettle stops boil- 
ing. Then the woman || watches to see when it begins to boil again; 15 

miadzowe' le' £ wa c ya qa E s ts!Ep!e'des lil'xa ide' e na. Wii, a/Fmese 46 
gwalExs la £ e Elaq £ wldaxes ha £ ma £ ye. Wa, g i'lmiese gwal hamia.'- 
pExs la'e. tsii'x £ Id lii'xa E wa'pe qa £ s na'x-ide laq. Wii, gi'Pmese 
gwal na'qaxs la'e ha'msgEmdxa £ wape. Wii, la ha'mxtsliiiiEndala- 
sa £ wa'pe qa £ s ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!de. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e 50 
gexaxes ha' £ maats!ex'de. Wii, laE'm ax- c e'd qa £ s he'legana. Wii, 
laE'm gwal laxa pE'nkwe ta'j'altslala. 

Boiled Silver-Salmon (Ha/nxLaak" dogwinet dza £ wii'n). — Wii, 1 
gi'l'Emxaa gwal xwai.asE £ weda do'gwinete dza/wiina, laeda ts!E- 
da'qe ax*e'dxa MiE'me la'wEyakwes he'x - t!a £ } r e le £ w!s xa'k'ladzowe 
Lomie's ts!a'sna e ye. Wii, lamie'se a'lira la LEpa'leda xwa'LEkwe 
dza'wu'na. Wii, la £ me'se k'ligEdzo'ts la'xa k!a'k!obane le- 5 
bexxa/lalll lax lEgwi'lases go'kwe. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes hanE'me 
qa £ s tslo'xug indeq. Wii, gi'l £ mesc gwal tslo'xiig indqexs la'e 
gttxtslo'tsa £ wa'pe laq, qa nEgo'yales. Wa, la hanxxE'nts la'xa 
lEgwI'le. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes xwiiLa'yowe qa £ s qii'qEtEmdexes ■ 
ha'nx-LEntsoi.e; ga gwa'leg-a {jig.) Lla/satslEiidalax Lle'sa. Wii, 10 
gil £ mese gwal qa'qEtEmaqexs la'e mEdE'lx £ whleda ha/nxxala 
ha'nEma. Wii, hex -£ ida £ mesa tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxa xwa'LEkwe dza- 
£ wi5'na qa la £ stE'ndes laq. Wa, g'i'rmiese la £ ste'da klo'tEla la'qexs 
la'e gwal maE'mdElqideda ha'nxxanowe. Wii, la^me'sa tslEda'qe 
q!a'q!ahilaq qo mE<lE'lx £ widL5. Wii, g'l'l s mese mEdE'lx £ wklExs 15 

1 See also p. 612. 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 23 



354 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ajw. as 

16 and when it begins to boil, | she takes her spoon and pushes the 
end into it, so that the | meat of the silver-salmon is broken up; 
and when it is all in small pieces, | she stirs it a little. She does not 

20 let it boil a long time, | before she takes it off, for it is done. || Then 
she takes her small dish and dips the boiled | silver-salmon into it. 
After she has done so, she calls her husband | and her children to 
come and sit down; and when they are all | seated, she gives each a 
spoon, draws some | water and gives it to them to drink. After || 

25 drinking, they eat with spoons; and after eating, they | drink some 
more cold water. That is what the Indians call | "cooling down." 
After drinking, the man | takes the dishes and pours out into the | 

30 kettle what is left in them. Then he takes the kettle, carries || it 
out of the house, goes down to the beach, and | pours the contents 
into the sea, and he washes it out | so that it is clean. No oil 
is poured in. When | the sockeye-salmon is first caught in the 
salmon-weirs | up the river, it is treated in the same way. The only 

35 difference between this and the way they do with || dog-salmon 
caught on the upper part of the river is that they put | much oil 
into it, for it is lean, and that they pour out | outside of the house 
what is left over. That is all I about this. I 



16 la'e ax £ e.'dxes ka'tslEnaqe qa £ s dzek"ilga £ yes laq qa q!we'q!iilts!es 
qlE'mlalasa dza £ wu'n. Wa, g i'Pmese £ na'xwa am £ E'mayasta la'e 
xa'L!Ex- r idaEm xwe'tlidEq. Wa, k'!e'st!a a'laEm ge'g'ilil mEdE'l- 
qulaxs la'e ha'nxsano la'xa lsgwl'le qaxs lE £ ma'e Llo'pa. Wa, 

20 he'x £ i<la £ mese &x £ e'dxes la'logume qa £ s tsets!o'desa ha'nxxaakwe 
ilzfrwii'n laq. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e Le' £ lalaxes la' £ wunEme 
LE'"wi's sa'sEme qa g'a'xes k!us £ a'llla. Wa, gl'Pmese g'ax £ wl' £ la 
kludzl'la la'e ts!Ewa'naesasa ka/kEtshmaqe laq. Wa, la tsa'x ,£ Idxa 
£ wa'pe qa £ s le tsa'x ,£ Its laq qa na'x r Ideseq. Wa, glPmese gwal 

25 na'qaxs la'e yoVlda. Wa, g'i'Fmese gwal yo'saxs la'e e'tled 
na'x £ idxa £ wap wuda' £ sta. He'Em gwE £ yo'sa ba'klume k'6'- 
xwaxoda. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'eda bEgwa'nEme k - a'- 
gililxa la'logume qa £ s le k"Ep £ stE'ntses k - !e'dzayawa £ ye laxa han- 
xLanowe. Wa, la'xaa k'o'kulilxa ha'nx'Lanowe qa £ s le k'lo'qE- 

30 wElsElaq la'xes go'kwe, qa £ s le lE'nts!esElas la'xa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s 
le qEp £ stE'nts la'xa dE'msx-e. Wa, la'xaa he'Em tslo'xug-indEq 
qa e'gEgls. Wa, laE'm k!eas kMu'ngEms L!e' £ na. Wa, he'Emxaa- 
wise gwe'gilasE £ weda mEle'k'axs g'a'loLanEmae la'xa La'wayowe 
lax £ nE'ldzasa wl' £ wa. Wa, le'x - a £ mes 6'guqalayosa £ ya' £ yanEme 

35 gwa £ xnl's lax £ nE'ldzasa wi' £ wa, yixs k!iinq!EqasEwae yl'sa q!e'- 
iiEine L'.e' £ na qaxs ts'.a'qwae. Wa, he' £ misexs a' £ mae qEpEwu'l- 
ts'.Emes ha'mx"sa £ ye lax L!a'sana £ yasa go'kwe. Wa, laE'm gwal 
la'xeq. 



boas] RECIPES 355 

Boiled Salmon-Guts. — After the woman has | cut open the silver- 1 
salmon caught hy her husband by trolling, | she squeezes out the food 
that is in the stomach, and the | slime that is on the gills. She turns 
the stomach inside out; || and when she has cleaned many, she takes a 5 
kettle I and pours water into it. When the kettle is half full of | water, 
she puts the stomachs of the silver-salmon into it. After | they are all 
in, she puts the kettle on the fire; and when | it is on the fire, she 
takes her tongs and stirs them. When || (the contents) begin to boil, 10 
she stops stirring. The reason for | stirring is to make the stomachs 
hard | before the water gets hot; for if they do not | stir them, they re- 
main soft and tough, and are not hard. Then the woman | always takes 
up one of (the stomachs) with the tongs; and || when she can hold 15 
it in the tongs, it is done; but when it is slippery, it is not | done. 
(When it is done,) she takes off the fire what she is cooking. | It is 
said that if, in cooking it, it stays on the fire too long, | it gets 
slippery. Then she will pour it away | outside of the house, for it 
is not good if it is that way. If || it should be eaten when it is boiled 20 
too long, (those who eat it) could keep it only a short time. | They 
would vomit. Therefore they watch it carefully. | When it is done, 
the woman takes her | dishes and her spoons, and she puts them 

Boiled Salmon-Guts (Me £ stagi £ lak u ). — Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e gwiil 1 
xwa'Leda tslEda'qax do'gwanEmases la/ £ wunEme dza £ wii'na. Wa, 
la x!'x £ wults!5dEX gi'ts!axdax ha £ niaa'ts !iis po'xunsa LE £ wa 
k'le'la lax q!o'sna £ yas. Wii, la le'xsEmdxa ha £ maa'ts!e po'xunsa. 
Wii, g'i'l'mese qle'nEme axa' £ yas, la'e ax £ e'dxes ha'nxLanowe 5 
qa £ s giixtslo'desa £ wap laq. Wa, la nEgo'yaleda ha'axLanaxa 
£ vva'paxs la'e axstE'ntsa po'xunsasa dza £ wu'ne laq. Wii, gi'l £ mese 
£ wi' £ la £ staxs la'e hanxxE'nts hi'xa lEgwi'le. Wii, g i'Pmese hela- 
LE'laxs la'e ax £ e'dxes k - !ipLa'la qa £ s xwe'tElga £ yes laq. Wii, g'i'I- 
£ mese inEdE'lxnvidExs la'e gwiil xwe'tElgeq. Wii, he'Em la'gllas 10 
xwe'tElgeq qa -na'xwa £ mese la L!eL!ii'x c 'ededa ha £ maats!e poxiinsa, 
yixs g-fi'lae ts!Ex u tsa £ nii' killed a £ wii'paga £ ya, qaxs g't'Pmae k'.'es 
xwe'tElgesoxs la'e lEtla'la la k - !es Lla'xa. Wii, le'da ts!Eda'qg 
he'mEnalaEm k!ip!e'tsa k!ipLa'la lii'xa E iiE'mts!aqe. Wii, gl'l- 
£ mesek - !ip!aLEla lii'qexs la'e Llo'pa. Wii'xl tsax/a'wa la k'!e's £ Em 15 
Llo'pa. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese hanxsE'ndxes ha'nx - LEntsE £ we; wii, 
gil £ Em £ la'wise hii'yaqawlltod lax ge'xxalalax ha'nxLiilalaxs hl'- 
laxe lE'ndElta' lax a'Emlax £ wise lii'lax qEp £ wEldzE'mlax la'xa 
L!a'sana £ ye, qaxs kle'sae e'k - Exs he'e gwe'x -£ ide, qaxs gi'Pmae 
ha £ mii'xs la'e hii'yaqawlltod Llo'pa; wa, a' £ mese ya'wasalis hi'xEiis 20 
tEkla'xs la'e ho'x £ widaya. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas XE'nLEla q!a'q!a- 
lalasE £ wa. Wa, gi'Pmese Llo'pExs la'e ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxes lo'- 
Elqlwe LE £ wis kii'k'EtslEnaqe qa £ s g'a'xe ax £ ii'ldas lii'xes k!wae'lase 



356 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ irnr. ann. 35 

down at the place where she is seated; | but her husband invites 

25 whomever he wants to invite. || When the guests come in, his wife 
takes a | large ladle and dips the liquid out of the kettle into the 
dishes. | When they are half full of the liquid of what she has 
been cooking, | she takes the tongs and takes out the boiled | stom- 

30 achs and puts them into the dishes. When all the dishes are || full, 
she takes food-mats and j spreads them in front of the guests. 
Finally she takes the | dishes and places them in front of the guests. 
There is one dish for | every four guests. Then she gives | a spoon to 

35 each guest. Water is never || given with this, and they never pour 
oil on it, j for oil does not agree with the boiled stomach; and [ there- 
fore also they do not drink water before they eat it, for it makes those 
who | eat it thirsty. Then they eat with spoons; and | after they 

40 have eaten, the host takes the dishes and || puts them down at the 
place where his wife sits. Then he takes | water and gives it to them . 
Then they rinse their | mouths on account of the salty taste, for the 
boiled stomach is really salt. | After rinsing the mouth, they drink | 

45 some water; and after drinking, they go out of the house. || This 
finishes what I have to say about the cooking of various kinds of 
salmon. | They never sing when eating steamed salmon-heads | or 
boiled salmon-heads, or when they oat boiled stomachs, | for these 

Wa, la'La la' £ wimEmas Le' £ hilaxes gwE £ yo' qa £ s Le' £ lalasE £ wa. Wa, 

25 g1'l £ mese g'ax £ wI' £ laeLe Le' £ lanEmasex la'e gEnE'mas &x £ e'dxa e wa- 
lase lca'tstenaqa qa £ s tsiitsUVlis £ wa'paga £ yas lii'xa lo'Elq!we. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ na/xwa £ naE'ngoyalaxa £ wa'paga £ yasa ha £ me'x's!lasE £ waxs 
la'e ax £ e'dxes k"!ipLala qa £ s k - !ik!Ep!Ene's la'xa ha'nx - Laa'kwe po- 
xuns qa e s k" !ipts la'les la'xa lo'slqlwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wi' £ la la 

30 qo'qutleda loElq!wiixs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha £ madzowe' le £ wa £ ya qa e s 
le LEpdzamodllas la'xa Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la'wisLa ax £ e'dxa Io'eI- 
q!we qa £ s le kax - dzamo £ hlas lii'xes Le £ lanEme. Wii, laE'm 
mae'male'da k!w x e'laxa £ na'l £ ni:niexi.a lo'qlwa. Wii, la tslEwana- 
esasa ka'k'Ets!Enaqe la'xes Le' £ lanEine. Wa, laE'm hewii'xa na'- 

35 qamats £ wa'pa laq. Wii, la'xaa hewa'xa k!ii'nc[!Eqas L!e' £ nii laq, 
qaxs ao'ts!agaeda me'stagi £ lakwe LE £ wa L!e' £ na. Wii, he' £ mis 
la'gilas k!es na'naqalgiwalax £ wa'paxs na'gEmaxa £ wa'pasa ha- 
£ ma'pax gwe'x'sdEmas. Wii, la'x - da £ xwe y5's £ IdEq. Wii, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwiit yo'saqexs la'eda Le'danEmaq ka'glhlxa lo'Elq!we qa £ s 

40 le k'a'g'alilElas lax k!wae'lasases gEiiE'me. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 
£ wa'pe qa £ s le tsa'x -£ its laq. Wa, la'x - da e xwe ts!Ewe'L!Ex5d qa 
la'weses dE'mp!aeL!Exawa £ e; qii'Laxs a'lae dE'mp!eda me'stag'i £ la- 
kwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal ts!Ets'.Ewe'L!Exoxs la'xda £ xwae na'- 
x £ Id lii'xa £ wa'pe. Wii, gi'Pmese gwal na/qaxs la'e ho'cjiiwElsa. 

45 Wii, laE'm gwal la'xeq, yi'xEn gwa'gwex's £ alase lii'xa k'!o'k!utE- 
liixs ha £ me'xsdasE £ wae. Wa, he'Ein k!es dE'nxElag'ila he'xtla- 
£ yaxs nEgEkwa'e loxs ha'nxxaakwae LE £ wa me'stag"i £ lakwaxs 



BOAS] RECIPES 357 

are eaten quickly when they first go trolling | silver-salmon. The 
stomach of the dog-salmon is not eaten || when it is first caught at 50 
the mouth of the river, nor when it is caught on the upper part of the | 
rivers; hut they boil the heads when it is caught | in the upper part 
of the river, also those of the humpback-salmon. At last it is 
finished. | 

Fresh Halibut-Heads and Backbone. — Sometimes 1 the j woman boils 1 
the heads (of halibut) and invites the | friends of her husband; and 
when the men are invited | by the fisherman, bis wife takes the || 
heads and puts them on a lug on the floor. Then she takes an | ax 5 
and chops them in pieces. The pieces are not very small. | Then she 
puts them into a kettle. Then she takes the backbone | and breaks 
it to pieces. Then she also puts it into the kettle. | As soon as the 
kettle is full, she takes |[ a bucket of water and empties it into it. The 10 
water hardly | shows among them when she puts it on the fire. | She 
does not touch it; but when it has been boiling a long time, | she 
takes it off. Then she takes her large ladle and | also dishes, and 
she dips it out into the dishes with her || large ladle. As soon as all 15 
the dishes are full, | she takes her spoons and gives one to each | 
guest, and she spreads a food-mat in front of them. | At last she 

ha £ ma' £ yae, qaxs a' £ mae hala'xwasoxs ga/lae do'gwanEma dza- 48 
£ wii'ne. Wii, la k!es ha £ ma /£ ye ha' £ maats!e po'xiinsasa gwa £ xnisax 
gilo'i.anEinae lax o'x"si\\;r"vasa wi' £ wa Loxs la'e lax £ iiE'ldziisa 50 
wl' £ wa, Wa, la/La ha'nx - LEntso e me he'xt!a £ yasexs la'e ga'yaiiEin 
1:1 x £ nE'ldzasa wl' £ wa LE £ wa ha £ nd'ne. Wa, lawI'sLa gwal la'xeq. 

Fresh Halibut-Heads and Backbone. — Wii, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Eneda ts!E- 1 
da/qe ha'nx'LEiidxa ma'legEmanowe qa £ s Le' £ lalex f ne E uEm6'- 
kwases lii' £ wimEme. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e Le' £ lalasE £ wa be'bEgwa- 
iiF.me, ylsa lo'qlwenoxwe, wii, la gEns'mas ax £ e'dxa ma'legEma- 
uowe axE'ndales la'xa ka'dlle lEqwa'. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa so'ba- 5 
yowe qa £ s tsatsExsa'les laq. Wii, la k'!es xE'nLEla am e Eme'xsalaq, 
wa, la axtslo'ts lii'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa hamo'mo 
qa £ s k - 6k'ExsE'ndeq. Wii, laE'mxaa'wise axts!o'ts la'xa ha'nxLa- 
nowe. Wii, gi'l £ mese qo'tleda ha'nxi.anaxs la'e ax £ e'dxes 
na'gatsle £ wal)Ets!ala qa £ s guqlEqe's laq. Wii, ha'lsEla £ mese ne- 10 
lEyax £ Ideda '"wa'pe la'qexs la'e ha'nxLEntsa lii'xes lEgwI'le. 
Wii, la k!es La'balaq. Wii, he'tlala ge'gilll maE'mdElqulaxs 
la'e ha'nxsEndEq. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes £ wa'lase ka'tslEnaqa; wa, 
he' £ mese lo'Elqlwe. Wii, la tsets'.o'dalas la'xa lo'Elq!we, yisa 
£ wii'lase k - a'ts!Enaqa. Wii, gi'l £ mese £ wl' £ la qo'qutleda Io'eI- 15 
qlwiixs la'e ax E e'dxes ka'k'Ets!Enaqe qa £ s le ts!Ewanae'sas la'xes 
Le' £ lanEme. Wii, la'xaa LE'pdzamoliltsa ha £ madzowe' le' £ \va £ va. 

1 Continued from p. 249, line 71. 



358 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ann. 35 

takes up the dish and puts it down in front of her | guests. Immedi- 

20 ately thej- all eat with || spoons; and after they have eaten with 
spoons, the wife of the host | takes other small dishes and puts them 
down I between the men and the food-dish. | This is called "recep- 
tacle for the bones." As soon as | the guests find a bone, they throw 

25 it into the small dish; || and they keep on doing this while they are 
eating. After | they have finished eating with spoons, they put 
their spoons into the dish from which they have been | eating. 
Then they take the small dish in which | the bones are, and put it 
down where the large dish had been, | and they pick up the bones 

30 with their hands and put them into their mouths || and chew them. 
Therefore this is called "chewed;" namely, boiled | halibut-head. 
They chew it for a long time and suck | at it; and after they finish 
sucking out the fat, they blow out the | sucked bones; and they do 
not stop until all the bones have been sucked out. | Then the woman 

35 takes the small dishes and || washes them out, and she pours some 
water into them, and she puts them | down again before the guests. 
Then they wash their hands. | As soon as they have done so, they 
drink; and after they have finished drinking, | they go out. Then 
they finish eating the halibut-heads. | Halibut-heads are not food for 

40 the morning, for they are too fat. || They only eat them at noon and in 

18 Wii, lawe'sLe k'a'g'ililxa lo'qlwe "qa £ s le k - ax - dzamolIlts lit'xes 
Le' £ lanEme. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese £ na'xwa yoVida, yise's k'a/k'E- 

20 tslEnaqe. Wa, g"i'l £ mese yoVldExs la'e gEnE'masa Le' £ laiiEmiiq 
&x £ e'dxa 6'gu £ la £ me am £ Ema' lo'Elqlwa qa £ s le'xat! ka'x £ Its lax 
awa'gawa £ yasa be'bEgwanEme LE £ wa ha e maa'ts!as lo'qlwa. Wa, 
he 'Em Le'gades he'lomagEm qae'da xa'qe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese tsa'- 
tsekineda klwe'laxa xa'qaxs la'e tslExtslo'ts lax ama' £ ye lo'qlwa. 

25 La he'xsaEm gwe'gilaxes wa'wEsElilase yo'sa. Wa, gl'Pmese 
gwal yo'saxs la'e g'itslo'tses yo'yatsle k - a'k - Ets!Enaq la'xes gi'lx - - 
de ha £ maa'ts!ii. Wii, la &x £ e'dxa ama' £ ye lo'qlwa, yix gi'ts!E £ wa- 
sasa xa'qe qa £ s k'a'x' £ Ide lax axa'sdasa £ wa'lase lo'Elqlwa. Wa, 
la £ me'se xa'maxtslanaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa xa'qe qa £ s ts!o'q!uses. Wa, 

30 la male'x £ wulEq, la'gilas la Le'gadEs male'kwa, yl'xa ha'nx'La- 
akwe male'gEman5. Wii, la ge'g'flll male'kwa qa £ s le k'!EX £ wi'- 
dEq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal k'lExa'lax tsE'nxwa £ yasexs la'e po'x'odxa 
klwa'xmute xa'qa. Wii, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e £ wl £ la k - !Ex £ w!'dxa 
xaqe, wii, leda ts!Eda'qe ax £ e'dxa &m £ Ema' £ ye lo'Elqlwa qa £ s tslo'- 

35 xugindeq. Wa, la qEptslo'tsa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la xwe'laqa k - ax - - 
dzamS'lilas la'xa Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la'x'da £ xwe tslE'ntslEnx £ wida. 
Wii, g"i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e na'x £ ida. Wa, gil £ mese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ho'c[iiwElsa. Wa, laE'm gwa'la mEmEle'kwage la'xeq. Wa, 
laE'm k'les ha £ ma' £ ya mEle'kwiixa gaa'la qaxs xE'iiLElae tsE'nxwa. 

40 Wa, a'l £ Em ha £ ma'xa la nEqii'la LE £ wa dza'qwa, qaxs XE'nLElae 



boas] RECIPES 359 

the evening, because they are very | fat; that is the reason why they 41 
are afraid to eat them, — that it makes one | sleepy. 1 ! 

Halibut-Tips. — (The woman) enters her house, and at once | she 1 
takes the kettle and puts the halibut-tips | into it. She pours a 
little water over them. The water does not quite | show on top of 
the meat of the halibut. Then she puts || the kettle on the fire. As 5 
soon as it begins to boil, she stirs | (what is in the kettle) and breaks 
it. After she lias stirred it, she lets | it boil for a long time, and then 
takes the kettle off the fire. Then | she pours oil into it, when they 
are going to eat out of the kettle. | When they dip it out into dishes, 
when there are many || guests, then she pours oil into it when it is 1" 
in the dish. | Then they drink water before the}" eat with spoons 
the | boiled meat of the halibut, and they also drink water | after they 
have eaten it with spoons. She puts down the food-mat when the 
boiled meat of the halibut is given at a feast. It is || food for the 1"> 
morning and noon, and for the evening, for | it is not fat. Therefore 
they pour oil into it. The only | difference in the morning is, that 
they do not put much oil into it, for then only | a little is poured into 
it; but at | noon and in the evening it is covered with oil. No 
second course is served || after this has been eaten with spoons. 2 1 20 



tsE'nxwa. Wa, he' £ mis la'g'ilas kllE'm ha £ ma' £ ye, qaxs kwa/la-41 
dzEmae. 1 

Halibut-Tips. — Wa, la lae'Las la'xes go'kwe. Wa, ke'x £ ida- 1 
£ mese ax £ e'dxa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s axtslo'desa t!o't!Esba £ ye p!a' £ ye 
laq. Wii, la guqlEqa'sa holale £ wap laq. Wa, laE'm k - !es a/laEin 
ne'l £ ideda £ wa'pe lax o'kiiya £ yasa q lE'mlalasa p!a' £ ye. Wa, la hanx- 
LE'nts laxes lEgwi'le. Wa, g1'l £ mese mEdElx £ wi'dExs la'e xwe'tsl- 5 
gEndEq qa qlwe'q !ults!es. Wa, gi'l £ mese xwe'taxs la'e gage'gili- 
lElaEm maE'mdElqulaxs la'e ha'nxsEndxa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, la 
k!u'nq!Eqasa L!e' £ na laq, yixs ha'me'Le ha £ maa'ts!eLeda ha'nxLa- 
nowe. Wii, gi'l £ mese tse'dots la'xa lo'qlwe, yixs q!e'nEmaeda 
Le £ lanEme. Wii, a'Pmese k!u'nq!Eqasa L!e' £ na la'qexs la'e 1ex u - 1 () 
tslala. Wii, la nii'x £ Id £ Enixa £ wa'paxs k!e's £ mae yoVldxa ha'nx - - 
Laakwe qlE'mlalesa p!a' £ ye. Wa, la'xaa na'x £ idaEmxa £ wa'paxs la'e 
gwill y5'saq. Wa, laE'mLeda ha £ madzo'we le' £ wa £ ya la'qexs k!we'- 
ladzEmaeda ha'nxLaakwe qlE'mlalesa p!a' £ yt>. Wa, he' £ misexs 
ha £ ma' £ yaaxa gaii'la LE £ wa £ nEqii'la; wa, he' £ misa dza'qwa qaxs 15 
kle'sae tsE'nxwa, lii'g'ilasa L!e' £ na k!ii'nq!EgEm laq. Wa, le'xa- 
£ mesLa! 6'gu £ qalayos qae'da gaii'liixs kle'sae q!eqxa L!e' £ na, a' £ mae 
xaLlaqasoxs k!ii'nqEqasE £ wae. Wii, la'La t!Ep!EgEli's £ Emxa L!e'- 
£ naxa nEqii'la LE £ wa dza'qwa. Wii, laE'm k!es he'leg iiuIexs 
yo'saax gwe'x'sdEmas. 2 20 

' Continued on p. 249, line 71, to p. 251, line 5. 'Continued on p. 251, line 6, to p. 252, line 33. 



360 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 36 

1 Dried Halibut. — As soon as there is no dried salmon for breakfast | 
in the morning, (the woman) takes dried halibut and breaks it into 
a dish. | When there are four guests, then there is one dish | into 
5 which two dried halibut are broken: and when there are six || guests, 
then there are two dishes, in which there are three dried halibut, | so 
that there is one and a half in each dish, and | there are three guests 
to each dish; but they also use the food-mat, | which is spread out in 
front of the guests, | and the woman also takes her oil-dish and 

10 pours || oil into it. As soon as she has clone so, she places the dish | 
in front of her guests. Then she puts down the oil-dish | and puts 
it in the corner of the dish, on top of the broken dried halibut, | on 
the outer side of the dish. As soon as this is done, she dips up some | 
fresh water and gives it to them to rinse their mouths. After they 

15 have done so, || they drink; and after they have done this, the one 
highest in rank takes | some broken halibut and folds it over and 
chews it, | to make it soft. Then lie dips it into the oil, and finally 
he [ puts it into bis mouth, when it is heaped up with oil; and all the 
guests | do the same way when they are eating; and they never 

20 forget to fold over the || broken dried halibut and to chew it soft, 
and then to | dip it into the oil. The reason why they chew it is 
that it requires much | oil, for the dried halibut is very dry food; | 



1 Dried Halibut.- Wit, gi'h'mese k'lea's xa e masa gaa'xsta'laxa 
gaa'liixs la'e ax-e'dxa klii'wase qa £ s k"!opts!o'des la'xa lo'qlwe. 
Wa, gi'l £ Em mo'kwa Le' e lanEmaxs la'e e nEme'xLeda lo'qlwe 
klo'ptslotsosa ma'-'lExsa kla'wasa. Wa, gi'Pmese qbLlo'kwa 
5 klwe'laxs la'e ma' £ lEXLeda lo'qlwe; wa la yu'duxuxseda k'la'wase 
qa nExsa'yunosElis la'xa c na'l £ nEmexLa lo'qlwa. Wa, laE'm yae'- 
yuduxuleda klwe'laxa £ nEme'xLa lo'q!wa. Wa, laEmLe'da ha £ ma- 
dzowe' le' £ wa £ ya gi'lg'alelEm LEpdzamS'llbsm la'xa i.e'MfmEma. 
Wa, laEmxaa'wiseda tslEda'qe &x £ e'dxes tsteba'tsle qa\s k!unxts!o'- 

10 desa Lle' £ na laq. Wa, gl'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ka'x £ itsa lo'qlwe 
lax nExdzamo'hlases Le' £ lanEme. Wii, la ka'gilllxa ts!Eba'ts!e 
qa e s le kane'qwas lax d'kuva'yasa k"!o'bEkwe k'la'wasa la'xa 
L'.a'saneqwasa lo'qlwe. Wa, g't'Pmese gwa'l £ alelExs la'e tse'x ,£ Itsa 
a'lta £ wap laq ([a ts!Ewe'L!Ex5des. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e 

15 na'x £ ida. Wa, g i'h'mese gwa'lExs la'eda naxsa'laga e yas da'x £ Id 
la'xa k'lo'bEkwe k'la'wasa qa £ s k!5'xsEmdeq qa £ s male'x u bEndeq 
qa tElx £ wI'desexs la'e ts!Ep!e'ts la'xa L!e' £ na. Wii, lawl'si.a ts!o'- 
q'.fisasexs la'e qo'loxbalaxa i.!c ,,£ na. Wa, la £ na'xwa £ ma klwe'le he 
gwe'g'ilaxs la'e ha £ ma'pa, yixs kle'sae LlEle'we k - !o'xsEmdxa k - !o'- 

20 bEkwe kla'wasa <pr"s male'x u bEndec[ qa tE'lx £ widesexs la'e tslE- 
pll'ts la'xa L!e' £ na. Wii, he'Em la'g'ilas male'kwaq qa hama'- 
sexa Lle' £ na qaxs xE'nLElae lE'mxweda lEmo'kwe k'la'wasExs ha- 




boas] RECIPES 361 

for there is ven T little fat in this food. As soon as | the guests finish 
eating, fresh water is drawn, and they drink. || After they have 25 
finished drinking, the guests wait for | the second course. Thus 
they finish eating the dried halibut. | 

Halibut-Skin and Meat. — Now I will talk | about the mixed half- 1 
dried halibut-skin and half-dried halibut. | When the drying 
halibut and the skin are half dry, the | woman takes the half-dried 
halibut and cuts it down in strips || one finger-width wide, in this | 5 
As soon as it is all cut up, she takes the skin and | 
also straight down into strips, in the manner in 
made the narrow strips of [ dried halibut. As 
the narrow strips are done, she puts | one narrow 
skin and one narrow strip of half-dried halibut 
one on the other, || and she. rolls them up into a ball: and she 1" 
just tucks the end | under the top of the tight strip of | skin and 
half-dried halibut. This is the size of an egg of a | sea-gull. As 
soon as all that she is doing is done, she takes the | kettle and 
pours water into it, and she only stops || pouring water into it when 15 
the kettle is half full. Then | she puts it on the fire; and when it 
begins to boil, | she takes the balls of skin and dried halibut, 
and puts them | into the boiling kettle on the fire. However, she 

£ mfi' £ yae yixs ho'lalaeda L!e £ nfixs hafma/ £ yae. Wa giT'mese gwal 23 
ha £ ma'pa klwe'laxs la'e tse'x £ itsosa a'lta £ wa'pa qa.na'x £ Ides. Wa, 
gi'Pmese gwiil na'qaxs la'e awE'lgEmgaMeda klwe'le qa £ s he'- 25 
leg intsE c "we. Wa, laE'm gwa'la ha'ma'paxa lEmo'kwe kla'wasa. 

Halibut-Skin and Meat.- Wa, la-me'sEii e'tledsl gwa'gwexs £ alal 1 
la'xa mayima'kwasa k'la'yaxwe Lies LE £ wa k'la'yaxwe kla'wasa. 
Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e k'!a'yax £ whleda klii'wase LE £ wa Lle'se, le'da 
ts!Eda'qe ax-e'dxa k'!a'_yaxwe k'!a'wasa qa £ s iiEqEma'xode k'!o!pa- 
laxa £ naT"iiEmdEndzayaakwe hl'xEiis tslEma'lax'tslamvyexg'a gwii- 5 
lega {fig.). Wii, gi'l £ mese £ w! £ we'1x'sexs la'e fix-'e'dxa Lle'se qa £ s 
tlo'tlEtslE'ndexat ! nEqEmii'xodEq lax gwa'laasaseda ts!elts!Eq!o' 
kla'wasa. Wa, giTmese £ wl £ la tsleltslF.qlaxs la'e pa'pEqoda'leda 
tslEda'qaxa ts!e'lts!Eq!a l!6s LE £ wa ts!elts!Eq!a k"!a'wasa. Wii, 
la le £ x u sE'mdEq qa les lo'ElsEma. Wii, a' £ mese la giple'ts o'ba £ yas 10 
lax awa'biV'yasa o'ba'ye la'xa la lEkluta'la qExsEme g'a'yol la'xa 
Lle'se LE £ wa klii'wase. Wii, la yu'Em la 'wa'lasa tsle'guna'sa 
tsle'klwe. Wii, g'iTmese £ wl e la gwa'le axsE £ wa'sexs la'e &x £ e'dxa 
ha'nxLanowe qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, iiT'mese gwal 
guqa'sa £ wa'pe lii'qexs la'e nEgoya'leda ha'nxxanowe. Wa, la 15 
ha'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwI'le. Wii, giTmese mEdElx £ wI'dexs la'e 
ax £ e'dxa xwexule'xsEmakwe L'es LE £ wa klii'wase qa £ s axsta'les 
la'xa inaE'mdElqula ha'nx'Lala la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, k'le'stla a'laF.ni 



362 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. Ann. 3b 

20 does not | boil it long, when the kettle is taken off. || Then the woman 
takes her dish and puts it down at the | place where she is sitting; 
and she also takes a large long-handled ladle, | and takes out the 
rolled-up skin and | dried halibut, and puts them into the dish. She 
does not take any gravy, | but only the round rolled-up skin and 

25 the dried halibut. || As soon as it is all out of the kettle and it is in 
the | dish, the woman takes a food-mat and [ spreads it in front of 
her guests. Then she puts the dish on it. | As soon as the woman 
puts the dish before them, she | draws some fresh water for her 

30 guests. When it is in the morning, || the guests all rinse their mouths 
before they drink. | When it is noon or evening, they do not rinse 
their mouths, | hut they drink water before they eat. | As soon as 
they have rinsed their mouths, at breakfast they | drink; and after 

35 they have finished drinking, they take up with their hands || the 
rolled-up skin and the dried halibut that they are eating. | They 
just bite off from their food. After | they have eaten, the woman 
takes the food-dish and | pours into the kettle what is left over. 
Then she pours | water into it, and she puts (the dish) again before 

40 their guests. || Then they wash their hands. After they have fin- 
ished, | some fresh water is drawn. After they finish drinking, they 



ge'gilll In maE'mdElqulaxs la'e ha'nx - sanoweda hii'nxi.anowe. 

20 Wii, le'da tshxla'qe ax £ e'dxes lo'qlwe qa £ s ha'ngallles la'xes 
klwae'lase. Wa, lii'xaa ax e e'dxa e wa'lase gi'ltlEXLala kii'tsh:- 
naqa qa £ s XElostales lii'xa xwe'xule'xsEinakwe Lies LE £ wa k !a'- 
wase qa £ s le xEltshx'las lii'xa loqlwe. Wa, laE'm k'les le £ wii'palas. 
A/Em lexfrma lo'F.lxsF.me xwexiile'x'sEmakwe Lies LE £ wak!a'wasa. 

25 Wii, g'i'Pmese £ wI'losta la'xa ha'nxxanowe qaxs la'e g'e'tsla la'xa 
to'qlwaxs la'eda tslEda'qe ax- r e'dxa ha £ madzowe' le £ wa £ ya qa J s le 
LEpdzamo'lllas la'xes Le'-ianEme. Wii, la kTi'dzotsa lo'q!we liiq. 
Wa, gi'Pmese la kaxdzamo'lilxa lo'qhviixs la'eda tslEila'qe 
tse'x -£ Itsa a'ita £ wap la'xes Le /6 lanEme. Wii, gi'Pmese gaa'laxs 

30 la'e £ wl £ la ts!Ewe'i.!Exodeda Le/ £ lanEmaxs k'!e's £ mae na'x £ Jda. Wa, 
gl'l e mese nEqa'la LF/wa dza'qwiixs la'e k!es tslEwe'LlExoda. Wa, 
la'ra nfi'naqalg'iwa'laEmxa £ wa'paxs k'leVmae ha £ mx -£ I'da. Wa, 
gi'Pmese gwal tslEwe'iJExodExs gaa'xstalae, wa, la'x - da £ xwe 
na'x-Ida. Wit, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e xa'maxtslanaxs 

35 da'ltslalaaxes ha r ina £ yeda xwextile'xsEmakwe Lies LE £ wa k la'wase. 
Wii, laE'm a'Em qlEgi'nwexes ha £ ma £ ye. Wii, gl'Pmese gwal 
ha £ mii'pExs la'eda tslEdii'qe ax £ e'dxa ha £ maa'ts!exde lo'q!waqa £ s 
le qEptslo'tsa ha £ mxs<\' £ ye lii'xa ha'nxxanowe. W T ii, la guxtslo'tsa 
£ wa'j>e laq. Wii, la xwe'laqa ka'x'dzamolllas la'xes Le' £ lanEme. 

40 Wii, la'xda £ xwe ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!da. Wa, g i'Pmese gwa'h:xs la'e 
tse'x £ Itsosa a'lta e wa'pa. Wii, g'i'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'qu- 



boas] RECIPES 363 

go out, I for no second course is served after the rolled-up skin and | 4- 
the dried halibut; and they also do not dip it into oil, for | the skin 
is very fat; and only the men highest || in rank of the various tribes 45 
eat this kind. That is all | about this. | 

Blistered Half-Dried Halibut. — As | soon as the drying halibut is 1 
half-dried, when the halibut is first caught, | then the men of high 
rank enter the house of the fisherman in the morning, and | sit down 
in the rear of the house; and at once || the woman takes her mat, and 5 
asks all the visitors to | rise from the place where they are sitting. 
As soon as they all stand up, | she spreads the mat on the floor; and 
after the mat has been spread, | she asks the visitors to sit down 
on it. As soon as all | are seated, the woman takes down the 
half-dried halibut || and blisters it by the tire. After she has finished 10 
blistering it, | she takes a mouthful of water and blows it on the 
blistered | half-dried halibut; and after she has blown water | on it, 
she takes a food-mat and breaks the | blistered half-dried halibut, 
and puts it on the food-mat. || As soon as she has done so, she takes 15 
her oil-dish and | pours oil into it. After she has finished doing so, 
she puts down | the mat on which the blistered half-dried halibut is, 
and | spreads it before those who are going to eat. She scatters the 
broken pieces | of blistered half -dried halibut over the food-mat. 

WF.lsa qaxs k!esae heleg'intsE'wa xwexulexsEmax u g'e Lies t,E £ wa 42 
klawase. Wa, he' £ misexs k!e'sae ts!Epa'xa L!e' £ na qaxs he' s mae 
lagilasa Lle'saxs tsE'nxwae. Wa, laE'mxaa'wise le'x'ameda nena'- 
xsalasa le'lqwalaLa £ ye ha £ ma'pxa he gwe'kwe. Wa, laE'm gwal 45 
la'xeq. 

Blistered Half-Dried Halibut (PEiikwe klayax 11 k"!awasa).— W;'i. 1 
gi'l f Em k!a'yax £ wideda k'la'wasaxs g'ii'lae la'LanEma p!a' £ ye. wa, 
le'da nena'xsala ho'gwllxa gaa'la lax go'kwasa lo'qlwenoxwe qa £ s 
le k!us £ a'lllEla lax o'gwiwalllas go'kwas. Wa, he'x" £ Ida £ mesa 
ts!i:da'qe ax £ e'dxes le' £ wa £ ye qa £ s axk'Ia'lexa qa'tse £ stala qa £ wl £ les 5 
qlwa'gilil la'xes kludze'lase. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wl £ la qlwa'g illlnxs 
la'e LEpIa'lilxa le' £ wa £ ye. Wa, gi'Pmese LEbela le' £ wa £ yaxs la'e 
axklii'laxa qa'tse £ stala qa kludzEdzo'lllesoq. Wii, gi'b'mese £ wl'1a 
k!us £ a'hlExs la'eda ts!Etla'qe axa'xodxa la k'!a' £ yax £ wltses k'!a'- 
wase qa £ s pEX £ Ideq la'xes lEgwi'le. Wii, g - i'l £ mese gwal pExa'qexs 10 
la'e ha' £ msgEmdxa e wa'pe qa £ s sElbExuldz5'des la'xa pE'nkwe 
k!a'yax u kla'wasa. Wii, gi'l £ mese gwal sElbExwa'sa e wa'pe 
la'qexs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s k!o'k!upsEndexa 
pE'nkwe kMa'yaxwa k'la'was qa £ s axdzo'dales la'xa ha £ madzowe' 
le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxes ts!Eba'ts!e qa e s 15 
k!unxts!odesa L!e' £ nalaq. Wa, g1'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e axslllxa la 
gldza'yaatsa pE'nkwe k'la'yaxwa kla'wasa le' £ wa £ va qa e s le LEp- 
dzamo'lllas la'xa ha £ ma'pLaq. Wii, la guldzo'tsa k. !o'k!upsaa'kwe 
pEiik u klii'wase la'xa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, la ax E e'dxa 



364 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [BTH.ANN. 85 

20 Then she takes the fl oil-dish and puts it on what they are going to 
eat, and she also | takes water and draws it for them. When it is 
in the morning, | the guests all rinse their mouths. After they have 
finished | drinking, they take the blistered half-dried halibut and | 

25 dip it into the oil. Then they put it into their mouths. || They do 
not chew it first, for it is brittlo, but they take much | oil on it. 
When they have finished eating, the woman folds up [ the food-mat, 
and puts it down at the place where she is sitting, | together with 
the oil-dish. Then she draws water for them, and | they drink. 

30 After they have all finished drinking, they wait || for the second 

course. | 

1 Boiled Dried Halibut. — | When the dried halibut has been in the 

house a long time, it turns red, | and it is also hard and tough. When 

5 it is this | way, the woman takes her kettle, and she takes || the 

dried halibut and folds it into a ball. Then she puts it into the 

kettle, j and she pours water over it, and she only stops | when the 

top of the dried halibut is covered with water. Then she takes a | 

• flat sandstone and puts it on top of it, to keep the dried halibut under 

water. | Then she puts it over the fire. Then it boils for a long time. || 

10 When she thinks that it is soaked through, | she takes it off, and she 
lets the kettle stay on the floor of the house. Then | the woman 

20 ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s le ha'nqas la'xa ha £ mii'Le. Wii, laEmxail'wise 
ax £ e'dxa £ wa/pe qa £ s le tsex -£ i'ts laq. Wa, gi'Pmese gaa'laxs la'e 
he'x ,£ idaEm £ na'xwa tslEwe'Lbsxodeda kbveie. Wa, giTmese gwal 
na'qaxs la'e dii'x £ Id la'xa pE'nkwe kla'yaxwa k'la'wasa qa £ s 
lIe'iixsI Endes la'xa L.!e' £ na. Wa, la ts!Eq!ii'sas la'xes sE'mse. Wii, 

25 laE'm k'!es ma'lex"bendEq qaxs tso'sae. Wii, la'La qle'qlEbalaxa 
L!e /£ na. Wii, glTmese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'eda tslEda'qe k'lo'xu- 
lllxa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le ax £ a'lllaq la'xes klwae'lase 
LE £ wa ts!Eba'ts!e. Wii, la'xaa tse'x' £ Itsa £ wa'pe laq. Wii, la'x - - 
da £ xwe na'x £ ida. Wii, gi'l £ mese £ wl £ la na'x £ IdExs la'e fiwE'lgEm- 

30 gahl qas he'legintsE £ we. 
1 Boiled Dried Halibut (K - !Ek" la'wasgaxa xamase ha'nxLaakwa). — 
Wii., he' £ maaxs la'e ga'leda k'la'wase; wii, la L!a'L!Egudzo'x £ wIda. 
Wii, la'xaa p!e'sa. Wii, la'xaa ts!Exa'. Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e he 
gwe'x -£ ide, wii, le'da tslEdii'qe ax £ e'dxes ha'nxLanowe qa £ s ax £ e'de- 
5 xa k"!a'wase qa £ s k - !o'xsEmdeq. Wii, la axts!o'ts la'xa lia'nxxa- 
nowe. Wii. la giiq!Eqa'sa £ wa'pe laq. Wii, ii'l £ mese gwal gfiqa'sa 
£ wa'paxs la'e t!EpEya'leda k!a'wasaxa £ wa'pe. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa 
pExsE'me dE £ na' t!e'sEma qa £ s paqEyl'ndes laq qa wii'nsala\ osa 
k!a'wase. Wa, la ha'nxLEnts la'xes lsgwi'le. Wa, la £ me'se ge'g'i- 

10 lii £ Ein maE'mdElqfila. Wii, gITmese ko'taq laE'm pEx £ wi'da la'e 
ha'nxsEiidEq. Wa, a'Kmxaa'wise la ha £ ne'la ha'nx'Lanowaxs la'e 
ax £ e'deda tslEdii'qaxes ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!iixts!6'desa L!e' £ na laq. 



boas] RECIPES 365 

takes her oil-dish and pours oil into it. | Then she takes a small dish 13 
and puts it down at the place where she sits. | At last she takes her 
tongs and takes out the flat piece of || sandstone, and she puts it 15 
down at the end of the fire, j Then she also takes out with the tongs 
what has been cooked, and she puts it into the | small dish. She 
puts down her tongs, and takes what | has been cooked by her and 
spreads it out. She breaks it into pieces j of the right size for our 
mouths. As soon as she has done so, || she takes her food-mat and 20 
spreads it out before those | who will eat with her, and she puts the 
small dish on it. Then she pours | oil into the oil-dish: and she also 
puts it at the outer corner | into the small dish. Then (those who 
are going to eat) drink fresh water: and after they finish | drinking, 
they begin to eat. After they finish eating, || they drink water. 25 
Then the woman takes the small dish and | empties into the kettle 
what is left over. Then she pours | water into (the dish) and washes 
it out. When it is clean, | she pours fresh water into it, and she puts 
it again before those | who have eaten. Then they wash their 
hands; and || after they have finished, they wait for the second 30 
course. That is | all about this. | 

Scorched Halibut- Skin. — When | the skin has been dried, the l 
woman just takes it down from where it has been hanging, | in the 



Wa, la ax £ e'dxes la'logume qa £ s le kii'galllas la'xes k!wae'lase. 13 
Wa, la'wIsLa ax £ e'dxes klipLa'la qa £ s k!ip!e'des la'xa pa 'qEya £ ye 
dE £ na' t!e'sEma. Wa, la k!ip!a'lllas la'xa ona'lisases lEgwI'le. Wa, 15 
la'xaa k-!ip!e'ts la'xes ha="me'xsllasE £ we qa £ s le k!Ipts!o'ts la'xa 
la'logume. Wa, la g-eg-alilxes klipLii'la. Wa, la dii'x-idxes 
ha £ me'xsIlasE £ we qa E s da'Hdeq. Wa, la k!o'k!QpsE'ndeq qa 
a' £ mese ha £ ya'ladzEqEla la'xEns sE'msex. Wa, g i'h'mese gwa'lExs 
la'e ax £ e'dxes ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEpdzamollles la'xes 20 
hamo'tLe. Wa, la ha'ndzotsa la'logume laq. Wii, la k!ii'nxts!otsa 
L!e' £ na la'xa ts!Eba'ts!e. Wii, la'xaa katslo'ts lax Lla'saneqwasa 
la'logume. Wa, la nax e Idxa a'lta e wa'pa. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal 
na'qaxs la'e ha £ mx £ I'da. Wa, gi'h'mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'e 
na'x £ idxa £ wa'pe. Wa, le'da ts!Eda'qe ax £ e'dxa la'logume qa £ s 25 
qEpstE'ndeses ha £ msa' £ ye la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, la guxts'.5'tsa 
£ wa'pe laq qa £ s ts'.o'xug'indeq. Wa, gl'h'mese e'g'igaxs la'e 
guxtslo'tsa a'lta e wap laq. Wa, la xwe'laqa k - ax'dzamolilas 
la'xa ha £ ma'pde. Wii, la'x - da £ xwe ts te'nts !Enx e wida. Wa, gi'l- 
£ mese gwa'lExs la'e awE'lgEmgalil qa £ s he'legintsE £ we. Wii, laF.'m 30 
gwal hi'xeq. 

Scorched Halibut-Skin (Ts!Eiik u Lies). — Wa, gi'l £ Em lE'm £ wEmx £ - 1 
ideda Llesaxs la'eda tslEda'qe a'Em axa'xod la'qexs ge'xwalae 



366 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

3 rear of the house. She takes her tongs, and takes up | the skin with 
them, by the middle, in this maimer: «=— — — ^Jll) Then she blis- 

5 ters || its edge on the flesh side; and \T~~~~~ --^v. when all the 
fat on its side begins to cook, | then ~~~^ she blisters 

the inner side; | and when all its fat ^^ j — begins to 

cook, she turns it over and | scorches — HI — its back. As 

soon as it is covered with blisters, | it is done. Then the woman 

10 takes her food-mat, || and she takes the scorched skin and puts 
it on a (mat) ; and she rolls it up | and treads on it, to make 
it soft, and also that the | scorched parts may come off. After 
she has trodden on it for a long time, | it is done. Then she opens 
it out, and spreads out the mat that she has been using. | Then 

15 she strikes the scorched skin on the middle of the mat, || so that 
the scorched part comes off ; then she stops. | Then she shakes the mat, 
so that the scorched part comes off. Then she breaks into pieces 
the | scorched skin and puts them down on the food-mat. | Immedi- 
ately they drink water, and eat it quickly, while | the scorched skin 

20 is still hot; for as soon as it gets cold, || it becomes hard. After they 
finish eating, | they drink fresh water. Scorched skin is not given 
at a feast. | Only the owner eats it when it is scorched. | They do not 
dip scorched skin into oil, because it is very | fat. That is all. || 

3 la'xa o'gwlwalllasa go'kwe qa £ s ax £ e'dexesk!ipLii'la qa £ s k!ip!e'des 
lax nEgo'ya £ yasa Lle'se ga gwa'leg'a (fg.). Wii, la pExa'x ewEn- 
5 xa £ yas la'xa E'lsadza £ ye. Wii, g1'l £ mese £ na'xwa la niEdE'lx £ wIde 
tsE'ntsEnxunxa £ yasexs la'e pEx £ I'dEx 6'tslawas. Wa, gi'Pmese 
£ wl £ la la mEdF.'lx e wIde tsE'nxwa £ yasexs la'e le'x £ IdEq qa £ s ts!Ex £ I'- 
dex awl'ga £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese la hamE'lgEdzSdeda pE'nsaxs la'e 
Llo'pa. Wa, la ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxes ha £ niadzowe' le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, 

10 la ax £ e'dxa tslE'nkwe L'.e'sa qa £ s ])EgE(lz6'dcs la'qexs la'e le'x £ undEq. 
Wa, la t!e'p!edEq ([a pe'x £ wldes. Wa, he' £ mis la lawii'lisa 
tsla'xmote axdzEwe'q. Wa, gi'l £ mese ge'gllll tle'paqexs la'e 
gwa'la. Wii, la da'l £ IdEq. Wa, la'xaa LEpIa'lIlaxaaxes axEleda le'- 
£ wa £ ye. Wa, la xusa'sa tslE'nkwe Lies lax nEgE(lza' £ yasa le' £ wa £ ye. 

15 Wa, g - l'l e mese £ wl £ laweda ts!a'x'motaxs la'e gwa'la. Wa, la 
k'!il £ edxa le £ wa £ ye qa lawayesa tsla'xmote. Wa, la k!o'k!iipsEnd- 
xa ts'.E'nkwe L'.e'sa qa £ s axdzo'dales la'xa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese na'x £ ldxa £ wa'pe qa £ s ha'labale ha £ mx £ I'dqexs 
he' £ mae a'les tslE'lkweda tslE'nkwe L!e'sa, qaxs g'i'Kmae wudEX'- 

20 £ I'da, wii, la p!e's £ Ida. Wii, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'e 
nii'x £ idxa a'lte £ wa'pa. Wa, la'xaa k"!es klwe'ladzEma tslE'nkwe 
L!e'sa; le'xa £ meda axno'gwadas ha £ ma'pqexs tslE'nkwae. Wii, 
la'xaa k!es ts'.Epa'sa ts'.E'nkwe Lies la'xa L!e' £ na, qaxs a'lae 
tsE'nxwa. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 



boas] RECIPES .'567 

Poked Halibut- Skin. — When the skin has been | kept for a long 1 
time, and its fat turns red, it is not | good to be scorched. When the 
owner wants to eat it, | she takes her kettle and pours water || into 5 
it until it is half full. Then she puts it on the fire. | She takes down 
the skin from the place where she has hung it up, in the rear of the 
house. | Then she takes her fish-knife and cuts the skin into pieces, 
in | this manner: | «;;— — p-~^^ 

As soon as she >d~ [*">--, finishes cutting it, she waits for 

the water to boil || T~ | J -3 in the kettle. As soon as it be- 10 

gins to boil, | she — puts the pieces of skin into it; 

and when (the skin) is all in (the kettle), she | takes her tongs and 
pokes down on top of the skin, so as to | keep it under the water in 
which it is being boiled. Therefore | it is called "poked skin." 
After it lias been boiling for a long time, || when she thinks that it is 15 
soaked, she takes it off of the fire. [ Then she takes her small dish 
and puts it down at the place where she is sitting. | Then she takes 
her tongs and takes the poked skin out of the water, and | puts it 
into the small dish. As soon as it is all out of the kettle, | she drinks 
fresh water, when it is not || in the morning; but when it is morning. 20 
she rinses her mouth. As soon as | she has finished drinking, she 
eats it I while it is still hot; for when it gets cold, they can not | bite 

Poked Halibut-Skin (Q!o'dEx u Lies). — Wa, g-i'Pmese la ga'la la 1 
axe'lakwa Lle'saxs la'e L!a'x £ wlde tsEnxwa £ yas. Wa, la k!e's 
la ek% lax ts!EX'a'sE £ we. Wa, gi'Pniese ha £ mae'xsdeda axno'- 
gwadasexs la'e ax £ e'dxes ha'nxxanowe qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa/pe 
laq qa uEgo'yalesexs la'e ha'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwi'le. Wa, la 5 
axa'xodxa Lle'se la'xes ge'xwalaa'se la'xa o'gwlwalllasa go'kwe. 
Wa, la ax-e'dxes xwaLa'yowe qa £ s t!o't!Ets!Endexa L!e'se ga 
gwalega (Jig.). 

Wa, gl'hmese gwal tlo'saqexs la'e e'sEla qa rnEdElx £ wI'desa 
£ wa'pe lage'tslaxa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, g i'l'mese mEdElx-wI'dExs 10 
la'e axstE'ntsa tlEwe'kwe Lies laq. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wi=la £ staxs la'e 
ax £ e'dxes klipLa'la qa £ s qlo'dEiisales la'xa 6'kuya £ ye Lle'sa qa 
ls'iises la'xa £ wa'pal;ises ha £ me'xsIlasE £ we. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas 
Le'gadEs qlo'dEkwe L!e'sa. Wa, la £ me'se ge'gilIl £ Em maE'mdEl- 
qula. Wa, gi'Pmese k'5'taq laE'm pe'x £ widaxs la'e hanxsE'ndEq. 15 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxes la'logume qa £ s ha'ngallles la'xes klwae'lase. Wa. 
la ax £ e'dxes klipLa'la qa £ s kMipusta'lexa qlo'dEkwe L'.e'sa qa £ s le 
k!ipts!a'las la'xa la'logume. Wa, gi'I £ mese £ wi £ losta la'xa ha'nx- 
Lanowaxs la'e he'x £ idaEm na'x £ idxa a'lta £ wa'pa; yixs k!e'sae 
gaa'la. Wa'xe gaa'laxs la'e ts!Ewe'L!Exoda. Wa, gi'l £ mese 20 
gwa'lExs la'e na'x £ kla. Wii, lawI'sLa ha'yalomala ha £ mx £ i'dqexs 
he' £ mae a'les ts!E'lqwe, qaxs gi'l £ mae wudEX £ I'da, wa, la k!es 
q!e'q!ak!emaxs la'e p!e's £ Ida. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal ha £ ma'pa la'xes 



368 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

it, because it is hard. When she finishes eating, | taking it up with 

25 her hands as she eats, she puts down her ]] small food-dish and pours 

out (the contents) outside of the house; for they do | not often eat 

all the poked skin, | and also it is not good when it is boiled again 

after it has been cold. | Therefore it is only thrown away. When | 

the woman comes in again into her house, she pours water into (her 

30 small dish) || and washes it out; and when it is clean, | she pours 

fresh water into it, and they all wash their hands; | and after they 

have finished, they do not oat a second course. Sometimes the old 

people I eat with spoons the liquid of the poked salmon, and they 

35 eat | dried halibut raw and dry with the poked skin. || After they 

have eaten, they drink fresh water. | This also is not given at a feast 

given by the chief to his tribe ; | only the owner eats it ; and they do 

not I dip it into oil, for it is really fat. That is [ all about this. || 

1 Boiled Halibut-Edges. — When | the (halibut-) edges begin to be dry, 

and when there are many of them, | they are tied in the middle with 

narrow strips of cedar-bark, and they hang in the | rear of the fire of 

5 the house. Then the owner invites || the chiefs in. As soon as they 

are all in the house, the woman | takes a kettle and puts it down on 

the side of the I fire nearest the door. She takes down sometimes 



xa/maxts !anaena £ yaxs ha £ ma'pae, wa, la ka'g ililxc-s ha £ maa'ts!eda 

25 la'logume qa £ s Ie qEpEWE'lsaq la'xa Lla'samVyases go'kwe qaxs 

k!e'sae qluna'la £ wi £ la ha e mx £ I'dxa q!o'dEkwe Lle'sa. Wa, he'- 

6 misexs k'le'sae ek" lax e'tlede liii'nxi.Entsoxs la'e wiidEX' £ I'da. 

Wa, he' £ mis la'g'ilas I'ehi ts!EX £ I'dayowe. Wit, gi'l £ mese ga'x 

edeLeda tsteda'qe la'xes go'kwaxs la'e guxtslo'tsa £ wa'pe laq 

30 qa £ s tslo'xugindexes la'logume. Wa, gi'h'mese e'gigaxs la'e 

giixtslo'tsa a'lta £ wap la'qexs la'e £ wl e la ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!da. Wa, 

gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e k!es he'leginda. Wit, le'da qlulsqu'h'yakwe 

£ nal £ nE'mp!Ena yo'sax e wa'palasa cilo'dEkwe Lle'sa loxs masaasa 

kla'wase klidx- a'Ein lE'mxwa la'xa qlo'dEkwe Lle'sa. Wii, 

35 gi'1-mese gwHl ha £ ma'pExs la'e na'x £ Idxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, 

k!e's-i:mxaa ha/mg'llayo la'xa klwe'laseda gl'gama £ yaxes g'o'kii- 

lote. Le'xaEm ha £ ma'pqeda axno'gwadiis. Wii, la'xaa k'!es 

ts'.E'pEla la'xa L!e' £ na qaxs a'laklalae tsfi'nxwa. Wa, laE'mxaa 

gwill la'xeq. 

1 Boiled Halibut -Edges (Ha'nxLaak" xwa'xusEnxe £ ). — Wii, he'- 

£ maaxs la'e lE'mx £ w!deda xwa'xiisEnxa £ yaxs la'e q!e'nEma la'xes 

lae'na £ ye ylLo'yolaxa ts!e'q!e dEiia'sa. Wii, la te'kiihiLEla lax 

o'gwlwalllasa lEgwi'lasa g'o'kwe. Wii, le'da axno'gwadiis Le' £ la- 

5 laxa g - ii'xsa. Wa, gi'l £ mese gax £ wi £ laeLElaxs la'eda ts!E(la'qc 

ax £ e'dxa ha'nx'Lanowe qa £ s le ha'ngalilaq la'xa obe'xLalalllasa 

lEgwi'le. Wii, la axa'xodxa £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena sEk'Ia'xidoyola xwa'- 



boas] RECIPES 369 

five bundles | of edges tied in the middle, and she puts the bundles 8 
into the kettle. | She does not untie the tying of narrow cedar-bark hi 
the middle. It || remains in the wa}^ it was tied into bundles. Then 10 
she pours water into the (kettle) ; | and when it is half full of water, 
she takes an | old mat and covers the top with it. As soon as she 
has done so, [ she puts it on the fire. As soon as this is finished, | 
the chiefs begin to sing the songs of olden times; but the || woman 15 
takes her dishes and puts them down at the place where she is sit- 
ting, | and also the tongs. Everything is ready, and | (what is in 
the kettle) has been boiling on the fire for a long time. After four | 
songs have been sung, the guests stop singing. | Then the kettle is 
taken off of the fire; and the woman takes her tongs, [| and takes off 20 
the old mat covering and puts it down at the | door-side of the fire. 
Then sire takes up with the tongs the middle of one bundle of | edges 
and puts it into one dish. She | continues doing so with the others, 
and puts each into one dish. | As soon as they are all out of the water, 
she unties the narrow || strip of cedar-bark with which they were tied 25 
in the middle, and finally she divides them into the several dishes. | 
As soon as she has done so, she takes a food-mat and | spreads it 
before the guests. Then she puts the dishes | on it, and she gives 
them water. After they finish drinking, | they begin to eat. They 



xusEnxa £ ya qa £ s qu'lxts!odes la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, laE'm 8 
k!es giidEX £ I'dEX yiLo'yoyas ts!e'q!a dEna'sa. Wa, laE'm hex- 
sa'Em gwa'laxs la'e qu'lxtsloya. Wa, le gtiqteqa'sa £ wa/pe laq. 10 
Wa, la'me'se ne'lkEyax -£ kla £ meda s wa'pe la'qexs la'e ax £ e'dxa 
k!a'k!obane qa £ s ae'k - !e na'sEyinta laq. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs 
la'e ha'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwI'le. Wii, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e 
dE'nx £ Ideda glgi'gama £ yasa gi'ldzE £ yala q!E'mdEma. Wii, la'Leda 
tslEda'qe ax'e'dxes lo'Elqlwe qa £ s ga'xe ax'a'lllas la'xes klwae'lase; 15 
wa, he' £ misa k!ipLa'la. Wa, la £ nie'se £ na'xwa gwa'lllExs la'e 
ge'gihl maE'mdElquleda ha'nxLala. Wa, gi'Pmese mo'sgEmeda 
qlE'mdEme dE'nx e edayosa klwe'laxs la'e gwal dE'nxEla. Wa, la 
h&nxsanoweda hanxLanowaxs laeda ts!Edaqe ax £ edxes k'lipLala 
qa £ s k!ip!i'des la'xa k!a'k - !obane nayi'ma qa £ s k!ip!a'liles la'xa 20 
ona'llsases lEgwI'le. Wa, la k'libo'yodxa £ nE'mxkloyala xwa'- 
xtisEnxa £ ya qa £ s k!tpts!5'des la'xa f nEme'xLa lo'q!wa. Wa, la 
ha £ na'l he gwe'gilaxa wao'kwe axts!a'las la'xa -nEme'xLa lo'qlwa. 
Wa, gi'Pmese £ wI £ lostaxs la'e gQdEx £ I'dxa yae'Loyuwexdas ts!e'q!a 
dEna'sa. Wa, lawI'sLe ts!a'lasi £ lalas la'xa waS'kwe lo'Elq!wa. 25 
Wii, gl'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa e s 
le LEpdzamo'lfias la'xa klwe'le. We, la k'ii'dzodaslasa lo'Elqlwe 
laq. Wa, la tse'x -£ Itsa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, g - l'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ha £ mx £ I'da. Wii, laE'm xa'max'ts'.ana da'x' £ Idxes ha £ ma' £ ye 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 24 



370 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

30 take up the food with their hands || and bite off the ends of the long 
edges. After they have finished | eating it, they drink water, and 
they carry home for their wives what is left. | Then they carry it 
home when they leave the | house; and they wash their hands in 
their own houses. | No second course is given with this, for it is a 

35 valuable food for feasts, for || this kind is very costly; and they do 
not dip it into oil, for | it is very fat. That is all about this. | 
1 Roasted Halibut-Edges. — When | the (halibut-)skin is half dry, the 
edge is torn off. | Then it is tied in the middle with narrow strips of 
cedar-bark, and is hung up in the | rear of the house; Sometimes the 
5 woman and her || husband desire to eat of it. Then the woman 
requests her | husband to make roasting-tongs. Immediately | he 
shaves down a piece of red pine, and splits it in the same way as | 
fire-tongs (are split) ; only this is different, that below it has a sharp 
point | where the top of the fire-tongs is. Then the woman takes 

10 narrow strips of || cedar-bark and ties them around it one span of 
our fingers | from the sharp lower end. When this is | done, the 
woman takes the half-dried edges | and puts them in coils into the 
roasting-tongs, in this manner: 1 As | soon as they are all 

15 in the roasting-tongs, she ties a narrow strip of || cedar-bark 
around the top, so that the tongs may not spread when 

30 qa £ sq!Ex - ba' £ yexa g'i'lsgilt !e xwa'xiisEnxa £ ya. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal 
ha £ ma'pqexs la'e na'x £ ldxa £ wa/pe. Wa, la mo'tledxes E'nxsa £ ye 
qae's gEgEnE'me. Wa, laE'm da'laqexs la'e ho'quwEls la'xa 
go'kwe. Wa, a'l £ mese ts!E'nts!Enx-wId la'xes gigo'kwe. Wa, 
laE'm k'les he'legintsE £ wa qaxs £ wa'lasae k!we'ladzEma qaxs 

35 la'xulae gwe'x'sdEmas. Wa, la k!es tste'pEla la'xa L!e' £ na qaxs 
a'lae la tsE'nxwa. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Eoasted Halibut-Edges (L!o'bEk u xwa'xusEnxe £ ). — Wa, he' £ maaxs 
la'e k'!a'yax £ wldeda Lle'saxs la'e xwaso'yuweda xwa'xQsEnxa £ ye. 
Wa, la yiLo'yotsosa ts!e'q!e dEiia'sa qa £ s tex £ waLE'lodayowe lax 
o'gwiwalllasa g"o'kwe. Wii, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Eneda tslEda'qe LE £ wis 
5 la' £ wunEine ha £ mae'xsd laq. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe axkla'laxes 
la' £ wunEine qa Llo'psayogwllesex L!o'psaya. Wa, he'x -£ itla £ mese 
k'!a'x £ widxa wuna'gule qa £ s xo'x £ wkle qa yu'wes la gwe'x'soxda 
k'lipLa'lax. Wa, le'x'a £ mes ogiiqaiayosexs e'xbaeda bE'nba £ yas, 
yix o'xta £ yasa klipLii'la. Wa, le'da ts!Ecla'qe ax £ e'dxa ts!e'q!e 

10 dEna'sa qa £ s yil £ I'des la'xa £ nE'mp!Enke lii'xEns q!wa'q!waxts!a- 
na £ yex, ga'g'iLEla la'xa e'x - ba la'x bE'nba £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa k'!a'yaxwe xwa'xiisEnxa £ ya 
qa £ s le q!E'lxts!odalas la'xa iJo'psayowe ga gwa'lega (fig.). 1 Wii, 
g - i'l £ mese £ wl £ la la axtsla' la'xa Llo'psayaxs la'e yil £ e'tsa ts!e'q!e 

15 dEna's lax 6'xta £ yas qa kle'ses dEXEto'x £ w!deda Llo'psayowaxs la'e 

1 See figure on p. 344. 



boas] RECIPES 371 

they | get hot. Then she takes thin cedar-sticks and | puts them on 1(1 
lengthwise, one on each side of the end [ of the edges, and she puts a 
stick crosswise, one at each end. | Then she puts it up by the side of 
the lire, and it is not long before she turns it around. || As soon as it 20 
is done, the woman takes her food- | mat and spreads it out at the 
place where she is sitting. Then she takes the | roasted edges and 
puts them on it and takes them out of the tongs. | Then they drink 
water. After they have finished drinking water, | they take long 
strips of the edges and bite them off from the end. || After they have 25 
finished eating them, the woman takes her small dish | and pours 
some water into it, and they wash their hands. | After they have 
done so, the woman puts away what is left over, | and they drink 
water. It is not put into a | dish when the} - eat it; and they do not 
dip it into oil, for it is || very fat; and also this is not given to the 30 
tribe at a feast. [ That is all about this. | 

Dried Halibut-Head. — When it is winter | and they can not catch 1 
halibut, the wife of the | fisherman takes dried halibut-head and 
soaks it in bilge-water | of the fishing-canoe of her husband. After 
it has been soaking for four days || in the fishing-canoe, the woman 5 
takes her kettle | and puts it down by the side of the fire. Then she 



ts!E'lx £ wida. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa wi'swiiltowe xok u k!waxLa £ wa qa £ s 16 
k'!aat!e'des. Wii, laE'm wa'x'SEnxa s yeda £ na't £ nEnits!aqe lax o'ba- 
£ yasa xwa'xusEnxa £ ye. Wa, la ge'gebEntsa £ naTnEmts!aqe. Wa, 
la £ me'se Lano'lisaq la'xes lEgwI'le. Wii, k!e'st!a gii'laxs la'e le'x £ I- 
dEq. Wii, gi'b'mese l!o'pexs la'e ax £ e'deda tshida'qaxes ka £ ma- 20 
dzowe' le /£ wa £ ya qa £ s LEp!a'lItes la'xes k'.wae'lase. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa 
iJo'bskwe xwa'xusEnxa ; va qa £ s axdzo'des la'qexs la'e x'Ek" !EX -£ IdEq. 
Wa, la'x - da e xwe na'x £ Idxa £ wape. Wii, g iT'mese gwal naqaxs 
la'e dax'-Idxa g'i'lsg ilt !EnaIa xwaxusEnxe 5 qa £ s cj!Egilba £ yeq. Wii, 
g'i'1-mese gwal ha £ ma'pqexs la'e ax E e'deda tslEda'qaxes la'logume 25 
qa e s guxts!o'desa -wa'pe laq. Wa, la'x da'xwe ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!da. 
Wa, gi'hmese gwa'lExs la'eda ts teda'qe g e'xaxes ha'mxsiV'ye. Wii, 
la'x -£ da £ xwe na'x £ Idxa £ wa'pe. AVii, laF.'m k - !es axtslo'yo la'xa 
lo'qlwiixs ha £ ma'yae loxs k'!e'sae ts'.E'pEla la'xa L!e' c "na qaxs 
xE'nLElae tsE'nxwa. Wii, la'xaa k!es klwe'ladzEina laxa g'o'ku- 30 
lote. Wii, laE'm gwal la/xeq. 

Dried Halibut-Head (Ma'leqasde). — Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e tslawfi'n- 1 
xa, la kleo's la gwE E yo'Lasxa p!a' £ ye. Wa, le'da gEUE'masa lo'- 
qlwenoxwe ax="e'dxes ma'leqasde qa £ s le t!e'laq la'xa to'xsas lo'- 
gwatsliises la' £ wunEme. Wii, he'tla la mo'p!Enxwa £ se '"na'liis 
t!e'ltalExs la'xa lo'gwatsliixs la'e ax £ e'deda ts!Edii'qaxes hii'nx- 5 
Lanowe qa £ s ha'ngaille la'xa ona'lisases lEgwI'le. Wii, la ax £ e'd- 



372 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ann. 35 

7 takes | her small basket by the handle and carries it out of the house, 
and she | puts it down by the side of the fishing-canoe. Then she 
takes out of the water the dried heads and | puts them into the small 

10 basket. After it is full, she || takes it up by the handle and carries 
it into the house. Then | she takes out the dried heads and puts 
them into the kettle. | As soon as it is full, she pours water into it; 
and when | it is filled with water, she puts the kettle on the fire. It 
is I left to boil for a long time, and then the kettle is taken off the 

15 fire. || Then the woman takes her dish and takes her | long-handled 
ladle, and she dips up the dried heads and | puts them into the dish. 
As soon as they are all out of the water, she drinks | water; and after 
she finishes drinking, she takes up with her hands | the boiled dried 

20 heads and puts them into hor mouth. || Then she begins to eat. This 
is called "eating dried heads." Then | she throws into the fire the 
bones that remain. After she has finished, | she again pours into 
the kettle the food that has been left over. | She pours some fresh 
water into the food-dish that she had used. | Then she washes her 

25 hands. After she has finished, she puts away the || kettlo. The 
remains of the dried heads | are in the kettlo in the water. She is 
going to put them on the fire again | when she feels hungry, for heads 
do not get spoiled even if they are | put on the fire ten times. Then 
she drinks | fresh water. The dried halibut-head is not used for 

7 xes la'laxame qa £ s le kMo'qEWElsElaq la'xes go'kwe qa £ s le hano'- 
dzElsas la'xa lo'gwatsle. Wa, la ax £ wustE'ndxa ma'leqasde qa £ s 
axts!o'dales la'xa la'laxame. Wa, gi'l £ mese qo't!axs la'e k'!o'- 

10 qulsaq qa £ s le k!o'gwlLElaq la'xes go'kwe. Wii, la £ me'se 
axwultsla'laxa ma'leqasde qa £ s le &xts!a'las la'xa ha'nxLanowe. 
Wa, g i'Pmese qo'tlaxs la'e gugEqa'sa £ wape laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
qo'tlaxa £ wa'paxs la'e ha'nxi.Ents la'xes lEgwI'le. Wa, la £ me'se 
ge'gilll maE'mdElqulaxs la'e ha'nxsanoweda ha'nxLanowe. Wa, 

15 la £ me'sa tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxes to'qlwe qa £ s ax £ e'dexes £ wa'lase g'i'l- 
tlE.xLala ka'tslEnaqa qa f s xElostEndexa ma'leqasde qa E s le xe'1- 
tslalas la'xa lo'q!we. Wii, gi'Pmese £ wi £ lostaxs la'e na'x-idxa 
£ wa'pe. Wii, gi'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'e da'x p£ itses e £ eyasowe' 
la'xa ha'nxLaak" ma'leqasde qa £ s ts!o'q!uses la'xes sE'mse. Wa, 

20 laE'mha £ mx £ I'da. Wa, he'Em i.e'gadEs niEma'leqasde. Wa, laE'm 
ts lEXLa'lases xa'xmote la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs 
la'e xwe'laqa guxts!o'tses ha £ mxsa' £ ye la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, 
la guxts!o'tsa a'lta £ wap la'xes ha £ maats!e'x - de lo'qlwa. Wa, 
la ts!E'nts!Eiix £ wida. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e g'e'xaxa 

25 ha'nxxanowe. Wa, laE'm ge £ sta'leda ha £ mxsa' £ ye ma'leqasde 
la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, laE'm a'Em e'tledEl ha'nx £ iEndLEq 
qo po'sq!Ex -£ idLo, qaxs kie'sae £ ya'xsEmx £ IdExs wa'x ,£ mae nEqa'- 
p!Ena ha'nx'LEndayoweda ma'leqasde. Wii, lawI'sLa na'x £ idxa 
a'lta e wa'pa. Wa, laE'm k'!es Le' £ lalaynweda ma'leqasde a'Em 



boas] BECIPES 373 

inviting (to a feast). || Only the owners — that is, the woman, her 30 
husband, | and her children — eat it; and this also is not dipped into 
oil. | That is all about this. | 

Dried Halibut-Stomach, boiled | and soaked. — (The dried halibut- 1 
stomach) is soaked the same number of days | as the halibut-head, 
which is soaked forfour | days in the bilge-water of the fishing-canoe 
of the fisherman. || The dried stomach is also soaked in the fishing- 5 
canoe. | After it has been in the canoe for four days, it swells up. | 
Then the woman again takes her small basket by the handle and puts | 
it down by the side of the fishing-canoe. She takes the dried | 
stomach out of the bdge-water of the fishing-canoe and puts it into 
her small basket. [| When it is full, she takes it up by the handle and 10 
carries it | into her house. Then she puts it down in front of the 
fire. | Then she takes her small kettle and washes it out. As soon 
as | it is clean, she takes out of the small basket tho dried stomach 
and | puts it into the small kettle. Then she pours water into it 
until || it is full, and puts it on the fire. She does not let it | boil 15 
quickly. There is only little fire under the | kettle. The water gets 
hot slowly, | and it is on the fire from morning until noon. Then the 
woman | takes the kettle from the fire and puts it down at the place 
where she is sitting. || Then she takes a small dish and puts it down 20 

le'xa e meda axno'gwadas ha e ma'pEqxa tslF.da'qe le £ wis la'-'wuiiEme 30 
le £ w!s sa'sEme. Wii, la'xaa k!es tshVpEla la'xa L!e' £ na. Wii, 
laE'm gwal laxe'q. 

Dried Halibut-Stomach, boiled and soaked (Mo'qwasdaxs ha'nx- 1 
Laakwae tte'lkwa). — Wii, he'smxaa wa'xse e na'las tte'lkwe wii'- 
xaxsaasas e na/lasa nia'leqasdaxs la'e t!e'lasF/wa, ylxs mo'plEn- 
xwa^sae e na'las axsta'lExs la'xa to'xsasa lo'gwatslasa lo'qlweno- 
xwe. Wa, he'Emxaa'wise le'da mo'qwasdeda lo'gwatsle t!e'la- 5 
sE £ we. Wii, gi'l £ mese mo'xse £ nalasexs la'e wiwo'x e wIda. Wa, 
laE'mxaa'wisa tslEda'qe k' !oqEWElsxes la'laxame qa £ s le hano'- 
dzElsas lax onodza^yasa lo'gwatsle. Wa, Ja ax e wElsta'laxa mo'- 
qwasde lax to'xsasa lo'gwatsle qa f s le axts!a'las la'xes la'laxame. 
Wa, gl'Pmese qo'tlaxs la'e kMo'qulsaq qa £ s le k - lo'gwlLElaq la'- 10 
xes g'o'kwe. Wa, la k!o'x £ walilaq la'xa obe'x'Lalases lEgwI'le. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxes ha s nE'me qa J s ts!o'xugindeq. Wa, gil £ mese 
e'glgaxs la'e axwults lo'dxa mo'qwasde la'xa la'laxame qa f s le 
axts'.o'diilas la'xa ha £ nE'me. Wa, la giiqlEqa'sa £ wa'pe laq qa 
q5't!es. Wa, la ha'nxxEnts la'xes lEgwI'le. Wa, la k!es helqlalaq 15 
ha'labala mEdE'lx £ wida. Wii, laE'm ha'lsElaEm x I'qlExsdaleda 
ha'nxxanaxa gu'lta. Wa, e'x -f mese la ts !Egu e na'kule £ wa'paliisexa 
ga'g iLEla la'xa gaa'la la'laa la'xa nEqii'la. Wa, le'da ts!Edii'qe 
ha'nxsEndxa ha'nx'Lanowe qa J s ha'ng'alile la'xes k!wae'lase. Wa, 
la ax^e'dxes lii'logiime qa J s ha^no'llle lii'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, 20 



374 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ANN. 35 

21 by the side of the kettle. | Then she also takes her fish-knife and puts 
it into a small dish. | Then she takes her tongs and picks up the 
boiled stomach | and puts it into the small dish. As soon as it is 

25 all out | of the kettle, she takes a thin cedar-board || four fingers wide 
and one span and four | fingers long. She puts it down crosswise 
by | the side of the small dish. Then she takes the dried stomach 
and puts it down on it. | She. takes her fish-knife and cuts it into 
small pieces | of the right size to go into our mouths. After the 

30 woman has || cut up what she is cutting, she takes the kettle and | 
pours out the liquid of the dried stomach outside of the house. ] 
Then she carries it back into the house by the handle and puts it 
down at the place where she is sitting. | Then she pours fresh water 
into it and washes it out | inside. As soon as it is clean, she pours 

35 it out again || outside of the house. As soon as this is done, she 
brings it back and puts it down | by the side of the fire. Then she 
pours fresh water on the | pieces of dried stomach, and she washes 
them well. As soon as | all the soot is washed off and they are white 
outside, she | puts them into the small kettle; and when they are 

40 all in, she pours fresh || water over them. Now the small kettle is 
full of water; and she makes a good | fire, so that it blazes up well. 
Then she puts the kettle on the | fire, and it does not take long 



21 la'xaa ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s le g - e'ts!ots la'xa la'Iogume. Wa, 
la ax £ e'dxes k'ipLa'la qa £ s klip'e'des la'xa ha'nxxaakwe mo'qwas- 
da qa-s le k"!ipts!a'las la'xa la'Iogume. Wa, gl'1-mese £ wI £ losta 
la'xa ha'nxLanowaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa pio'ldzowe klwa'gEdza, la mo'- 

25 (Ieiic £ wa'dzE £ wasas la'xEns q!\\:Vq!waxts!ana £ yex; wa, la mo'dm- 
baleda £ nE'mp!Enke la'xEns ba'Laxs la'e gayo'sas la'xa o'gwaga- 
E yasa la'Iogume. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa mo'qwasde qa £ s pagEdzo'des laq. 
Wit. la ax'e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s am £ Eme'x - saIe t!o't!Ets!a'laq qa 
a' £ mese he'ladzEqEla la'xEns sE'msex. Wa, le'da tslEda'qE £ wl £ la 

30 t!6't!Ets!Endxes t!o'sasE £ waxs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha'nxLanowe qa £ s !e 
qEpEWE'lsax £ wa'palaxdasa mS'qwasde lax L!a'sana £ yases go'kwe. 
Wa, gax xwe'laqa k!5'giiLElaq qa s s ha'ngalfleq la'xEs k!wae'- 
lase. Wa, la e mese guxtslo'tsa a'lta £ wap laq qa £ s ae'k'le tslo'xu- 
gmdEq. Wa, g i'Pmese la e'g - ig - axs la'e e'tled la qr.pEWE'lsaq 

35 Ia'xes iJa'sana've. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs g - a'xae ha'ngahlas 
lax ona'lisases lEgwI'te. Wa, la guqlEqa'sa a'lta £ wap la'xa t!E- 
we'kwe mo'qwasda. Wa, la'xae ae'k - !a ts!o'x E wIdEq. Wa, gi'Pmese 
la £ wi £ laweda qlwalobEsaxs lae mElmadzox £ wida. Wa, la axts la- 
las la'xa ha £ nE'me. Wii, g - l'l £ mese £ wllts!axs la'e guqlEqa'sa a'lta 

40 £ wap laq. Wa, la qo't!a £ ma ha £ nE'maxa '"wa'paxs la'e ae'k' !ix -£ Id- 
xes lEgwI'le qa e'kes x'I'x'IqEla. Wa, la ha'nx'LEnts Ia'xes 1e- 
gwl'le. Wii, k - !e'st!a gii'laxs la'e mEdElx £ wi'da. Wa, la e me'seda 



boas] RECIPES 375 

before it boils. Then | for a long time the woman watches it while 43 
it is boiling. | When the water is nearly dried up, she pours fresli 
water || into it. When it is evening, the kettle is taken off, | and 45 
then it is done. Immediately the woman takes her | spoon and dips 
the dried stomach out into a small dish. | She does not take the 
liquid. Only what is edible is dipped out | into the small dish. As 
soon as the small dish is full, she calls || her husband to come and sit 50 
down in the evening. Then they | drink water. After they finish 
drinking, the | woman takes pointed cedar-sticks and pricks | into 
the dried stomach. She (eats) the same way with the pointed cedar- 
stick | as white people eat with forks: she |[ pricks with it into the 55 
dried stomach and puts it into her mouth. | When she finishes eating 
the dried stomach, the woman takes up the [ small food-dish and 
pours back what is left over | into the small kettle. Then she pours 
fresh water into it and | washes the inside. As soon as it is clean, 
she pours more water || into it, and they wash their hands; and 60 
after they finish, | they drink fresh water. Dried stomach is also 
not used at feasts; | and they do not dip it into oil, for it is really | 
fat, | 

Soaked Dried Halibut-Fins. — | Dried halibut-fins are also soaked 1 
in the bdge-water of the fishing-canoe; | only this is different, that 



tslEda'qe qla'qlala la'qexs la'e ge'gillt maE'mdF.lqula. Wa, 43 
gi'Pmese Ela'q lE'mxnvide £ wa'pasexs la'e guqteqa'sa a'lta £ wap 
laq. Wa, g i'Pmese dza'qwaxs la'e ha'nx'sanaweda ha'nx'Lanowe. 45 
Wa, laF.'m Llo'pa. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mesa tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxes 
ka/tslEnaqe qa £ s tsEyo'sesa mo'qwasde la'xa la'logume. Wa, 
laE'm k" !es -le £ wa'palas; a/Em le'xa £ ma ha-'mae'sas la tsEyo'dzEm 
la'xa la'logume. Wa, gi'h'mese qo'tleda la'logumaxs la'e Le' £ la- 
laxes la' £ wunEme qa ga'xes klwa'galllxa la dza'qwa. Wa, la'x'- 50 
da e xwe na'x-'idxa £ wa'pe. Wa, g-i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'eda 
tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa k"!a'k!Ex u baa'kwe k!wa £ xLa'wa qa £ s LlE'nqes 
la'xa mo'qwasde. Wa, laE'm yo gwe'gilasa e'x - ba k!wa £ XLa'we 
gwe'gilasasa ma'malaxs ha'ma'paasa ha'mayowe'. Wa, laE'm 
LlE'nqas la'xa mo'qwasde qa f s ts!o'q!uses la'xes sE'mse. Wa, 55 
gi'l £ mese gwal mEma'leqasdEgixs la'eda tslEda'qe k'a'gililxes 
ha £ maa'ts!e ta'loguma qa £ s xwe'laqe qEp £ stE'ntses ha E mx'sa' £ ye 
la'xa ha £ nE'me. Wa, la guxts!o'tsa a'lta £ wap laq qa £ s ts!5'- 
xugindeq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese e'gigaxs la'e e't!ed guxts!o'tsa £ wa'pe 
laq. Wa, la'xda £ xwe ts!E'nts!Enx £ wida. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs 60 
la'e na'x £ Idxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, laE'mxaa k'les klwe'ladzEineda 
mo'qwasde. Wa, la'xaa k!es tslE'pEla la'xa L!e' £ na, qaxs a'lae 
tsE'nxw a. 

Soaked Dried Halibut-Fins (PElpa'lxa t!E'lkwe pa'Lasde). — Wa, 1 
he'Emxae t!e'lasE £ wa pa'Lasileda to'xsasa lo'gwats!e. Wii, le'xa- 



376 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

they are soaked for six days | in the canoe, for they are thick. 
5 Therefore they are soaked for a long time. || As soon as they swell 
up, the woman takes her small basket | and carries it by the handle 
to the side of the place where the canoe is on the ground. | Then she 
takes one fin and washes off the soot that is on it. | As soon as it is 
all off, she puts it into the small basket. She only | stops when the 

10 small basket is full. Then she carries the small basket || into her 
house, and she puts it down by the side of the fire. | Then she takes 
the small kettle and washes it out inside. As soon as it is clean, ! 
she takes split cedar-sticks. She breaks them into pieces, and | puts 
them crosswise in the bottom of the small kettle, (forming a grating). 
As soon as this is done, | she takes the soaked fins and puts them on || 

15 the crossed split cedar-sticks in the small kettle. [ She does not want 
what she is cooking to be burned: therefore | she puts the cedar- 
sticks under it. When the small kettle is full of | dried fins, she 
pours water into it; and she only stops pouring | when it is full. 

20 Then she puts the kettle on the fire. It || stays on the fire for a long 
time. Sometimes it is put on the lire in the morning, | and it is not 
done until afternoon. As soon as it is done, | the woman takes her 
tongs and takes the | kettle off the fire. Then she takes her small 
dish anil puts it down at the | place where she is sitting. Then she 



3 £ mes o £ guqalayosexs k'le'sae a/Em q!EL!EplE'nxwa £ se £ na,'liis 
tle'lt !fili:xs la'xa xwa'kluna, qaxs wo'kwae, la'g'Jlas ga'la tle'la. 
5 Wa, gi'l £ mese pe'x £ w!dExs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxes la'laxame 
qa £ s le k!o'x £ wElsaq lax o'gwag - ay £ asa xwa'klunaxs ha'nsae. Wa, 
le ax £ e'dxa £ nE'me pELa' qa £ s tsloxa'lexa q!wal5'bEse axdzEwe'q. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wl' £ hixs la'e axtslo'ts la'xa la'laxame. Wii, aTmese 
gwa'lExs la'e qo'tleda la'laxame. Wa, le klo'gwilxa la'laxame 

10 la'xes go'kwe qa £ s le k - !o'x £ wal!laq lax ono'lisases lEgwI'le. Wa, 
la ax £ e'dxes ha £ nE'me qa £ s ts!o'xug"i<:ndeq. Wii, g iTmese c'g'ig'axs 
la'e ax £ e'dxa xo'kwe k!wa £ xLa'we. Wa, la ko'k - E £ x u sE'ndEq qa £ s 
gayi £ la'lax -£ Ideq lax 6ts!a'wasa ha £ nE'me. Wii, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs 
la'e axwiilts !odxa t!E'lkwe pa'Lasde qa £ s le axdzodala la'xa 

15 ga £ yi £ lii' £ lakwe xok" k!wa £ xLa'wa lax 6'tslawasa ha £ nE'me. Wa, 
lar/m gwa'qlElaq kluniElg iltslowe ha £ me'x - sIlasE £ was, la'gilas 
bEna'xLEntsa k!wa £ xLa'we laq. Wii, gi'l £ mese qo'tleda ha £ nE'maxa 
pii'Lasdiixs la'e gux £ I'tsa £ wa'pe laq. Wii, a'h'mese gwal gu'qaxs 
la'e qo'tla. Wii, !a ha'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwI'le. Wa, la £ me'se 

20 ge'xxalaEm ha'nxxala; £ na'l £ nEmplEnaas ha'nx'LF.ntsoxa gaa'la. 
Wii,'laa'l £ Em Llo'pxa la gwal £ nEqii'la. Wa, i;i'l £ mese Llo'pExs 
la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxes k'lipLa'la qa £ s klwetsE'ndes la'xa 
ha'nxLanowe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes la'logume qa £ s ha'ng - aldes la'xes 
klwae'lase. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa k" lipLa'Ia qa £ s k' lipll'des la'xa pa'Lasde 



boas] RECIPES 377 

takes her tongs and takes out the dried fins, || and she puts them into 25 
the small dish. When the small dish is full, | she calls her children 
and her husband to come and sit down. | Then they drink fresh 
water; and after they finish drinking, | they take whole pieces of dried 
fins and eat them. They | hold them in their hands while they are 
eating. After they have finished || eating, the woman takes the small 30 
dish and pours back | into the kettle what is left over. She pours 
some water | into (the dish) and washes it out inside; and when it is 
clean, she | pours more fresh water into it, and they wash their 
hands. | As soon as this is finished, they drink fresh water. That is 
all || about this. They do not dip it into oil, for it is fat; | and it is 35 
also not given at feasts to other people, for | only the owners eat it. 

The Indians always | drink water before they begin to eat and when 
they have finished; | for the people in olden times said that if they 
should not drink || water when they were about to eat, those who -10 
should forget | to drink water before they eat or when they finis] i 
would rot inside. | The reason why they rinse their mouths in the 
morning before they eat is to | get off the sleepiness of the throat. 
Therefore they do this way. | That is all about this. || 

Halibut-Spawn. — Halibut-spawn is not kept for a long time. | As 1 
soon as it is half dried, it is boded | in a small kettle. Some water is 



qa-s le k!ipts!o'des la'logume. Wii, gt'h'mese qo'tleda la'logiima- 25 
sexs la'e Le' £ liilaxes sa'sEme lf/wIs la' £ wunEme qa g - a'xes k!us £ - 
a'llla. Wa, le na'x £ Idxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wii, g1'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e dii'x £ idxa sEna'la pa'i.asda qa £ s ha £ mx £ i'deq. Wii, laE'm 
a'Em dedii'lahlqexs la'e ha £ mii'pa. Wii, g'i'l £ Emxaii'wise gwal 
ha £ rna'pa la'eda tsteda'qe ka'gilllxa la'logume qa £ s le qEpstE'nd- 30 
xes ha £ rnxsa' £ ye lii'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, la giixts!o'tsa £ wa/pe 
laq. Wii, la ts!o'xugindEq. Wii., g i'l £ mese e'gigaxs la'e xwe'laqa 
giixtslo'tsa a'lta £ wap laq. Wii, la'xda £ xwe ts!E'nts!Enx £ w!da. Wii, 
gi'l £ mese gwa'lsxs la'e nii'x £ Idxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wii, laE'm gwal 
la'xeq. Wii, laE'm k!es tslEpa'x L!e' £ na qaxs tsE'nxwae. Wa, 35 
laE'mxaa k - !es klwe'ladzsm la'xa 6'gii £ la bEgwa'nEma, yixs a' £ mae. 
le'xaEm ha £ ma'qeda axno'gwadiis. Wii, la he'mEnala e ma bii'k!ume 
nii'naqalgiwalaxa £ wii'paxs k!e's £ mae ha £ mx -£ i'da loxs la'e gwii'la, 
qaxs £ ne'k'aeda ga'le bEgwii'iiEinxs gi'l £ melaxe k!es na'x £ Idxa 
£ wa'paxs ga'le ha' £ maaxes ha £ mii'Le, wii, la xaxe'x £ idedaL!Ele'wa £ ye 40 
na'x £ Idxa £ wa'paxs k!e's £ mae ha £ mx ,£ i'da, loxs la'e gwa'la. Wii, 
he' £ mis la'g ilas ts!Ewe'L!Exodxa gaii'liixs gii'lae ha' £ maa qa 
Iawa'} - eses bEq!ii!e'L!Exawa £ ye. Wii, he,' £ mis lii'g'Has he gwe'gile. 
Wii, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Halibut-Spawn (Tsii'p!edza £ ye). — Wii, k'!e'sLa gii'la axe'lakwa tsii- 1 
p!edza £ yasa p!a/ £ ye. Gi'l £ Em k!a'yax £ widExs la'e ha'nxLEntsE £ wa 



378 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

poured into the | small kettle, and it is put over the fire of the house. 
5 As soon || as the water begins to boil, the woman takes down the | 
spawn from where it is hanging, and puts it into the boiling | kettle 
on the fire. After it has been boiling for a long time, | it is taken off 
and is done. Then the woman takes a | small dish and a spoon, and 

10 she dips out the boiled || spawn and puts it into the small dish. As 
soon as I it is all out of the water, they drink water, and they just 
take it up with their hands | and bite off the end as they eat it; and 
they do not eat much | before they finish, for this is not very good 
food. I The men do not often eat the spawn. That is the only || 

15 reason why the woman boils it, that it brings bad luck if it is not | 
boiled; for the men of early times said, that, if it were not done, | 
her husband would not get a bite, — if for once | the woman should 
not boil what conies from the halibut caught by her | husband. As 

20 soon as the woman finishes eating, || she pours out what is left over. 
Then she drinks water. | That is all about this. | 

Middle Piece of Halibut. — I have forgotten | the piece in the mid- 
dle, — the fat that is under the skin between | the two flat sides of the 

25 halibut, the meat just on top of the || backbone. As soon as the skin 
is taken off, the | woman cuts off the piece in the middle, and there 

3 la'xaaxa hamE'me. Wa, laE'm a/Em guxtslo'yuweda £ wa'pe la'xa 
ha £ nE'me qa £ s ha'nx'Lanowe la'xa lEgwi'lasa go'kwe. Wii, g'i'l- 
5 £ mese mEdE'lx^wIdeda e wa'paxs la'eda tslEda'qe axa'xodxa tsa'ple- 
dza £ ye la'xes ge'xwalaase qa £ s ax £ stE'ndes la'xa maE'indidqula 
ha'nxxanoxs ha'nxLalamae. Wa, la ge'g ilfi £ Em maE'mdElqulaxs 
la'e ha'nxsana. Wii, laE'm ido'pa. Wii, le'da tslEda'qe ax-'e'dxes 
la'logiime LE £ wa ka'tslEnaqe qa £ s XElostEndexa ha'nx'Laakwe 

10 tsa'pledza'ya qa £ s le XEltsIa'las la'xa la'logiime. Wa, g'i'Pmese 
£ wI £ lostaxs la'e na'x £ ldxa £ wa'pe. Wii, a' £ mese da'x £ itses e £ eyasowe' 
laq qa £ s q!Eg i'lba £ yexes ha £ ma £ ye. Wa, la k!es a'laEm q!e'k!Es 
la'qexs la'e gwa'la, qaxs k' le'sae a'laEm ek' ha £ ma' £ ya. Wa, la 
k'les q!una'la ha £ ma'pa bEgwii'iiEmaxa tsii'p!edza £ ye. Wii, le'x - a- 

15 £ mes la'gilas tslEda'qe ha'nxLEndEq, qaxs ae'kllae k!es hil'nx - - 
LEndEq, qaxs £ ne'kaeda ga'le bEgwfi'nEmqexs k - !e'selaxe lil'lax 
q!Eka'so la'xe lo'gflyos la' £ wunEinas qo k"!e'slax £ nE'mp!Eiialaxeda 
tslEda'qe h&'nx'LEndlaxa ga'yole la'xa p!a' £ ye, ya'nEmses la,'- 
£ wiinEme. Wii, gi'l £ mese gwiil ha £ ma'pa tslcda/qaxs la'e a'Em 

20 qEpEWE'lsxes ha £ mxsa' £ ye. Wii, la'xae na'x £ idxa £ wa'pe. Wii, 
laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Middle Piece of Halibut. — Wa, he'xoLEn L!Ele'wesE e wedaq!wa'q!u- 
sawa £ ye, yixa ilxa'la tsE'nxwe la'xa &wii'ba £ yasa Lle'se la'xa ewl'ga- 
£ ye lo £ ok!waedza £ yasa p!a' £ ye, yix kluta'layosa qlE'mlale laxnEXE- 

25 na' £ yasa ha £ mo'mo. Wii, gi'l £ me lawil'yeda L!e'saxs la'eda tslE- 
da'qe sapo'dxa q!wii'q!usa'wa £ ye. Wii, la xu'lkwaleda axa'sdiis. 



boas] RECIPES 379 

is a groove at the place, where it was. | Then the woman puts her 27 
forefinger into this groove, | and she opens it out at the place where 
the (sides of the) meat meet, along the | backbone. As soon as the 
piece in the middle is off, she || throws it into a basket which stands 30 
by the side of the woman when she is working on the | halibut. As 
soon as she has finished, she takes the basket by the handle and | 
carries it into the house. Then she splits a piece of red pine | and 
makes ro as ting-tongs just like the roasting-tongs for the edges, | and 
the piece in the middle is put in in the same way as the edges || when 35 
they are roasted; and it is eaten in the same manner. | What is left 
over is put away; and they eat of it again, | even when it is cold. 
That is all about this. | 

I have also forgotten the one name of the edges. It is called | by 
the Newettee "standing-on-thc-edge."|| 

Fresh Codfish (1). — The 1 wife, at once breaks | some dried halibut and 1 
puts it on a food-mat, and she | pours oil into an oil-dish; and after 
she has done so, | she spreads out a food-mat in front of her husband, 
and she || puts the oil-dish on it. As soon as she has done so, she 5 
takes her | small basket in which she keeps her two fish-knives. 
She | is going to remove the guts of the codfish. She takes her 
fish-knives, | and takes a codfish so that the head turns towards 



Wa, a.' £ mesa tslEda'qe la ts!E'mgilts!axstalases ts lEma/lax'ts !a'- 27 
na £ ye laq, qa aq6'x £ wldesa awE'lgoda e yas qlE'mlalas nEXEmVyaseda 
hamo'mowe. Wa, gi'Pmese lawa'yeda q!wa/q!usa'wa £ ye, wii, la 
ts texts la'las la'xa lExa' £ ye hano'dzllisxa tsteda'qaxs la'e e'axalaxa 30 
p!a' £ ye. Wii, gi'Pmese gwa'lsxs la'e k - lo'qiillsxa lExa' £ ye qa £ s le 
klo'gwi'LElaq la'xes g-5'kwe. Wii, la k!;Vx £ wIdxa wuna'gule 
qa £ s Llo'psayogwlleq, he gwe'x'se L!6'psayaxaxwa'xiisEnxa £ ye. Wa, 
he'Emxaa'wise gwa'leda q!wa'q!Qsawa £ ye gwii'laasasa xwa'xusEnxa- 
£ yaxs la'e L!o'pasE £ wa. Wii, he'Emxaa'wise gwe'gilaxs la'e ha- 35 
£ ma/ £ ya. Wii, la ge'xasE £ weda ha £ msa' £ ye qa £ s e't !ede ha £ mx £ i'tsoxs 
la'e wa'x £ Em la wxida'. Wa, las'm gwal laxe'q. 

Wa, heEmxaawesEii L!ElewesE £ wa £ nEme LegEmsa xwaxiisEnxa- 
£ yeda q!waq!iisEnxa £ ye laxa LlaL'.asiqwala. 

Fresh Codfish (1). — Wa, 1 a/ £ mise gEnE'mas he'x £ idaEm k'!o'p!edxa 1 
kMa'wase qa £ s axdzo'des la'xa ha £ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ya. Wii, la 
k!u'nxts!otsa L!e' £ na la'xa ts!Eba'ts!e. Wii, gl'l £ mese gwa'lExs 
la'e LEpdza'molIltsa ha £ madzowe' le' £ we £ la'xes la' £ wiinEme. Wii, la 
ka'dzotsa ts!Eba'ts!e laq. Wii, g-i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ax £ e'dxes 5 
la'laxame, yix gi'ts!E £ wasases ma £ lEXLa gEltslE'ma. Wii, laE'm 
la'wiy5dLEx ya'xyEgilasa ne'tsa! £ ye. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes gEltslE'me. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxa £ nE'me la'xa ne'ts!a £ ye qagwasta'les lax k!wae'ts!e- 

i Continued from Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V., p. 482. 



380 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

the place where she is sitting. | She first cuts off the pectoral fins. || 

10 She cuts them out in one piece with, the gills. Then she cuts across 
the bone in the neck, | and she pulls out the guts. She at once | 
cuts off the intestines and throws them away on the | beach. Then 
she turns the stomach inside, out and puts it down on the | beach. 
As soon as all her work is finished, she goes up from the beach || 

15 and takes her fish-basket. She carries it by the handle down | 
to the beach, and takes the stomachs of the codfish and puts them | 
into it. As soon as they are all in it, she carries the basket by the han- 
dle | into the house. Then she puts it down in front of the fire of 

20 her | house. She takes her kettle, pours || water into it, and, when it 
is half full of water, she puts it | on the fire. Then her husband 
invites in his friends. | As soon as all the guests are in, the woman | 
takes the stomachs and puts them into the boiling water of the | 
kettle; and when they are all in the water, the woman takes her || 

25 tongs and stirs what is being cooked. Then | she lets it boil for a 
long time before she takes it off from the fire. | At last the woman 
takes her spoons and distributes them | among her guests. When 
they have one each, she takes the | kettle by the handle and puts it 

30 down in front of her guests. Then || she takes a bucket with water 
and puts it down in front of her | guests. They drink water from the 



na £ yas. Wil, he' e mis gil xwa'Htsose pEL!xa/wa £ yas. Wa, la 

10 £ na' £ nEmgoq LE e wis q!o'sna £ ye. Wa, la ge'xsEndEx t!E'mq!Exii'- 
wa £ yas. Wit, a/ £ mese la ne'xults!odEX ya'xyig'Ilas. Wa, he'x £ i- 
da £ mese t!o'salax tslEiie'xas. Wa, la ts!EqE'nts!esaq lii'xa 
Lh;ma £ ise. Wa, la LleptexsE'mdxa moqiiliis qa £ sax £ a'lisEles la'xa 
L!Ema £ ise. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wl £ la la gwa'le axsE £ wa'sexs la'e hVsdes 

15 qa-s le ax £ e'dxes k!o'gwats!e lExa' £ ya. Wa, la k!o'qunts!e'sElaq 
la'xa L!Eina £ ise. Wa, laax £ e'dxamo'qulasa ne'ts!a £ ye qa £ s axtsla'les 
laq. Wa, g i'Pmese £ wl £ lts!axsla'e k* lo'xwusde'sElaq qa £ s k'lo'gwe- 
LElaq la'xes go'kwe. Wa, la k!o'x £ walilas la'xa osta'lilases 
go'kwe. Wa, la he'x £ idaEm ax £ edxa lift'iixxano, qa £ s guxtslo'- 

20 desa e wa'pe laq. Wa, la £ mese £ nEgo'yolaxa £ wa'paxs la'e ha'nx - - 
LEnts la'xa lEgwi'le. Wil, la Le' £ lale la' £ wflnEmasexes £ ne £ nEmo'- 
kwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gax £ wi £ laeLeda Le' £ lanEmaxs la'etla tsteda'qe 
ax £ e'dxa m5'qula qa £ s ax £ sta'les la'xa la maE'mdElqula £ wfipsa 
ha'nxLala. Wii, gi'l £ mese £ wl £ la £ staxs la'eda ts!Eda'qe ax £ e'dxes 

25 k'KpLa'la qa £ s xwe'tElga £ yexes ha £ me'x - sdasE £ we. Wa, la £ me'se 
ge'gilll qa £ s maE'mdElqfdaxs la'e ha'nxsana, la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, 
!a £ mese ts!Eda'qe ax £ e'dxes k'a'k'EtslEnaqe qa £ s le tslEwa'naesas 
la'xes Le' £ lanEine. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wI £ 'Ixtoxs la'e k'!o'qu £ lIlxa 
ha'nxLanowe qa £ s le ha'nxdzamo'lllas la'xa Le' £ IanEme. Wa, la 

30 &x £ e'dxes £ wabEts!a'la nfi'gatsla qa £ s le ha'nxdzamo'lllas la'xes 
Le' £ lanEine. Wii, la'xda £ xwe xama'g'iigexa na'gatsliixs la'e na'x £ id 



boas] RECIPES 381 

corner of the bucket. | After they have finished drinking, the bucket 32 
is put away. | Then they eat with spoons out of the kettle. | The 
woman takes her small dishes and || puts them down behind the 35 
kettle from which they are eating; [ and as soon as they find a 
stomach with their spoons, they put it into the small dish; | and 
when they finish eating the gills and the liquid with their spoons, 
they put down the spoons | with which they have been eating, and 
they take the stomachs with their hands | and bite them off; and 
after they have finished eating them, the || woman takes the small 40 
dish and pours back what is left over | into the kettle from which 
they have been eating. Then she pours some water | into (the dish) 
and washes it out; and when it is clean, she again [ pours fresh water 
into it. Then she places it before her guests, | and they wash their 
hands; but the woman || takes by the handle the kettle from which 45 
they have been eating, and puts it down at the | outer end of the fire. 
After this has been done, she takes the bucket | with water and places 
it before her guests, and | they again drink from the corner of the 
bucket. | Then the woman takes the dish in which they washed their 
hands and || puts it down at the place where she is sitting. Then the 50 
guests go out. | This kind of food is also not a food for the morning, 
and no | oil is poured into it, and it is not used at feasts for many | 



la'xa £ wa'pe. Wa, la'xda £ xwe gwal na'qaxs la'e ge'xasE £ weda 32 
na'gatsle. Wa, la'x'da £ xwe yoVwilltsalaxes yo'sasE £ we la'xa 
ha'nxLanowe. Wa, le'da tslEcla'qe ax £ e'dxa la'Elogiime qa £ s le 
ka'galilElas lax a/La £ yasa ha' £ maats!e £ ye hii'nxLana. Wa, gf'l- 35 
£ mese yayo'skinaxa mo'quliixs la'e ge'tslots la'xa l&'logume. Wa, 
gi'Pmese gwal yo'saxa q!o'sna £ ye LE £ wa £ wa'palaxs la'e gl'gallltses 
yeyo'yatslexa ka'kEtstenaqaxs la'e xa'maxtslana da/x £ Idxa 
mo'qiila qa £ s qlEgi'lbEyeq. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pqexs la'eda 
tslEcla'qe ax £ e'dxa la'logume qa £ s le xwe'laqa guxtslo'tsa ha £ mx- 40 
sa' £ ye la'xa ha £ maa'ts!e ha'nxxana. Wa, la guxts!o'tsa £ wa'pe 
laq. Wa, la tslo'xug IndEq. Wii, gi'l £ mese e'g-ig'axs la'e xwe'laqa 
guxtslo'tsa a'lta £ wap laq. Wa, la kaxdzamo'lilas la'xes Le £ lanEme. 
Wa, la'xda £ xwe ts!E'nts'.Enx £ wida. Wii, la'Leda tslEcla'qe k - !o'- 
qfllilaxa ha £ maa'ts!e ha'nxxana qa £ s le ha'ngalilas la'xa 6'bex - - 45 
Lalilasa lEgwi'le. Wa, gi'l £ mesegwa'lExs la'e klo'qulllxa na'gatsle 
£ wa'bEts!ala qa £ s le ha'nx'dzamo'illas la'xes Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la'x- 
da £ xwe e't!ed xa'magiigexa na'gats!axs la'e na'x £ Idxa £ wa'pe. Wa, 
la'Leda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa ts!E'nts!Engwats!e lo'qhva qa £ s le ka'- 
g'alilas la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, laE'm ho'qiiwElseda Le' £ lanEme. Wii, 50 
laE'mxaa k - !es ha £ ma' £ ye gwe'xsdEmasexa gaa'la. Wa, la'xaa k' !es 
k !unq lEqasosa L!e' £ na. Wa, la k - !es klwe'ladzEm la'xa qle'nEme 



382 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.3s 

men, and the numaym is not invited to it. | Only four or six friends of 

55 the || one who caught the codfish eat of the bull-head, for that is its 

name | when it is eaten; and the one who invites his friends says, | 

"We will eat bull-head to-morrow." Thus he says. And the reason 

why its name is | "bull-head" is that the stomach of " the-one-who- 

pulls" is never full, and also | the stomach of the black cod and of the 

60 kelp-fish and of the xuldzos. That is its other || name when it has 

been cooked and when it has been caught by the | fisherman; for the 

fisherman does not allow | the guts of the codfish and of the halibut 

to stay in the body over night; for it is said, that, if | his wife should 

not do so, he would never again have a | bite from the halibut or || 

65 codfish or black cod or qlwa'qEla and also the t!ot!op!e and also the 

gwax u gu £ wa and | also the gwtflek'. There is only one | way of doing 

with these nine kinds when they are first caught by the fisherman. | 

That is all about this. | 

1 Fresh Codfish (2). — Sometimes the | woman cooks at once these eight 

kinds besides the | halibut, and the eight kinds of fishes are eaten 

5 fresh | when the tribes are really hungry; and they also do || so 

when they get rotten. The only difference when they are | fresh is, 

that the woman cuts the codfish right away. | Both sides of the 

neck of the codfish are cut, and then around | the back of the head; 

53 be'bEgwanEma, L6 £ nie'da £ nE £ me'mote k"!e's £ Emxaa Le' £ la £ Iayo laq. 
A'Em le'xa £ meda mo'kwe loxs qlELlo'kwae £ ne £ nEmo'kwasa 

55 ya'nEmaxa ne'ts!a £ ye ha f ma'pxa k!iime'se, qaxs he' £ mae Le'gEmse 
wa'xi ha £ ma/ £ ya. Wii, la e ne'keda Le' £ laliixes ^ne^nErno'k 11 : 
"K!wok!ume'sgELEnsa'i," £ ne'ke. Wa, he' Em la'gllas Le'gadEs 
klume'saxs kle'sae qo'tlaenoxwe mo'quliisa ne'ts!a £ ye, LE £ wa mo'- 
qulasa na'lEmE LE £ wa' pExi'te LE £ wa' xu'ldzose. He'Em £ nE'me 

60 Le'gEmasexs la'e ha'nxLEntsE £ wa, loxs ga'l5La'nEmae ylsa' 
ba'kii £ lenoxwaq, yixs k!e'sae lielqlale'da ba/ku £ lenoxwaq xa £ mala 
k - !es la'woyowe ya'xyigllasa ne'ts!a £ ye LE £ wa p!a' £ ye epixs gi'l £ me- 
laxe kle'slaxe gEnE'mas he gwe'x £ Idlaxe laE'm £ la'wise k!e'slax 
la'lax e'tledlax q!Eka'soxs la'e e't!ed ba'kulaxa p!a' £ ye LE £ wa 

65 nets!a £ ye LE £ wa nalEme LE £ wa qlwa'qEla; he' £ misa tlo'tlople. Wa, 
he' £ misa gwa'x u gu £ wa; wa, he' £ misLeda gwE £ le'k - e. He'Em £ nE'me 
gwe'gilase qae'da £ na' £ nEmax -£ Idalaxs ga'lae ga'xalisEleda ba'ku- 
laq. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Fresh Codfish (Ge'ta ne'ts!e £ ) (2). — Wa, £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena e meda 
tslEda'qe he'x £ idaEm ha £ me'xsilaxa ma £ lguna'lldala 6'gu £ la la'xa 
p!a' £ ye. Wii, Ie'xa £ mes halaxwaso'gwiltsa ma £ lguna'lldala mamae'- 
masExs a'laklalae pa'leda le'ElqwalaLa £ ye. Wa, la he'Emxat! gwe'- 
5 gilasexs la'e q!ap!a'lax £ ida. Wa, le'x"a £ mes o'gii £ qala'y6sexs 
ge'tae, yixs he'x £ ida £ maeda tslEda'qe la xwa'l £ Idxa ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, 
he'Em gil xwa'l £ itsose wa'xsanolxa'wa £ yasa ne'ts!a £ ye, he £ stiila 
lax 6'xLaata £ yas. Wa, la xwa'LaxodEx awi'ga £ yas hii'xEla lax 



boas] RECIPES 383 

and she cuts down its back way down to its | tad. She cuts close to 
the backbone, and || she only stops cutting when she gets down to the 10 
belly. Then she turns it over | so that its head turns away from her; 
and she cuts along the upper side of the dorsal fin | again close to its 
backbone, | and she only stops cutting when the cuts meet at the 
belly. | Then she takes the head and pulls it off with the || backbone; 15 
and she puts it on an old mat which is spread on the floor of the 
house. | Then she takes cedar-rope and ties it around the flesh side 
of the | codfish, in this manner: Then the flesh-side is 

on the outside, | and the scales | a r e on the inside. 

After she has finished many of ( | ~) these, | she sends her 
husband to call his tribe to come || l^' to a feast. As soon 20 

as her husband is gone, the woman takes | her large 

kettles and puts them down inside, by the | door of the house. Then 
she takes buckets and carries them | to the place where the kettles are, 
and also long-handled | tongs, and also a basket; and she asks some || 
young men of her husband's numaym to come and help her build a 25 
fire in the middle of the | house where the feast is to be. As soon as 
the fire in the middle of the house blazes up, | the young men pick 
up the buckets and go to draw water; | and when they come back, 
they pour it at once into the | kettles; and they only stop when they 
are half full of water. || When they have finished, the young men go 30 



ts!a'sna £ yas. Wa, la ma'kiklzodalax XEm6'mowega £ yas. Wa, 
a'l'mese gwfd xwa'Laxs la'e la'gaa lax tEk'lii's. Wa, la xwe'l £ IdEq 10 
qa qwe'sgEinales. Wa, la'xaa e'k!6ddzoda'laxa q!wii'ga £ yasexs 
la'e xwa'HulEq. Wa, laE'mxaa ma'k iklzoda'laxa xEmo'mowe'g - a £ ye. 
Wa, a'l £ mese gwal xwa'Laxs la'e lE'lgowe xwa/La £ yas lax tEk - la's. 
Wa, a' £ mese la da'x -£ Idxa ke'x't!a £ ye qa ne'xodeq le £ wI's XEmo'- 
mowega £ ye qa £ s ge'dzoiles la'xa LEbe'le k!a'k"!obana. Wa, la 15 
ax £ e'dxa dE'nsEne dEiiE'ma qa £ s yiltsE'mdes la'xa qlE'mlalasa 
ne'ts!a £ ye ga gwii'leg'a (fig.). Wii, laEm L!asadza £ yeda q!Emladza £ ye. 
Wa, la na'q!Ega £ ya go'bEtadza^ye. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'la qle'nEmaxs 
la'e £ ya'laqaxes la' £ wiinEme qa les Le' J lalaxes go'kiddte qa ga'xes 
k!we'la. Wa, g l'l £ mese le la' £ wunEmasexs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'd- 20 
xes awa'we ha'nhEnxLana, qa £ s g'a'xe hansto'hlas la'xa awi'LEliis 
tlexi'liises go'kwe. Wii, la ax £ e'dxa nena'gats!e qa g'a'xes 
ha £ ne'l lax axa'sasa ha'nhEnxLanowe; wa, he ie mises gl'lsglltla 
k!ek!ipLa'la; wii, he' J misa lExa' £ ye. Wa, la he'laxa g"a'yole 
ha E ya'b c a lax £ nE £ me'motases la' £ wunEme qa g'ii'xes la'qolllxa 25 
k!we'ladzats!eLe g'5'kwa. Wii, gi'Pmese xi'qostaweda laqawa'- 
lllaxs la'eda ha £ yii'l £ a k!o'qfdltxa nena'gats!e qa £ s le tsiix e wa'pa. 
Wa, gi'Pmese ga'xExs la'e he'ts!alaEm guxtsla'las la'xa ha'n- 
hEnxxanowe. Wa, a'l £ mese gwil'lExs la'e £ naE'ngoyalaxa £ wa'pe. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e e'tse £ steda ha £ yal' £ axa k'.we'iA Wii, 30 



384 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.su. 

31 about again to call the guests. | The woman spreads out the mats for 
the feasters all round the | house. As soon as she has finished, she 
takes out her box with dried salmon, | and her oil, and also food- 
dishes and oil-dishes. | When they are all ready, the guests enter; || 

35 and when they are all in, they | first take the dried salmon out of the 
box. Then they are scorched | in the way I told first, when I spoke 
about a real feast given to the | invited tribes; for dried salmon is the 
first course. After | they have eaten the dried salmon, the kettles 

40 are put || on the fire in the middle of the house. They do not put 
the | meat of the codfish at once into the kettles that were put on the 
fire. | When (the water) begins to boil, the woman takes her | basket 
and places it in the boiling water. Then | she takes her tongs and 

45 picks up with them the meat of the || codfish that is tied together, and 
she puts it with the tongs into the basket which is in the water | in 
the kettle. She only stops doing so when it is all in the water. | 
The woman does not allow it to be in the water for a long 
time. Then she takes her | tongs and pushes them through the 
handles of the basket and lifts it out of the water. | Then she puts it 

50 into a large dish. Then she at once unties the || ropes which had 
been tied around (the meat). Then the woman spreads out the 
meat | of the codfish, and she takes a spoon and scrapes off the | 
scales. As soon as they are all off, she breaks the meat into pieces | 

31 le'da tslEda'qe LEpse £ stali'lElasa klwe'Le le' £ we £ lax awl' £ stalllases 
go'kwe. Wa, gi'l £ niese gwa'lExs la'e ha £ no'lt !alllxes xa'myatsle 
xEtss'ma le £ w!s L!e' £ na; wa, he' £ misa lo'slqlwe LE £ wa' ts!e'ts!E- 
bats!e. Wa, gi'l £ niese -na'xwa la gwa'xgulIlExs ga'xae ho'gwl- 

35 LEleda Le' £ lanEme. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wI £ laeLeda klwe'Laxs la'e he 
g il ax £ wults!a'layasa xama'se la'xa XEtsE'me. iWa, la ts!Ex £ I'tsE £ wa 
la'xEn la'x £ Ida gwa'gwexs £ alasa, qaxs a'laklalae k!we'lasa Le' £ la- 
laxa le'lqwalaLa £ ye, la'giltsa xama'se ts!a'gidzEma. Wa, gi'l £ niese 
gwal ha £ ma'pxa xama'saxs la'e ha'nx'LEndayoweda ha'nxLanowe 

40 la'xa la'kawallltsa g'o'kwe. Wa, k'!e'st!a he'x £ Id ax £ stE'ntsa 
qlE'mlalasa ne'ts!a £ ye la'xa lahanxxala la'xa lEgwi'leda hanliE'nx - - 
Lanowe. Wa, g - i'l £ mese mE(lE'lx £ wIdExs la'eda, tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa 
lExa' £ ye qa £ s han £ stE'ndes la'xa maE'mdElqula £ wa'pa. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxes k!ipLa'la qa £ s k!ip!e'des la'xa yiltsEma'la qlE'mlalasa 

45 ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, la k - !ipts!o'ts la'xa lExa' £ ye la ha'n £ stala la'xa 
ha'nxxanowe. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal he gwe'gilaxs la £ e £ wl £ la £ sta. Wa, 
la £ me'seda tslEda'qe k!es he'lqlalaq ge £ sta'laxs la'e L!E'nxts!otsa 
klipLa'la lax k' !a'k' !ogwaasasa lExa' £ ye qa £ s k!wet £ wEstE'ndeq. Wa, 
la ha'ndzots la'xa £ wa'lase lo'q!wa. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese qwe'lalaxa 

50 dedEnE'me yae'ltsEmes. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe LEple'dxa qlE'mla- 
lasa ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, la &x £ e'dxa ka'ts!Enaqe qa £ s kexa'les la'xa 
gd'bEtas. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wi £ laxs la'e k!u'lk!upsalaxa qlE'mlale 



boas] RECIPES 385 

and puts it into another large dish. As | soon as she has done so 
with (all the meat), she takes the kettles || from the fire, and she also 55 
takes a long-handled ladle | and puts it into the liquid of what has 
been cooked, and she | dips out the scales which came off from the 
skin of the codfish when she | put them into the water. As soon as 
this is all done, she takes the large dish | in which is the broken meat 
of the codfish, and she || pours (the hquid) into the kettle. Then she 60 
puts the kettle on the fire | again; and when it begins to boil, the 
woman takes her | long ladle and dips up the hquid of what is | 
being boiled, and pours it back into what is boiling. | She does the 
same thing as long as the food that is being cooked || is boiling. 65 
She only stops doing so when the food that is being cooked is done. | 
The reason why she does so with the liquid that is | being boiled is 
that the fat and the liquid become mixed; | and for this reason the 
liquid becomes thick, and the hquid also becomes really | milky. 
It looks as though flour had been poured into it. [| When it is done, 70 
she takes the kettles off the fire, | and the young men at once take 
the dishes and place them on | each side of the kettles; and she takes 
again her long-handled | ladle and dips the cooked codfish out | into 
the dishes. She only stops doing so when the dishes are full. || 
There is no food-mat used, for | the liquid always drips from their 75 

qa f s le'xat! axtsla'la la'xa o'gu e la e maxat ! £ wa'las lo'qlwa. Wa, 53 
gi'Pmese E wl £ la he gwe'x £ Idqexs la'e ha'nx'sEndxa ha'nliEnxLa- 
nowe la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa git!EXLa'la ka'tslEnaqa 55 
qa £ s tse'g ilisEles la'xa £ wa'palases ha'nx'LEntsE-'we qa £ s XE'lgi- 
llses hVxa go'bEte, yi'xa lawa'ye la'xa Lie 'sasa ne'ts!a £ yaxs la'xde 
la' £ stana laq. Wa, g i'l £ mese £ wFlaxs la'e ax=e'dxa '"wa'lase lo'qlwa. 
yix la gl'tslE-'watsa qlwe'lkwe qlE'mlalesa ne'ts!a^ye qa £ s le giix- 
stE'nts la'xa hanE'nxxano. Wa, la hanxLE'nts la'xes lEgwi'le go 
e't!eda. Wa.gi'Pmese mEdElx J wi'dExs la'eda tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxes 
gi'lt!EXLa'la k!a'ts!Enaqa qa £ s tse'gostales £ wa'palases ha £ me'x"- 
s!lasE £ we cja £ s xwe'laqe tse £ st.E'nts la'xa maE'mdEkiula. Wa, 
laE'm he'xsaEm gwe'gllaq lax £ wa' £ wasElllasas maE'mdElqiilas 
ha J me'xsIlasE £ we. Wii, tVl-'mese gwal he gwe'gilaxs la'e Llo'peda 65 
ha f me'xsilasE £ was. Wa, he'Em hl'gilas he gwe'gilaxa £ wa'palases 
ha-me'x'silasE-we qa lE'lgEwesa tsE'nxwa £ yas LE J wa £ wa'pala. Wa, 
he' e mis la'g'ilas la gE'nkeda e wa'pala. Wa, la'xaa a'lak'Iala la 
dzE'mx"stowe e wa'palas, he'la gwe'x'sa gu'xstaax u sa qii'xe: Wa, 
g i'l'mese Llo'psxs la'e ha'nxsEndxa ha'nliEnx'Lanowe. Wa' 70 
he'x £ ida £ mesa ha £ ya'Pa ax^e'dxa l5'Elq!we qa's mEx e a'l!lEles lax 
waxsana'lllasa hehE'nxLanowe. Wa, la'xaa ax J e 4 dxa gi'ltlEXLala 
ka'ts!Enaqa qa £ s tse'x £ Ides la'xa ha'nxLaakwe ne'ts!a f ya qa £ s le 
tsets!a.'las la'xa lo'Elq!we. Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e qo'qutleda 
lo'EkjIwe. Wa, laE'm k!ea's ha J madzo' le' J vva="ya qaxs he'mEna- 75 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 25 



386 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

76 mouths when they are eating the boiled codfish with spoons. | She 
only distributes spoons among the guests. | As soon as they have one 
each, they put the dishes in front of them; | and when all this has 

80 been done, the young men take buckets by their handles and || place 
them before the guests, and they all drink; | and after they finish 
drinking, they eat with spoons; and after they have finished, | the 
young men take away the dishes, and they carry" the rest to the 
wives | of the guests. Other | young men give water to the guests. 

85 This was called by || former generations [the first past men] "cooling 
down when they drink water after | having eaten with spoons boiled 
fish." After they finish drinking, | they go out. That is all 
about this. | 
1 Tainted Codfish. — I first talked about the fresh boiled | codfish. 
Now I will talk about | what the Indians like best, — tainted boiled 
codfish. | When the codfish has been kept for a very long time in the 
5 corner of the house, || and when it begins to be tainted, the woman 
takes the tainted codfish | and puts it into water that is in a large 
dish. | As soon as the body is soaked, she puts it on the fire | and 
turns it over and over; and when the body is warm, | she rubs off 

10 the scales. Then the woman || takes an old mat and spreads it out 



76 la £ mae tsa/xulExstaleda yo'saxa ha'nxxaakwe ne'ts!a £ ya. Wa, 
le'xa £ mesa ka'k"Ets!Enaqe la tslEwanaedzEm la'xa klwe'le. Wa, 
gi'l £ niese £ wi'lxtoxs la'e kaxdzamo'lllasosa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese £ wl £ laxs la'eda ha £ ya'l £ a k"!o'qulilxa nena'gatsle qa £ s le 

80 hanxdzamo'lilas la'xa klwe'le. Wa, la'x - da £ xwe £ wi £ la na'x £ Ida. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e y6's £ Ida. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs 
la'eda ha £ ya'l £ a k'a'gilllxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s le mo'tlots lax gEgEnE'- 
masa k!we'le be'bEgwanEma. Wa, 15'i.e e'tlededa wao'kwe 
ha £ ya'l £ a naqa £ matsa £ wa'pe la'xa klwe'le. Wa, he'em gwE £ yo'sa 

85 g'i'lxda bEgwa'nF.m k'6'xwaxodeda na'x £ idaxa £ wa'paxs la'e gwal 
yo'saxa ha'nxxaakwe mamao'masa. Wa, g i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ko'qiiwElsa. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Tainted Codfish (Q!al ne'ts!e £ ). — Wa, he'Em ge'ta ha'nx'Laak" 
ne'ts!a £ yEn g'i'lx'de gwa'gwex's £ alasa. Wa, la £ me'sEn gwa'gwex'- 
s £ alal lax ex - a'g - a £ yasa ba'klumeda la q!al ha'nx'Laak" ne'ts!a £ ya. 
Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e ga'la axe'la ne'ts!a £ ye lax one'gwilasa g'6'kwe. 
5 Wa, g;i'l £ mese la qla'HdExs la'eda tslsda'qe ax £ e'dxa q!a'le ne'ts!a- 
£ ya qa £ s le axstE'ndEq la'xa £ wa'pe q!o'ts!a la'xa £ wa'lase l5'q!wa. 
Wa, g'i'Pmese po's £ Ide 6'k!wlna £ yasexs la'e axLE'nts la'xes lEgwi'le 
qa £ s le'xi £ laleq. # Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wi £ la la ts!EX £ wi'de o'k!w!na £ ya- 
sexs la'e xi'tEmg iEE'le go'bEtas. Wa, la £ me'seda ts!Eda'qe ax £ - 

10 e'dxa k!a'k'!obane qa £ s LEpla'files lax ona'lisases lEgwi'le. Wa, 




boas] RECIPES 387 

by the side of the fire; | and she puts the heated codfish on it. Then 11 
she takes | thin cedar-sticks and scrapes off the scales, for [ they are 
all loose. When they are all off, she takes a wedge, | and she also 
takes fire-wood and puts it down by the place where she is sitting. || 
Then she takes the scraped codfish and | puts it down on the belly- 15 
side, holding the head of the fish. Then she takes the | wedge and 
beats it, and she only stops beating it when | the body of the cod- 
fish is really soft. | The reason why they beat it is that the meat 
comes off at once from the || bones when it is cooked; and they just 20 
pick out the bones when it is | done, and only the meat is left in the | 
kettle. As soon as (the woman) has finished 
scraping the body, she takes her | fish-knife 
and cuts the body crosswise, in this manner: 
After I she has finished cutting crosswise, she 
takes the kettle and pours || water into it until it is half full. 
Then she takes the scraped codfish, | bends it, and puts it into the 
kettle on the fire. | As soon as it begins to boil, the woman takes 
her tongs | and stirs what she is cooking. At once | the meat 
comes off from the bones. Then she lifts (the bones) out of the 
water || and throws them into the fire. Only the head is not | 30 
taken out. As soon as all the bones are out, she takes a | long- 



la £ me'se yagiidzo'tsa LlExT'dEkwe ne'ts!e £ laq. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 11 
wl'ltowe k!wa £ XLa'wa qa £ s kexa'les la'x go'bEtas, qaxs la'e 
e wi e la la klina'la. Wa, g-i'1'mese £ wl £ laxs la'e ax £ e'dxa LE'mga- 
yowe. Wa, la'xaa ax £ e'dxa lEqwa' qa's k"at!a'llles la'xes khvae'- 
lase. Wa, la'xaa &x £ e'dxa la kle'xklEk" ne'ts!a £ ya. Wa, la 15 
k'lo'talaxs la'e da/lax xo'msas, yix he'x't !a £ yas. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa 
LE'mgayowe qa £ s ttelxwl'tes !aq. Wa, a'h'mese gwal t'E'lxwaqexs 
la'e a'lak'Iala la lE'ntlede 6'k!wlna £ yasa ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, he'Ein 
la'gilas t!E'lxwetaq qa he'x £ ida £ rnese la'weda c[!E'mlale la'xa 
xa'qaxs la'e LlS'pa. Wii, a.''mese la klwe'tustalayuweda xa'qaxs 20 
la'e L.'o'pa. Wa, a' £ mese la le'x'ama qlE'mlale la ge' £ stala la'xa 
ha'nx'Lanowe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ke'xetaqexs la'e ax £ e'dxes gEl- 
ts!E'me. Wa, laqate'tledEciga gwa'leg - a (fig.). Wa, g i'Pmese gwal 
qatetaqexs la'e ax £ e'dxa ha'nxxanowe. Wa, la giixtslo'tsa 
£ wii'pe laq qa nEgo £ ya'les. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa qate'dEkwe ne'tsla- 25 
£ ya qa gwa'naxts!odes laq. Wa, la M'nxLEnts la'xes lEgwi'le. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese mEdE'lx-'widExs la'eda tsteda'qe ax £ e'dxes k!ip- 
La'la qa £ s xwe't!edes la'xes ha £ me'xsdasE £ we. Wa, he'x £ ida- 
£ mese lawa'yeda qlE'mlale la'xa xa'qe. Wa, la k!we'tii £ stalaq 
qa £ s tslEXLa'leq la'xes lEgwi'le. Wa, ie'x - a £ mesa he'x't!a £ ye kMes 30 
ax £ wu £ sta'nos. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi £ laweda xa'qaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa 



388 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

33 handled ladle and dips up the liquid of | what is being cooked by her, 
so that it becomes milky; and when it is really | milky, she takes the 

35 kettle from the fire. Then || it is done. At once she calls her hus- 
band and her | children to eat with spoons what is in the kettle, for 
the tainted codfish is not | used to invite many people. It is | only 
food in the house for the married couple and their children. As 
soon I as they have eaten it with spoons, the man takes the head. || 

40 The first thing to be eaten are the eyes; and | when he finishes them, 
he breaks the head and eats the | fat of the skull; and when this is 
finished, he takes a | spoon and eats the meat and the liquid; but 
first I they drink water, and they also cool themselves with water || 

45 when they have finished eating. That is all about this. | 
1 Codfish-Head. — When the head of the codfish is | really tainted 
and has been kept for a long time in the | corner of the house, the 
woman takes her kettle and | puts it down at the place where the 
5 heads are. Then she puts || the heads into it. They are put in so that 
the face is upward. | As soon as the kettle is full, she takes an old 
mat and | covers them over. Then she takes a bucket of water and | 
pours it over the old-mat covering. She | only stops pouring water 

JO when it shows all || around the mouth of the kettle. The reason why 



32 gi'lt!EXLa'la ka'tslEnaqa qa £ s tsegustalex £ wa'palases ha-me'x - - 
sllasE-we qa dzE'mx u stox £ w!des. Wa, gi'1-mese a'lak!ala la 
dzE'mx u stox'wIdExs la'e ka'nxsEndEq la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, JaE'm 

35 Llo'pa. Wa, a' £ mese he'x' £ idaEm Le' £ lalaxes la' £ wunEme LE £ wis 
sa'sEme qa £ s yoVldeqexs g'e'tsloe la'xa ha'nx'Lanowe, qaxsk!e'- 
sae Le' £ l5layo la'xa qle'nEme bEgwa'nEma la q!al ne'ts!a £ ya, yixs 
a' £ mae ha' £ ma £ yaeltsa haya'sEkala LE £ wis sa'sEme. Wa, g'1'1- 
£ mese yo's £ IdExda £ xwa la'e he'deda bEgwa'nEme ax £ e'dxa he'x*- 

40 t!a £ ye. Wa, he' £ mis gll ha'mx- £ Itsoseda gEbElo'xsta £ ye. Wa, gi'l- 
£ mese £ wl £ laqexs la'e wEWE'x u sEndxa he'xt!a £ ye qa £ s hS £ mx ,£ I'dex 
dE'ngwap!a £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laqexs lae ax £ e'dxa k'ii'tslE- 
naqe qa £ s yo's £ idexa qlE'mlale rfwa' £ wa'pala. Wa, laE'mLeda 
£ wa'pe gll na'x £ Itsos. Wa, la'xaa ko'xwaxodaEmsa £ wa'paxs 

45 la'e gwal yo'saq. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Codfish-Head (He'xt!e £ sa ne'ts!a £ ye). — Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e a'la- 
k'!ala la q!a'la he'x - t!a £ yasa ne'ts!a £ yaxs la'e gael g'ae'l lax one'- 
gwllasa go'kwe. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe &x £ e'dxes ha'nx - Lanowe 
qa £ s le ha'ngalllas lax axe'lasasa he'xt!a £ ye. Wa la axtsla'lasa 
5 he'xt!a £ ye laq. Wa,laE'm e'k!EgEmlts!axs la'e axtsla'laq. Wa, 
g-i'l £ mese qo't'.eda ha'nxLanaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa k' !a'k - !obane qa £ s 
nasEyi'ndes laq. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes £ wa'bEts!ala na'gats!a qa £ s 
guqEyi'ndes lax 6'kiiya £ yasa na'sEma £ ye k- !a'k' !obana. Wa, a'l- 
£ mese gwal giiqa'sa £ wa'paxs g'a'xae ne'l £ id lax 6'kuya £ yas e £ wa- 

10 ne'qwas awa'xsta £ yasa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, he'Em la'gilas guqE- 



boas] RECIPES 389 

she | pours water over the old mat is that it does not catch fire | 11 
when the kettle is put on. As soon as she finishes | covering it up, 
she puts the kettle on the fire, and the kettle stays on the fire | for 
a long time; and after it has been kept boiling for a long time, || it is 15 
taken off. Now it is done. Then the woman takes | a large, dish 
and her largest spoons. J She puts the dish by the side of the kettle 
and takes off the | mat covering of what is being cooked by her, and 
she puts it down by the side of the fire. | Then she takes the large 
spoon and takes out of the kettle one by one || the whole heads. She 20 
puts them | into the dish, and she only stops doing so when the heads 
are all out. | When this is done, the woman calls her | house-mates to 
come and eat the heads of the codfish. | As soon as they come, they 
sit down, and she puts the dish before them. || They drink water: 25 
and after they have finished drinking water, | they take up with their 
hands each one | head and begin to eat it; and they continue to eat. 
first | the eyes, and after that the fat of the skull; | and they suck the 
bones and throw them into the fire. [| As soon as they have finished, 30 
the woman takes the food-dish | and pours into the kettle the food 
that is left over. She pours | water into it and washes it out; and 
as soon as it is clean inside, | she pours the water out by the side of 

yi'ntsa £ wa'pe la'xa k- !a/k - lobana qa klu'nqes qa k'le'ses xi'x £ e- 11 
dExs la'e ha'nxxala la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'sa- 
qexs la'e ha'nxxEnts la'xes lEgwi'le. Wa, la £ me'se g-e'xxala 
ha'nxLala la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, he'tla la ge'gilll maE'rndElqulaxs 
la'e ha'nx'sana. Wa, laE'm Llo'pa. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe ax £ e'd- 15 
xa £ wa'lase lo'qlwa LE £ wa £ wa'lega £ yases ka/kxtslEnaqe. Wa, 
la hano'llltsa lo'qlwe la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, la na'sodxa k - !ak - !o- 
ba'ne na'sa £ yases ha £ ine'xsllasE £ we qa £ s g - e'nolises la'xa lEgwi'le. 
Wa, laax £ e'dxa £ wa'laseka'tslEnaqaqa £ s £ na'l £ nEmsgEmEmke sa'yi- 
nalaa xE'lx £ Idxa he'xt!a £ ve la'xa ha'nxxanowe. Wa, la xEltsla'las 20 
la'xa lo'q!we. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal he gwe'gilaxs la'e e wFlosa 
he'xt!a £ ye. Wa, gi'h'mese £ wi £ laxs la'eda tslEda'qe Le' £ lalaxes 
£ nEma'elwute qa g-a'xes he'x - hax - xa het!a' £ yasa ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, 
gl'l £ mese gax k!iis £ a'hlExs la'e k"a'x - dzamolilasosa lo'qlwe. Wa, 
la'x - da £ xwe na'x £ Idxa £ wa'pe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e 25 
xa'maxts!5nases e £ eyasa'.xs la'e da'x -£ Idxa £ na'i £ nEmsgEme la'xa 
he'xt !a £ yaxs la'e ha £ mx ,£ i'dEq. Wa, laE'm he'xsaEm g il ha £ mx £ i'- 
tsose gegE £ ya'gEsas. Wa, la a'lEbfsdalax dE'ngwap !a £ yas. Wa, 
la'Ea klE'xwaEmxa xa'cjas cja £ s tslEXLa'leq la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, 
gi'l £ mese gwa'lEXs la'eda tslEda'qe fix £ e'dxa ha £ maa'ts!e lo'qlwa 30 
qa £ s leguxts lo'tsa ha £ mx - sa e ye la 'xa ha'nx'i.anowe. Wa, la giixtslo'tsa 
£ wa'pe laq qa £ s tslo'xiig-indeq. Wa, g'i'h'mese la e'gigaxs la'e 
qEbEno'lisxa £ wa'pe la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la xwe'laqa guxts lo'tsa 



390 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

the fire, and she pours | fresh water into it and puts it down before 
35 her guests; || and they all wash their hands, and they also wash them- 
selves I around the mouth, for the fat of the [ heads sticks all around 
the mouths of those who eat this kind (of food). After | finishing 
they drink fresh water. This kind (of food) | is also not used to invite 
40 many men or the || numaym. Only the housemates of the | owner 
eat it; and no oil is poured into it, for it is really | fat. That is all. | 
1 Roasted Codfish. — When many | codfish have been caught by the 
fishermen, the woman | cuts them in the same manner hi which 

she first cut them, | this way: _- 7 As soon as she fin- 

5 ishes cutting them, she takes L^" ^ I a || piece of pine that 

is easily spht to make roasting- ^~~~-- — \ tongs. | Four codfish 
are put into each pair of roasting-tongs, | in this manner. 1 A 
strip of cedar-bark is tied between each (two) | codfish and also at 
each end, so that the roasting-tongs do not spread open. | As 
soon as this is done, she puts (the tongs) by the side of the fire. || 
10 The flesh side is first roasted. As soon as it is done, she | turns it 
over and roasts the skin side; and when | it is blackened, she takes 
it away from the fire. Then it is done. | Sometimes this is eaten at 
once, while it is still hot. | They do not dip it into od when it is still 

a'lta £ wa/p laq. Wa, la k'axdzamo'lllas la'xes Le' £ lanEine. Wa, 

35 la'x - da £ xwe £ wl £ la ts!E'nts!Enx £ wIda. Wa, la'xaa ts!5'x £ w!dEx 

awi' £ stases sEmses, qaxs £ na'xwa £ mae kluta'le tsE'nxwa £ yasa 

he'x't!a £ ye lax sE'msasa ha £ ma'pax gwe'x'sdEinas. Wa, g - i'l £ mese 

gwa'lExs la'e na'x £ idxa a'lta £ wa/pa. Wa, laE'mxaa k!es Le'la- 

£ layuwe gwe'xsdEmas la'xa qle'iiEme be'bEgwanEma LE £ wa 

40 £ nE £ me'mote. LaE'm a'Em le'xaEm ha £ ma'pqeda £ nEma'elwutasa 

axno'gwadas. Wa, la'xaa k" lea's L!e' £ na k!u'ngEms, qaxs a'lak'la- 

lae tsE'nxwa. Wa, laE'm gwa'la. 

1 Roasted Codfish (L!o'bEk u ne'sasde). — Wa, he' £ maaxs qle'iiEmae 

ba'kulanEmasa ba'ku £ lenoxwexa ne'ts!a £ ya. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe 

xwa'l £ IdEq lax gwii'laasa xwa'La £ yasexs g'i'lae xwa'l £ IdEq xag - a 

gwa'lega {fig.). Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwal xwii'Laqexs la'e ax £ e'dxa 

5 e'gaqwa lax xa'sE £ we wuna'gula qa £ s Llo'psayugwlleq. Wa, 

laE'm mo'weda ne'ts!a £ ye la ge'k'Itne la'xa £ na'l £ iiEmts!aqe Llo'p- 

sayo ga gwa'le g - a {fig. 1 ). Wa, laE'm yaLa'leda £ nal £ nE'me ne'- 

tslexa dEna'se LE £ wa wa'x - sba £ ye qa k'le'ses ax £ e'deda Llo'psayowe. 

Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e Lano'lisas la'xes lEgwile. Wa, la 

10 he'Em gil Llo'pasose q!E'mladza £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese l!o'pexs 

la'e le'x £ IdEq qa £ s Llo'pledex L!e'sadza £ yas. Wa, g'i'Pmese k!ii- 

mE'lx £ IdExs la'e axsE'ndEq. Wa, laE'm Llo'pa. Wii, la £ na'l- 

£ nE'mp!Eiia he'x £ idaEm ha £ mx -£ i'ts6xs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwe. 

Wa, la k"!es tslEpa's la'xa L!e' £ naxs he' £ mae a'les ts!E'lqwe, qaxs 

'See first figure on p. 241. 



boas] RECIPES 391 

hot, for || it is still moist with fat inside. As soon as | it gets cold, 15 
it gets dry inside; and when it is | given as food, they dip it into oil. 
This also is not used to invite | many people. Only the married 
couple | and their children eat this kind (of food) ; and the || roasted 20 
codfish is also eaten cold in the morning, at noon, and in the even- 
ing; | but it is not eaten hot in the morning, for it is fat, | and it is 
bad if it is eaten when still hot in the morning. | They drink water 
before and after they have finished eating it. | That is all about this. || 

Another Kind of Eoasted Codfish. — When I the woman does not 25 
want to boil the codfish, she just | takes the cut codfish and puts it 
down by the side of the | fire. Then the belly is first roasted; and 
when | the belly is done, she puts it down on the belly-side and 
roasts the right-hand side; || and when (the surface) is all blackened, 30 
she turns the head the other way and roasts | the left-hand side ; and 
when that also is blackened. | it is done. [It is done after this.] Then 
the woman takes a | food-mat and puts the roasted codfish | on it, 
and she calls her husband to come and eat it. || Now the woman first 35 
takes water, and they drink it. | After they have finished drinking it, 
the woman takes off the skin and | throws it into the fire; and after the 
skin is all off, | she breaks the meat into pieces, and then her husband 



he'-'mae a'les k!u'nk!iinq!EqElases tsE'nxwa £ ye. Wa, gl'Pmese 15 
la wiidEX £ I'dexs la'e lE'mlEmox £ wida. Wa, gi'1-mese having I'la- 
£ yaxs la'e tste'pEla la'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, la'xaa k!es Le' £ lalayo 
la'xa q!e'nEme be'bEgwanEma; a'Einxaa le'xa'ma ha'yasEk'ala 
le £ wis sa'sEme hanna'pEx gwe'x - sdEmas. Wa, la'xaa ha £ ma' £ ya 
wuda' L!o'bEk u ne'tslexa gaa'la LE £ wa' nEqa'la L5 £ ma dza'qwa. 20 
Wa, la'La k"!es ha £ ma' £ ya ts!E'lqwaxa gaa'la qaxs tsE'nxwae, 
yixs £ ya'x'sE £ maaxs ha £ ma'yaaxs he' £ mae a'les tslE'lqwexa gaa'la. 
Wa, laE'niLeda £ wa'pe na'naqalg'iwes loxs la'e gwiil ha £ ma'pa. 
Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Another Kind of Roasted Codfish (Mae'dzEk u ne'ts!e £ ). — Wa, gl'l- 25 
£ mesa tsEda'qe q!E'msa ha'nxxEndxa ne'ts!a £ yaxs la'e a'Em 
ax £ e'dxa la ts!e'x-Ewak u ne'ts!a £ ya qa £ s le qE'lgunolisas la'xes 
lEgwi'le. Wa, laE'm he gll Llo'pasose tEk!a's. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
LlS'pe tEkla'sexs la'e k'!6't!alisas qa £ s Llo'pex he'lk - !ot.'Ena £ yas. 
Wa, g i'l-"mese £ na'xwa k!umE'lx- £ idExs la'e xulEll'saq qa £ s Llo'ple- 30 
dex gE'mx6t!Ena £ j-as. Wa, g - i'l £ Emxaa'wise k!umE'lx £ IdExs la'e 
Llo'pa. Wa, laE'm Llop la'xeq. Wa, la fix £ e'deda tslEda'qaxa 
lnVmadzowe' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s ya'gudzodesa mae'dzEkwe ne'ts!e £ 
la'qexs la'e Le' £ lalaxes la' £ wunEine qa ga'xes ha £ mx £ I'dEq. Wa, 
la £ me'se he gil ax'e'tsosa ts!Eda'c[eda £ wa'pe qa £ s na'x £ Ideq. Wa, 35 
gi'l £ mese gwiil na'qaxs la'eda tslEda'qe axa'laxa L!e'sas qa="s 
ts!EXLa'leq la'xa lEgwi'le.. Wa, g-i'l £ mese wi £ laweda Lle'saxs la'e 
LE'nx £ widEX qlE'mlalas. Wa, la la' £ wunEmas ha £ mx £ I'dEq. Wa, 



392 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

40 begins to eat it. | After he has eaten, the woman takes the food- || mat 
on which are the remains of food and the bones, and | shakes it into 
the fire. Then the woman also dips up some | water and drinks, and her 
husband also. After | they have finished drinking, he squirts a 
mouthful of water over | his hands; and his wife, on her part, puts 

45 her hands || under the hands of her husband. Then he and his | 
wife wash their hands together. The man takes four | mouthfuls of 
water and squirts it over his hands. After he has | squirted over his 
hands four times, he finishes. This kind of food is not used to invite | 

50 many people; and the codfish is not || dipped into oil when it is 
(cooked) this way, and | the head is not eaten. That is all about 
this. | 

Red Cod. — The same is done witli the red cod, the one kind of cod- 
fish | and with the nalEm, the (jweHeIc, the q.'wa'gEh, | the t.'ot.'op.'e 

55 and the LEWE r lgame £ . Only that is different || with the xuldzos: 
that is not dried, and also the kelp-fish, for they are | very small. 
At last it is done. | 

Black Cod. — I have forgotten about the black cod, | for this one is 
treated in the same way as dried salmon when it is dried; and that 
also | is done in the same way, — it is scorched as they do dried 

60 salmon when it is eaten || in the morning; and it is also soaked when 



g'l'Pmese gwfll ha £ ma'pExs la'eda tslEda'qe fix £ e'dxes ha/madzowe' 

40 le' £ wa £ ya, yixs he' £ mae ge'dza £ ye ha'mxsa £ yas LE e wa' xa'qe qa £ s 
laa'xEEiides la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la'xaeda tslEda'qe tse'x £ Idxa 
e wa'pe qa £ s na'x £ Ide, wa, la 6'gwaqe lii' £ wiinEmas. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwill na'qaxs la'e ha'msgEmd la'xa £ wa'pe qa £ s ha'mxtslanEnde 
la'xes e £ eyasowe'. Wa, la'xaa gEnE'mas LEla/bE £ weses e £ eyasowe 

45 lax e £ eyasa'ses la' £ wunEme. Wa, laE-m £ na £ nE'mp!Eng'lla tste'n- 
tslEnkwa LE £ wis gEiiE'me. Wa, le'da bEgwa'nF.me mo'p!Ena 
ha'msgEmd la'xa £ wa'pe qa £ s hamxtsla'nEndes. Wa, g"Il mo'- 
p!Ena ha'mxts'.anEntsexs la'e gwa'la. Wa, laE'm k!es Le' £ lalayo 
la'xa qlE'nEme be'bEgwanEine gwe'xsdEmas. Wa laE'mxaa k!es 

50 tslE'pEla la'xa iJe'^ia, yixs hil'e gwe'kweda ne'ts!a £ ye. Wa, la 
k!es ha £ ma' £ ye he'xt!a £ yas. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Red Cod. — Wit, he' £ meda L!o'xsEme, yl'xa ne'ts!a £ ye £ nE'me gwa'- 
yi £ lalasaq LE'wa' nfllE'me LE £ wa' gwE £ le'ke, LE £ wa' q!wa'cjEla, 
LE £ wa' t!5't5p!e, EE £ wa' LEWE'lgama £ ye. Wa, le'x'a £ mes o'gii £ qa- 

55 la £ yasa xu'klzosaxs k'le'sae k!a'wasdasE £ wa LE £ wa pExI'te qaxs 
XE'nLElae am £ ama'ya. Wa, lawi'sLa gwa'la. 

Black Cod. — Wa, he'xoLEn LEle'wesE £ wa na'lEme, yixs ya'e 
gwa'leda xamasaxs la'e lE'mxwasE £ wa. Wa, he'Enixaa'wise gwe'- 
g"ilas5xs la'e ts!Exa'sE £ wa lax gwe'gilasaxa xama'saxs la'e ha/ma'- 

60 xa gaa'la. W T a, la'xaa t!e'lasE £ wa, yixs la'e ga'la axe'lakwaqexs 



boas] RECIPES 393 

it has been kept for a long time and | when it is boiled. They dip 61 
it into oil; and this is also | used for inviting many people, when the 
host has no dried salmon | and no dried halibut. That is at last all 
about this. | 

Kelp-Fish (1). — Now I'll talk about the kelp-fish, which is | the same 1 
as the xii'ldzos. Its name is "heated body," | because its body is 
heated over the fire in order to loosen the scales, | and because also 
hot water is poured over it. || Then the scales come off from the skin, 5 
and I therefore it is called the "heated body;" and the reason why 
it is called "fast swimmer" (xil'ldsos) | is because it swims very 
quickly whenever it is frightened. | 

Now I will tell how they are cooked, for | they do not begin right 
away to cook them when they are fresh, for they only [| begin to 10 
cook them after they have been in the house for a long time. Some- 
times I they are kept five days, or even more; for they try to obtain 
for it a I strong smell, so that the bones will come off from the meat, 
and also so that they | may be fat. The first people said so, and 
therefore people | of recent times imitate them; and (therefore) also 
the kelp-fish becomes tainted (before it is used). || The woman takes 15 
the kettle and puts it by the side of the | fire of the house. Then she 
takes her drinking-bucket and draws | fresh water. As soon as she 
comes home, she pours | the water that she has drawn into the 

ha'nxLEntsE- c wae. Wa, la ts!E'pr.la la'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, la'xaa 61 
LE /£ lalayo la'xa qle'iiEme be'bEgwanEma, yixs k'!ea'sae xa'matsa 
khve'lase, loxs klea'sae k"!a'wasa. Wa, lawI'sLa gwfil la'xeq. 

Kelp-Fish (1). — Wa, la £ me'sEn gwa'gwexs £ alal la'xa pExi'te, yixs 1 
£ nEma'e LE £ wa xu'ldzose. Wa, he'Em la'gilas Le'gadEs psxi'te, 
yixs pExa'sEwa £ es 6'k!wina £ yaxs la'e la'lawa £ yasE £ wes go'bEte la'xa 
lEgwi'lasa go'kwe, loxs guqe'tasE £ waasa tsls'lxsta £ wa'pa. Wa, 
he'x £ ida £ mese £ wl' £ wexap!e'de go'bEtas la'xa Lle'se. Wii, he'Em 5 
la'gilas Le'gadEs pEX'I'te. Wii, he' £ mis la'g-ilas Le'gadaxaas xul- 
dzo'sas, yi'x'ae lax max £ ide yixs he'ltsaases k'il £ e'dayowe. 

Wa, la £ me'sEn gwa'gwexs £ alal la'qexs la'e ha £ me'xsilasE £ wa, yixs 
k'.e'sae he'x -£ id ha £ me'xsilasoxs he' £ mae a'le ge'te, qaxs a'lmae 
ha £ mexsilasoxs la'e gael axe'l la'xa g-6'kwe £ na'l £ nEmp lEnae 10 
sEk - !a'p!Eiixwa £ se £ na'las loxs haya'qaaq qaxs q!a'q!alaaq qa 
q!alp!a'les, qak'!E'nx- £ ides xa'qas la'xes q!E'mlale. Wa, he' £ misexs 
tsE'nx £ wklae, £ ne'kaeda g a'le bEgwa'nEma. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilasa 
a'le bEgwa'nEm na'naxtslEwaq. Wa, he' £ maaxs la'e qlaH'deda 
pExi'te, lada ts!Eda'cje ax £ edxa ha'nxxanowe qa £ s hano'lises lax 15 
lEgwI'lases g'6'kwe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes na'gatsle qa £ s le tse'x £ IdEx 
a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gax na' £ nakuxs la'e guxtslo'tses 
tsa'iiEme £ wap la'xa ha'nxLanowe, qa nEgo'yoxsdales. Wa, 



394 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

kettle, until it is half full. | and she leaves it by the side of the Ore. 

20 Then she takes the kelp-fish and || puts them into a small basket, 
and she places it near the | side of the fire. Then she takes the 
short | wedges which are always kept in the house, and also a short 
wall-board. | Generally she uses the stem-seat of a small canoe. She 
puts it down | close to the small basket in which the kelp-fish are 

25 kept, and she does the same || with the short wedge. Then she takes 
one kelp-fish out of the | little basket. She holds the head of the 
kelp-fish, and puts its | body into the fire. Then she turns it over; 
and as soon as | she sees that the scales begin to come off from the 
skin, [ she puts it down on an old mat that has been spread out on 

30 the floor of the house. She takes her || knife and scrapes off the scales 
that are loose. Then she turns | the fish over and over as she scrapes 
off the scales. As soon as all | the scales are off, she puts the fish 
on its belly on the [ stern-seat of the small canoe, on which the fish 
is beaten. She holds it with the left hand, by the | head. With the 

35 right hand she takes the flat point of a || short wedge, and with 
the top end beats the | back of the kelp-fish, beginning at the back of 
the head, and beating down to the tad. | She only stops beating when 
the body of the kelp-fish is ^_^-z____^^ soft. | After she has 
beaten it, she takes her | fish- <^2)j)jJ--D--^ ^mfe and cuts the 

40 body across in this manner. After || she has cut it 

o'xsa £ mese hama'lis la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa pExTte qa/s 

20 k!Exts!o'des la'xa la'laxame. Wa, la ha'ngalilas la'xa ma'kala 
lax ona'lisasa lEgwI'le. Wa, la'xae ax £ e'dxa tsteklwa' hemEnel 
LEmg"ayasag'6'kwe. Wa, he' £ niisa ts !Ex u sto ts!ats!ax u sEma. He'Em 
q '.lina'la a'xsE £ wa g'ixsa'sa xwa'xwagume. Wa, la pax £ a'llla la'xa 
ma'ginwalllasa pExI'dats!e la'laxama. Wa, he'Emxaa'wise ax £ a- 

25 ll'lasa ts!Ex u sto LE'mg'aya. Wa, la daltslo'dxa £ nE'me pExi't la'xa 
la'laxame. Wa, la da'la he'xt !a £ yasa pEXi'taxs la'e k'a'tLEnts 
6'k!wina £ yas la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la le'xi £ lalaq. Wa, g'i'l £ mese 
do'qulaq la £ wl £ la £ wi' £ wexap lededa go'bEte la'xa Lle'saxs, la'e 
axdzo'ts la'xa LEbl'le k'!a'k - !obana. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes xwa'La- 

3Q yowe qa £ s k'exa'les la'xa la k' lina'la go'bEta. Wa, laE'm le'x - i- 
£ lalaxa pEXi'taxs k - exa'laax go'bEt !Ena £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wl £ la- 
weda go'bEt !Ena £ yaxs la'e ma'dzotsa pEX'I'te la'xa ttelo'dzo 
g'ixsS'sa xwa'xwagume. Wa, la da'lases gE'mxoltsIana lax 
he'xt !a £ yas. Wa, la da'x £ Itses he'lk - !ots!ana £ ye lax pE'lba £ yasa 

35 ts!Ex u stowe LE'mgaya. Wa, la t!E'lx £ w!ts o'xta £ yas lax awl'g'a- 
e yasa pExi'te ga'giLEla lax 6'xxaata £ yas, he'bEndala lax o'xsda- 
£ yas. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal tlE'lxwaqexs la'e lE'ntlede o'k!wina £ yasa 
pEX'I'te. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal tlE'lxwaqexs la'e ax £ e'dxes xwa'- 
Layowe qa £ s qatetle'dex 6'k!wina £ yas g'a gwa'leg'a (Jig.). Wa, 

40 gil £ mese gwal qatetaqexs lae ma £ stE'nts lax £ wa'bEts!alasa h&nx- 



boas] RECIPES 395 

crosswise, she puts the fish head first into the water in the | kettle. 41 
She never cuts off the head ; for the first people | said that a good taste 
is given to the meat of the | kelp-fish by the fat of the eyeballs and 
the | brain. Therefore she puts it all into the kettle; || and she does 45 
this to all the other kelp-fish, if there are to be many | guests. As soon 
as the kelp-fish is in the kettle, | she puts it over the fire; and when it 
begins to boil, | the woman takes the fire-tongs and stirs it; [ and after 
stirring it for some time, she takes it down. Then || she takes her large 50 
long-handled stirring-ladle and stirs with it | for a short time what is 
being cooked. She does not | stir it long, before she dips the spoon into 
what is being | cooked and pours it back [on the top of where she took 
it from] ; | and she continues this for a long time. It may be |[ half an 55 
hour according to the clock that the woman | dips up the water of what 
she is cooking and pours it back again. | She only stops when the 
liquid of what she is cooking is really milky. | This shows that the fat 
of the fish is well mixed | with the liquid. That is the reason why 
the woman dips up || the liquid of what she is cooking, so that the 60 
liquid | and the fat of the kelp-fish ma}' be well mixed; for if the | 
liquid of the kelp-fish should not be milky when it is given by the 
host to his friends, | then the guests at once whisper among them- 

Lanowe. Wa, laE'm hewa'xaEm qako'dEx he'x - t!a £ yas qaxs 41 
£ ne'lraeda ga'le bEgwa'nEmqexs he' £ mae yo'sp!ayasa qlE'mlalasa 
pExi'te tsE'ntsEnxsta e yas gegEbElo'xsta £ yas gegEyagEsas LE £ wes 
lEqwa'. Wa, he' £ mis la'g'ila £ wI £ la £ stEnts la'xa ha'nxLanowe. 
Wa, la 6 wi e laBm he gwe'x £ Idxa wao'kwe pExi'ta, yixs qle'nEmae 45 
Le' £ lanEmas. Wa, g'i'Pmese £ wl £ la £ steda pExi'te la'xa ha'nxxano- 
waxs la'e ha'nx'LEnts la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, gi'l £ mese mEdE'lx £ wf- 
dExs la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa tsIe'sLala qa £ s xwe'tlldeq. Wa, 
k!e'st!a ge'giltsela xwe'tasa ts!e'sLalaxs la'e kat!a'lilas. Wa, lii 
ax'e'dxes £ wa'lase gilt!EXLala xwe'dayo k-atslEiiaqa, qa £ s ya' £ was-'- 50 
Ide xwe't!ets la'xes ha £ mexsI'lasE £ we. Wa, k - !e's £ Emxaa'wise 
ge'g iltsela xwetas laqexs la'e tse'gostalas lax £ wa'palases ha £ mex - - 
sI'lasE £ we qa e s xwe'laqe tsestE'nts lax o'kiiya £ yases gaya'nEma- 
saq. Wa, la ge'glltselakas he gwe'gile. Wa, walaanawise lo £ 
nExsEg'iLEla la'xa q!aq!alak"!a £ ye £ wa' £ wasdEmasa tslEda'qe tse'go- 55 
stalaxa £ wapalasa ha £ me'x'sIlasE £ was qa £ s xwe'laqe tse £ stE'nts. 
Wa, a'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e a'lak!fda la dzE'mx u stowe £ wa'palasa 
ha £ mexsi'lasE £ was, qaxs la'e a'lak'Iala la qEl5'kwe tsE'nxwa £ yasa 
pExite LE £ wis £ wa'pala. Wa, he'Ein la'gllasa tslEda'qe tse'g'ostala 
E wa'palases ha £ me'xs!lasE £ we qa a'lak-lalese lE'lgoweda £ wa'palas 60 
LE £ wa tsE'nxwa £ yasa pEX'i'te, qaxs g'l'Pmae k - !es dzE'mx u stowe 
£ wa'palasa pEX'I'taxs hamgi'layaaseda Le' £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEmo'kwe. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese dEndE'msa k!we'ldaxs la'e ho'qQwEls lax go'- 



396 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 85 

selves when they leave the house | of their host, and they say about 

65 the woman that she is lazy, || although she maybe of chief's blood and 
a chief's wife. However, | the wives of those who are not of chief's 
blood do not give up | trying to get milky the liquid of the kelp-fish 
that they are cooking. When | the liquid of the kelp-fish is really 
milky, the | kelp-fish kettle is taken off the fire, and now it is done. || 

70 Then the woman brings out of her room her dishes, which | she keeps 
in the inner room. She puts them down on the floor next to the j 
kettle in which the kelp-fish were boiled; and she takes the same 
large | ladle with which she dipped up the liquid of the kelp-fish 
when she was cooking it, | and she dips up with it the boiled kelp-fish 

75 from the || kettle, and she pours them into the dishes. Both the 
liquid and the | meat are put into the dishes. As soon as the dishes 
are filled evenly, | — for they are not entirely full | of liquid and 
meat, — and as soon as everything | i-^ ready, the spoons are distrib- 

S0 uted among the small party of guests. || Then the dishes are placed 
before the guests; and there is always | one dish for four men. | 
First, they drink some cold water; and after they have finished 
drinking, | the host speaks to his guests, and says, | "Think of your 
throats and do not swallow the bones!" Then they all begin to 

S5 eat with || spoons. It takes them a long time to eat the boiled kelp- 

kwas Le' e lanEmax - daq. Wa, laE'm £ ne'x'sE £ weda tslEda'qaxs qlE'm- 

65 tslEXLae, yi'xa gi'qamene yixs gEnF.'maasa g - I'gama £ ye. Wa, la/La 
£ na'xwa £ me gEgEnE'masa wa'x £ me k!es gi'qamen k!es ya'x'Id qa 
dzEmx u stox £ wIdes £ wa'palas ha e me'xsilas pExI'ta. Wa, g'l'l'mese 
a'lak!ala la dzE'mx u stox £ wIde e wa'palasa pEXi'taxs la'e ha'nx- 
sEntsE e weda pEXi'te £ lats!e ha'nxLana. Wii, laE'm Llo'pa. Wa, 

70 he'x £ ida £ meseda ts'.Eda'qe ax £ wult!all'laxes IdE'lqiwaxs lia'xde 
k'imts!a'llla 6ts!a'llle qa £ s g - a'xe ka'galllElas lfix ma'ginwalllasa 
pExi'te £ lats!e ha'nxLana. Wa, he' £ mis ax^e'tsoseda £ wa'lase k - a- 
tslEna'q, yix tsegostalayo'sex £ wa'palases ha'nxLEntsE £ we pEx I'ta. 
Wa, le tse'yoltslots la'xa ha'nx'Laakwe pExI'ta la'xa ha'nxxa- 

75 nowe qa £ s le tsets!a'las la'xa lo'Elqlwe, £ na'xwa £ me £ wa'palas LE £ wa 
qfemla'le la tsetsla'layo la'xa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese la £ nEma'x - e 
awa'xatslEwasasa lo'Ekjlwaxs £ na'xwa £ mae k!es a'laEm qo'qu- 
tlaxa £ wa'pala LE £ wa qlE'mlale. Wa, gl'l £ mese £ wl £ la la gwa'- 
lalaxs la'e ts!Ewanae'dzEma ka'k'EtslEnaqe la'xa k!wa'k!we- 

80 lEmaxs la'e kil'x- £ Idayuwa lo'Elqlwe. Wa, he'mEnalaEm mae- 
ma'leda be'bEgwanEmaxa E na'l £ nEmexLa lo'qlwa. Wa, le na' £ na- 
qalgEyoEmxa wiida £ sta' £ wa'pa. Wa, gi'Pmese gwal na'qaxs 
la'e ya'qlEgaleda k!we'lasaxes Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la £ ne'k - a: " £ ya'- 
x - da £ x u mElq luxa'lano qaox xa'qas." Wa, la £ wl £ la y5's £ itses 

85 ka'kEtslEnaqe. Wa, la ge'g illl yo'saxa VEwe'kwe pExi'ta qaxs 



boas] RECIPES 397 

fish, for | in eating it they are very much afraid, for it happens often | SG 
that they are hurt when swallowing fish-bones, and therefore they do 
not eat fast | [with spoons] when it is boiled; and after they have 
eaten, they | cool themselves with fresh cold water. Then they || 
go out of the feasting-house at once. The kelp-fish is not given | to 90 
a large number of people, for they never | obtain many when they 
are catching them. Therefore it is given only to the | numaym and to 
a single family; that is, the sons, and their | wives, and their children, 
and the daughters and their || husbands and their children. That is 95 
what is called a family of single origin. | Only these are invited by the 
owner of the kelp-fish and also his | friends. That is all about the 
boiled kelp-fish. | 

Kelp-Fish (2). — (The man) first takes the small basket of his wife. I i 
As soon as he arrives at the beach of his house he puts j the fish 
caught with the line into the basket. He goes up and enters the | 
house. Then his wife spreads an old mat || and carries up the small 5 
fish-basket and | places it by the side of the old mat. She sits down 
by the side of the old mat, which j is at the right-hand side of the 
fish-basket. She takes | one of the fish with her left hand, and she 
does in the same way as I | described before. When the intestines 
and the gills have all been removed, || she takes her fish-knife, which is 10 

a'la £ mae kllE'ma pExi'taxs ha £ ma'ya £ e qaxs q!iina'lae ga'yalases 86 
xii'qaxs nEX £ we'tsE £ wae. Wa, he' £ mis la'g - ila k!es a'lbaleda 
yo'siiqexs ha'nxLaakwae. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'la yo'saxdaqexs 
la'e koxwaxotsa a'lta wuda e sta' £ wa'pa. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese la 
ho'qiiwEls la'xes k!we'layats!exde. Wa, k - !e's £ Emxaa khve'la- 90 
dzEma pExI'te la'xa qle'nEme be'bEgwanEma qaxs kMe'sae 
q!EyoLanEmenoxuxs la'Lan Emae. He' £ mis la'g ila le'xa £ ma 
£ nE £ me'mote LE £ wa £ iiE'mxi.ala £ nE £ me'ma, yixa sa'sEme LE £ wis 
gEgEiiE'me LE £ wis sa'sEme, LE £ wa tsle'daqe sa'sEma LE £ wis le'la- 
£ wunEme LE £ wis sa'sEme. Wa, he'Em gwE £ yo' £ iiE'mxLala £ nEme'- 95 
me. Wa, le'x"ames Le' £ lalaso £ s axno'gwadasa pExu'te Lo £ me'da 
£ ne £ nEino'kwe. Wa. laE'm gwal la'xa ha'nxLaakwe pExi'ta. 

Kelp-Fish (2). — Wa, he' £ mis g'il &x £ etso £ seda la'laxamiixses gEnE'- 1 
maxs gl'lae la'g-alis lax LlEma'isases go'kwe. Wa, la k"!ixts!o'- 
tses Llil'ganEmeda pEX'I'te laq. Wa, la, la'stsas qa £ s la lae'Las la'xes 
go'kwe. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mese gEnE'mas la LEp!a'lilaxa k'!a'k!o- 
bana.- Wa, la kMo'qidilxa pExi'datsle la'laxama qa £ s la hanE'n- 5 
xslllas la'xa k'!a'k - !obana. Wa, lii klflnxEhlxa k!a'k!obana lax 
he'lklodEiiwalllasa pEX'i'datsIe la'laxama. Wa, la £ me dolts!odxa 
£ nE'mepExi'tsesgE'mxolts!ana £ ye. Wa, he' £ misgwe'gilaqr;n gi'lx - - 
£ Ide wa'ldEma. Wa, gi'l £ mese e wi £ lawe ya'xyigile LE £ wa qlo'sna- 
vaxs la'e ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe. He' Em £ nEm Le'gEmsa xwa'La- 10 



398 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [kth. ann. 35 

11 also called j mussel-shell knife, for the first people used the mussel- 
shell for a knife | (this was sharpened by Deer when he met 
Q!a'neqe £ lak"). | The woman takes the fish in her left hand | and 

15 puts it down on t lie old mat with the || tail of the fish towards the 
woman and the stomach turned towards the left | of the woman. 
She holds her knife in her right hand, | cuts off the head, and when 
it is off she cuts open J the back all the way down to the tail, cutting 
along the upper side of the backbone. | She only stops cutting when 

20 the fish is spread open. | Then she puts it back on the old mat. Then 
she takes | another fish and she does the same to it, and | she does 
the same with all the others. Now her husband | makes roast ing- 
tongs of red pine, for they are going to roast the fish. As soon | as 

25 the work is finished, he gives them to his wife, and the woman || takes 
the roasting-tongs and she takes a long strip of split | cedar-bark and 
winds it about one span [ from the lower sharp-pointed end of the 
roast ing-tongs. ] She pulls it tight as she winds it around it, and ties 
it on. Then the roasting-tongs will not | split when she puts the fish 

30 into them. As soon as || the woman has finished this, she takes one of 
the fish that have been cut open | and rubs it over the roasting-tongs. 
When these are | covered with blood and slime, she puts into it one 
of the fish that have been | cut open. It is put in crosswise. Then 



11 yowe gElts!E'me yixa xo'las qaxs he' £ mae xwa'Layasag'a'la bEgwa'- 
nEma (ylxs gexasE-was ge'x - ustalaxs la'e ba'k o lo £ Q!a'neqe- 
e lakwe). Wa, le'da tslEda'qe dFt'x £ Itses gE'mxolts!ana £ ye la'xa pE- 
xite qa £ sya'gudzodes la'xak' !a'k' !obana. Wa, laE'm gwa'saxsdaleda 

15 pEX - I'te la'xa tslEda'qe. Wa, la gwe'k - laesala lax gEmxoltslana- 
£ yasa ts lEda'qe. Wa, la da'lases he'lk' lots lana'ye la'xes xwa'Layaxs 
la'e qak'6'dEX he'xt !a £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese la'waxs la'e xwalbEtE'n- 
dEX o'xLaata £ yas qa £ s ha'xEle lax ts!a'sna £ yas e'k*!ot!Endalax xa- 
kladzas. Wa, a'l £ mese gwal xwa'Laqexs la'e a'lak'lala la LEpa'la. 

20 Wa, la axdzo'ts la'xaaxa k - !a'k!obanaxs la'e e'tled ax £ e'dxa 
£ nE'me pExi'ta. Wa, laxae he'Emxat! gwe'x -£ IdEq. Wa, la'na- 
xwaEm he gwe'x £ idxa wao'kwe. Wa, la'La la' £ wunEmas Llo'psa- 
vogwilaxa wuna'gdle qaxs Llo'peLaxa pExi'te. Wa, g'i'l £ mese 
gwa'le axa' £ 3 7 asexs la'e ts!as la'xes gEnE'me. Wa, la'da tslEda'qe 

25 ila'x £ ldxa Llopsayowe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxa giltla ts!eq!adzo dzEXE'k" 
dEna'sa. Wa, la qEx -£ aLE'lots la'xa £ nE'mp!Enke la'xEns q!wa'- 
c[!waxts!ana £ ye g - agiLEla lax bEnba £ ye ex - beseda Llopsayowe. Wa, 
la lEk!uta'la £ me qExa £ yasexs la'e yi £ la'LElots. Wa, laE'm k'lesL 
xo'x u sLa L'.d'psayowe qo lal L!o'pts!odayoLa psxi'te laq. Wa, g'i'l- 

30 £ mese gwa'lExs lae'da tslEda'qe da'x""Idxa £ nE'me la'xa xwa'LEkwe 
pEX'I'ta qa £ s ts'.Ek'itle'des la'xa L!5'psayowe. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
mEgug'e'txa E'lkwa LE £ wa k'le'liixs la'e Llo'ptslotsa £ nE'me xwa'- 
LEk u pExi'ta. Wa, laE'm ge'k!Ena £ yaxs la'e ax £ e'dxa dzE- 



boas] KECIPES 399 

she takes | split cedar-bark and winds it around just over the edge 
of the fish, and || she pulls it tight and ties it down. Then she puts 35 
another fish just over it. | It is turned the way opposite the one just 
put into the tongs. Then she | winds cedar-bark just above it, and 
she pulls it tight when she | ties it around. Then she takes another 
fish and puts it in. | Its tail is turned again the opposite way, for all 
of them are turned so that the tails are in alternate directions || in the 40 
roasting-tongs. Sometimes there are four | fish, or even six, put into 
one pair of long roasting-tongs. | Then she ties cedar-bark around the 
top of the roasting-tongs. | Then the woman places them by the side 
of the fire of her house. | First the flesh-side is roasted; and as soon 
as it is almost || black on the surface of the meat, she turns them over 45 
and | changes to roast the skin-side. When the skin-side is really black- 
ened, | they are done. Then she pulls the tongs out of the ground and | 
places them not far from the fire, so that the heat of [ the fire reaches 
them, and so that they keep hot. Then the || man calls his friends, 50 
and sometimes he calls his | numaym to come and eat the roasted kelp- 
fish. | Those whom he has called come in immediately; and as soon | 
as they are all in, the woman spreads long food- | mats in front of 
those who are going to eat the roasted kelp-fish. || The woman takes 55 
the roasted fish in the roasting-tongs, and takes | it out of the roasting- 

XEkwe' dEna's qa £ s qEx £ a'LElodes lax ek - !Enxe'LElas. Wa, la 
lEk!u'tElaxs la'e yll £ a'LElodEq. Wa, la e'tletsa £ nE'me lax e'k!e- 35 
leI&s. Wa, laE'm xwe'laleda a'le L!o'pts!oyos. Wa, la'xae 
qEX £ Itsa dEna'se lax e'k- lEnxELElas. Wa, la'xae lEk!utE'laxs la'e 
yil £ aLEl5dEq. Wa, laxae e'tled &x £ e'dxa £ nE'me qa £ s L!o'pts!odes. 
Wa, laE'mxae e'tled xwelala qaxs £ na'xwa ; mae xwe'xwalaleda 
la L!o'pts!5yos la'xa L!o'psayowe, yixs £ nal £ nEmp tenae mo'weda 40 
pExi'te lo £ xs q!EL!a'e L!o'pts!ala la'xa gi'lt!asa Llo'psayowe. 
Wa, la £ me a'Elaak" qExta' £ yeda dEna'se lax o'xta £ yasa Llo'psa- 
yowe. Wa, lada tslEda'qe Lanolisaq lax hogwi'lases go'kwe. Wa, 
las'm he gil L!o'p!etsoseda qlEmlalas. Wa, gll £ mese naxsaapla 
lo £ kliimle o'kiiya £ yas qlE'mlalasexs !a'e le'x £ idEq qa hes la 45 
Llii'yo Llo'p'ede L!e'sadza £ yas. Wa, gi'Pmese la alaklala klumle 
L!esadza £ yasexs la'e Llo'pa. Wa, la k'!iqulelaq qa £ s ga'xe La'- 
galilaq la'xa kle'se qwe'sala la'xa lEgwI'le qa la'gaes Lle'salasa 
lEgwI'le laq, qa ts!Elqwaxsa £ mese. Wa, la he'x £ ida £ meda bEgwa'- 
nEine la Le' £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEmo'k\ve loxs ha'e Le' £ lalasE £ wes £ ue- 50 
£ me'mote qa ga'xes LlELlo'bEguxa Llo'bEkwe pEx - I'ta. Wa, la 
he'x' £ idaEm gax ho'gweLEleda Le' £ lanEme. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
£ wPlaeLExs la'eda ts!Eda'qe LEpIa'lIlxa gildEdzowe ha £ mad/j'' 
le' £ wa £ ya lax Lla'salllasa L!EL!obEgflLaxa Llo'bEkwe pExi'ta. Wa, 
la'da ts!Eda'qe &x £ e'dxa L!o'pts!ala Llo'bEk" pExi'ta qa £ s xik!ol- 55 
tslo'deq la'xes Llo'psayowe. Wa, la naE'nLF.mlllElasa £ nal £ nE'me 




400 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sis 

57 tongs. She puts them down with the skin below in front j of the 
guests, and she pours oil into oil-dishes, | and she puts down one in 
front of every four men. | The feasters themselves break the fish; || 

60 and when it is all broken in pieces, they begin to eat. | Then they dip 
it in oh, for all the fat comes out while | it is being roasted, and. there- 
fore it is dry. As soon as they have finished | eating the roasted fish, 
they drink fresh water; | and after they have finished drinking they go 

65 out. Roasted kelp-fish is not || given at a feast to many tribes, for they | 
never catch much of it. Therefore only the friends, husband and 
wife, | or the numaym, or strangers, eat roasted | kelp-fish. Now, 
that is aU about this. 
1 Kelp-Fish (3). — Oh, I forgot to talk about | wind-dried kelp- 
fish. It is cut in the same way as the roasted | kelp-fish. 
The only difference is, that the backbone is taken out, [ and 
the scales are left on in the same way as the scales are left 
5 on || roasted fish. They do not eat the skin of the roasted 
kelp-fish, for | they only eat the meat. After the feasters 
have eaten the roasted kelp-fish, ] they throw away the 
skin. When | the woman finishes cutting open the kelp-fish, 
she splits thin pieces of | cedar-sticks and spreads the fish 

10 with two of them so as to keep it open, || in this manner: 

57 la'xes Le' £ lanEme. Wa, la k!u'nxts!otsa Lle'-'na la'xa ts!e'ts!Eba- 
ts!e qa £ s la k'ag imlllElas lax L!a'sa £ yasa mae'mokwe be'bEgwa- 
nEma. Wa, la q!ule'xs £ Em LE'nqweda klwe'laxa pEX'I'te. Wa, 

60 g'i'l £ mese £ wI'we1xs LE'ngEkuxs la'e £ wl £ la ha £ mx £ I'da. Wa, 
las'm tslEpa's la'xa L!e' £ na qaxs £ wl £ lamae tsE'nxwa £ yasexs la'e 
L!o'pasE £ wa. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilas lE'mxwe. Wa, g'i'Pmese gwal 
L !el lo'bEgiixa Llo'bEkwaxs la'e na'gek'Elaxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, 
gi'Pmese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'qiiwElsa. Wa, k"!e's £ Emxaeda l!o'- 

65 bEkwe pEx I't klwe'ladzEm la'xa qle'nEme !eiqwalaLa £ ya qaxs 
k!e'sae qliina'la qlEyo'LanEma, la'gilas le'x'a £ meda £ ne £ nEmo'kwe 
EE £ wa ha £ yasEkala LE £ wa e nE £ me'mote LE £ wa ba'giinse l!el lo'- 
bEgiixa pExI'te. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Kelp-Fish (3). — A, he'xoLEn e'tledsl gwa'gwexs £ alasLeda xi'l- 
kwe pEXI'ta. He'Em gwa'le xwa'La £ yase xwa'La £ yasa Llo'bEkwe 
pioxl'ta. Wa, le'x - a £ mes 6'gux £ Idayosexs la £ wEyakwa £ es xa'k'Ia- 
dzowe. Wa, la axa'laEmxae go'bEtas he gwa'le go'bEtasa Llo'bE- 
5 kwaxs axa'la £ mae. Wa, la k'les ha £ ma'e L!e'sasa Llo'bEkwe yixs 
le'xa £ mae ha £ ma'e qlE'mlalas. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal LlELlo'bEgwe- 
da k'.we'laxs la'e a/Em ts !Ex £ edayoweda Lle'sas. Wa, g'l'l £ Em 
gwa'leda ts!Eda'qe xwa'Laxa pexl'taxs la'e xo'x £ wIdxa wiswEltowe 
k!wa £ xLawa cpa £ s qEt!l'desa ma'lts!aqe la'xa pEX - I'te qa LEpa'les 

10 gagwa'leg-a (fig.). 



boas] RECIPES 401 

After she has done so, she hangs them up just over the | fire; and 12 
after they have been hanging there for four days, | they are half dried. 
Then the owner takes them down; | and when he wishes to boil them, 
she takes the || small kettle and puts it over the fire. She takes her | fish- 15 
knife and cuts the kelp-fish into two pieces lengthwise, | and she also 
cuts it in halves crosswise. Now each of the dried kelp-fish is in four 
pieces. | When the kettle begins to boil, she | puts the pieces of kelp- 
fish into it. It doesnot || boillong beforeshe takes the kettleoff thefire, 20 
for then | it is done. Then the woman takes her dish and puts it down | 
at the place where she is sitting. She takes her tongs, and with them 
she lifts | the boiled fish and puts it into the dish. | When it is all in 
the dish, she takes her oil-dish, |[ pours oil into it, and puts it down 25 
in front of the persons for whom she has cooked it. | They drink water 
before they begin to eat; | and after drinking water they eat. They ,| 
dip it into oil. They do not eat the skin with it, for | the scales are 
still on it. They only eat the meat. || After they have eaten, a bucket 30 
of water is placed in front of them. | They put their mouths at the 
corner and take a mouthful | of water. Then they squirt the water 
into the hands and wash them; | and after they have washed their 

Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs la'e teta'k'ostodayo lax na'qostiVyasa 1 1 
lEgwIle. Wa, gi'Pmese md'p !Enxwa £ se e na'las te'ta'k'ostowexs 
la'e k!ayax £ wlda. Wa, laE'm axa'xoya. yls axno'gwadas. Wa, 
gi'l'niese £ ne'ke axno'gwadas qa £ s hanx'LE'ndeq, la ax £ e'dxa 
ha £ nE'me qa s s ha'nxLEndes la'xes lsgwi'le. Wii, la ax £ e'dxes 15 
xwa'Layowe qa's t!o'ts!Endexa pExi'tasde la'xes gi'ldolase. Wa, 
laxae ge'xsEndEq nExsE'ndEq. Wii, laE'm mae'mox u seda £ nal £ nE'- 
me pExI'tasd. Wa, gi'l £ mese niEdElx'wIde ha'nx'LEnasexs la'e 
axstE'ntsa t!o't!Ets!aakwe pEXi'tasd laq. Wii, k!e'st!a ge'gilil 
maE'mdElqulaxs la'e ha'nx'sanoweda ha'nxLanowe, qaxs laE'm 20 
L!o'pa. Wii, le'da tslEtla'cj ax-e'dxes lo'qlwe qa f s ka'gallles 
la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, lii ax^e'dxes tsle'sLala qa J s k'llpli'des 
hx'xa ha'nxxaakwe pExi'tasde qa £ s lii k!ipts!a'las la'xa lo'qlwe. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wFlts!a la'xa lo'qlwiixs la'e ax'e'dxes ts!Eba'ts!e 
qa £ sk!unxts!o'desa L!e' ! na laq. Wii, lii ka'gEinlllas la'xes ha £ mesi'- 25 
lagilaq. Wii, lii na'naqalgiwfdaF.mxa £ wa'paxs k' leVmae ha-mx £ - 
I'da. Wa, gi'Fmese gwiil na'qaxs la'e ha £ mx £ I'da. Wa, laE'm 
ts!E])a's la'xa L!e' £ na. Wii, la k!es hamga'q LE £ wis Lle'se, qaxs 
axa'lae go'bEtas, qaxs le'xamae ha'''miise q!e'mlaliis. Wii, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwal ha e ma'paxs la'e hangF.mle'lEma na'gats!e £ w;i'bEts!alaxa 30 
£ wa'pe. Wa, a'-mese xwa' £ magageses sE'msaxs la'e hamsgE'md 
la'xa £ wa'pe, qa £ s hamxts!anE'ndes qa £ s ts!E'nts!Enx £ wlde. Wa, 
gih'mese gwal ts!E'nts!Enkwaxs la'e e't!ed hamgagEiitses sE'mse 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 26 



402 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

hands, they put their mouths | to the corner of the bucket and drink 

35 water. Now that also is finished. || 

1 Broiled Dried Kelp-Fish.— Sometimes other people want | to eat 

soaked half-dried kelp-fish. | The woman first takes her tongs and 

puts them down | where she is sitting. Then she takes down the 

5 kelp-fish that has been hung up to dry, || and she puts it down at the 

place where the tongs are. She dips up some | water and places it 

with the dried kelp-fish. Then ! she takes the fire-tongs and lifts 

the dried kelp-lish in the middle, | in this manner: 

Then she holds it in the tongs over the fire, the flesh- 

10 side first || turned down; and as soon as the steam 
puffs out all over, ] she turns it over and she broils 
the skin-side; and when | the skin becomes all black, 
she stops | broiling it, for it is done. Then she puts 
it down | on the mat with the skin down. She drinks water: and 

15 after || drinking, she begins to eat the meat. She only | takes off 
the meat from the skin and puts it into her mouth. | She does not 
dip it into oil, for this kind is fat. | 

I forgot. As soon as she finishes broiling the half-dried | kelp-fish, 

20 and when it is done, she takes a cup with water, |j takes a mouthful, 
and blows the mouthful of water over the flesh-side of what she | has 
cooked. Then it gets really tender, and | therefore old women ami 




lax o'gwaga £ vasa nagatsle' qa £ s na'x £ idexa £ wa'pe. Wa, laE'mxae 

35 gwa'la. 
1 Broiled Dried Kelp-Fish. Wa, lit E na'l £ nEmp tena he ha £ ma- 
e'xstso £ sa wao'kwe be'bEgwanEin pE'nkwe klayaxwa pEx'i'tasda. 
Wa, he'i'.m gil a\ r e'ts<Vsa tslEda'qes tsle'si.fda, qa £ s katlaliles 
la'xes klwae'lase. Wa, lii axaxo'd la'xa x ilicla'i.Ela pEx'i'tasda 
5 qa £ s g'e'g'aliles lax kade'.lasasa tsle'sLfda. Wa, la tse'x £ id la'xa 
'"wape qa £ s ga'xe hangalilas lax gae'lasasa pEX'I'tasde. Wa, la 
da'x £ Idxa tsle'si.fda qa £ s k"lp!l'des lax nEgo'ya c yasa pEX - I'tasde 
g-a gwalega (Jig.). 

Wa, lii k'lipfi'lases tsle'sLala laqexs la'e pEX'a'x q In'mladza-'vas 

10 qaxs he' £ mae gile' £ lale. Wa, g'i'Pmese k'Exumxsaweda kla'li.la 
la'qexs la'e le'x £ IdEq qa £ s pEx-I'dex l !e'sadzE £ yas. Wa, laE'm- 
La klu'mleq. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ na'xwa klu'mla Lle'sasexs la'e gwal 
pExa'q ([axs lE £ mae Llo'pa. Wa, a,' £ mese nELEdzo'ts la'xa ha- 
£ madzo'we le' £ wa r yaxs la'e na'x £ ed la'xa £ wa'pe. Wa, g i'Pmese 

15 gwal na'qexs la'e hamx £ i'dxa qlE'mlale. Wii, laE'm a'sm axa'- 
laxa qlE'mlale lax Lle'sas <|a £ s tslo'qliises la'xes sE'mse. Wa, 
laE'm klea's L!e' £ na tslEpa's qaxs tsE'nxwae gwe'x s lEmas. 

He'xoLEn Llsle'wesoxs gihinae gwfd pEX'a'xa lrla'yaxwa pExi'- 
tasdExs la'e Llo'pa. Wii, la da'x ,£ idxa k!wa £ sta' £ \va'bEts!aIa qa £ s 

20 ba'msgEmde laq qa-'s sElbExu'mdes lax q!E'mladza £ yases ha £ mex- 
si'lasE £ we. Wii, he' £ mis la'gilas a/lak" lala la tE'lqwe. Wii, he'sm 



boas] RECIPES 403 

old men are | fond of broiled half-dried kelp-fish, | because it is 
tender. As soon as the woman finishes eating, || she drinks water. 25 
When the dried kelp-fish is really dry, | it is soaked like dried salmon 
when it is soaked; | and it is cooked in the same way as the | half- 
dried kelp-fish is cooked when it is broiled and when it is boiled. | 
That is all about this. J| 

Split Kelp-Fish. — Now I will talk again about the | kelp-fish split 1 
in two. When the man goes home who has (gone out) | with the fish- 
trap to catch kelp-fish, as soon as he has many, | the woman takes 
her fish-knife and sits down at the || edge of the old mat on which the 5 
fish has been put. Then she takes one of the kelp-fish with her left 
hand. | Its tail is towards the woman, | and its stomach is turned 
towards the left side, when she puts it down. | Then she cuts oft' the 
head; and when the head has been cut off, | she cuts into the back 
and cuts all the way down to the tail, || cutting through along the ]o 
upper side of the backbone. When it is spread open, | she pulls out 
the intestines; and when all the intestines are out, she | cuts along 
the under side of the backbone and takes it out close j to the tail, 
and then she breaks it off. She | throws away the backbone. The 
(ail is left on (he || split kelp-fish. Then she cuts it down lengthwise, 15 

la'g'ilasa hiE'lk!wana £ ye LE £ wa no'iiEmase be'bEgwiinEm he'niEiiii- 22 
hiEm ax £ e'xsdxa pE'nkwe k'la'yaxwa pExi'tasd qa £ s ha £ ma'peq, 
qaxs tE'lqwae. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ mii'pa tslEda'qexs la'e mV- 
x £ Idxa £ wii'pe. Wa, gi'1-mese a'laklala la lE'mxeda pExi'tasdaxs 25 
la'e a'Em t !e'laso he gwe'gilasE £ weda xama'saxs t !e'lasE £ wae. Wii, la 
he '1:111 gwe'gilasoxs la'e ha £ me'xsIlasE £ we ha £ mexsilaena-yaxa 
khi'yaxwa pexi'tasda la'qexs pE'nkwae loxs ha'nxLaakwae. 
Wii, laE'mxae gwal la'xeq. 

Split Kelp-Fish. — Wa, la £ me'sEii e'dzaqwal gwa/gwex's £ alal lii'xa 1 
pExi'taxs qlwii'gEkwae. Wa, he' £ mexs g'axae na /£ nakweda LEqa'- 
dases LEgE'me la'xa pEX"i'te; wa, gu'bmese cjlEyo'LExs la'e he'x J - 
ida £ ma ts!Edii'c[e ax £ e'dxes xwa'uxyowe qa £ s kliinxElIlexa k!ii'- 
gEdzowe k!a'k'!obana. Wii, le da'x- c itses gE'mxolts!a'na £ ye la'xa 5 
£ nE'me pEX'I'ta. Wa, laE'mxae gwa'saxsdfda la'xa tslEila'qe. Wii, 
la gwe'k' !aesala lax gE'mxolts !ana £ yas la'xes qE'lkwalae'na £ ye. Wii, 
liL (pxko'dEX he'x't!a £ yas. Wa, g - i'l £ mese la'waye he'xt !a £ yasexs 
la'e xwa'lbEtEndEx o'xLaata £ yas. Wit, lii ha'xEla lax ts!ii'sna £ yas: 
e'k"!ot!Endalax x;i'k!adzas. Wii, g'i'l £ mese la LEpa'laxs la'e gE'l- 10 
x -£ odEx ya'xyigilas. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wi £ lawe ya'xyigilasexs la'e 
xwal £ e'dEX bEna'dzE £ jas:i xa'k'!adzowe qa £ s lii'weyodeq gii'gE- 
LEla la'xa ma'kaliixa ts!a'sna £ yasexs la'e k'o'cjodEq. Wii, lii 
ts!EX £ e'dxa xa'k' ladzowe. Wii, laE'm axa'ie ts!a'sna £ yas la'xa 
xwa/LEkwe pEX"T'ta. Wii, lii qla'xsEndEq qa ma'ltsles ha'xEla g'a'- 15 



404 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ANN. 36 

16 beginning at the neck, down | to the belly, until she comes to 
the | tail, in this manner: j~7 Now it is called "split | kelp- 

fish." As soon as this has /j\\ keen done, she hangs it up 
over the | fire of the house; / \ \ and when it is half dried, it is 

20 cooked. || First she takes / / j her small kettle, pours some | 

water into it, and, when L— ' I 1 it is half full, she puts it on 

the fire. | She takes down the split fish and cuts it into two parts, | 
and she cuts one side into three pieces; and she does | the same to 

25 the other side, in this manner: Fl Now it is in six pieces. || She 

throws away the tail, and ff\\ throws the pieces | of fish 
into the kettle in which the /~f\\ water is boiling. | I think 
the length of time that it is on /__/ I — \ the fire is more than half | 
an hour by the watch, and then [ J I — I it is done. She | takes the 

30 kettle off the fire. She takes a small dish || and puts it down by the 
side of the kettle. | She takes her tongs and with them she lifts 
the fish and puts it | into the small dish; and when it is all in, she 
drinks water; | and after drinking, she takes a piece of the | boiled 

35 kelp-fish, pinches off the meat, and puts it into her || mouth. Now 
she is eating the meat. She does not eat the | skin, on account of 
the scales: therefore she just puts it back into the | dish. After 
she has eaten, she takes the | small dish from which she has eaten, 



16 g'ii/Ela lax o'xawa £ ya hii'xEla lax tsk'Ia's la'gaa lax o'xLa £ yas 
ts!a'sna £ ya ga gwale g'a (/?.'/•)■ Wa, laE'm Le'gadEs q!wa'gEk u 
pExi'ta. Wa, gi'l £ niese gwa'lExs la'e ge'x E w!ts lax nEqa'stawasa 
lEgwI'lases go'kwe. Wa, gi'Fmese k" !a'yax £ wIdExs la'e ha £ me'xsi- 

20 lasF/wa. Wa, he' Em gil ax £ e'tso £ ses ha-nEme. Wa, la guxts lo'tsa 
s wa'pe laq qa nEgo'yoxsdalesexs la'e ha'nxLEiits la'xes lEgwi'le 
Wa, lii axaxo'dxa qlwa'gEkwe pExi'ta qa e s hex'sE'nde t !o'ts lEndEq. 
Wa, lit yu'dux"sEnd t !o't !Ets lalaxa apsode'le. Wa, la'xae he'Em- 
xat! gwe'x -idxa apso'dlle g-a gwa'leg-a (Jig.). Wit. hii:'m qlELla'- 

25 xs e a. Wa, la/La ;*i'ehi tslExfe'dxa ts !a'sna e yas. Wa, la axstE'ntsa 
tlEwe'kwe pExi't la'xa ha'nxxala h&'nxxanaxs la'e maE'mdElqtiles 
E wa'pe. Wa, k'o'tat !EnLaq haya'qax aESEgiLE'la la'xa q!a'q!a- 
lak!a £ vaxEns £ na'laqe £ wa' £ wasLalasasexs la'e Llo'pa. Wa, lai:'m 
ha'nxsanoweda ha'nxi.anowe. Wa, he' e mis ax-'etso'ses la'logume 

30 qa e s ga'xe k'a'galllas lax ma'glnwalllasa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa e sk - !lp!i'des la'xa pi:x I'te qa £ s la k - !tpts la'las 
la'xa la'logfime. Wa, gi'Pmese £ wl £ lts!axs la'e na'x £ Idxa e wa'pe. 
Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs lae da'x £ Idxa £ nE'me la'xa tlEwe'kwe 
ha'nxxaak u pExi'ta qa £ s epa'lex qlE'mlalas qa £ s ts!6'q!Qses la'xes 

35 sE'mse. Wa, laE'm ha £ ma'pEx qlEmlalas. Wa, la k'.'es ha £ ma'pEx 
Lle'sas qaxs axa'fae go'bEtas la'gilas a'Em xwe'laq axts!alas laxa 
lo'qlwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal ha £ ma'pExs la'e da'x £ Idxes ha £ ma'ts!e 



boas] RECIPES 405 

and pours into the kettle what is left in it. | She pours some water 
into the dish and washes her hands; and || after doing so, she drinks 40 
fresh water. This also is not | given at a feast to many tribes. It 
is only eaten by the | husband and wife, or by friends whom they 
invite, or by the numaym, for J the woman does not cure many in 
this way. | That is all about this. || 

Boiled Kelp-Fish Gills and Stomachs. — Immediately 1 | (the) wife 1 
goes to meet (her husband i, carrying a small basket made of split | 
spruce-root. She puts it into the small canoe which has been used in 
fishing kelp-fish. | Then she puts the kelp-fish into the basket. 
When || it is full, she takes it out of the canoe and carries it to her 5 
house, | and pours the fish on the coarse plaited mat made of split 
cedar-bark | which she has spread out to pour the kelp-fish on. | 

As soon as she has carried up all the kelp-fish, she sits down on the 
floor and | begins to take out the intestines. The woman takes hold 
of t the || kelp-fish with the left hand and squeezes at the back of its 10 
head, | the belly being turned towards the woman. She puts the 
thumb of her | right hand into the gills, and puts the | forefinger of her 
left hand at the left side of the neck, while she puts her thumb into 
the gill at | the right side. Then she squeezes it and pulls at it; || 
and as soon as the gills become loose, she puts her thumb | at the 15 



la'loguma qa £ s guxtslo'deses ane'x'sa £ ye la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, 38 
la giixtslo'tsa £ wa'pe la'qexs la'e ts!E'nts!Enx £ wida. Wa, g'i'l- 
£ mese gwa'lExs la'e nax £ ldxa a'lta e wa'pa. Wa, laE'mxae k'!es40 
k'.we'ladzem la'xa q!e'nEme le'lqwalaLa £ ya. A'Em le'x - a £ meda ha £ - 
yasEk'ala loxs Le-lalayaaxa £ nr'nEmo'kwe lf/wr £ nE £ me'rnote qaxs 
kMe'sae q!e'nEine axa £ yasa ts!Eda'qaxs axa'ax gwe'x - sdEmas. Wa, 
hu-'/m gwa'l laxe'q. 

Boiled Kelp-Fish Gills and Stomachs. — Wa, 1 he'x' e ida e mese gEnE'- 1 
mas la la'lalaq klo'qtilaxa la'laxame dzEdE'x u sEm Llo'plEk'sa 
ale'wase qa £ s lii. ha'ng'aalEXsas la'xa pa'panayox u sI e lats!e xwa'- 
xwaguma. Wa, la k - llxts lodalasa pEX'I'te liiq. Wa, gi'Pmese 
qo'tlaxs la'e k" !o'x e ultodEq c[a J s las la'xes g'o'kwe. Wa, !;i 5 
giigEdzo'ts la'xa awa'dzoledkwas k-!ita' £ ye le' £ wa J ya, yix LEp!ale'- 
lEmas qa g'e'dzayaatsa pExI'te. 

Wa, gi'l e mese '\\i J losdesa pExi'taxs la'e k!wa'g - allleda tslEdJi'qe 
cpi £ s t!o'x £ w!deq. Wa, he' e maaxs la'e da'x £ ideda tslEda'cjaxa pEX'i'- 
tases gE'mxolts!ana. Wa, laE'm qlwe'salax o'xLaata £ yasa pEx-I'te 10 
qa gwa'sk' lae'sales la'xa tslEda'qe. Wa, la ax £ a'LElots qo'mases 
he'lk!olts'.ana £ ye lax q!o'sna £ yas. Wa, la'xae ts'.E £ ma'botses ts!E- 
ma'la lax gE'mxot!xawa £ vas yixs ha'aLal liis qo'meda he'lkMot!- 
xawa e ye q!o'sna £ yas. Wa, la f[!we's r Id<[exs la'e ne'x £ edEq. Wa, 
g-i'l £ mese k!i'nx £ ldeda q!o'sna £ yaxs la'e e'tled ax £ a'LEl5tses qo'ma 15 

1 Continued from Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 4."-S, line 21. 



406 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKII'TI. [hth. ANN. 36 

16 inside of the pectoral fin, and puts her forefinger on the outside. | 
Then she bends it outward and twists the skin off at that place. | 
Then she turns the fins back and pulls them off | with the intestines 

20 and the gills. When she has finished, || she throws the intestines into 
a small hand-basket. | .She puts the clean kelp-fish back on the 
spread | mat, and she does not stop until all the kelp-fish have 
been cut. | Then the woman takes in one hand the small basket 
containing the intestines, and carries it | to the beach and pours the 

25 contents of the small basket || into the salt water. She puts the 
small basket into the water and | washes off the slime outside and 
inside. After she lias done so, | she puts down the little basket on 
the beach, and then she takes some of the | intestines of the kelp-fish 
and pulls it off from the | stomach. She leaves the gill at one end 

30 of it. || Then she washes the intestines so thai all the blood comes off; 
and she pulls it through | (between her thumb and fingers), so that all 
the food-contents come out. As soon as this is done, | she turns it 
inside out, so that the stomach is turned inside out; | and she washes 
it, and finally throws it into the | small basket. She does the same 

35 to all the others; || and as soon as all the stomachs have been washed, 
the woman | takes up the basket containing the gills and puts it | 
into the sea-water, and shakes it so that all the blood and the | slime 

10 lax o'tslawasa pepELlxawa £ ye. Wa, la Lla'sadza £ ye tslEma'lax'tsla- 
na £ yasexs la'e Llo'tiedEq. Wa, he' £ mis la qwa'pledaats Lle'sas. 
Wa, la £ me nELa'we pepEL!xa'wa £ yas. Wa, a' £ mes la nExo'dEq 
£ wi' £ la LE E wa' tslEyl'me LE £ wa q!o'sna £ yas. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'lExs 

20 la'e tslExtslo'ts la'xa k'lo'gwatsle la'laxameda yax'yEg'ile. Wa, 
la'i.a xwe'laqaEm ax £ adzo'Ialasa la tlEgi'k" pEX"I't la'xa Licbe'le 
le' £ wa £ ya. Wa, la aTi:m gwa'lExs la'e E wl £ la la tlK.g'i'kwa pEX'i'te. 
Wa, lii'da tslEda'qe k"!o'qiihlxa yaxyjgilatsle la'laxama qa £ s les 
la'xa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, le guxsta'lisxa gi'tslax'daxa la'laxame 

25 la'xa dE'msxe £ wa'pa. Wa, la axstE'ndxa la'laxame qa c s ts!o- 
xa'lexa k!e'lasgEma £ yas LF/wes o'ts'.awe. Wa, gi'Pmese gwa'- 
lExs la'e hang a'lisaxa la'laxame. Wa, lii, dfl'x £ Idxa ga'yole la'xa 
ya'xvig Ilasa pExi't. Wa., la aLa'laxa tslEyi'me la'xa ha £ maa'- 
ts!e po'xuntsa pExi'te. Wa, la axba' £ ya qlo'sna^e la'qexs la'e 

30 ts!o'x £ wldEq qa E wi e la'wesa E'lkwa. Wa, he' £ misexs la'e xix -£ e'dEq 
qa £ wi £ la'wese la'ltslawe hamk - !ae'dza £ yas. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'- 
lExs la'e L !ep IsxsEmdEq qa L!ep!ExsEma'lesa M s maa'ts!e po'xlun- 
sa. Wa, la'xae ts !6'x £ widEq. Wa, lawe'sLe ts!Exts!ots la'xa 
la'laxame. Wa, la ''na'xwaEm he gwe'x £ I<lxa wao'kwe. Wa, 

35 g'i'Pmese £ wl e la la tslo'kwa ha £ maats!axs la'eda tslEda'qe 
klo'qfdesxa qlo'siuryaa'tsle la'laxama qa £ s lii k'lo'xstEndEq 
la'xa dE'msxe £ wa'pa cpa E s nalElta'leq qa £ wi £ lawesa E'lkwa LE £ wa 



boas) RECIPES 407 

ci off. As soon as she has finished this, she takes the | basket 

containing the gills out of the water and carries it || to the house. 40 
She. puts it down by the side of the fire of her house. | She takes a 
kettle and pours some water into it, and j when it is half full she puts 
it over the fire. When | the water begins to boil, she takes the 
IcIUmes (for that | is the name of the gills when they are cooked) 
out of the little basket || and throws them into the boiling water. 45 
When they are all j in, she takes her fire-tongs and stirs (what is in 
the kettle). The kettle is not | kept long on the fire, perhaps for | 
half an hour or a little longer. Then it is taken off. | Now it is done 
and she invites all those who like to eat gills with her. || As soon as 50 
those come who are going to eat gills with spoons, she takes | the 
spoons, gives one to each of those who are going to eat with it, then | 
the woman takes the water and gives a drink to those who are going 
to eat with spoons. | After they have drunk, they eat. with spoons. | 
The guests eat with spoons the liquid and the stomachs of the kelp- 
fish || and its gills. They just blow out of their mouths the bones, 55 
for there are bones | in the gills of the various kinds of fish. After 
they have eaten, | the woman takes water and gives it to those who 
eat with spoons with her. | Then she cools with cold water those who 
had eaten the gills with spoons, | for those who eat gill-soup perspire. || 

k'le'la. Wa, g i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e k" !o'x £ WEstEndxa q!5'sna- 38 
-vaatsle la'laxama qa £ s lii k" !6'x £ wEsdesElaq qa £ s la k - lo'gweLElaq 
[a'xes go'kwe. Wa, lii k"!o'gunolisaq lax lEgwI'lases go'kwe. Wa, 40 
la ax £ e'dxa ha'nxxanowe qa £ s guxts!o'desa £ wa'pe laq qa £ nEgo'- 
yoxsdalesexs la'e ha'nxLEiits la'xes lEgwI'le. Wa, gi'l £ mese mE- 
dElx £ wI'dExs la'e '"nfiT'iiKinrnik a da'ltslalaxa k!u'mese (qaxs he'- 
Mime laLe'gEinsa q!o'sna £ yas la'e hemex'si'lasE £ wa), la'xa la'laxame 
qa's lii axsta'las la'xa maE'mdElqula e wa'pa. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi'- 45 
da £ staxs la'e ax c "e'dxes tsle'sLala qa £ s xwe'tElga £ es laq. Wa, k!e'st!a 
a 'la Em ge'xxala ha'nxxala la'xa lsgwile, walaanawise lo £ 
■iiK.xsEg iLE'la la'xa q!a'q!alak"!a £ ye lo £ h&ya'qaxs la'e ha'nxsEn- 
dEq. Wa; 1 .i-ine ido'pa. Wa, lii Le'dalaxes k" !o'k - lomlsg'otLe. 
Wa, <i iTmese £ wl £ la g'a'xeda yoVwutaasexa klumesaxs la'e ax £ e'd- 50 
xa k"a'k - ats!Enaqe qa £ s ka's'iiles la'xes y6's £ wutLe. Wa, la £ me 
ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxa £ wa'pe qa £ s tse'x £ ides la'xes y6's £ wutLe. 
Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la. gwal na'qaxs la'e yo's £ ida. Wa, laE'm 
f widaEm yo'seda klwe'lax e wa'pas LE £ wa ha £ maats !asa pExi'te 
i.o-nies q!o'sna £ ye. W T ii, a' £ mese poxa'laxa xa'qe qaxs xagadae'da 55 
q!o'sna\yasa £ na'xwa mamao'masa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwiil yo'saxs 
la'eda tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa £ wa'pe qa £ s tse'x-'ides la'xes yoVwutda. 
Wa, Ia £ me k'oxwaxaliseda yo'sax'daxa k'.Qmese visa wnda'sta' 
-"wii'pa, qaxs a'la £ mae gegosEmale'da yo'saxa k' lomst ag idakwe. 



408 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ANN. 35 

60 Therefore they always say, "Let us | now cool ourselves with cold 
water! " and therefore the host | gives his guests fresh water to cool 
themselves. | Then those who have eaten the gills go out of the 

65 house. | This is not given at a great feast to many tribes, for || they 
never catch enough of these fish. Therefore those who catch them 
just | eat them with their wives, children, and relatives. | That is the 
end. | 
1 Roasted Kelp-Fish. — If (the woman) is really hungry, | she takes 
one of the kelp-fish, puts it down on its stomach at the right-hand 
side | of the fire, close to it, the woman facing towards the rear of 
5 the | house. The roasting fish also faces the rear || of the house. 
As soon as the steam puffs out from the body | of the fish, she turns it 
around so that it faces the | door of the house; but it is still lying on 
its stomach. It does not take long | before it is cooked. Then the 
woman takes a long | eating-mat, spreads it out outside of the place 

10 where || she is sitting (that is, away from the fire), and she takes the 
roasted kelp-fish and places it on its stomach on the | mat. Then 
she eats it. She does not | take out the intestines and the gills before 
she puts it down to be roasted | by the fire, for she takes them off 
when she begins to eat it. | Just before she begins to eat she takes a 

15 piece of cedar-wood || about a span long. With it she | scrapes off 

60 Wa, ke' £ mis la'g - ilas £ ne'keda yo'sax gwe'x'sclEmas: "Wegax ins 
k - 6x\v.-ixahsas wuda-stii' e wa'pa." La'gilasa klwelase he'x- r i(lai:ni 
la tsiix a'ltii wuda-sta' -wfi'pa qa kox'w axaledzKinses k!wele'kwe. 
Wa, laE'm a/Em hf/quwElseda k !wo'k lumesg ixcliixa k lume'se. Wa, 
kMe'sae klwe'ladzEma kliime'se la'xa qle'nEme le'lqwalaLa £ ye qaxs 

05 k!e'sae qlEvo'LanEmenoxwa, la'g - ilas le'xa'meda axa'nEmaq 
h& £ ma'pEq LE E wis gEnF.'me i.E-wi's sa'sume Lo £ mis LeLELa'la. Wa, 
laE'm gwii'la. 
1 Roasted Kelp-Fish. — Wa, g - i'l £ mesc a'lak'lala po'sqlaxs la'e 
da'x -£ Idxa £ nE'me pEX'I'ta qa £ s mano'lises lax helk" lodEnwa'li- 
sases lEgwI'le yixs gwe'gEmlilaeda ts!Eda'rje la'xa o'gwiwahlases 
g'o'kwe. Wa, la gwe'gEmld £ Emxaeda pExu'te la'xa o'gwiwall- 
5 lasa g'6'kwe. Wa, g'i'Pmese k'ixu'mx'siiweda k"!i'lEla lax o'klwi- 
na £ j T asa pExItaxs la'e xwe'lElIlaq qa gwe'gEmx -£ Ides la'xa t!exi'- 
liisa go'kwe. Wa, laE'm mano'litsii'ma. Wii, k"!e'st!a gae'- 
Iexs la'e L!o']>a. Wa, lie'x £ ida £ mesa tslEda'qe ax f c'dxa g - ildE- 
dzowe ha e madzo' le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEplall'les lax L!a'sa £ yases k!wae'- 

10 lase. Wii, lii ax^e'dxa mae'dzEkwe pEx'It qa £ s madzo'des la'xa 
le' £ wa £ ye. Wa, hi"''x- £ ida £ mese LlE'xwaq. Wii, la £ me hewa'xa la'- 
WEyodx tslEyi'mas le £ wis q!o'sna £ yaxs k-!e's £ mex-de mano'lisaq 
la'xes lEgwi'le qaxs a'l £ mae la'wiyodqexs la'e ha £ ma'pEq. Wa, 
he' £ misexs g-iTmae ha' £ maaqexs la'e a'Em &x £ e'dxa k!wa s XLa'we 

15 wa'laanawise lo £ £ nE'mp!Enk- la'xEns q!wa'q!wax-ts!ana £ yex qa £ s 



boas] RECIPES 409 

the scales and the skin ; and when it is all off, | she eats it. She does not 1 7 
dip it into grease, because it is very fat. | I have forgotten this, that 
the woman also beats | the body of the kelp-fish before she puts it 
down on its stomach to roast by the fire, || so as to loosen the bones 20 
from the meat. | 

After she has eaten the kelp-fish, she drinks | water, but not much, 
for it tastes salt. That is the reason why she does not drink much | 
water, for she knows that she has to keep on drinking water. | Only 
the one who has caught the fish eats it roasted by the fire while lying 
on its stomach; || for she only does this with the kelp-fish when she 25 
is very hungry | when she comes home, after having been fishing 
with her fish-trap. | That is the reason why she. puts one kelp-fish 
down on its belly by the fire, | for it takes a very short time to be 
done. Old women | eat kelp-fish roasted by the fire while lying on 
its belly; for it is || too dirty for young women, because the | intes- 30 
tines and the gills are in it, and the scales are also on it; for | they 
are afraid to eat the scales of the fish, because it often kills | those 
who eat them with the meat, because they stick in the throat and 
the}- can not get out | the scales when they eat the kelp-fish. There 
is no way of getting them out when they are || stuck hi the throat, 35 
and our throat gets sore when we | swallow them. Now I have 
finished talking about this. I 



k'exa'lex g5'bEtas LE £ wis Lle'se. Wa, gi'l £ mese e wl e laxs la'e 16 
harnx £ I'dEq. Wit las'm k'les tslEpa's la'xa Lle £ na qaxs tsE'n- 
xwae. Wa, he'xoLEn LlEle' £ wesoxs tlE'lx-'wIdamaeda tslEda,'- 
qax o'k!wina £ yasa pEX'i'taxs k'!e's £ mae mano'lisas la'xes lEgwI'le 
qa k - !E'nx -£ Ides xa'qas la'xes qlEmlale. 20 

Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwiil ha £ ma'pxa pExi'taxs la'e nage'k'ilaxa 
'wa'pexa k'le'se qle'nEma qaxs dE'niplae, la'gila k - !es qle'k'.'Esxa 
Sva'pe qaxs q!o'LEla £ maaxs he'mEnePmeLe na'qalxa £ wa'pe. Wii, 
iaE'mxaa lex'aEm ha £ ma'pxa mano'lidzEkwe pExiteda axa'nEmaq 
qaxs le'x'a-'mae he gwe'x -£ idaatsexa pExi'texs a'lak'lalae po'sqlaxs 25 
g'a'xae nii' £ nakiixs LEqex - diises LEgE'me la'xa pEX'I'te. Wa, 
he' £ mis la'g'ila ha'labala mano'lisasa £ nE'me pEX'I't la'xes lEgwI'- 
laxs Lo'max -£ Idae £ nEma'l £ IdExs la'e Llo'pa. He' £ meda laE'lklwa- 
na £ ye ha £ ma'pxa mamVlidzEkwe la'xa lEgwI'le pExi'ta qaxs k - !El- 
ta'maaseda ealostii'gase ha £ ma'pEq qaxs £ wl £ la £ mae axa'les yax - - 30 
yig'ile LE £ wis q!o'sna £ ye, wa, he'misLaLeda go'bEt!Ena £ yas, y?xs 
k'ilE'mae ha' £ ma £ yeda go'bEtasa pEX'i'te qaxs qlilna'lae ga £ yala- 
tsa ha'mg;ik u LE £ wis qlEmlale, juxs paqlExa'eda k'le'se kwe'sodxa 
go'bEtaxs ha £ ma'paaxa jiEX'I'te. Wii, la k - lea's gflyo'Lasqexs la'e 
klude'l la'xEns qloqlo'nex. Wa, ;i £ mes la xas £ e'de q.'o'qlonasa 35 
hamk'i £ na'lacj. Wii, la £ niEn gwiil gwa'g\vex - s £ ala laq. 



410 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

1 Perch 1. — The 1 wife cuts open the perch, so that | the gills come off, 
and the intestines: and as soon as all the intestines | and the gills 
have been taken out. she throws them out of the house. She cuts 
(the perch) open with her fish-knife, and she scrapes the body so 
5 that the ]| scales come off. When they are all off, she cuts across 
the body, in this manner: J ^-fTTT>>^ ^ s00n as sne Qas 
finished, she takes her kettle Q°J)j I I I I ]T~1 anc ^ pours some 
water into it: and when it is ^ half full, she put- 
it on the tire. When it boils, she takes the opened perch and 

in puts them into it. When they are all in. the man takes his tongs 
and stirs them. They stay for about half an hour according to 
the watch boding over the fire. Then they are taken off of the 
fire. Now the boded perch is done. Then the woman takes her 
>ns and gives one to each of those who are to eat the || boded 
perch. When each lias one spoon, they put the kettle of boiled 
perch in front of those who are to eat the boiled perch, and they 
begin to eat it with spoons. First they take out the backbone and 
tiie ribs: and when they have all been taken out. they take out the 

20 heads and suck them, for | they are very fat: and when the fat is 
all off. they suck out the eyes: and when these are off. they break 
them to pieces and suck out the brains: and when these are out. 

1 Perch (1). — Wii, 1 la-me gEiiEmas t!Ex £ widxa Lamawe qa la waves 
q!osna £ yas LE £ wes yiixvig lie. Wii. gil £ niese E wi e lawa yaxyiglle 
i.E-wa q!osna £ yaxs la'e k'ladsq lax l !asana £ y ases g"6kwe. Wa. 
laEin heEm t lEkfdases xwai.avowe. Wa, la koset!edEq qa lawales 
5 gobEt !Ena £ yas. Wa. gil £ mese -w idaxs lae qatet ledsq g a gwalega 
g il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ e lxes hanxLanowe qa £ s 
guxtslodesa E wape laq qa nEgoydxsdalesexs lae hanxLEnts taxes 
lEgwTle. Wa. gil="mese niEdElx £ widEXs lae iix-edxa t .'Egikwe 
i.amawa qa £ s axstEn les Laq. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la £ staxs lae 

10 dax £ ideda DEgwanEmaxes ts!esLala qa £ s xwetledeq. Wa. laxEiit.'a 
nExsEg tLElagUa lax q!aq!alak'!a £ yaxEns ="nalax yix E wa £ wasLalasas 
laxa lEgwIle maEmdElqulaxs lae hanxsano laxa lEgwile. Wa, 
laEm Llopa LEmx n stagi £ lakwe laxeq. Wa. hex-ida-mesa tslEdaqe 
ax £ e lxes k'ak'Ets lEnaqe qa £ s la tslEwanaesas laxa yosaLaxa 

1 5 LF.mx J stag rdakwe. Wa. g il £ mese E wllxtoxa kak'EtslEnaqaxs lae 
hanxdzamSlllEma leiiix - _ ts!e hanxLanolaxa LELEnix-staa- 
guLaxa LEmx u stagi £ lakwe. Wa. laxda-xwe £ yos £ Ida. Wa. laEm 
he g il xF.lostayoseda xEmomowega £ yas LE £ wa xaqe. Wa. 
g il £ mese E wi £ lostaxs lae xElostalax hext!a £ yas qa-'s klExweq qaxs 

20 Ldmae tsEnxwa. Wa. g iPmese E wi £ lawe tsEnxwa £ yasexs lae 
k!umt !ults!alax gegEbEloxsta £ yas. Wa. giPmese -wi £ lax lae wewe- 
xsEnd qa £ s klumt Iilltslodexa lEqwas. Wa. g"il £ mese £ wl £ laqexs lae 

'Continued from p. 1S4, line 21. 



boas J RECIPES 411 

they throw the sucked head-bones into the fire, j When this is 
done, they eat the liquid with the meat; || and when they have had - 1 " 1 
enough, they stop eating with spoons and they drink a little water. J 
That is what the Indians refer to as "cooling off;" and when they 
finish, | they go out. That is all about one way | of the Kwakiutl 
of cooking perch. There is only one way of cooking it. | 

(2) This is the manner in which the perch is cooked by the Koskimo. 
It || is cut open in the same way as I said first, and the scales arc 30 
scraped off. | When the intestines and the gills and the | scales arc 
off, the woman squeezes out the stomach and the guts, and | she 
squeezes out the slime of the gills. After she has done so, she 
throws (the perch) into a dish, and she does this with all the others. || 
When this is done, she takes her kettle and pours some [ water into 35 
it, a little less than half full. Then she puts it on the fire. | When 
it begins to bod, she takes the whole perch | and puts them into the 
kettle; and when they are all in, | she takes the intestines thai had 
been squeezed out, the stomach, and the || gdls, and puts them in. 40 
She lets this boil for maybe more than | half an hour according to 
the watch. | Then the kettle is taken off the fire. Now it is done. ] 
They never stir it, for it is called "whole perch." | The woman 

tslExLEndxes k!wax u mdte xaqsa liext !a\ve laxa lEgwile. Wii, 23 
gil-mese gwiilExs lae £ yos £ Idxa £ wapala i.k'wii qlEmlale. Wa, 
g il'mese pol £ ldExs lae gwal £ yosa. Wa,l a xiiLEx-ld nax £ Idxa £ wape. 25 
HeEm. gwE £ yosa bakliime koxwaxoda. Wa, gil £ mese gwalsxs lae 
hoquwElsa. . Wa, laEm gwala £ nEmx -£ idala ha £ mexsllaenexa i.aniawe 
yisa Kwagule. yixs £ nEmx £ idala £ mae ha £ mexsilaena £ yaq. 

(2) Wii, ga £ mes h.Vmexsllaenesa Gosg'imoxwaxa Lamawe, yixs he £ - 
maegweg'ilaxs lae t !F,kwaqlaxEn gale waldr.ma i.oxs lae k'osalayiwes 30 
gobEte. W r a, gil-'niese ; \\i"la\\e vaxvigilas LE £ wa q!osna £ ye LE £ wa 
gobEtasexs laeda tslEdaqe x Ix""Ii1ex moqulas LE £ wis ts!i:nexe. Wii, 
la qlwesalax klelasa q!6sna £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese gwalsxs lae ts!F.x- 
tslots laxa loqlwe. Wii. lii £ naxwaEm he gwex -£ idxa waokwe. Wii, 
gil £ mese £ wi £ la gwalExs lae ax £ etlxes hanx'Lanowe qa £ s giixts!odesa 35 
£ wape laq. Wii, la bEnk" !oldza £ yaxs lae hiinx i.E.nts laxes lEgwile. 
Wii, gil-mese mEiiElx'wIdExs lae ax'edxa amEmk - Ilnala Eamawa 
qa £ s axstEndes laxa hiinx Lanowe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wPlastaxs lae 
ax-'clxa xigikwe tslEnexa qa £ s axstEndes LE £ wa moqfila ir/wa 
q!osna £ ye. Wii, lit mF.dElx-'wida. Wa, laxi-:nt !a hayaqax qexse- 40 
glLElagila laxEns q !aq !alak - layaxsEns E nalaqe £ wa £ wasLalasas ma- 
EmdF.lqfdaxs lae hanxsanowa laxa lEgwile. Wa, laEm l !opa. Wii, 
laEm hewiixa xwet letsE'wa (|axs he £ mae LegadEs amstaekwe i.ama'ya. 
Wa, lada tslEdaqe axedxes loqlwe LE £ wis gEiEmx'ii XElyowa qa £ s 



412 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 85 

45 takes her dish and her rib-strainer, and || she puts down the dish by 
the side of the kettle with whole perch; | and she takes the rib- 
strainer and lifts out the whole boiled perch | and puts them into 
the dish. She puts | all the perch crosswise into the dish. | When 
they are all in the dish, she goes and puts (the dish) down in front of 

50 those || who are going to eat the whole perch. The men immediately | 
pick off (the meat) and put it into the | mouth. When they have 
nearly eaten everything, the host takes | spoons and gives one to 
each of his guests; and as soon as | each has one, he takes up the 

55 kettle in which the perch had been boiled and || pours the liquid of 
the boiled perch into the dish. | He pours it on what is left over 
of the boiled perch. | As soon as the dishes are nearly full, he goes 
back, carrying the kettle; | and he puts it down at the end of the 
fire, towards the door. Then | the men eat with spoons the liquid 

60 and the gills and the stomach, || as it has been boiled, and the intes- 
tines; and when they have eaten enough, they stop. | That is what 
the ancient Indians call "washing down the food." Then | they go 
out. They never drink water, for they know that they | will drink 
water when they notice a salty taste of what they have eaten, | and 

65 it is not very long before they wish to drink water. Then || they 
drink. That is all. I 



45 hanolilesa loq !we laxa fimstaakwilats!axa Lamawe hanxxanowa. 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa gElEmxa xElyowa qa e s xElostalexa amEmk" linala 
hanxxaak" Lamawa qa £ s la xEltslalas laxa loqlwe. Wa, laEm 
£ naxwaEm geyaleda Lamawaxs lae yeyax u ts!a laxa loq!we. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ wl £ la la yax u ts!a laxa loq!waxs lae kaxdzamolllas laxa 

50 amEmk- linalagiLaxa Lamawe. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese xamaxtsla- 
naleda £ niixwa bebEgwanEmxs lae epaq qa £ s ts.'oqhlsEles laxes 
sEmse. Wa, g'ibmese Elaq £ wl £ laqe,xs laeda Le £ lanEmaq Sx £ edxa 
k - ak"Ets lEnaqe qa £ s lii ts!Ewanaesas laxes Le £ lanEme. Wa, g'il- 
-mese £ wllxt6xs lae k!oqflldxa amEmk!inalag'I £ lats!e hanxxanowa 

55 qa £ s lii guqosas £ wapalasa LEmx u stag-i £ lakwe laxa loq!wa. Wa, 
lai:m aEm gugeglnts laxa ha £ motasa LEmx u Laxwaxa Lamawe. Wa, 
g-il £ mese Eliiq qotlaxs lae xwelaqa k!6xstolilElaxa hanxxanowe 
qa £ s lii hfingalllas laxa obexxalalilases lEgwile. Wa, laxda-'xwe 
£ yos £ ideda bebEgwaiiEmaxa £ wapalas LE £ wa q!osna £ ye LE £ wa moqu- 

60 laxs lae L!opa LE £ wa tslEnexe. Wa, gibmese pol-'IdExs lae gwslla. 
Wa, heEm gwE £ yosa g-ale bak!iim niEkwaxalise. Wa, laEm hoqfl- 
wElsa. Wa, laEm hewaxa nagekilax £ wapa qaxs q!aLEla £ maaxs 
nax £ ida £ meLaxa £ wilpe qo lal qliikalqexs dEni])!aes ha £ max-de. 
Wa, k - !est!a alaEm giilaxs lae nanaqlesdgilaxa £ wape. Wa, he : mis 

65 la nagatse. Wa, laEm gwala. 



boas] RECIPES 413 

Roasted Perch. — Perch is roasted by the side of the fire; and | they 66 
take the perch just out of the basket and put it down | under the 
side-pieces of the fire of the house. They never | take out the 
intestines and gills and scales. 'When || the scales are scorched, (the 70 
woman) turns it over so that what was the outer side is inside, j 
Then the woman watches it until the steam comes through | on the 
inner side all along the body. She does not | let the steam come 
through for a long time, before it is done. | Then she takes her food- 
mat and spreads it out outside || of her seat. She takes her tongs 75 
and with them lifts the | roasted perch and puts it on the food- 
mat, | and she takes a piece of broken cedar-stick and with it she 
scrapes off the scorched | scales. When they are all off, she picks 
off the | meat with her fingers and puts it into her mouth. After 
she has finished, she || takes water, takes a mouthful and squirts it 80 
into her | hands and washes them; and as soon as she has done so, 
she | rinses her mouth; and after that she drinks a little | water. 
That is all about this. | 

Flounder. — When it is calm weather and the tide is coming in, | 1 
the flounder-fisherman launches his small flounder-fishing canoe, | 
and he puts the flounder-spear on the left-hand side of his | flounder- 



Roasted Perch. — MaedzEk" Lamawa laxa lEgwile, yixs a £ mae 66 
dolts loyEweda Lamawe laxa lExa £ ye qa £ s la manolidzEm lax awa- 
btVyasa kak - EdEnwa £ yasa lEgwIlasa gokwe. Wa, laEni hewaxa 
lawoyiwe yaxyigilas LE £ wes q!osna £ ye LE £ wis gobEte. Wa, gil'mese 
k!uniElx £ kle gobEtasexs lae xwelEllsaq qa L!asot!Endesa §Lot!E- 70 
nexde. Wa, likla tslsdaqe doqwalaq qa kixumxsawesa klalEla 
lax aLot!Ena £ yas Lo-ine £ wasgEmasas ogwida £ yas. Wa, k!es £ inese 
alaEm gegilll k'Exumxsaleda k!alEla lax ogwlda-yasexs lae Llopa. 
Wa, la ax-edxes ha £ madzowe le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEp!alIleq lax Llasallla- 
ses klwaelase. Wa, la ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s k!ip!edes laxa mae- 75 
dzEkwe Lamawa qa £ s la k' !ibr,dz6ts laxa ha £ madzowe te £ wa £ ya. Wa, 
a £ mese ax £ edxa k - oq!a £ ye k!wa £ XLa.wa qa £ s k'exales laxa k!um £ la 
gobEta. Wa, gil £ mese e wPlaxs lae xamaxts!anaxs lae epaxa 
qlEmlale qa £ s ts!oq!usEles laxes sEmse. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae 
ax £ edxa £ wape qa £ s hamsgEmdeqexs lae hamxtsIaiiEnts laxes 80 
e £ eyasowaxs lae ts tents !Enx £ wada. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
tslEweLlExoda. Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs lae xai.!Ex -£ Id nax £ klxa 
£ wape. Wa laEm gwal laxeq. 

Flounder. — Wa, giPmese k!imaqElaxa yo £ naknlaxs lae wi £ x u stEn- 1 
deda hanx £ enoxwaxa paesaxes papayaats !§Le xwaxwaguma. Wa, 
la k - at!alExsaxes papayayowe saEntslo lax gEmxaga £ yasa papa- 



414 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [bth. ann. 35 

5 fishing canoe, the prongs pointing to the place || where the fisherman 
is sitting in the stern of the flounder-fishing canoe. | He paddles 
seaward with his flounder-fishing paddle. As soon | as he comes to 
a place where the water is two fathoms deep, he | looks down, resting 
on his left hand, looking for | flounders. He backs-water with his 

10 flounder-fishing paddle, and is j| going astern. As soon as he discovers 
a flounder, he paddles ahead | to stop his flounder-fishing canoe; and 
when I the canoe stops, he puts the flounder-fishing paddle into the 
canoe, and | he takes his flounder-spear and puts it into the water, 
anil he spears | the flounder in the middle, pulls it up, and shakes 

15 it off in the bow || of his flounder-fishing canoe; and he just goes on 
in the same way with the | others. As soon as he has caught many 
flounders, he goes home to his | house. | 

When he arrives at the beach of his house, his wife | comes and 

20 picks up a small basket, and she goes down to the beach carrying || the 
small basket. Then she puts it down in the middle of the flounder- 
fishing I canoe. She takes the flounders and puts them into the 
small basket; | and when the flounder-basket is full, she lifts it out 
of the canoe | and carries it up the beach into her house, and | she 
puts it down in the corner of her house. || 

25 Then she takes her small kettle and pours some water into it, and 
she washes it out until it is clean; and as soon as ah the dirt is out, | 

yaats!e xwaxwaguma lasm gwasbale dzedzeguraas lax k!wax- 
5 dzasasa papayaenoxwe lax oxLa £ yases papayaats!e xwaxwaguma. 
Wa, la sex £ wut!ases papayax'sa £ yase sewayowa. Wa, gil £ mese 
lagaa laxa malplEiikas E walaedzas laxEns baLaxs lae IiexMze- 
gEinx'Ida qa £ s qslkwalexes gEmxot!Ena £ yaxs lae hanxEnsEla alax 
paesa. Wa, lae pElki s lala £ masxes papavax'sa £ yase sewayoxs lae 

10 k!ik!E £ nakfda. Wa, gil £ mese dox £ waLElaxa paesaxs lae sasewala 
qa wulgaaLa £ yeses papayaatsle xwaxwaguma. Wa, gil £ mese 
-wiclgaaLExs lae kat !alExsaxes pepayax'sa £ yase sewayowa qa £ s 
dax £ idexes papayayowe sai:nts!axs lae mEclEnsas qa e s sEx ,£ Idexa 
nEgEdza £ yasa paesaxs lae nexostodEq qa E s k!ib"fdExses lax ag'iwa- 

15 £ yases papayaatsle xwaxwaguma. Wa, a £ mese la hexsa gwegilaxa 
waokwe. Wa, gil £ mese qlEyoLxa paesaxs lae na £ nakwa laxes 
gokwe. 

Wa, g'iPmese lag'alis lax L!Ema £ isases g'okwaxs lae gEiiEiuas 
kMoqulIlxa Lalaxame qa-'s la. tentsIesEla h"ixa iJEma £ ise k'loqtilaxa 

20 lalaxame qa e s la hang'aalExsas lax nEgoya £ yasa papayaatsle xwa- 
xwaguma. Wa, lii ax £ edxa paese qa £ s la k!ixts!illas laxa lalaxame. 
Wa, gihmese qotleda payatsle lalaxamaxa paesaxs lae klogiilExsaq 
qa e s la k' !6x £ wiisdesElaq qa £ s la kMogwlLElaq laxes gokwe qa £ s lii 
k!ox £ wal!laq lax onegwilases gokwe. 

25 Wa, la ax £ edxes ha £ nEme qa £ s giixtslodesa £ wiipe laqexs lae 
ts!oxugindEq qa exts!owes. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ lawe £ yflgiga £ yasexs 



boas] EECIPES 415 

she pours away the dirty water with which she washed it out: and 27 
she pours in some more water, | until it is half full, and she puts il 
on the fire. After | she has done so, she takes her fish-knife and sits 
down alongside of the || flounder basket; and she takes out one of the 30 
flounders and cuts open | the belly, which contains the intestines, 
in this manner at X : ^^^^^^ I ^ s soon ^ sne turns over the 
white side, she pulls \^^ /-JJ) out the intestines. | She cuts 
off the intestines close ^^^^s^^"^ to their end. at the gills. | She 
does not take off the gills from the head. || As soon as she has taken 35 
out the intestines, it is in this way: | /-—> Then she cuts 

down to the bone on each side cross- jv.^^^"^' 3 ^ wise, in this 
manner: | ^r-T~n\ W ien ^ lls ^~^S\~^JCX^ has been done, 

she puts it r^- — - <M i((°) on an ohl ^ un L7 mat that lias 

been spread ^~^^LJ_l-\^ out, | and she does the same with the 
others; and Ls when that lias been done, she | cuts off 

the tails: and when they have been cut off, the water in the floun- 
der-kettle begins to boil. || She takes it off and puts it down by the hi 
side | of her fire, and she takes spht cedar-sticks and measures 
them off | so that they are the size of the flounder-cooking kettle 
crosswise. | Then she breaks off eight of them. When she has clone • 
so, she puts | four on the water of the flounder-cooking kettle, || and 45 
she takes the four others and puts them crosswise over the four that are 



lae guqodxa neqwa tsloxiigindmot £ wapExs lae guxtslotsa £ wape 27 
laq qa nEgoyoxsdalisexs lae hanxLEnts laxes lEgwIle. Wa, gll- 
£ mese gwalExs lae ax-'edxes xwaLayowe qa £ s lit klwagiigilllxa 
pa vats !e lalaxama qa e s dax'Idexa £ nEme laxa paese qa £ s xwaltse- 30 
£ stalex yax'yig'Hatslas tEk'lasa paesexa ga gwalega (fig.) yix x. 
Wa, gll'mese nELawa e mEladza £ yaxs lae gElxndts !odxa yaxyigile. 
Wii, la t!osodEX magaamVyasa awana £ yasa yaxyigile laxa q!os- 
na £ ye. Wa, laEm k!es axodxa q!osna £ ye laxa hex"t!a £ yas. Wa, 
g il £ mese £ wl £ lawa yaxyigllaxs lae ga gwalega (fig.). 35 

Wii, laqaqEdEdzodEx wax - sadza e yas g'a gwalega (fig.). Wa, gil- 
E mese gwalExs lii k!igEdzots laxa k"!ak"!obane LEbela. Wa, la 
lieEmxat! gwex £ Idxa waokwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la gwalExs lae t!o- 
salax ts!asna £ yas. Wa, gll'Enixaawise £ wl £ laxs lae maEmdElqule pa- 
stag'riats !as hanx Lanowa. Wa, lil hanx - s e EndEq qa £ s hamolises 40 
laxes lEgwIle. Wii, lii ax £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ xLiiwa qa £ s niEns £ Ides 
liix wadzEq lExsdaasasa pastag"i e lats !e hanxxanowaxs lae kokoxsEn- 
dsq qa malgiinalts !aqes. Wa, g'il'mese gwalExs iae LEx u stEntsa 
mots !aqe laxa £ wabEts !awasa pastagi £ lakwe hanx xanowa. Wa, laxae 
ax £ edxa motslaqe qa £ s gek iyindes laxa la LEx u stala motslaqa (fig. 1 ). 45 

1 See figure on p. 416. 



416 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



[ETH. ANN. 35 



46 in it. (Then it is this way:) ,,-rv. | Now the broken cedar-sticks 
are floating on the hot | water; /~~~N and she takes the clean floun- 
ders and lays them on top \ -j of the | cedar-sticks; and she 

takes three more pieces of 4 - 1 ^ K broken | cedar-sticks and lays 
511 them on the flounder lengthwise; and || she takes another floun- 
der- and lays it on top of it, so that it is crosswise | on the first one; 
and she takes three pieces of broken | cedar-sticks and lays them on 

and she does this to every 
water enters between them, 
sticks laid between boiled 
broken cedar-sticks in the 
are called | " cross-cedar- 
When all | this has been 
the 




top of it, in this way: 

one, | so that the hot 

Tins is called | " cedar- 
55 flounders;" and || the 

bottom of the kettle 

sticks of the whole boiled flounders.' 

done, she puts her flounder-cooking kettle on the fire; and 

flounders stay on the fire boding for about half an hour according 
60 to the watch. | Then she takes them off the fire and puts || them 

down outside of the place where she is sitting. Then she takes 

a disli and | the bone strainer, and she puts (the dish) down by 

the side of the kettle in which the whole flounders have been 
• cooked. | She puts the bone strainer under the topmost one of the | 

flounders, so that it docs not break to pieces when she lifts it out, and 

she puts it into the | dish of the one who is to eat the flounder; and 
65 she does the same with the others. || As soon as she has taken the 

boiled flounders out of the kettle, she puts them into a dish | in front 

46 Wa, laEm pEX'aleda k - 6k - oxsaakwe k!wa £ xLawa laxa ts!Elx u sta 
£ wapa. Wa, la ax £ edxa tslewalagEkwe paes qa £ s paqEyindes laxa 
k!wa e xLawe. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa yudux u ts!aqe kokoxsaakwe 
k !wa £ XLawa qa £ s kak'EdEdzodales laxa paese laxes gildolase. Wa, 

50 laxae ax £ edxa £ nEine paesa qa £ s paqEyindes liiq qa gEyales laxa 
gllx'de axtsloyos. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa yudux u ts!aqe kogEk" k!wa £ x- 
Lawa qa £ s kak"EdEdzodes laq, g"a gwaleg'a {jig.)- Wa, la £ naxwaEm 
he gwex £ IdEq qa lalak'esa ts!Elx u sta £ wape laq. Wa, heEm LegadEs 
k - ak Etawa £ yasa pastag'Wakwe k!wa £ xi,awa. Wii, he £ mis Legadeda 

55 banaxxa £ ye k okoxsaak u k!\va £ xLawa lax banaxLa^yasa hanxLanowe 
gayaxLe k!\va £ xLa,9a amstaekwe pastagi £ lakwa. Wa, gil f mese e wPla 
gwalExs lae hanxLEnts laxes paeselaxdEma lEgwIla. Wa, laxEnt!a 
nExsEgiLElagila laxsns q!alak'!ayaxEns £ nalaqe £ wa £ wasLalasas laxa 
paeselaxdEma lEgwIlExs lae hanxsEndF.q laxes lEgwfie qa £ s hang'a- 

60 files lax Lhisalllases k!waelase. Wa, la ax £ edxa loq!we LE £ wa 
xf.Ivowc xaxxit qa £ s la ha £ nohlas laxes amstaekwe pastagi £ lakwa. 
Wa, lii aekilaxs lae xElabotses xaxx - a XElyo laxa Ek!Ek'Eya £ ye 
paesa qa k'leses q!wel £ Idaxs lae xElostEndEq qa £ s la xEltslots laxa 
paspEts !ats !6l6 loqlwa. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gwex -£ Idxa waokwe. 

65 Wa, glPmese £ wegilteda pastagi £ lats!e hanxxanoxs lae kagEmll- 



boas] RECIPES 417 

of those who are to eat the boiled whole flounders; and | immedi- 07 
ately those who arc to eat the flounders begin to eat, taking them up 
in the hands. | Some Indians call this "flounder-eating." They 
suck | the bones and the head and the gills while they are eating the || 
meat. When they have eaten it all, then water is given to them to | 70 
rinse their mouth, and they drink. This is all about | one manner 
(of cooking flounder). | 

Flounder eaten with Spoons. — The | cutting of the flounder is the 
same as the cutting of the whole boiled flounder, || the only difference 75 
being that there are no broken cedar-sticks, for | it is just put into 
the water when it begins to boil. When it has been | boiling a little 
while, it is stirred so that it breaks; and when j the meat comes oft' 
from the bones, it is done. Then [ the flounder-cooking kettle is 
taken off the fire, and || a little oil is taken and poured into it. Then | SO 
the woman takes the spoons and distributes them among those who 
are to eat | the boiled flounder. The woman takes dishes and a | large 
spoon, and puts the dishes down by the side of the | flounder-cook- 
ing kettle: and she takes the Large spoon and || dips the boiled floun- 85 
dcr out of the kettle, | and puts into the flounder-dish all the liquid 
and the meat. The dishes are half full of it. | Then it is placed in 
front of the flounder-eaters, who immediately | eat the flounder. 

Ieiii liixa paspEsLaxa amstaek" hanxLaakwe paesa. Wa, hex -£ i- 
ihr'mese piispESLaq xamaxts lanases e £ eyasowaxs lae hamx £ IdEq. 66 
Wa, la £ nekeda waokwe bakluma paspEs £ eda. Wa, laEm k - Ilxwax 
xaqas LE £ wa hext!a £ yas lo £ q!osna £ yas, ylxs laaLal q!Emlq!alEX 
qlEmlalas. Wa, gi"l £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae tsex-Ttsa £ wape laq qa 
tslEweLlExoyos. Wa, lii nax £ Idexs lae gwala. Wa, laEm gwal laxa 70 
-iiKiux'-'idala. 

Flounder eaten with Spoons ( ; yi;wek" paes). Wa, heEm gwale 
xwax.a £ yasa paese xwaLa £ yasa amstaekwe hanxLaakwe paesa. Wa, 
lexa-'mes ogiiqalayosexs k'leosae kokoxsaak" k!wa e XLawa ylxs 
a £ mae axstEndayo laxa E wapaxs lae maEmdElqiila. Wa, lii gagala 75 
maEmdElqulaxs lae xwet!etsE £ wa qa q !weq liilts !es. Wa, giPmese 
kMinEmgiLEleda qtemlale laxa xaqaxs lae rdSpa. Wii, laEm hanx-- 
sanoweda pastagidatsle laxa pastag"ilax"dEm lEgwIla. Wii, lii ax £ e- 
tsE £ wa holale L!e £ na qa J s k!unq!Egi;nie Laq. Wii, la £ me ax £ ededa 
tslEdaqaxa k - ak - Ets!Enaqe qa £ s ts lEwanaeses laxa pEpastaguLaxa SO 
pastagi £ lakwe. Wii, lii ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxa loElqlwe LE £ wa 
e walase k'ats!Eiiaqa. Wa, la mEXEnolilElasa loEkjIwe liixa pasta- 
gi £ lats!e hanxxanowa. Wii, lii ax £ edxa £ walase katslEnaqa qa £ s 
tsaj*olts!ales laxa pastagi-lakwe qa £ s lii tsetslalas laxa piispEyats!eLe 
loq!wa £ wl £ leda £ wapala LE £ wa qlEmlale. Wii, lii naEiigoyoxsdaleda 85 
loElqlwaqexs lae kagEmlelEm laxa paspESLaq. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese 
75052 — -\ — 35 kih — pt 1 27 



418 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 86 

They eat it with spoons; and | when tliey have eaten, they drink a 
90 little water to cool themselves; || and alter drinking, they go out. 
That is all | about it. | 
1 Steamed Flounder (Flounders steamed standing on edge on 
stones). — (The man gathers driftwood, and when he thinks he has 
enough to steam on stones the flounders put on edge, he goes home to his 
house. When it is high water, he throws out the driftwood on the 
beach of Ins house;) and ' when all the driftwood is out, | he takes two 
medium-sized pieces of | drift wood not quite one fathom in length, | 
5 and puts them down above high-water mark. They are four || spans 
apart. He takes | easily-splitting cedar-wood and splits it into | 
thin pieces to start the lire, ami he puts them down between the | two 
side-pieces of the fire. Then he takes medium-sized dry | driftwood 
and puts it down on top, so that the top is on the same level as the || 
10 two side-pieces. Then he puts driftwood crosswise over them. | As 
soon as it reaches from one end to the other the whole length of the 
two side-pieces, he | takes a medium-sized basket and goes to pick 
up medium-sized fresh stones, | and puts them into his stone carrying- 
basket. When it is full, J he carries it up and pours the stones on top 
15 of the cross-pieces on which the flounders are to he steamed. || He 
continues doing this, and does not stem until the stones are thick | 
over the top of it. Then he lights a fire under | them at each end. 

88 paspEs £ edExda £ xwa. Wii, lai'.m £ yos £ itses kfik Ets!Eiiaqe laq Wa, 
g ih'mese £ wl-'laqexs lae \aL!K\""Id nax-iilxa £ wape qa £ s k'oxwaxodes 

90 laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwal naqaxs lae boquwElsa. Wa, laEin gwal 
laxeq. 
1 Steamed Flounder ( £ nEg-Ek u k!ot!aak u paes). Wii, gtl £ mese £ wl- 
£ !<>lta\\a qlexalaxs lae hex £ idaKm ax-edxa £ nialts!aqe ha £ yal £ agit 
<l lexalaxa halsEla £ me k!es £ nEmp!Eiikes awiisgEmase laxEns biii.ax 
qa £ s k ;it F.mgalises lax 5La £ vasa £ yax"mute. Wa, lii mop!Enke 
5 awalagalaasas laxEns q !waq !wax"ts !ana £ yex. Wii, lii ax £ edxa 
egaqwa lax xasEwe k!wa e xLawa qa £ s xoxox"sEiideq qa am £ ama- 
yastowes qa £ s galastoya. Wa, lii LoLaxots lax awagawa £ yasa 
E malts!aqe k'ak"EdEnwa £ ya. Wa, lii ax £ edxa ha £ vala £ stowe Innixwa 
qlexala qa f s LoxQylndales laq. Wa, giPmese e nEmakiya i.E £ wa 

10 £ malts!aqe kak EdEnwexs lae gekiyindalasa qlexale laq. Wa, 
g'il £ mese lslbEnd lax £ wasgEmasasa £ malts!aqe kak'EdEnwa £ ye, lae 
ax £ edxa hi'ta li:xa £ va qa e s lii niEnaxa ha £ yal £ a alEXSEm t!esEma 
qa £ s lii t!axts!alas hixes t!iigats!e h;xa £ ya Wii, g ihinese qotlaxs 
lae k'!ox £ usdesaq qa £ s lii qEpEyints laxes t leqwapdEmaLaxa ]>aese. 

15 Wit, lii hexsiiEm gwegile. Wii, al £ mese gwiilsxs lae wakwa 
tlesEine la hamElqEye lax 6ku £ ya £ yas. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese tsena- 
botsagulta lax £ waxsl)a'\as Wa, g11 £ mese xlqostaxs lae ax £ edxa 

1 Continued trom p. lxl, line 62. 



boas] RECIPES 419 

As soon as it flames up, he takes the | basket in which he carried up 18 
the stones, and | carries it down to his fishing-canoe. Then he takes 
the flounders || and places them in the basket. When it is full, he | 20 
takes up the flounder-basket and carries it to the wood-pile. | He takes 
an old unit and spreads it out on the beach. Then | he takes the 
flounder-basket and pours the flounders on to the old \ mat, so that 
they lie on it- Then he goes back to the beach and || brings up the 25 
rest of the flounders. As soon as he reaches his fishing-canoe, | he 
takes the flounders and puts them into the flounder-basket; | and 
when they are all in, he picks up (the basket ) and | carries it up the 
beach, and puts it down by the side of i the old mat on which the 
flounders have been placed; and he goes up the beach, and takes the 
tongs out of his house, || and a bucket, and also old mats for covering, | 30 
and also-cedar wood; and lie takes these and puts them down by the 
wood-pile. | Then lie takes the long tongs, picks out the red-hot 
stones, and j puts them down on the beach not far from | where he 
stands, for he never moves his feet when lie puts down the || red-hot 35 
stones. He puts them down on a level placeon the beach. j When all 
the stones have been taken out of the (ire, he levels the | hot stones 
with his tongs; and when they have all been levelled down, j he takes 
his bucket with fresh water in it and i sprinkles a little on the red-hot 

lrcxa ; "ye yix tlagatslexdasexa tlesEme qa £ s la dalaq qa £ s lit k - !ox- IS 
-"walK.xsas laxes idagedzatsle xwaxwaguma. AYii, la ax £ edxa paese 
qa £ s lii k"!Exts!alas laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, gil-mese qotlaxs lae 20 
klogfdfsaxa payatsle lExa £ ya qa £ s la klogfmolisas laxa tleqwabE- 
gwese. Wa, lii ax £ edxa k!ak"!obane qa £ s LEplalises. Wii, la 
ax £ edxa payatsle lExa £ ya qa £ s lii gflgEdzotsa paese laxa kligEdzowe 
k - !ak - !obana. Wa, lii xwelaqants !es laxa i.!Eiiia-~ise qa £ s lii. etled 
laxes anex'sa £ ye laxa paese. Wa, gil-mese lag aa laxes Llagedzatsle 25 
xwaxwagumxs lae ax £ edxa paese qa £ s lii k!ixts!alas laxa payatsle 
lnxa £ ya. Wit, g - il £ mese £ wi £ lts!axs lae klogulEXsaq qa £ s lit k!ox- 
£ wusdesElaq qa r s lii haiiEnxElIsas laxa k - lEgEdzayaasasa paesa 
klftklobana. Wa, lit lasdesa qa £ s la ax £ edxa kltpLalaa laxes gokwe 
i.F/'wa tsayatsle uagatsla. Wit, hemtisa nenayime k!ak'!Ek'!obana. 30 
Wa, lieMuisa k!wa-xi.awaxs lae dalaq qa £ s lii ax £ alisas laxes tleqwa- 
liEkwe. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese ax £ edxa gilt !a klipLalaa qa e s k'llplldes 
laxa xIxixsEmala tlesEma qa £ s kllplalesEles laxa k'lese qwesala 
laxes Lawedzase qaxs hewaxae Leqiillse goguviisexs lae k - !lp!edxa 
xixixsEmala tlesEma qa £ s k!ip!alises laxa 'nF.madse. Wa, gil- 35 
£ mese £ wllg'ilqeda gultiixa tlesEmaxs lae golgilqases kMIpLalaa laxa 
xixixsEmala t lesEma qa •iiEmak iyax £ Iiles. AVii. g il-mese E nEma- 
k iyaxs lae ax £ edxa nagatslaxs lae £ wabEts lalaxa £ WE £ wap lEme qa £ s 
\:ii.!EX""Ide xodzELEyints laxa xixixsEmala tlesEma qa ''widawesa 



420 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. SB 

40 stones, so that the || ashes that stick on them come off. When he 
has sprinkled water | over the whole surface, lie takes split cedar- 
sticks not | really thick, and measures oil' one span | and four finger- 
widths, and breaks it off; and | this is the measure for the other 

15 cedar-sticks, when he keeps on breaking off || many of them, — all 
cedar-sticks of the same length. When he thinks ] that he lias 
enough, he puts them end down between the red-hot 

stones, ] in this manner: Ac\-\3<\<^A l'"\ v are one span apart | 
lengthwise and crosswise; ami the cedar-sticks 

standing on end among the red-hot stones are called "holders of the 

50 steamed flounders standing on edge on stones." || The name of the 
red-hot stones is " steaming-place for flounders standing on edge on 
stones." When all | the cedar-sticks stand on edge on stones, the 
man takes the flounder- j basket and puts it down by the side of 
the steaming-place. He never | cuts the flounders to take out the 

55 intestines. He takes out one |[ flounder, and lays it flat on the 
cedar-sticks. so that it stands on its edge on the I 



hot stones. 

of the ' cedar 




Each flounder leans against one 

sticks. When he has finished, it is 

in this way: I \]yy^^V^3V2 1 j When he has put them all on, 

lie takes the ■ ■ old mats and | lavs them down 

60 close to his steaming-place. When this has been done, || he 



40 guna £ ye k!wek!utsEmeq. Wa, g'IPmese £ wi £ la xosElglntsa E wape 
lax E wadzEqayayaasasasexs lae ax £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ xLawa k - !es 
alaEm i.F.si.F.kwa qa £ s -niK.ns f Idesa E nEmp!Enke laxEns q!waq!\va\- 
ts!ana\ve, hcmiisa niodi:ne esEg'iwa E yasexs lae k'oqodEq. Wii. 
he £ mis la e mEnyayosexa wadkwe k!wa £ xLiiwaxs lae hanal k'ok - oxs £ a- 

4."> laxa (| ienEme best a awasgF.m xok" k !wa £ xxawa. Wa, gil'niese k - otaq 
laKin heb'fdaxs lae q Iwagaalodalas laxa xix ixsEinfila tlesEma g'a 
gwalega {fig.), yixs : nal-iiF.mp!Enkae laxEns q !waq Iwaxts !a- 
na £ yaqe awalagalaasas laxes glldolase LE £ wis ts!eg - oIase. Wa, 
liesin LegadES k' !ot!aasdEmasa mEg'lkwe paesa k !wa £ XLawe qlwaaak" 

50 laxa xIxixsK.mala t lesF.ma. Wa, he £ mis Legadeda xLxixsEmfila 
tlesEinas E nEx - dEmaxa k!ot!aakwe paesa. Wa, gihniese £ wl £ la la 
qlwaaakwa klwaxi.awaxs laeda bEgwanEme ax £ edxa payatsle 
lExa'va qa £ s la k - logdnolisas laxes mEgasLaq. Wii, laEin hewiixa 
t!ox"w!dxa paese qa lawayes tslEnexas. Wa, la dolts lodxa £ nEme 

55 paes qa £ s paxEndes laxa k!wa £ xLawe qa k'lotalesexs lae axa laxa 
ts'.F.lqwa tlesEma. Wa, la E nal £ nEma paese laxa £ nal £ nEmts!aqe 
k!wa £ xLawa. Wii, gibmese gwfdExs lae ga gwaleg-a (fig.). 
Wa, g - il £ mese E wllg"aalaxs lae ax £ edxa k - !ak!Ek'!obana qa £ s la 
LEplElsElas lax mag inwalisases mEkasoLe. Wa, gibmese gwa- 

60 Iexs lae ax £ edxa wEwa.p!Emts!S.la nagatsla qa E s tsadzEi.Eyindes 



boas] RECIPES 421 

takes the bucket with fresh water and pours it | over the flounders (il 
standing on edge on the stones. When the water has been poured 
out, | he quickly takes up the old mats and throws them over them; I 
and it does not take long before he takes off the covering, for 
(the flounders) are now done. | As soon as he has taken off the 
whole covering of old mats, the man || calls his numaym to sit G5 
around the place where the flounders were steamed, | to eat the 
steamed flounders. The men all come and sit around | what they 
are going to eat. When they are all there, | each man takes one j 
flounder, and they pinch off (the meat) and put it into their months; 
and || after each has eaten one flounder, they take another one and 7(1 
eat it; | and when there are many flounders, then all the men try to 
eat many | flounders; and sometimes each man will eat four [ 
flounders when there are many. And when the flounder-eaters 
finish, | they go home to their houses, and they wasli their hands; 
and || after they have done, so, they drink a little water, after | rinsing 75 
their mouths for the salty taste to come out. The reason why they 
do not | drink much water is because they are afraid to drink much 
when they first | taste the flounders steamed standing on edge on 
stones, for then they would | always want to drink water. There- 
fore they only || drink a little water to wash down what they have SO 
eaten. | This also is not given at a feast to many tribes. That is | 
all about this. | 

laxa k'!ot!aakwe paesa. Wii, gil £ mese nvllg iltslawa £ wapaxs lae 6i 
hanakwila dax ,£ idxa k !fdc iF.k'obana qa £ s nasEyindes laq. Wa, 
k"!est!a alaEm galaxs lae nasodExa nayi'me qaxs lE £ mae rddpa. 
Wa, g'il E mese £ wFlaweda k" !ak" tek - lob ana nayimxs laeda bEgwa- 
nEme Ledalaxes £ nE £ memote qa liis k !utse £ stalaxa £ nEgasaxa paese 65 
qa £ s paspEsexa mEg'Ek" paesa. Wii, la £ wi £ laEm la k!iitse £ stalIsE- 
leda bebEgwaiiEmaxes ha-mfu.e. Wii, gil £ mese £ wilgalisExs lae 
liex = "idaEm dax £ Ideda e nal e nEmokwe bebEgwanEmxa e nal £ nEme laxa 
paesaxs lae epaxElaq qa £ s ts!oq!usEles laxes skuisc. Wii, gih'mese. 
£ wi £ laxa £ nEme paesExs lae etled ax'edxa 'uF.me qa £ s hamx £ ideq. 70 
Wii, g-il £ mese qlenEma paesaxs laeda 'naxwa bebEgwanEm q!aq!e- 
k-!Esap!axa paese, yixs £ nal e nEmp lEnae moklusa £ nEmokwe bEgwa- 
iiEmxa paesaxs qleiiEniae. Wii, g'll £ mese gwala paspEsaxs lae 
na £ nak u laxes gig'okwe qa £ s !ii tslEntslEnkwa laq. Wii, g'ih'mese 
gwalEXs lae xaL!EX' £ id nax-Idxa E wE £ wap!Eme yixs lae gwiil ts!E- 75 
weLlExoda qa lawiiyeses dEmp !a§L !Exawa £ ye. Wii, heEin kMeselts 
q!ek!Esxa -wape qaxs kilElae gEyol q!ek!EsEq qaexs g - il £ mae 
p!EX £ aLEleda ha'"maagolaxa k!ot!aakwe £ nEgik" paesExs lae aEiu 
la hemEnaliiEm la naqlexsdxa £ wape. Wii, he £ mis lagilas anm 
xiiLlEx-'Id nax £ idxa -wape qa £ s ts!EwEndzEmxes hamiix'de. Wii, SO 
laxae k'les klweladzEm laxa qleiiEnie !elqwalaLa £ ya. Wii, laEm 
gwal laxeq. 



422 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

1 Fresh Herring-Spawn on Cedar- Branches. Now I will talk about | 
(herring-spawn on) cedar-branches, for thai is also done in the same 
manner as with the hemlock-branches, \ when they arepul into the 
sea; and the only difference is. thai they are | not often dried, for 
5 they arc only put || into the spawning-place; and as soon as herrings 
stop spawning, then j the cedar-branches with the spawn on them 
arc given [ to the tribe to eat. The raw spawn is eaten fresh, j It is 
bad when it is dried, for it quicklj gets a strong taste, | and it quickly 

10 gets red; and it also !! tastes of cedar-branches when it gets dry; and 
the only j reason why it. is put into the sea is, that it is easy to wipe 
off | the herring-spawn; and it is not cooked in kettles. | 

Soaked Herring-Spawn. — A [ large steaming-box is taken, and the 

15 box with herring-spawn is taken, || and it is put down on the Left-hand 
side of the house. | Then they untie the rope of the cover, ami they 
pour (the herring-spawn) into the steaming-box; j and as soon as it 
is nearly full, they pour fresh water into it; and they only stop 
pouring water into it when it covers the : spawn. This is done in 

20 the morning, ami it is just j| left that way until noon. Then the old 
women are asked j to come and rub the herring-spawn; and when 
the old women j come, they sit down in the house, one on each side 



1 Fresh Herring-Spawn on Cedar-Branches. Wa, la E me'sEn e'dza- 
qwaltsa ts!ap!axe yixs he' E ma.axat! gwale gwa'laasasa qlwa'xe, 
yixs lae glwa'la la'xa di:'msxe. Wa, le'x"a E me o'gtiqalayosexs 
k!e'sae qluna'la li:'nix\\asK ; wa, yixs le'xa E mae la'g"ilas axsta'no 
5 laxa wa'yade qaxs gi'Pmae gwal wa'seda wa'na E yaxs la'e he'x" E I- 
dai.in axwilsta'noweda EiiEndKxi.a'la tsla'plaxa qa E s la, hauig'i'layo 
la'xa go'kiilote. \\*;V , laE'm halaxwa k!i;'lxk!axxa aE'nte. 
Wa, la E ya'x - sEmxs lE'mxwasE E wae. He'Em ba'labala la klExpIa- 
x -E i'de; he' E mesexs ha'labalae !a i.!ax ; wt'da. Wa, la'xaa la'se 

10 gwe'plaasasa ts!a'p!axe la'qexs la'e lF,m.x-wIda. Wa, le'x'a E mes 
la'gilas axsta'no la'xa di'/insxiixs ho'licnda'axs la'e qusa'laya 
an-'F.'nte laq. Wa, la'xae k!es h3/nxxEntsE E wa. 

Soaked Herring-Spawn (Wuse'laxa aE'nte). Wa, he' E niaaxs la'e 
ax E e'tsE E wa E wa'lase qlo'latsle. Wa, la E me'se 8,x E e'tsE E wa aiida'tsle 

15 xEtsr.'nia qa E s g'a'xe hS/ngalilas lax gEmxotsalilasa go'kwe. Wa, 
la, qwelEyi'ndEx t !Ema'k'Eya E yas. Wa, la guxts !§/las la'xa q!eq!o- 
datsle. Wa, gl'Pmese Ela'q qo'qutlaxs la'e qEplEqa'sa a'lta E wap 
laq. Wa, a'l E mese gwaJ qEpa'sa E wa'paxs la'e nelkEya'x" E Id la'xa 
aE'nte. Wa, he'Em he'xdsms gwe'x E Ideda gaa'la. Wii, a' £ mese 

20 la bawa'plEs Wa, gl'Pmese nEqa'laxs la'e he'lasE E wa hiE'lklwa- 
na E ye qa ga'xes wiisa'xa aE'nte. \Vii, ^i'Pmeseg'a'xeda laE'lklwa- 
na-'yaxs la'e k !us E a'lileda E nal E nEmo'kwe lax E wa'x - sanalllasa E nal- 



boas] RECIPES 4 2 3 

of each steaming-box; and as soon as they have sat down, they rub 
the | herring-spawn. After they have continued rubbing it for a 
a lung time, they shake out with the back || of the hand the hemlock- 25 
leaves, and they draw the spawn towards themselves; and | when all 
the spawn is on the near side of the steaming-box, | then all the 
1 emlock-leaves are on the far side; and the old woman | skims them 
off with her right hand, and puts them into a | small dish that stands 
on the floor; and when all the hemlock-leaves are out, she || rubs the 30 
spawn again; and she rubs (among) it for a long time, | doing in the 
same way as she had done before, when she first worked at the | 
spawn, shaking her hands so as to remove the hemlock-leaves to the 
outer side | of the steaming-box; and she also does the same, skim- 
ming off the | hemlock-leaves and throwing them into the small dish. 
She keeps on || doing this, and only stops when all the hemlock-leave- '■'<■> 
are out. | As soon as this has been done, a large kettle is taken, and | 
the spawn is poured into it. When the kettle is full, | the man calls 
his tribe; and [ when all the guests are in, they first eat || scorched 40 
dried salmon. After they have eaten it, they put the | kettle with 
herring-spawn on the fire, and | the young men at once stir it; ami 
when it begins to boil, | it is taken off the fire. Then it is | done. 
Then dishes are taken, and || long-handled ladles, and with the 45 



£ nEmsgEine q!o'lats!a. Wa,, gi'Rmese k!us £ a'lllExs la'e wus £ e'dxa '_>."> 
aE'nte. Wa, gi'l £ mese ge'g illl wiisK'lgeqexs la'e nEln'ts awe'ga'ya- 
ses e £ eyaso' la'xa k"!a' E mo £ mo. Wa, la go'laxa aE'nte. Wa, gi'l- 25 
£ mese £ wl' £ la ga'xeda aE'nte la'xa gwa'saneqwasa q!o'lats!axs la'e 
e wi' e leda k!a' £ mo £ mo la'xa qwe'saneqwe. Wa, le'da te'k !wana' £ ye 
go'lx £ Ttses he'lk" Jolts !ana la'xa k!a £ mo £ mo <ja £ s guxts!o'des la'xa 
la'logume ha £ ne'la. Wa, g i'1-niese £ wl' £ leda k !a' £ mo £ moxs la'e e't led 
wiisgE'ndxa aE'nte. Wa, g i'hmese la ge'gibTl wusE'lgeqexs la'e 30 
e'tled he gwe'x £ IdEq lii'xes g i'lxde gwe'gilasExs la'e ga'laqaxa 
aE'nte qa £ s £ nE'lexes e £ eyaso' qa la'sa k!a' £ mo £ mo la'xa i.la'sane- 
qwasa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, la'xaa he'Em gwe'x £ IdExs la'e go'x £ widxa 
k'!a' £ mo £ mo qa £ s la giixtslo'ts la'xa la'logume. Wa, la he'xsaEm 
gwe'g'llaq. Wa, a'lmese gwa'lExs la'e £ wi' £ laweda k!a' £ mo £ mo. 35 
Wa, g'i'Pmese gwa'la la'e ax £ e'tsE £ weda a'wa'we ha'nEnxLano qa £ s 
gttxts la'yaesa aE'nte laq. Wa, gi'l £ mese la E wl' e la qo'qutleda 
lia'nx Lanaxs la'e Le' £ laleda bEgwa'nEmaxes g'5'kulote. Wa, 
g i'l £ mese £ wi' £ laeLeda Le' £ laiiEmaxs la'e g'a'galaslla hfi'mx £ I'dxa 
tslp/nkwe xama'sa. Wa, g - J'l £ mese gwa.1 hS. £ ma'pqexs la'e hanx - - 40 
i.a'noweda eEnttslala hanxi.a'no la'xa lEgwi'le. Wii, la f me'se 
be'x £ ida £ meda luVyfi'ha xwe'taq. Wa, g i'l-mese mEdElx £ wI'dEXs 
la'e ha'nxsanoweda hanE'nxxanowe la'xa lEgwi'le. Wii, laE'm 
Llo'pa. Wii, la &x £ e'tsE £ weda lo'slqlwe. Wii. la'xae ax £ e'tsE £ weda 
gi'ltlEXLala k'atslEnaqa. Wii, le tsEyolts lalasa ka'tslEiiaqe 45 



424 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

46 ladles they dip [ the herring-spawn out of the kettle and put it into 
the dishes. | As soon as (the dishes) are full, oil is taken and is 
poured | on the spawn in the dishes; and they only stop pouring on 
the oil | when the liquid of the spawn is covered with it. Then it is 

50 put before the || guests, and the guests at once cat it with spoons, for 
before this | spoons are given to them. They do not drink water 
before it, | for they have eaten dried salmon; therefore they do not | 
drink. As soon as they finish eating herring-spawn, they | cool 
themselves with fresh water. That is all.|| 
1 Half-Soaked Herring-Spawn. — They | do the same with the herring- 
spawn as I have told before. | Only this is different, that it is not. 
left in the steaming-box for a long time, | and it is rubbed before the 
5 herring-sp awn swells; || and when all the hemlock -leaves are taken out , 
the spawn is taken out | and made into balls large enough to lit into 
the hands | put together; and the reason why it is made round is, | 
that it is put into the dishes, and two halls are made for | each man. 

10 When there are eight || balls of herring-spawn put into each dish, | 
it is put before four men. Immediately j the guests take out eachone 
ball of | herring-spawn, and they eat it; and alter they have eaten it, 
the wife ] of the host takes her spoons and puts them down on the || 

46 la'xa aE'nte la'xa hit'nxi.anowe qa £ s la tsetsla'las la'xa lo'Elqlwe. 
Wa, g'iTmese qo'qutlaxs la'e ax'e'tsEwa i.lema q.r's klunqEyl'nde 
la'xa lox"ts!a'la ai:'ril a. Wa, aTmise gwal klu'nqasa rje^naxs 
la'e t!a'x £ lde £ wa'palasa aE'nte. Wa, lit k"ax - dzamole'lEm la'xa 

50 klwe'le. Wa, la he'x" e ida £ ma klwe'le r yo's £ Idqexs ga'lae ts!a' £ ya 
ka'k - Ets!Enaqe laq. Wa, laE'm k'les na'naqalg'ewalax £ wa'pa 
qaxs laMiie'xde ha £ ma'pxa xama'se. Wa, h.e' e mis la'gilas k'les la 
na'x £ ida. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal E'ntlatxa aio'ntaxs la'e ko'xwa- 
xotsa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wii, laE'm gwii'la. 
1 Half-Soaked Herring-Spawn (DExda'xxa aE'nte). — Wii, he'Emxaa 
gwe'g'ilaxa aE'ntes gwe'g'ilasaxa gi'lx'dicn gwa'gwex - s £ ala'sa. Wa, 
le'x'a £ mes o'guqalayo'sexs k"!e'sae ge'stalila la'xa q!o e lats!axs 
la'e wtis £ e'tsE £ wa yixs k"!e's E mae eEL!ExsEmx £ Ideda aE'nte. Wii, 
5 gi'l £ mese £ wl' £ laweda k'!a £ mo £ maxs la'e te'tExsEmdalaxa aE'nte 
qa Io'eIxseiucs qa a' £ mes he' £ lala mux u ts!owes la'xEns e £ eyasa'xs 
go'xsEinesE £ wae. Wii, lie' £ mis la'g'Ilts la Io'eIxsehixs la'e nnlx"- 
tsla'layo la'xa lo'qlwe. Wa, la £ mae' £ maltsEmg - i £ lak u la'xa ''na'l- 
£ nEmo'kwe be'bEgwanEma. Wa, gi'l'mese E ma'lgunaltSEma Io'eIx- 

10 sEme a'Ent la xEX u ts!o la'xa £ na'l £ nEmexLa lo'Elqlwaxs la'e 
k - ax - dzamo £ le'lEm la'xa mo'kwe be'bEgwanEma. Wii, he'x -£ ida- 
£ meseda klwe'le da'g'ilts lodxa E nal £ nE'msgEme la'xa Io'eIxseiiic 
aE'nta qa £ s ha £ mx £ I'deq, wa. gi'l £ mese hamix-Tdi:xs la'eda gEin:'- 
masa k'.we'lase ax £ e'dxes k - a'k"Ets!Enaqe qa £ s lii axegEnts lax 



boas] BECIPES 425 

inner side of the dish. She dips up sonic fresh water and | pours it 15 
on to the halls of spawn which are in the dish; and ! when the guests 
eat the halls of spawn, they take the spoons \ and eat the spawn with 
its liquid witli spoons; and when | they finish, they go out. This 
half-soaked spawn is often given at feasts ]| to the tribe, and also 20 
dried salmon is eaten before it, j before they eat the half-soaked 
spawn. No oil goes with it. That is | all about this. | 

Eating Herring-Spawn. — When a man desires to eat herring-spawn, || 
he just goes into the house of a man who owns | some good dried 25 
spawn, and he sits down in the house. | Then they tell the wife of the 
man that they want to eat spawn. | At once the woman takes her 
food-mat | and spreads it outside of the men. Then she takes her || 
small basket and fills it with herring-spawn. Then she pours | the 30 
herring-spawn on the food-mat, and she scatters the spawn over it. | 
She also takes her oil-dish and pours oil into it, and I she places it 
among the spawn. Then the men take | the spawn, dip it into (lie 
oil, and put it [| into their mouths. Then they take much oil with it, 35 
for | dried herring-spawn is very rough to eat. j After they finish 
eating, some fresh water is fetched, and they drink; j and after they 
finish drinking, they go out. That is all about this. | 

a'Lotaga £ yasa lo'qlwe. Wa, la tse'x £ Idxa a'lte £ wa/pa qa £ s lii 15 
qEp'.E'qas la'xa Io'eIxskuic as'nt getsla la'xa lo'qlwe. Wa, g'i'l- 
'mese £ wl' £ leda klwe'laxa Io'eIxskiuc aE'nta, la'e ax £ e'dxa kak'E- 
tsbsna'qe. Wa, la e y6's £ Idxa e wa'paqEla aE'nta. Wa, gi'l £ mese 
£ wl' £ laxs la'e ho'qiiwElsa. Wa, he'Em qliina'la k!we'ladzEm la'xa 
go'kQloteda dE'nkwe aE'nta. Wa, la'xaeda xama'se ga'galal- 20 
giwe ha £ mx -£ i'tsE £ wa, yixs k!es £ mae di:xdaxi'dxa dE'nkwe 
aE'nta. Wit, laF.'m k lea's i.le'-'na Ia £ yo laq. Wa, laE'mxae 
gwal la'xeq. 

Eating Herring- Spawn (Seq la'xa aE'nte). — Wa, gi'l f Em seq!ae'.\s- 
deda bebEgwa'nEme, wa, la a'Ein hogwe'La lax go'kwasa axno'- 25 
gwadasa lie'laxiis lE'mx £ wIdaena e yes aE'nte. Wa, la k!us £ alila, 
Wii, la ne'laEmxa gEiiE'masa bEgwa'nEmaxs seq!ae'xsdae lax aE'nta. 
Wa, he'x £ ida E meseda tslsda'qe ax £ e'dxes ha-'madzo'we le' £ wa J ya 
qa^s LEp.'ii'lileq lax L!a'sa £ yasa bebEgwanEme. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes 
lalaxame qa £ s le k - !ats!o'dEq la'xa aE'nte. Wa, le gugsdzo'ts 30 
la'xa ha^ma'dzowe le' £ wa £ ya. Wii, la giildzo'tsa aE'nte laq. Wa, 
la'xae ax £ e'dxes ts!Eba'ts!e qa £ s k!iinxts!o'desa ide' £ na. Wa, la 
ha'nqas la'xa aE'nte. Wii, la'xda £ xweda bebEgwanEme dax -£ - 
Idxa aE'nte qa-'s tslsple'des la'xa L!e' £ na qa £ s ts!oq!uses 
la'xes sE'mse. Wa, laE'm qle'qEbalas lii'xa L!e' £ na qaxs xe'ule- 35 
lae kMo'Leda ar/ntaxs ha £ ma' £ yaxs lE'mxwae. Wa, gi'h'mese 
gwal ha £ ma'pa la'e tse'x £ ItsF/wa a'lta £ wa'pa qa nax £ ides. Wit, 
g i'l'mese gwal na'qaxs la'e ho'quwiclsa. Wii, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 



426 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

1 Herring- Spawn with Kelp. — When | a man wishes to invite his trihe 
in for the morrow, | then in the evening his wife takes the steaming- 
box | and pours some fresh water into it until it is half full. Then 
.") she takes a J| bundle of kelp (with spawn) tied in the middle, and she 
unties it in the middle. Then j she puts it into the steaming-box in 
the evening. Now it is soaking in the house during the whole | 
night. In the morning, when day comes, | the man invites his tribe 
in; but his wife clears | the house, so that it may be clean; and after 

10 she has finished clearing it, || she spreads the mats around the house; 
and as soon as she has finished, | she takes the kettles and puts them 
down by the door of the [ house; and after she has finished, she takes 
her dishes and | puts them down near the door of the house; and 
when she has finished, | she takes her oil and her spoon-basket, and || 

1") these also are put down by the door of the house, and also | two 
buckets, and sometimes even four buckets, | for there is much water 
(needed) with the kelp with herring-spawn when it is boiled. | Now 
everything is ready. As soon as | her husband conies, he starts the 

-'(i lire in the middle of the house; and when || the fire blazes up, he 
waits fof the young men of his nuinaym | to come in. As soon as they 
come, he sends them to call ; his tribe again. Immediately the 



1 Herring-Spawn with Kelp (Qa'x"q!Elis aE'nt). — Wa, he' e maaxs 
la'e me'nkle.v'Jdeda bEgwa'nEme qa £ s i.e'-ialexes g"5'kulotaxa Ie'u- 
se. .Wa, la dza'qwaxs la'e ax : e'deda gEiiE'masexa q!o' e lats!e. 
Wa, la gfjxtslo'tsa a'lte £ wap laq qa nEgoya'les. Wa, la ax'e'dxa 
5 yae'Loyala q!axq!Eli'se. Wa, la qwe'lalax yae'i.nya'vas. Wii, la 
axsta'las la'xa q!5'lats!axa dza'qwa. Wa, laE'm tle'italll sE'nbex 
E wa'sgKmasasa ga'nuLe. Wii, giTmese E na'x -C idxa gaa'laxs la'e 
Le' e laleda bEgwii'nEmaxes go'kiilote. Wii, la'i.a gEHE'mas e'kwa- 
xes g'o'kwas qa e'klEgwIles. • Wa, gi'Pmese gwal e'kwaxs la'e 

10 LEpse € stali'lElasa klwadzo'we le'El f wa £ ya. Wa, g i'Pmese gwii'lExs 
la'e ax £ e'dxa hanEnxxa'nowe qa g - a'xes liF.xhani'l la'xa osta'lilasa 
g"5'kwe. Wii, gi'h'mese gwa'texs la'e ax f e'dxes lo'Elqlwe qa 
ga'xes mi<:x £ ii'liia laxaaxa osta'lilasa g'o'kwe. Wii, g - i'l £ mese gwa'- 
Iexs la'e ax e e'dxes L!e' e na i.K-wes ka'yatsle yibElo'sgEma.. Wii, 

15 ga'x-F.mxaa ax £ a'lilF.las la'xa osta'lilases g - o'kwe. We, he /£ meLeda 
miE'ngatsle '"maltsr.'ma. Wii, Miah'iiE'mplEna mo'sgEineda naE'nga- 
ts!e qaxs i] !e'i)F.maeda £ wa'pel a'xa qla'x'qlElIsaxs ha'nx'LEntsE e wae. 
\\';i, laic'm Mia'.xwaEm la gwalata. Wii, g'i'Kmese g'a'xe 
la' s wunEmsexs la'e he'x £ idaEm la'cjolllxes g - 6'kwe. Wii, g'i'l- 

20 £ mese xi'qostaxs la'e e'sEiax ha £ ya'l £ ases £ nE £ me'mote qa ga'xes 
ho'gwlEa. Wii, g i'b'mese ga'xEXs la'e £ ya'laqaq qa les e'tse £ sta- 
xes g'o'kulote. Wii, he'x' £ ida £ mesa ha c ya'l £ a la xwe'laqa ho'ciu- 



boas] EECIPES 427 

young men go out again | to call the guests again. Not long and \ 
all the guests come. Immediately the woman takes her || box of 25 
dried salmon and puts it down near the door of the house. | Immedi- 
ately the young men untie the cover, and they scorch (the salmon I, 
and several | of them draw fresh water fur the guests to drink first. 
Now we have | finished with the eating of the dried salmon, for I have 
already talked | about this. Then the young men take the kelp and || 
break it into pieces small enough for our mouths. As soon as j it is 30 
all in pieces, it is taken out of the steaming-box with the hand, and 
put into | the kettles; and when they are full, fresh water is poured 
on; | and they only stop pouring on fresh water | when it shows over 
the pieces of kelp. Then the || kettles are put on the fire. The 35 
young men | take the tongs and stir with them. They keep on 
stirring until it begins to boil; and when it has been | boiling for a 
long time, the kettles are taken off the [ fire. Now it is done. At 
once the young men take || dishes and put them down in a row behind |n 
the kettles; and then the woman takes the large long-handled 
dipping-ladle [ and gives it to the young men. This is used to dip j 
out the kelp from the kettle and put it into the dishes. They only 
stop dipping it into the dishes when (the dishes) are nearly || full. A- ■!•> 
soon as they have finished, they take oil and | pour it on, and they 

wElsa qa £ s le e'tse-staxa Le'MaiiKinLe. Wit, k!e'st!a ga'laxs ga'- '_>.'! 
xae -wI'Maei.a Le'danEme, wii, he'x -e ida £ mesa tsEda'qe ax £ e'dxes 
xE'myatsle xEtsE'ma qa £ s ga'xe ha'nstolllas lax o'stalilasa go'- 25 
kwe. Wii, he'x £ ida £ mesa ha'ya'1-a x - a'x £ wIdEq. Wii, le'da wao'- 
kwe tsa'x alt ii £ wa'pa qa na'naqalg'iwesa klwe'le. Wii. hiE'niLEns 
gwal la'xa xr/msxasaxa xa £ ma'se <|axg in la'x £ ida £ mek' gwa'gwe- 
xs £ ala laq. Wii, le'da ha £ ya'l £ a a.ve'dxa q!a'x!Ell'se qa £ s k!o'- 
k!upsa'le qa a' £ mes he'ldzEqEla la'xF.ns sE'msex, wii. g i'rinese 30 
£ wPwu1xsexs la'e g6'x £ ults!alayo la'xa q!o'lats!e qa £ s le giixtsk/- 
yo la'xa haiiE'nx-i.auowe. Wii, g iTniese qo'qutlaxs la'e giiqlE- 
qasosa a'lta £ wap. Wii, aTmese gwal gii'qasa a'lta £ wap la'qexs 
la'e neTid lax o'kiiya £ yasa klo'liKkwe q la'xq lElIsa. Wii, le hii'nx- 
i.Endayoweda haiiF.'nxLanowe la'xa lEgwI'le. Wii, le'da ha, £ ya'- 35 
l ; a ax £ e'dxa k - !e'k - lEpLala qa e s xwe'tes laq. Wii, la hS'mEnala- 
g ilIl ; Em la xwe'taqexs la'e maE'mdElqula. Wii, he'tla la ge'g'i- 
hl maE'mdElqulaxs la'e hanxsa'noweda hanE'nxLanowe la'xa 
lsgwi'le. Wii, laE'm L!o'pa. Wii, he'x' £ ida £ mesa InVyaTa axee'd- 
xa lo'Elq'.we qa £ s mEX £ all'lElis lax a'l.ahlasa hanE'nxLanowe. 41) 
Wa, le'da tslEda'qe ax £ e'dxa tse'xi.axa gilt IhXLala -wa 'las katslE- 
na'qa qa £ s ts!owe's la'xa liiryftT'a. Wii, he' £ mis la tsEyo'lts!a'- 
layos la'xa ha'nxLaakwe q!ii'xq!El!sa qa £ s le tsets!a'las la'xa 
lo'slqlwe. Wa, aTniese gwal ts!ets!a'laxa lo'Elqhvaxs la'e Ela'q 
qo'qut !a. Wii, gi'Pmese gwa'lEXs la'e ax'e'dxa L!e' £ na q:i ; s 45 
k!unx £ i'des laq. Wii, aTmese gwal k!ii'nqasa L!e' £ naxs la'e 



428 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

47 only stop pouring oil on when | the liquid of the kelp is all covered 
with it. Other | young men pass the spoons around among the 
quests; and as soon as | every one has a spoon, the dishes are put 

50 before them, and they || begin to eat with spoons; and they eat for a 
long time, then they have finished. Then they [ cool themselves 
down with fresh water. As soon as they finish drinking, the j young 
men take up the dishes and take them to the wives of the | guests. 
Then the guests go out. Kelp with herring-spawn is not eaten j dry. 

55 It is only eaten soaked, and || it stays on the fire a long time when it is 
being boiled. | That is all about this. | 

Herring-Spawn with Salmon-Berry Shoots. — One thing | I have for- 
gotten about the herring-spawn. It is eaten dry with salmon-berry 
shoots, j and it is dipped into oil with salmon-berry shoots when it || 

60 is eaten. That is all about this. | 
1 Mountain-Goat Butchering. — Now I will talk | about the mountain- 
goat brisket. If is cut oil' beginning at the | soft place between the 
low T er ends of the ribs and the breast-bone, | in this w T ay : 



IUWC1 lllll^ III nil lllir. mm 111. uivik.ii „yjm, , „i „,uo ,,», . /""""/l' 

Assoonasit has been taken off , fl it is hung up right over /fjjjjjj 
the fire of the house. If it — ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /III/ ' s vei T I 
fat, then the side-ribs are \ f /(// 1/ cut off 



m 



from the backbone | all Vy- A \ , , , ' tne wa y dovm to the 
flanks, and it is in this way; v -~AAATy an ,| ] it, is also hung 

up just over the lire of the house, and the other piece also. | 

47 ha : niK]c[F.vi'ndEx '"wa'paliisa qla'x'qlEllse. Wa, le'da wao'kwe 
lnVyiiTa tslEwanaesasa k a'k'EtslEna'qe la'xa klwe'le. Wa, gi'l- 
E mese E wl'lxt6xs la'e kax'dzamolllEma lo'Elqlwe laq. Wa, la'x- 

50 da £ xwe £ yoVida. Wa, le ge'g'illl £ yo'saxs la'e gwa'la. Wa, le 
ko'xwaxotsa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, g i'l £ mese gwfd na'qaxs la'eda 
ha'va'ha ka'gililxa lo'Elqlwe qa £ s le mo'tlots lax gEgEiiE'masa 
klwe'le. Wii, la hoqiiwElseda klwe'lde. Wa, IaE'm kle's hama £ ya 
q!a'xq!Ellsaxs lic'mxwae. Le'xaEm ha £ ma'pdEmqexs la'e tle'lkwa. 

55 Wa, la'xaa ge'gixLalaxs la'e ha'nxLEntsE £ wa la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, 
IaE'm gwal la'xeq. 

Herring-Spawn with Salmon-Beiry Shoots. -Wii, he' £ mesF.n £ iiEm 
i.!i:le'\\esF.-wa, aic'ntaxs ma'yimaaxs lE'mxwae la'xa qlwa'lEme. 
Wii, la ts!E])F'laF.m la'xa L,!e' £ na yixa aE'nte LE £ wa qlwa'lEinaxs 

GO se'x asKwae. Wii, laEm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Mountain-Goat Butchering. —Wii, la'niesEn etledEl gwftgwex sTdfd 
laxa loq lubanosa e mElxLowe. Wii, hemiexs lae t!osoya g iigiLEla 
lax tetEx"ba E yas awiilgawa £ yas gElsmas LE £ wa xaqasa loq !uba- 
nowe. Wa, lii ga gwaleg - a (jig.). Wa, g i'Pmese lawaxs lae tex"- 
5 stots lax nExsta £ yasa lsgwllases gokwe. Wa, gilmiese alaklala 
tsEnxwaxs lae tsEk'odEX gElganodza e yas laxes xE £ momoweg'a £ ye 
lagaa lax pElspanodza £ vas. Wii, lii ga gwiileg'a (fig.). Wa, laxae 
tex u stots lax nEqostawas lEgwIlases gokwe LE £ wa apsodE<|las 



boas] RECIPES 429 

Then it is smoked mountain-goat meat; i'or that is its name when 
it is done || this way. (The man) also spreads the suet at a place, not 10 
too | near the fire, and he cuts out the kidney-fat. He puts it 
into a dish containing water. As soon as all the kidney-fat | has 
been taken out, he washes it well in the dish with water. | He takes it 
out and puts it on a well-made new mat. He || pours off the water 1 ."> 
that was in the dish, and puts the dish down at the place where lie 
sits. | Then he takes up the kidney-fat and bites off a piece, which he 
chews. | After chewing it to pieces, lie takes it out of his mouth and | 
puts it into the dish. He does the same with other pieces, [ and he 
only stops when he has chewed it all and || put it all into the dish. 20 
Then he goes down to the beach and takes some | fresh stones. He 
puts them on the fire of his house. | Then he takes another dish and 
puts it down near | the one containing the chewed kidney-fat. He 
pours some water | into it, so that it is not quite full. Then he also 
pours some water || into the dish containing the chewed kidney-fat ; 25 
but this dish is half full. | After this has been done, he takes the 
smaller dish and | washes it well. As soon as it is clean, he puts it 
near the j fire, with the inside towards the fire, in order to dry it. 
After this has been done, he goes down | to the beach and searches for 

Wii, laEm x'il.vEld E mEl £ mElq lEga r ya qaxs he'mae LegEmsa he 
gwekwe. Wa, laxae LEpliiLalotsa yix u sEina £ ye laxa k'lese alaEm 10 
£ nEx\vfda laxa lEgwIle. Wa, lii t losalax mEtlosas qa £ s ax-stEti- 
des laxa e wabEts!ala loqlwa. Wa, g'il-mese -widamasxa mEtlo- 
saxs lae aekla ts!ox £ wklEq lax E wabEts lawasa loqlwe. Wii, la 
ax £ ustEiulEq qa £ s gidzoliles laxa eke alomas le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii 
gux £ edEx £ wabEts lawasa loqlwe. Wii, lii hangalilas laxes klwae- 15 
lase. Wa, lii ax'edxa niEtlose qa £ s q!Ex £ Ide laqexs lae malex- 
£ widEq. Wa, gihmese £ wi £ we1xexs lae diix £ IdEq laxes sEinse qa £ s 
lExtslodes laxa loqlwe. Wii, lii hanal he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. 
Wii, almese gwiilExs lae £ wl £ la la malegikwa cpi £ s lii 'wida la If.x- 
ts!:i laxa loqlwe. Wii, lii lEntsles laxa i. !Ema £ ise qa £ s xEx £ wic!exa 20 
alExsEme t!esEinaqa £ s lii xEx u LEnts lax lEgwilases gokwe. Wa, 
laxae ax £ edxa ogudame loqlwa qa £ s gaxe hangalilas laxa mak ala 
lax lExtslEwasasa malegikwe niEtlosa. Wii, lii guxtslotsa £ wape 
laq xa ha'lsEla £ me kles qotla laq. Wa, laxae giiqlEqasa e wape 
lax la lExtslEwatsa malegikwe mEtlosa. Wii, laLa nEgoyoxsdfda. L'.j 
Wa, gih'mese gwiilEXs lae axT'dxa ama've laxes loqlwa qa £ s aek' !e 
tsloxugindEq. Wii, gil £ mese la egig'axs lae pEX - ElgindEq laxes 
lEgwIle qa lEmxug'ax^Ides. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae lEntsles 
laxa LlEinadse qa £ s alex £ idex e wa £ wada. Wa, gil'inese q laqexs lae 



430 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

30 a piece of kelp. When he lias found it, || he cuts off a piece two spans 
long | from the head. He carries it up and puts it down | by the 
side of the dish. Then he takes down a spoon and | puts it down. 
Now the stones are white-hot. Then he | takes his tongs and lifts 

35 the red-hot stones, || dips them into the water in the dish, so that the 
ashes that stick on the stones come off, | and then he puts them into 
tin' chewed kidney-fat. | He continues doing this; and, before a 
great many red-hot | stones have been put in, the water in the dish 
containing the chewed kidney-fat begins to boU. | Then the chewed 

40 kidney-fat begins to melt; and when it is all || melted, he takes the 
tongs and with them lifts the stones | out of the "dish in which the 
fat is melted," for that is the name of the dish, j He puts them down 
by the side of the fire. When he has taken them all out, [ he takes 
the spoon and takes the kelp (bottle) and places its opening upward; | 

45 and he skims off the fat that is now floating on the water, || and he pours 
it into the kelp bottle. When it is Idled, he puts | it down in the 
corner of the house where it gets stiff quickly. | (Some people say that 
in this manner "it gets hard" quickly.) Then he goes back | to the 
dish, for the fat is not all done yet. He just | takes a piece of short 

50 broken cedar-wood, and with it he lifts the skum off from the || fat; 
and when it is all out, he takes up the dish and pours the con- 



30 ploqodxa £ malp!i:nke la.xKns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex ylx £ wasgEmasas 
gagiLEla lax 5xLii £ yas. Wa, gaxe dasdesElaq qa £ s gigahles 
lax niakaga £ yasa loqlwe. Wa, lii etled ax £ edxa katsbmaqe qa s s 
g'axe hangahlas. Wa, la'ine memEnltsEmx" £ Ideda t lesEme. Wa, la 
ax £ edxes tsIesLala qa £ s k"!ip!ides laxa xIxixsEinala tlesEma qa £ s la 

35 hapst Kilts laxa E wabEts!ala loqlwa qa lawiiyesa gCvna £ ye lax dsgEina- 
E yas. Wii, la axstF.nts laxa licxtslEwasasa maleg ikwe £ mEt!osa. Wa, 
lli hanal he gwegile. Wa, klestla ahiKin qlenEma xTxixsEmala 
tlesEmxs lae mEdElx £ wIde £ wapalasa malegikwe £ niEt!osa. Wii, 
he £ mes la yax £ Idaatsa malegikwe 'niEt !osa. Wa, g ibinese £ wi £ la 

40 yaxMdicxs lae xwelaqa ax £ edxes tslesi.ala qa £ s k" lipustalexa t lesEtoe 
laxa la tsexatsle loqlwaxa £ yasEkwe qaxs he £ mae i.cgEmsa loqhve. 
Wa, lii k !ibi:nollsF.laq laxa lsgwlle. Wii, gibmese £ wI £ lostaxs lae 
ax £ edxa k'atslEnaqe. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa £ wa £ wcde qa £ s eklaxstala- 
maseq. Wii, lii ax £ witsa katshsnaqe laxa la pEX - a'leda £ yasEkwe 

45 qa £ s lii tsets'alas laxa £ wa £ wade. Wa, g ihmese qotlaxs I; e i.iig alT- 
las laxa onegwilases gokwe qa halabales L!ax -£ Ida. (Wii. la £ nek - eda 
waokwe bEgwaiiEma qa halabales L6x £ wida.) Wii, la aedaaqa 
laxa loqlwe qaxs k!es £ mae £ wl £ leda £ yasEkwe. Wa, a, £ mese la 
ax £ edxa k"5q!a £ ye k!wa-"xLawa qa £ s ktlwustalexa tsletslEinotasa 

50 £ yasEkwe. Wii, gib'mese £ wPlostaxs lae dagilllaq qa £ s guxts!5des 



boas] BECIPES 431 

tents | into the small dish for fooling tallow. In most cases the 51 
water | in it goes with the fat. He takes it to the corner of the house, 
to a | level place, so that it does not cant over to one side as it stands 
on the floor, so that the cake of tallow will not be | thicker on one 
side than on the other, so that it may be just even. || After it has been 55 
in the corner for one night, the owner goes to take it. | He puts down 
the ice-cold tallow in the dish by the side of the fire, so that | the 
upper side gets warm; and when it is warmed through, he turns it 
around | so that the upper side also becomes warm; and when that 
is also warm, | the tallow is melted all around. Then the [| man 00 
lifts up the ice-cold tallow cake and raises it on one side, | and immedi- 
ately the cold tallow cake slips out of the dish. | Then he takes a broad 
piece of soft white cedar-bark and wraps it all around | it and puts it 
into a box. He takes the kelp bottle | and just breaks it off; and 
when he gets all the tallow out of the || kelp bottle, he takes soft 65 
cedar-bark and wraps it around it; | and he puts it into a small box, 
which he keeps by his side. | It is the box in which his wife keeps her 
comb and her j cedar-bark towel; for the Indians use the kidney- 
tallow of the goat to grease their | faces in cold weather in the 
winter, || for it is hard and the color of snow. When the day is hot | 70 
in summer, the men and the women also rub tallow on their faces, | 
so that they may not be sunburned; and when it is very cold in | 



Ifixa ama £ ye L!oxwats!axa ; yasEkwe loqlwa. Wa, la lanux"me e wapa- 51 
ga £ yasa s yasEkwe laq. Wa, laxaes laxa onegwllases gokwe laxa 
MiEmaele qa k'!eses tsetaleda loqlwaxs ha £ nelae qa kleses wakwa- 
gawa £ ya apsba £ yasa E yasekwases apsba £ ye qa a £ mese E nEmokwa. 
Wa, gil £ mese xamael laxa onegwllaxs lae ax £ ededa axnogwadaseq 55 
qa £ s lii ha £ nolisasa idoxwatslaxa £ yasEkwe loqlwa laxes lEgwIle qa 
ts!Elx £ wides 6sgEma e yas. Wa, giPmese ts !e1x u s&xs lae xwetelllaq 
qa ogwaqesa apsotaga £ ye ts!Elx £ w!da. Wa, gil'Emxaawise ts.'Elx"- 
saxs lae yax £ ide awFstiisa 'vasF.kwe. Wa, he £ mes la dax -£ idaatsa 
bEgwanEmaxa l loxwats laxa £ yasEkwe loqlwa <|a : 's qox'wideq. Wa, 60 
hex ,£ ida £ mesa LloxEkwe £ yasEk u tsax £ widts!a laxa loqlwe. Wii, 
hex -£ ida £ mese ax £ edxa e wadzowe e mEla k'adzEk" qa £ s qlEnepsEindes 
laq. Wa, la gitslots laxes xEtsEme. Wa, lii ax £ edxa £ wa £ wade. 
Wa, a £ mese wEk'olaq. Wii, g - ll e mese £ wi £ lag"ilEna £ yasEkwaxa 
£ wa £ wadaxs laaxat! ax £ edxa k'adzEkwa qa £ s qteneplEndes laq. Wa, 65 
la £ xae g'itslots laxes he £ mEnala £ me hanodzilel xaxadzEma lax 
giyimts tewasases xEgEme LE £ wis dedEgEmyiwe q!oyaak u £ mEla 
kadzEkwa yises gEnEme qaxs he £ mae J yasF.kidasa baklumaxes go- 
guma £ yaxa £ wudalaxa tslawiinxeda £ yasEkwas e mEt!osasa E mElxLOwe 
qaxs plesae loxs yae gwestowa naye. Wa, giPmese tslElkweda 70 
e nalaxa heEnxe., wa, laxae £ yasEkumdnaxweda bebEgwanEme LE £ wes 
tsleilaqe qa £ s k - !ese kluxwa. Wa, gil'mese Loma £ wflda £ xstalaxa 



432 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ANN. 35 

winter, the tallow is taken and chewed; and | when it is all in pieces, 

7.") it is put in the palm of the right hand. || (The man) pushes the palm 

of las left hand over it and rubs the hands together, | so that all the 

fat is between the hands. Then he presses it all over | his face; and 

when the face is covered with it, it is white all over | with tallow. 

Then the cold and the | wind do not go through it. Generally it is 

so the woman who works on the || kidney-fat of the mountain-goat when 

it is melted; but sometimes the | man melts the kidney-fat of the 

mountain-goat, when his wife does not know | how to do it, for not 

everybody knows how to melt it and | how to handle it. The 

kidney-fat of the goat is not used as food, | for it is only good for 

greasing the face. That is all about this. || 

) Stomach-Fat of Mountain-Goat. — Now I will talk | about the 

stomach-fat when it is eaten. When the mountain-goat hunter has 

much of it, | he keeps it. Sometimes lie has eight | large boxes of 

the stomach-fat of mountain-goats. || 

5 The mountain-goat hunter does not often give a feast of the | 

stomach-fat, for the head chief of the tribe | always gives leasts of 

stomach-fat of the mount ain-goal , when, if the hunterhas thedaughter 

of the head chief for his wife, | he gives as a marriage-present the 

stomach-fat | to his father-in-law; and when the chief has no 

10 daughter, || a canoe will be due the mountain-goat hunter, or his son 

73 tslawunxaxs lae iix £ etsE £ weda £ yasEkwe qa £ s male.y'wldeq. Wa, gil- 
£ mese la £ wi 6 we1x - sexs lae axdzox - ts!anF.nts lax iiEgEdza £ vases hel- 

7.5 k" !5tdzaya £ ye. Wa, lii Lax e Itses gEinxolts !ana £ ye laqexs lae dzak'odEq 
qa las gwegflldzod laxes e wax - solts !ana £ yaxs lae k!wa'k!ux e w6ts 
laxes goguma e ye. Wit, g - il £ mese hamElqiimxs lae aEm £ mElgEmes 
gogiima £ yasa £ yasEkwe. Wa, laEin £ wexsEwatsa £ wiidala LE £ wa 
yala laxeq. Wa, lat'.int.a q!imala hededa ts lEdaqe eaxalaxa £ mEt !o- 

80 sasa £ mElxLowaxs lae tsexaq. Wii, la £ nab"n torn pinna he £ meda 
bEgwaiiEme tsexaxa £ mEt losasa e mElxLaxs klesae q!aLEles gEnEmax 
gwegilasasa tsexacj qaxs k!esae £ naxwa q!a\LEleda tsledaqax 
gwegilasaq. Hesm k!es ha £ ma £ yeda £ mEt!osasa £ mElxi,owe qaxs 
lexamae eklllax e yasEkulaxa goguma £ ye. W'u, laEin gwal laq. 
1 Stomach -Fat of Mountain - Goat. — Wii, la £ mesEn gwagwexs £ alal 
laxa £ yEx u sEma £ yaxs lae ha £ ma £ ya. Wa, he £ maaxs lae qleiiEme la 
axelax"sa tEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ niElxLowe ylxs £ nal £ iiEmp!Enae qoqut!e- 
da tnaltsE'me aw*V xexEtsEmxa £ yEx u sEma £ yasa £ mElxxowe. 
5 Wii, la k!es qlunala he klwelasa tEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ mElxLowasa 
£ VEX"sEjna £ ye qaxs haeda xamagEina £ ye gigamesa lelqwalaLa £ ye he- 
mEnala klwelatsa £ yEx"sEma £ yasa £ niElxLowe yixs gEg-adaas xuno- 
kwas. Wa, la w r awadzeda tEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ niElxi.ases £ yEx"sEma- 
£ yasa £ niElxLowe laxes nEgumpe. Wa, gil £ mese k'leas xunokwa 

10 tEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ niElxLowe lae g-alasa xwakluna laq loxs xwesaaq 



boas] RECIPES 1X3 

will receive a marriage-present | (from the chief) , or he will give all 
marriage-present | to the wife of the mountain-goat hunter. ' He 
must give a marriage-feast of stomach-fat of the mountain-goat | to 
the chief, although she is his own wife. Nowhe hasgivenfor a marriage- 
feast | the stomach-fat of the mountain- goat, and the dried brisket, || 
and the dried sides, to his father-in-law; and sometimes | there are 15 
as many as eight large boxes full. When it is thoroughly dried, | 
his wife puts it into boxes; and when he gives it | to his father-in-law 
to give a marriage-feast, then the people at once take a new | small 
canoe and carry it into the house of the chief. They put || it down at 
the left-hand side of the door of the house. They carry in | much 20 
water and pour it into the small canoe; | and when it is nearly half full, 
they stop pouring in the water, | and they open the boxes of dried 
brisket and the boxes of dried sides. | They put them into the water 
in the small canoe. |[ There they are soaked. When they are all in, 
they put | short boards over them; and they take large stones and 25 
put them | on to keep the dried brisket and the dried sides under 
water. | After they have been soaked for three days, the chief calls | 
all the tribes to come and eat dried || mountain-goat briskets. As 
soon as the one who invites | all the men goes, the chief's numaym carry 30 
up | many fresh stones and put them into the fire in the middle of 



qa s s bEgwaiiEme xunokwa, loxs he c "mae xwesag'Ilxa tEwe £ nenoxwaxa 
'"mElxLowe gEiiEmas. Wa, la wawadzEs -yEx u sEma-yasa ^ueIxlowS 11 
laxa g'igama £ ye qaxs qEs £ maaq gEnEina. Wa, la £ me £ wl £ la wawa- 
dzEsa £ yEX u sEma £ yasa -melxLowe LE £ wa xilkwe ISqhtbano. Wa 
htrmisa xilkwe ewanudze laxes nEgu'mpe, yixs £ nal £ nEmp lEnae 
! malgunaltsEm awa xexEtsEma qaxs g il £ mae alak!ala lEinx £ wedExs 15 
lae gEnEmas hantslots laxa xexEtsEme. Wii, giPmese wawa- 
dzEX -£ Idxes nEgiimpaxs lae hex £ IdaEm ax £ etsE £ wa alolaqe xwa- 
xwaguma qa £ s la LEliLas lax gokwasa g Igama £ 3 T e qa="s la hanga- 
'llEm laxa gEmxotsalllasa tlEX'ilasa gokwe. Wa, la tsex £ ItsE £ wa 
q!enEme £ wa,pa qa £ s la gux £ alExsElayo laxa xwaxwagume. Wa, 20 
giPmese Elaq nEgoxs lae gwal gux £ alExsElasa °"wape laq. Wa 
la x'ox £ w!tsE £ wa loq!iibanoats!e xexEtsEma LE-wa ewanodzaatsle 
xexEtsEma qa E s la ax-stalayu lax toxsasa xwagwagiime. Wa 
laEm t!elasE £ wa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la £ staxs la'e pageg'intsosa' 
ts!ats!ax u sF.me. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda awawe tlesEm qa £ s la t!agi- 25 
dzoyo laq qa tlebEkilisa xilkwe loqlubano LE'wa xilkwe ewano_ 
dza £ ya. Wa, het!a la yuduxuxse £ nalas t.'elkwaxs lae Le/laleda 
gigama £ yaxa qlenEme le]qwalaLa £ ya cpa. gaxes xixilg'Exa xilkwe 
loq!ubanosox £ mElxxowe. Wa, gil £ mese gaxa la Le £ lalaxa £ na- 
xwa bebEgwanEmxs lae £ nE £ memotasa glgama £ ye XExiisdesElaxa 30 
qlenEme SIexseiu tlesEma qa f s le xEx u Lalas lax laqawalilasa 

1 As though the hunter's son or his wife were the chief's daughter. 
7.-,{ir,2— 21— 35 eth— ft 1 28 



434 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 86 

the | feasting-house. Others go to get large oil-boxes, | and put 

35 them down at the end of the fire, towards the door of the || house. 
Still others go to get long tongs, and put | them down. As soon as 
everything is ready, | the stones are white-hot, and the oil-boxes are 
filler! | with water that has been carried in by others of the chief's 

40 numaym. | When the guests come in, young men take the tongs j| and 
take up the red-hot stones, and put them into the | water in the oil- 
boxes. When the water begins to boil, some of the | young men take 
large baskets and put the soaked | briskets and side-pieces into them. 
When | the baskets are full, they put them into the boiling water; 

45 and when || they are all in it, they put more red-hot stones | outside 
around the baskets. Then the water boils hard; | and after it has 
been boiling quite a while, it is done; they take | broad, short boards 
and put them down next to | the oil-boxes on the side towards the 

50 door of the house. || They take the baskets, one man lifting on each 
side, take them out of the oil-box, and | pour out the contents on the 
short boards. Some of the | young men go to get long roof-boards, 
which are laid down flat | in front of thefeasters. They pull to pieces 
the cooked brisket, so that | there will be enough for all the feasters. 

55 As soon as they finish, the young men take || the pieces of brisket, 

33 k!weladzats!e gokwa. Wa, lada waokwe ax £ edxa awawe k'!ek"!Em- 
yaxLa qa £ s la £ mExst5lilElas lax gwena £ yasa lEgwile laxa tlExtlasa 

35 gokwe. Wa, lada waok u ax £ edxa gflsgllt!a kllklEpi.ala qa gaxes 
gwalll katk'Edlla. Wa, g'iPmese £ wl £ la la gwaxgulilExs lae 
memEnltsEmeda tlesEme. Wa, laEmxae- naEngoyoxsdaleda k'!e- 
k" !EinyaxLaxa £ wape tsanEmsa waokwe lax £ nE £ memotas, wa, 
gil £ mese g"ax £ wI £ laeLa klwelaxs lae ax £ ededa ha £ yal £ axa klipLalaa 

40 qa £ s k'!ip!edes liixa xixIxsEinala t!esEma qa £ s la k'lipstalas lax 
£ wabEts!awasa k - !lk - KmyaxLa. Wa, gil e mese mEdElx £ wedExs laeda 
waokwe ha e yal £ a ax £ edxa awawe lelExa qa £ s mots!alesa t!elk u 
loqlubano laq LE £ wa ewanodza £ yasa E niElxLowe. Wa, g11 £ mese 
qotlaxs lae k!5xstEnts laxa maEmdElqiila £ wapa. Wa, gil £ mese 

45 £ wl £ lastaxs lae et!ed klipstalayowa xixExsEmala tlesEm lax 
awl £ stasa laElxa £ ye. Wa, la £ me alak'lala la maEmdElqfde £ wapas. 
Wa, het!a la gegllll maEmdElqiilaxs lae Llopa. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ wa 
£ wI £ wadzowe ts!ats!Ex u sEma qa £ s gaxe pax £ alelEm laxa maglnwali- 

• lasa k- !lk- limyaxLa laxa gunallle laxa tlExiliisa g-okwe. Wa, 

50 la dadanotsE £ wa lExa £ ye qa £ s k' !oxiistanowe laxa k!imyaxxa qa £ s 
la gugEdzodayuwe glts!awaq laxa ts!ats!Ex u same. Wa, la ax £ ededa 
waokwe ha £ yal £ axa gildEdzowe saokwa qa £ s la pax £ alllas lax 
Llasalilasa klwele. Wa, la k!u!k!upsalasE £ wa Llope loqlubano qa 
heltslExtowes laxa klwele. Wa, g11 £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ ededa 

55 ha £ yal £ axa k!idk!upsaakwe l5q!ubana qa £ s la gedzodalas laxa 



boas] RECIPES 435 

place them on | long boards in front of each guest. When they have 56 
all been put down, | the chief's speaker speaks, and | tells the guests 
to take the meat and to eat it. Then | all the guests stretch out their 
hands, take up the cooked soaked brisket, and eat it. || They do not 60 
drink water before they begin to eat; for they are afraid to drink | 
when eating fat brisket, for fear that the cold water might make hard 
the | tallow in their stomachs. After they have eaten, the guests | 
take home to their wives what is left. The feasters are told | to 
sing their feasting-songs, and the guests at once begin to || sing their 65 
feasting-songs. Immediately the young men | open the boxes con- 
taining the stomach-fat. They take a new | woven mat and spread 
it to the left of the door of the | house. They take stomach-fat out 
of the box and | put it on the mat. After it has all been taken out, 
two || young men count the number of guests. They carry a number 70 
of split | long slender cedar-sticks that have been counted, and they 
give one stick to | every one of the guests. These are used to put the 
stomach-fat | at one end of the cedar-stick when they melt it in the 
fires of their own houses. | There may also be more sticks than the num- 
ber of feasters. As soon as they know the || number of the guests, they 75 
cut the stomach-fat into pieces, so that every | guest gets one piece. 
When it has all been cut up into pieces, they distribute | it. When 

yagudzowe lax £ nEqEma/lJlasa yeyagwadas. Wa, g'll £ mese £ wllga- 56 
IiIexs lae yaqlEga £ le yayaq lEntemllasa glgama £ ye. Wa, laEm 
waxaxa klwele qa daxalag'is qa £ s qlEs £ Ide. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese 
£ naxwa daxeda klwelaxa Llope t!elk u loqlfibana, qa £ s hamx £ Ideq. 
Wa, laEin hewaxa nanaqalg'iwalax £ wapa qaes kilEma £ e naqeda 60 
qlEsaxa tsEnxwa loqlubanaxa £ wiida £ sta £ wapa qo l!ox £ wk1 laxa 
tsEnxwa £ yas, lax tEk'las. Wa, g11 £ mese gwal qlEsaxs lae motlo- 
yiwe mamotasa klwele laxes gEgEnEme. Wa, la £ mese waxasE £ wa 
klwele qa £ s k!welg - a £ le dEnxEla. Wa, hex -£ Ida £ mese klwele dEnx £ - 
etsa k Iwelayalayowe qlEmdEma. Wa, laLe hex -£ Ida £ meda ha £ yal £ a 65 
xox u£ wklxa £ yEx u sEma £ yaats !e xexEtsEma. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ wa alo- 
niase klEta le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEplalllEme laxa gEmxotsalllasa tloxilasa 
g'okwe. Wa, la ax £ wfdts!alasE £ wa £ yEx u sEma £ yasa £ mElxxowe qa £ s 
la g-IdzolIlElas laxa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, gih'mese £ wl £ laxs laeda ma £ lokwe 
ha £ yal £ a gilpax £ waxaasasa klwele, yixs dalaaxa hEwekwe xok u 70 
gilsg'iltla wiswElto k!wa £ XL§wa. Wa, la yaqwasa £ nal £ nEmts !aqe 
laxa £ nal £ nEm5kwe laxa klwele. Wa, heEm axba £ yaasltsa £ yEx u sE- 
ma e yeda k!wa £ xLawe qo lal tsexaLEq laxa lEgwilases gigokwe. Wa, 
laxae hayaqax £ waxaasasa klwele. Wa, gil £ mese q!al £ aLElax 
£ waxaasasa k Iwelaxs lae t !5t lEts tendxa £ yEx u sEma £ ye qa £ s hosEmdes 75 
lax £ waxaasasa klwele. Wa, gil £ mese £ wIwidxsExs lae yax £ widayo 
laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ts lElwax £ etso £ sa £ ya £ yaq lEntemelasa 



436 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ass.35 

78 this has been done, the chief's speaker begins to praise them. | 
The guests never eat any of the stomach-fat | of the mountain-goat, 

80 but go out. This important feast || is given to many tribes; namely, 
dried brisket and sides, | and also the stomach-fat of the mountain- 
goat; for there is a myth about it and | about the seal, for it is 
valued more highly than an oil-feast by [ many tribes. As soon as the 
former guests enter their houses, | they distribute the split cedar- 

85 sticks, for all the guests carry them || to theirwives with the stomach- 
fat. The women at once | bite off a piece of the fat and chew it; 
and after it has been chewed, | they put it on the end of a split cedar- 
stick, so that there is a knob of fat at the end, | for they only wish 
it to be large enough to go into the mouth. They put the knob | 
into the fire; and when the stomach-fat is melted, they put it into 

90 the || mouth and suck the knob. When all the melted tallow has 
been sucked off, | they put the knob into the fire again; and when it 
begins to drip | with the melted fat, they put it back into the mouth; 
and they | only stop when there is only skin left at the end of the 
fat-stick. They only | suck it off and eat it. That is all about this. || 
1 Mountain- Goat Brisket. — When there are two rival | chiefs in one 
tribe, and each lias a | son-in-law who is a mountain-goat hunter, 
they watch each other | when they give feasts. When the chief's 
5 mountain-goat hunter || has ten boxes of dried briskets and | sides 



78 gigama £ ye. Wa, laEm hewiixaEm hanix £ Tdeda klwelaxa £ yEx u sE- 
ma £ yasa £ mElxLowaxs lae hoqiiwElsa. Wa, heEm awilgala k!wel- 

80 tsdsa qlenEme lelqwalaLa £ ya xilkwe loqlubano LE £ wa ewanodza £ ye; 
wa, he £ misLeda £ yEx u sEma £ yasa £ mElxLowe qaxs nuyambalae LE £ wa 
megwate; yixs he £ mae nallLElasa L!e £ naxs klweladzEmae laxaaxa 
q!enEine lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, gil £ mese laeLeda klwelde laxes g'igo- 
kwaxs lae ts!asa xokwe k!wa £ XLa qaxs £ naxwa £ me daleda k.'weldaq 

85 laxes gEgEnEme LE £ wa £ yEx u sEma £ ye. Wa, hex £ ida £ niesa tsledaqe 
q!Ex £ Id lftxa £ yEx u sEma £ ye qa £ s malex £ wideq. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl- 
weIx'sexs lae axbEnts laxa xokwe k!wa £ xLawa qa £ s la qoloxbeq; 
yixs a £ mae £ nex" qa heldzEqEles laxes sEmse. Wii, la, tsexLEnts 
laxes lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese yax £ Ida £ yasEkwaxs lae axeLas laxes 

90 sEmse qa £ s klExfdtsEmayeq. Wa, giPmese £ wi £ lawa yaxayasEkuxs 
lae xwelaxLEnts laxes lEgwIle. Wa, g il £ Emxaawise la ts!ets!aoku- 
laxs lae xwelaqa axeLas laxes sEmse. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae 
aEm la L!esa axba £ yaxa tsexpleqe k!wa £ XL&wa. Wa, a £ mese la 
khuntodEq qa £ s ha £ mx £ Ideq. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Mountain-Goat Brisket. — Wa, gil £ mese £ waxsek!iisa £ ma £ lokwe 
g - Igigamesa £ nEmsgEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya, wa, la qlwalxoEm ne- 
nEgwiiyatsa tetEwe £ nenoxwaxa £ mElxxowe, wa, lalaxalaxs doqwa- 
laplae yisa k Iwelatsayase. Wa, gil £ mese laLa tEwe £ nenoxwasa 
5 g - Igama £ yaxa nF.qasgEme xexEtsEm xilk u loq!ubanowats!a LE £ wa 



boas] RECIPES 437 

and the stomach-fat of the mountain-goat, | then the mountain-goat 6 
hunter of the chief of the other side tries to get also | that number of 
boxes which is the number of goats obtained by his rival; and this 
is also the same | in recent times, when they have kettles. When 
the || mountain-goat hunter gives the marriage-present to the chief 10 
his father-in-law, the latter | soaks the meat, as I described before 
the soaking of dried briskets and | sides when they soak them in a 
small canoe. After three | days they call all the tribes; and as soon 
as | the messenger comes back, they build a fire in the chief's house. || 
They take large kettles and place them by the side | of the fire, and 15 
the young men go to draw water and pour it into the | kettles. 
When they are half filled with water, the | young men take the 
soaked briskets out of the soaking-eanoe, | and they go and put them 
into the kettle. They only stop when || these are filled. They do this 20 
with the other kettles too. | Then the young men put them on the fire; 
and when the water | begins to boil, the young men go again to invite 
all the tribes. | Then the rival chief goes in first with his numaym. | 
They enter the house and sit down at their seats, for they do not 
wish || the rival chief to say that he is afraid to go to the feast; and 25 
after him come all the | other guests. Then they start singing the 
feast-songs, | and they sing the feast-songs | of the rival of the host. 



ewanodza £ yaats!a; wa, he £ mesa £ yEx u sEma £ yasa £ m.E'lxLovve. Wa 6 
la tEwemenoxwas apsllasa glgame £ ogwaqa laloL.'axa he £ niaxat! 
£ waxasgEm XEtsEme £ waxaasas yanEmases doqwalap !6te, ogwaqaxwa 
ale £ nalilsa lax axnogwatsa hanxxanowe. Wa, gil £ mese wawadzeda 
tEwe £ nenoxwaxes glgaina £ ve nEgumpaxs lae hex £ idaEni nEgEtEwex 10 
t !elalaena £ yasa galEn gwagwexs £ filasa laxa loq!ubanoweLE £ wa ewa- 
nodza £ yaxs lae t!elaso laxa xwaxwagume. Wa, laxae yudux u p!En- 
xwa £ se £ nalasexs lae Le £ lalasE £ wa £ naxwa lelqwalai.a £ ya. Wa, o-il- 
£ mese g - axeda Le £ lalElg isaxs lae hex £ idaEm laqoh~lasE £ wa gokwasa 
gigama £ ye. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ wa awa £ we hanxxanowa qa £ s ha £ nolllEme 15 
laxa lEgwIle. Wa, la tsada ha £ yal £ axa £ wape qa £ s la guxtslalas laxa 
hehanxxanowe. Wa, gil £ mese naEngoyoxsdalaxa £ wapaxs lae fix- 
wustEndeda ha £ yal £ axa t!elkwe loq!ubano laxa t!elats!e xwaxwaofim 
qa £ s la axstEnts laxa hanxxanowe. Wa, al £ mese gwalqexs lae 
qot!a. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gwex £ Idxa waSkwe hanEnxxana. 20 
Wa, lada ha £ yal £ a h&nxxEnts laxa lEgwIle. Wa, g - il £ mese ms- 
dElx £ widExs laeda ha £ yal £ a etse £ staxa £ naxwa lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa 
hex - sa £ mesa epsile g-Igame £ galaeLa LE £ wis £ nE £ memote gax 
hogwiLa qa £ sk!us £ allle hixes k!wek!wa £ }-e qaxs gwaqlElaq £ nexso £ ses 
apslle glgame £ k'ilElas k!weladzEmas. Wa, gaxe £ wl £ la alxLa £ ve 25 
waokwe klwelwutLEs. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese waxaso £ qa £ s k!we]o-a £ le 
dEnxElasa k!we £ lala qlEmdEma. Wa, he £ mis dEnx £ edayuwe k!we- 



438 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

As soon as they sing, | the rival of the host rises; and when his song 

30 is ended, || he promises a feast. After he has done so, he sits down. 
Then the | boxes of stomach-fat are opened, and the stomach-fat is 
taken | out of the boxes and placed on mats. It is cut into pieces | 
by the young men. When it is all cut up, the kettles | are taken 

35 from the fire and placed around the || fire, so that they are slightly 
heated on one side and that they hardly | boil on one side. Then 
the stomach-fat which has been cut into pieces | is taken and put 
into the boiling liquid of the boiled goat-briskets. | As soon as it is all 
in, the young men take | spoons and put them down; and when the 

40 brisket is done, || they take many dishes and put them down, and 
they also take long tongs. | With these they take out the boded | 
briskets and put them into the dishes. There | is one brisket in 
each dish. When | it is all in, the spoons are distributed among the 

45 guests. Then || the dishes are distributed, one dish to each two 
guests. I Two young men carry the kettle, one on each side, | and 
put it down in front of the rival of the host. Then one | of the young 
men says, "Now, eat, chief!" and the chief says, | "I shall do so." 

50 Then the young men do the same with the other kettles || to, the other 
guests. Then they all eat with spoons | the tallow that is on top 

28 la £ yala £ yasa apselasa klwelase. Wa, g11 £ mese dEnx £ idEXs lae 
Lax £ ulileda apsllasa klwelase. Wa, gil £ mese labe qlEmdEmasexs lae 

30 qaso. Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae klwagallla. Wa, la x'ox £ witsE £ wa 
£ yEx u sEma £ yaats !e xEtsEma. Wa, la ax £ wults!alayuwa £ yEx u sEma £ ye 
laxa xEtsEme qa £ s axdzolelEme laxa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, la t!ot!Ets!a- 
lasE £ wa yisa ha £ yal £ a. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wI £ we1xsexs, lae hanEmxs £ a- 
lasE £ wa haiiEnxxanowe laxa lEgwIle qa £ s hane £ stalayuwe laxa 

35 lEgwlle qa halsEla £ mese xigEn £ wala. Wa, la halsElaEm la mE- 
dElqule epsana £ yas. Wii, la ax £ etsE £ wa t!ot!Ets!aakw§ e yEx u sEme 
qa e s la axstano lax £ wapalasa hanx'Laakwe loqlubanosa £ mElx- 
Lowe. Wa, giPmese £ wi £ la £ staxs laeda ha £ yal £ a ax £ edxa k'ak'E- 
tslEnaqe qa £ s gaxe ax £ alilas. Wa, gil £ mese Llopa loqliibanaxs 

40 lae ax £ etsE £ wa qlexLa loElqlwa qa £ s gaxe niEX £ alelEma. Wa, 
laxae ax £ etsE £ wa giltla kMipLala. Wa, la lEx £ ustEndxa hanxxa- 
akwe loqlubana qa £ s la axtslalas laxa loElqlwe. Wa, laEm 
£ nal £ nEmts!aweda loElq!waxa l5q!ubanowe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ lo- 
£ staxs lae tslEwanaedzEma kakEtslEnaqe laxa klwele. Wa, la 

45 kax £ idayowa loElqlwe laEm maemaPeda k!welaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa 
loqlwa. Wa, la £ waxsanodeda £ ma £ lokwe ha £ yal £ axa hanx'Lanowe 
qa £ s la hangEmlllas lax apsllasa klwelase. Wa, la £ nek - eda £ nEmokwe 
hel £ a: "LaEms hamx £ IdLol glgame £ ." Wa, la £ neka gigama £ ye: 
"HeLEn gwalaLe." Wa, la hanala ha £ yal £ asa waokwe hanhanx'- 

50 Lano laxa waokwe klwela. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese £ naxwa £ yos £ idxa 
e yasEkwe lax okuya £ yasa £ wapalasa hanxLaakwe loq!ubano. Wa, 



buas] RECIPES 439 

of the liquid of the boiled briskets. | After they have eaten the 52 
tallow, they eat the boiled briskets. | However, they do not eat much; 
and when they finish eating, they go out. | They never drink water 
after eating. || At this time the host gives a name to his children 55 
on account of this kind of food, and also | (when he gives) seal and 
oil; and the rival of the chief | gives the same kind of a feast as the 
host. That is all about this. | 

Steamed Mountain-Goat Meat. — There is another way of | cooking 1 
mountain-goat meat when it is fresh; that is, steaming it on | red- 
hot stones. After the mountain-goat has been caught by the | 
hunter, the latter skins it in his [| house, so that the skin comes off 5 
witli the hair. After he has skinned it, he first goes | into the woods 
and breaks off tips of hemlock branches. | When he thinks he has 
enough, he carries them home | and puts them down in his house. 
Then he takes a basket and | carries it down to the beach in front of 
his house. He picks up || fresh stones and puts them into it. He 10 
carries them on his back and puts them down | in his house. He 
takes his wedge and his hammer and ] wedges into pieces fire-wood 
[so that the pieces are] of medium size; and he puts one piece down 
crosswise | at the end of the fire for heating stones, and there is a| 
crosspiece only at one end; and he puts the two side-pieces down on 
the sides; || and he puts pieces across on top for the stones to lie on. | 15 

giPmese £ wllaxa yasEkwaxs lae q!Es £ edxa L!ope toq!ubana. Wa, 52 
k!est!a q!ek'!Es laqexs lae gwal q!Esa. Wa, la £ me hoquwEls 
laxeq. Wa, laEm hewaxa nax £ IdEX £ wapaxs lae gwal qtesa. Wa, 
heEm Legadaats sasEmasa klwelasasa he gwex"s hemaomase LE £ wa 55 
megwate; wa he £ mesa L!e £ na. Wa, aEmxaawise apsilas naqEmgil- 
tax gwayrdalasasa klwelasde. Wa, laEmxae gwala. 

Steamed Mountain-Goat Meat. — Wa, ga £ mes £ riEmx £ idala ka £ mex- 1 
silaenexa £ mEl £ mElq!Ega £ yaxs getaegaxa £ nEx ,£ alodaq laxa x'ixix- 
sEmala t!esEma. Wa, he £ maaxs galae laLanEma £ mElxLowasa 
tEwe £ nenoxwe. Wa, la sap!edEq qa lawayes habEsEna^yas laxes 
g'Qkwe. Wa, gll £ mese gwal sapaqexs lae he gil ax £ etsoxs lae 5 
laxa aLle qa £ s LlEqalexa mEmxbalts!ana £ yas LlEnakasa q!wa- 
xase. Wa, g - il £ mese k - otaq helales axanEmaxs gaxae gEmxElaq 
qa E s gEmx £ ahles laxes g'Skwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s la da- 
laqexs lae lEntsles laxes L!Ema £ isases g'okwe. Wa, la xEx u ts!a- 
lasa alExsEme tlesEm laq. Wa, la oxEosdesaq cpa £ s la hangalilas 10 
laxes gokwe. Wa, la ax e edxes LEmgayuwe LE £ wis pElpElqe. Wa, 
la LEmlEmx'SEnts laxa lsqwa qa E s ha £ yaastowes. Wa, la gEbEn- 
tsa hel £ astowe lax ogwiwalllasa t!eqwapa £ ye. Wa, laEm apsba £ ya 
geba £ yas. Wa la kakEdEnodEq yis k'il,kEdEnwa £ yas. Wa, la 
gayi £ lalax ,£ idEX okuya £ yas qa xEx u dEmasa t!esEme. Wa, gil- 15 



440 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

16 After this is done, he takes the basket of stones and pours them on 
top I of this; and after that is done, he lights the fire under it. As | 
soon as it begins to burn, he cuts the mountain-goat meat into 
slices, I and he cuts holes in them so that they will cook quickly. || 

20 When this is done, he takes two buckets and draws | fresh water. 
He brings them back and puts them near the fire for heating stones. | 
Then he takes his tongs, so as to have them ready, and | he takes 
many old mats, which he puts down. Now | all the stones are white- 

25 hot. Then he takes his tongs || and picks off from the fire the wood 
that has been burned. After | it lias all been taken off, he levels 
off the top of the red-hot stones. After | this has been done, he takes 
hemlock-branches and lays them down over the | red-hot stones. 
When there is a thick layer of hemlock-branches, he takes | thin slices 

30 of goat-meat and spreads them over it; || and when (the hemlock- 
branches) are all covered/he takes split cedar-wood and puts it down 
crosswise | over the meat which is spread over the hemlock-branches, 
in this way: | s~jG$2?K. Then he takes the goat-meat and spreads | it 
over the pieces ((KWjuQ which are two spans square. When | (the 
meat) is all on, *4oi>^ he takes old mats for covering it, and || 

35 spreads them down by the side of it. As soon as everything is 
ready, | he takes up the buckets with water and empties them 

16 £ mese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa t!ets!ats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s la guqEyints 
laq. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae £ menabotsa gulta laq. Wa, gil- 
£ mese x'lqostaxs lae pElspadzogwIla sakwaxa £ niEl £ mElq !Ega £ ye. 
Wa, la L!6LlEbas J id bEXEmxsalaq qa halabales L!opa. Wa, g'il- 

20 £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes £ maltsEme naEngatsla qa £ s la tsas laxa 
£ wE £ wap!Eme. Wa, gaxe hanEmg-alllas laxa maginwalilases t!e- 
qwapa £ ye, wa laxae ax £ edxes k'lipLalaa qa gaxes gwfdila. Wa, la 
ax £ edxa qlenEme k!a'k'!obana qa £ s g-axe ax £ allias. Wa, la £ me 
£ naxwa la memEnltsEmx £ Ideda t!esEme. Wa, la ax £ edxes k- !ipLa- 

25 laa qa £ s klipsales laxa xixiq!ayawa £ yasa lEqwa. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ \vllx-axs lae £ nEmakiyindxa x'lx'lxsEmala tlesEma. Wa, g - il £ mese 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa q!waxeqa £ s tslaklyindes lax 6kuya £ yasa x'l- 
x'ixsEmala tlesEma. Wa, gIPmese la wakwa qlwaxaxs lae ax £ ed- 
xa pElspadzowe sagiik u £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ya qa £ s LEpEylndales laq. 

30 Wa, gil £ mese hamElqEyaxs lae ax £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ XLawa qa £ s xwa- 
lEylndesa motslaqe lax okuya £ yasa laLEpE £ yexa q!waxe ga gwalega 
{fig.). Wa, laxae ax £ edxa £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ye qa £ s LEpEyindes 
laxa maldEnas awagwidas laxEns q!wa'q!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, 
giPmese £ wl £ laxs lae ax £ edxa nayimLe k'!ak-!obana qa e s gaxe 

35 LEplalllElas lax maginwalllas. Wa, g11 £ mese la £ wl £ la gwalllExs 
lae k-!oqii!ilaxa nagatsle £ wabEts!ala qa £ s tsadzELEyindes iax okii- 



boas] RECIPES 441 

over | (the place) where the cut meat is spread; and he does the 37 
same quickly | with the other one. When (the buckets) are emptied, 
he quickly takes up | the mat covers and spreads them over 
(the meat) ; and he only || stops when hardly any steam is coming 40 
through. Then | the man who is steaming it rests for a while; 
but he does not leave it long, before it is uncovered; | for then it 
is done, for goat-meat is done quickly when it is steamed. | He 
just invites all the men to come and sit | around the place where 
it has been steamed. They take some of it and eat it; || and when 45 
they all have eaten enough, they carry home the rest for their wives 
in their | houses. This is called "steamed fresh goat-meat," which | 
is treated in this manner. It is called "boded soaked brisket | 
covered with tallow" when the soaked brisket is boiled. | 

Cooking Mountain-Goat Meat. — As 1 soon as he arrives at his house | 1 
he skins (the goat), as goats are skinned. | After he has skinned it, he 
cuts off the head so that it comes off, and he ) puts it down in the 
corner of the house. Then he cuts up the meat of the || hind-legs 5 
and fore-legs and the meat of the back. | He cuts it into strips. 
Then he takes a basket, and puts | the meat of the mountain- 
goat that has been cut up into it. He goes to the beach 
and | picks up some stones, which he puts on the fire in the 
house. When he has | enough stones, he takes his cooking-box 



ya £ yasa la LEpE £ ye £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ya. Wa, la haalbala he gwex - - 37 
£ Itsa £ nEmsgEme. Wa, giPmese widg"Ilts!axs lae halabala dagih- 
laxa mayime k!ak!obana qa £ s £ nasEyindes laq. Wa, al £ mese 
gwalExs lae halsElaEm la k'Ex u saleda k'!alEla. Wa, la-me £ yawas £ Id 40 
xos £ Ideda £ nEkaq. Wa, k'!est!a alaEm gEyaxs lae lot!etsE £ wa qaxs 
iE £ maeL!6pa qaeda £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ yaxs L!op!alae laxox £ nEkasE £ we. 
Wa, a f mese Le £ lalasE £ wa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm qa £ s gaxe k!utse ; 
£ stalaxa mEgasaq. Wa, lax - da £ xwe km dax ,£ id laq qa £ s q!Es £ edeq. 
Wa, gil £ mese maxwa pol £ IdExs lae motieda qaes gEgEnEme laxes 45 
gigokwe. HeEm LegadEs mEgEkwe geta £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ yaxa he 
gwekwe. Wa, he £ mis LegEmsa hanxLaakwe tlelkwe loqliibanowe 
tlEplEgilisxa £ yasEkwe hanxxaak" t!elk u loq!ubano. 

Cooking Mountain-Goat Meat. — Wa, g'il £ mese lag'aa laxes gokwaxs 1 
lae h("'x -£ idaEm sap!edEq laxox sapalaena £ yaxa £ niElxLowe. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwal sapaqexs lae qax -£ idEq qa lawiis xEweqwas. Wa, la 
g'eg'alilas lax onegwllases g'okwe. Wii, la sESEx u sEndEx Eldzas 
alEmxLa £ yasLE £ wes g'alEmalg'iwa^e. Wa,he £ mes Eldzeg - a £ yas. Wa 5 
la L!oL!Ebas £ edEq. Wa, la ax £ edxa lExa £ ya qa £ s axtslodesa 
sEsEx u saakwe £ mEl £ mElq !Ege liiq. Wii, lii laxa LlEma £ ise qa £ s xex- 
wusdeseq laxa tlesEme qa £ s lii xEx u LEnts laxes lEgwIl. Wii, hi 
helaleda t!esEmaxs lae ax £ edxes q!o £ lats!e qa £ s ha £ noleses laxa ma- 

1 Continued from p. 174, line 35. 



442 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. 35 

10 and places it || near the fire. Then he takes his buckets and goes to 
draw | water, and pours it into the box. When it is half full | of 
water, he stops pouring it in. He takes his | tongs and picks up the 
red-hot stones, which he | puts into the cooking-box. When the 

15 water begins to boil, || he takes up the basket with the pieces of moun- 
tain-goat meat and places the basket with its contents | in the boiling 
water. As soon as the basket has been put | in, he takes his tongs, 
takes up more | red-hot stones, and places them outside the basket. | 

20 Then the water begins to boil hard all around the basket || containing 
the pieces of niountain-goat meat. It does not take | really long 
before it is done. Then he takes a short | piece of board and lays it 
down by the side of the cooking-box. He | puts down a narrow strip 
of split cedar-board in front of those who | are to eat the meat of the 

25 mountain-goat. Then he takes the tongs and || picks up the cooked 
goat-meat and puts it on the | short board. When it is all out of the 
basket, | he takes the cooked mountain-goat meat and places it on | 
the long strip of board in front of each of those who are to eat the 
mountain-goat meat. | Before they begin to eat the meat, they drink 

30 water; || and after they have drunk, the men take up the pieces of { 
mountain-goat meat and bite off a piece, and they eat it, and then all 
the | others begin to eat. After they have eaten, they drink | water. 
Then they go out. 

10 g-inwalisasa lEgwllas. Wii, la ax £ edxes nagatsle qa £ s la tsa laxa 
£ wape qa £ s la guxtslots laxa q!o £ lats!e. Wii, g'iFmese nEgoyoxs- 
dalaxa £ wapaxs lae gwal guxtslalaq. Wii, la ax £ edxes k - !ip- 
Lala qa £ s k'lipledes laxa xux-ixsEmala tlesEin qa £ s la k"!ip- 
tslalas laxa q!o £ lats!e. Wii, g'iPmese mEdElx £ wededa £ wapaxs 

15 lae k'loqulilxa sagugwatsle £ mEl £ mElq !Ege lExa £ ya qa £ s la han- 
£ stEnts laxa la maEmdElqula £ wapa. Wii, g-il £ mese han £ steda lExa £ ye 
laqexs lae et led ax £ edxes k - lipLalaa qa £ s et !ede k - !ip lets laxa 
x'ix'ixsEmala tlesEma qa £ s la kMipstalas lax ewana £ yasa lExa £ ye. 
Wa, lawisLe alak' !ala maEmdElquleda £ wape lax awe £ stasa lExa £ ye 

20 yix la motslawatsa sagukwe £ mEpmElq!Ega £ ya. Wa, k - !est!e 
illaEm geg - ililExs lae Llopa. Wii, h(' ; x -£ Ida £ mese &x £ edxa tegudzowe 
ts!ats!ax u sama qa £ s pax £ aliles lax mag'inwalilasa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, la 
pax £ alilasa ts!6q!adzowe gildEdzo lat!aak u klwiigEdzo lax Liasall- 
lasa qlEsaLaxa £ niEl £ niElq!Ega £ ye. Wa, la dax ,£ Idxa k' lipLalae qa £ s 

25 k - !ip!ides laxa q !6 £ lkwe £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ya qa £ s la k'lEbEclzots laxa 
lEgudzowe. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ losts!a laxa lExa £ yeda £ mEl £ mElq!E- 
ga £ yaxs lae ax £ edxa q!o £ lkwe £ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ye qa £ s lii axdzolalas 
laxa yagudzo lax nenEqEmalllasa qlEsaLaxa £ mEl £ niElq!Ega £ ye. 
Wii, laxda £ xwe nanaqalg'iwalaxa £ wapaxs k - !es £ mae q!Es £ eda. 

30 Wii, g - il £ mese gwiil naqaxs laeda bebEgwanEme dax £ idxa qlolkwe 
£ mEl £ mElq !Ega £ ya qa £ s q!Ex -£ ide laq qa £ s q!Es £ ideq. Wii, la £ nax- 
waEm la qlEseda waokwe. Wa, g'iPmese gwala qlEsaxs lae nax £ ed- 
xa £ wape. Wa, laEm h5qiiwEls laxeq. 




boas] RECIPES 443 

Roasted Monutain-Goat Meat. — And also roasted mountain-goat | 1 
meat, this also is taken from the hind -legs of the mountain-goat. It is 
cut up, | for they only cut along the thigh-bone of the mountain- 
goat, so that | it comes off. When it is off, it is sliced so that it 
forms one thin || wide piece. . . . The thin slice of meat is placed | 5 
between the legs of roasting-tongs. Cedar-bark is tied | on the top 
of the tongs. After this has been done, the man takes | thin split 
cedar and puts it crosswise (so as to keep the meat open), in this | 
After this has been done, he places it by the 
the fire; || and when it is burnt black on one 10 
turned over; j and when that side is also burnt 
is done. Then it is taken | and put down in 
those who are to eat it. Immediately | they 
up and eat it. This kind of food is always 
eaten entirely. | In this also they do not drink water. || 

Mountain-Goat Skin. — An important food of the ancestors of the 15 
DEnax - da £ x u , | when they stay for a long time on the upper course 
of Knight Inlet, is (also) mountain-goat skin. | "When the mountain- 
goat skin has been [ in the house for four days, the man takes the 
collar-bone of the eagle and breaks off one side of it. || Now (he takes) 20 
one half of it, || and he pulls off the wool from the mountain-goat skin. 
He puts | the wool that he has plucked off into a basket for his 
wife to make blankets. | When the wool is all off, he puts in the 

Roasted Mountain-Goat Meat. — Wa, ke £ mesa LlobEkwe £ mEl £ niElq !e- i 
ga £ ya heEmxae gayola alEmxLa £ yasa £ mElxLowa la sax £ w!tsE £ wa 
yixs a £ mae t!ots!ElEntsE £ wa xaqasa alEmxLa £ yasa £ m.ElxLowe qa 
lawes. Wa, g iPmese lawaxs lae t !Els £ itsE £ wa qa £ s la £ nEinxsa pEldz5 
la wadza. . . . Wa, la ax £ edxa pEldzowe Eldza qa £ s axodes 5 
lax xEwela £ yasa L!opsayowe. Wa, laxae qEx -£ aLElotsa dEnase 
lax ek - !Eba £ yasa l lopsayowe. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 
wlswiiltowas xoye k!waxxawa qa £ s k!aat!edes laq. Wa, la ga 
gwalega (Jig.). Wa, g'il £ niese gwalExs lae Lanolisas laxes lEgwile. 
Wa, g'il £ mese k!umax £ ide apsadza £ yasexs lae lex' £ IdEq. Wa, 10 
gil £ Emxaawise k!umElx" £ IdExs lae Llopa. Wa, la £ me ax £ etsE £ wa 
qa £ s !a paqEmlelEm lax nExdzama £ yas qlEsaLaq. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese 
k!ulpap!Eq qa £ s q!Es £ edeq. Wa, la hemEnalaEm £ wIlasoxs qlEsasE- 
£ wae gwex'sdEmas. Wa, laEmxae k' !es nax £ Idxa £ wape. 

Mountain-Goat Skin. — Wa, he £ mesahemawalasagalaDEnaxda £ xwa 15 
laxs hemaole gokfde £ nEldzas Dzawadexa pEsk-enasa £ mElxLowe, 
y!xa pEsEna £ yas. Wa, he £ maaxs lae mop lEnxwadzile pESEna £ yasa 
£ niElxLowaxa £ nala laxa gokwe, wa, la ax £ ededa bEgwanEmaxa hanas- 
xawa £ j 7 asa kwekwe. Wa, la koqodEX apsba £ yas. Wa,la nExsaakiixs 
lae gal £ Its lax p!alEmasa pEsEiia £ yasa £ mElxLowe. Wa, la axtsloda- 20 
lases gaLanEme p !alEm laxa lExa £ ye qa p !alEmsgEmgilaso £ s gEnEmas. 



444 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 86 

23 bone hook and | plucks off the long hair. When it is all off, he 
spreads it out | over his fire in order to singe off the hair that 

25 is left on. As soon as it is || all off, the skin shrinks, and then 
becomes thick on account of the heat when | it is put over the 
fire. Then he spreads it on a short board, and | takes his knife, 
whatever it may be, a stone knife or | bone knife. Then he cuts it 
into strips; and | after it has all been cut, he puts stones on the fire. || 

30 After he has done so, he goes into the woods and takes hemlock- 
branches and | much skunk-cabbage. He carries them home and 
puts them down in his | house. Then he takes a digguig-stick and 
digs a hole | near the fire, two spans long and | the same width, and 

35 also the same || depth. As soon as he has finished, he goes to get 
water with his bucket. | He brings it and puts it down. Then he 
takes the tongs and picks up | red-hot stones and places them in the 
hole. | As soon as there are many stones in it, he takes hemlock- 
branches and | places them over the stones; and when there are 

40 enough on them, he spreads skunk-cabbage || over the hemlock- 
branches. When this also has been done, | he takes cedar-wood 
and pokes holes through the skunk-cabbage leaves. He | takes the 
skin that has been cut into strips and coils (the strips) up on the | 
skunk-cabbage. When it is all in the hole, he takes more skunk- 
cabbage leaves and | spreads them over (the whole). When they are 

22 Wa, gil £ mese £ wllaweda plalEmaxs lae gexaxes gaLayowe q!as 
plElwalex sExsEk - E £ yas. Wa, g'tl £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae LalabELalas 
laxes lEgwIle qa £ wl £ lawes ts!ex £ Ide habEdzEdza £ yas. Wa, g-ll £ mese 

25 £ wi £ laxs lae t!Emx £ wida qa £ s la wax £ wida qa hasa gultaxs lae 
aaxELalaya. Wa, la LEbEdzots laxa ts!ats!Ex"same. Wa, la 
ax £ edxes kleLEnxe laxes gwexsdEmganEma lo £ tlesxa lo 
xaxxa k'lawaya,. Wa, la bEX £ edEq qa t lelts teq ! astowes. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ w! £ we1x'sexs lae xEx u LEntsa t lessme laxes lEgwIle. Wa, 

30 gil £ mese gwalExs lae laxa aLle qa £ s ax £ edexaaxa qlwaxe LE £ wa 
qlenEme klaoklwa. Wa, g - axe gEmxElaq, qa £ s gEmxahles laxes 
gokwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa tsloyayaxa LEX'sEme qa £ s £ lap!allle laxa 
maginwalisases Isgwile malplEnk'as £ wasgEmase laxEns q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana £ yex, wa, la heEmxat! £ wadzExtowe; wa la heEmxat! 

35 £ walabEtale. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae tsex £ Idxa £ wape yisa naga- 
ts!e. Wa, g - axe hang'alllaq. Wa, la ax £ edxa k!ipL&laa qa £ s k'!ip!l- 
des laxa x - ix - ixsEmala tlesEm qa £ s la k!ipts!alas laxa £ labEkwe. 
Wa, g'll £ mese q!ets!axa t!esEinaxs lae ax £ edxa qlwaxe qa £ s ts!a- 
x -£ alodes laxatlesEme. Wa, la helalaxs lae ax £ ed laxa k"!aok!we 

40 qa £ s la LEpEyints laxa qlwaxe. Wa, gil £ Einxaawise gwalExs lae 
&x £ edxa k!wa £ xLawe qa £ s LlEiiqEmsoles laxa k"!aok!we. Wa, le 
ax £ edxa t lelts !Eq lastowe pEsk'ena qa £ s la qlElxuyhidalas laxa 
k - !aok!we. Wa, gil £ mese £ wilts!axs lae ax £ edxa k'!aok!we qa £ s 
LEpEyindales laq. Wa, gil £ mese la wakuxs lae ax £ edxa k!wa £ x- 



boas] RECIPES 445 

thickly covered, he takes a piece of j| cedar-wood and pokes holes in 45 
the middle of the top of the skunk-cabbage. When | the holes have 
been made, he takes the bucket of water and pours it into the | hole 
over the skunk-cabbage ; and when he thinks the water is enough , he | 
takes one leaf of skunk-cabbage and puts it over the place where he 
poured | the water in. Finally he covers it over with soil. This is 
done in the evening |j when the skin is boiled underground. He 50 
leaves it in there during the night. | In the morning, when day comes, 
he digs it up. Immediately | he invites some one to eat it with him 
while it is still hot; for it is tender | while it is hot, but it gets tough 
when it gets cold: therefore | it is eaten right away. This is called 
"eating skin steamed underground." || After they have eaten the 55 
skin, they go home. | 

Boiled Mountain-Goat Meat. — Now also boiled fresh | mountain- 1 
goat meat. The meat from the hind-leg of the | mountain-goat is 
taken and cut into pieces. After this has been done, the man takes | 
the kettle and puts the meat into it. He pours some || water into it; 5 
and when the meat is covered, he puts it over the fire. | As soon as it 
boils up, the boded blood floats on the liquid, | and all the guests take 
the spoons and skim off the boded blood, | and they eat it with spoons. 
They only stop skimming it off when it is finished. It does not | 
bod a very long time, before the kettle is taken off [| of the fire. Short 10 
boards are taken and put down by | the side of the kettle in which the 



Lawe qa £ s LlEnxsodes lax nEqEya £ yasa k - !aok!we. Wa, gil £ mese 45 
laxsaxs lae ax'edxa £ wabEts!ala nagatsUl qa £ s guxstodes lax kwa- 
xiiya £ yasa k!aok!we. Wa, giPmese kotax heleda £ wapaxs lae 
ax £ edxa £ nEmxsa k!aok!wa qa £ s le LEpstots laxa guxstodaasasesa 
£ wape. Wa, lawesLe dzEmkiyintsa dzsqwa laqexa la dzaqwa 
laxes kunsasE r we pEskena. Wa, la £ me hexsii gwaelxa ganuLg. 50 
Wa, g'iPmese £ nax £ Idxa gaalaxs lae lap!EqodEcf. Wa, hex £ Ida- 
£ mese Le £ !alaxes ha £ motLaqexs he £ mae ales ts!Elqwe yixs tElqwaaxs 
he £ mae ales tslfilqwe. Wa, la plesaxs lae £ wudEx £ Ida, lag lias 
hex -£ idaEin ha £ mx £ ItsE £ wa. Wii, heEm LegadEs kunek" pEskcne. 
Wa, g'd £ mese gwala pEspiisaxa pEsk'enaxs lae na £ nakwa. 5.5 

Boiled Mountain-Goat Meat. — Wa, he £ mesa hanxLaakwe geta £ iiie1- j 
£ niElq !Ega £ ya. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ vva gayole lax alEmxLa £ yasa £ mElx- 
Lowe qa £ s sEsEx u sEntsE £ we. Wa, gi! £ mese gwalExs lae ax'edxa 
hanxLanowe. Wii, lii axtslotsa Eldze laq. Wa, la guqlEqasa 
£ wape laq. Wii, gil £ mese tlEpEyaxs )ae hanxLEnts laxes lEgwde. 5 
Wa, gil £ mese maEindElq !waxs gaxae pExwaLa £ ye ts!ex - as. Wa, lii 
S,x £ ededa Le £ lanEmaxa k'ak'Etstenaqe qa £ s lii tsegolaxa ts!ex'g 
qa £ s £ yos £ ideq. Wa, al £ mese gwrd tsegolaxs lae £ wl £ la. Wa, k - !est !a 
alaEm gegtlll maEmdElqidaxs lae hanx'sanoweda hanx - Lanowe laxa 
lEgwlle. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda ts!ats!Ex u same qa £ s pax £ alelEme laxa 10 



446 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

12 mountain-goat meat has been cooked. (The host) takes the | tongs, 
takes the boiled meat out (of the kettle) and | places it on the short 
boards. When it is all out of the kettle, | he takes long, narrow 

15 roof-boards and places them in front of || the guests. These are 
called "things on which to place the meat." He | picks up the 
cooked meat and places it in front of each | man. When every one 
has a piece, they begin to eat; and | after they finish, they go out. 
They never drink | cold water with tins while they are in the f easting- 
house. That is all about this. || 
1 Porpoise. — As soon as (the hunter) arrives on the beach of his 
house, | he himself pulls the porpoises out of his little canoe, | and he 
places them the head landward. He takes out the two mats on 
which he and the steersman were sitting, and | everything that was 
5 in his hunting-canoe. || As soon as everything is out, he washes the 
canoe, so that all the blood | is out; and when it is clean inside, he 
carries it up the beach and | puts it down above high-water mark. | 
After eating, lie takes his butcher-knife and | goes to the place 

10 where the porpoises are lying on the beach. He cuts off the || tail 
and puts it down on the beach; and he cuts the back of the head 
down to | the joint of the jaws; and he cuts, beginning from the 
mouth | towards the place which he has cut along the sides of the 
head. Then he twists | the head off, but the lower jaws are left on 



11 maginwalllasa £ mElqe £ lats !e hanxxanowa. Wa, la ax £ edxes ts!es- 
Lala qa £ s lEx £ widexa hanxxaakwe £ mEl £ mElq!Ega £ ya qa-s la lEgti- 
tslodalas laxa ts!ats!ax u same. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wl £ ldlts !axs lae 
ax £ edxa gilt!adzowe ts!eq!a saokwa qa £ s la pax £ alllaq lax l!jIsex- 

15 dzama £ yasa k!wele. Wa, heEm LegadEs yagudzowe. Wa, la 
dagililaxa Llope Eldza qa £ s la gklzolllas lax nenExdzama £ yasa be- 
bEgwanEme. Wa, g - il £ mese qlwalxogEms lae q!Es £ eda. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese gwalExs lae hoquwElsa. Wa, laEinxae hewaxaEm nax £ IdEx 
wuda £ sta £ wapa laxes wawasElelase. Wa, laEmxae gwal laxeq. 
1 Porpoise. — Wa, g11 £ mese lag'alis lax L!Ema £ isases gokwaxs lae 
hex ,£ idaEm q!iilexs £ Em nex £ ultalaxa k!olot!e laxes xwaxwagiime 
qa £ s aLEtogwaliseq. Wa, la mOltodxes k!wek!wa £ ye leEl £ wa £ ya LE £ wis 
k!waxLa £ ye he £ mesa £ naxwa g'ex'gaxs laxes alewasELEla xwaxwa- 
5 guma. Wa, g11 £ mese £ wlloltaxs lae ts!oxugmdEq qa £ wllawesa 
Elx" £ Elguxse. Wa, Egil £ mese la eg'ExsExs lae LElLElbEndEq qa las 
ha £ nes laxa aLa £ yasa yax u mutasa £ walase yExwa. 

Wa, g il £ mese gwal LlExwaxs lae ax £ edxes sEx u x - a k'lawaya qa £ s 
la laxa yaxyigwedzasasa k!ek!olot!e. Wa, la tlosodEX kitslExs- 

10 da £ yas qa £ s gigaliseq. Wa, la t!os £ edEx 6xLaata e yas £ walabalaxa 
oxLa £ yas q!wayosas. Wa, la gagiLEla lax sEmsasexs lae t!os £ edEq 
lalaa laxa wiilba £ yasa t !osa £ yas lax ewan5lxawa £ yas. Wa, la sElpOd- 
xa x'otas. Wa, laLa axala £ me bEnk - !odExsta £ yas laxa oklwina- 



boas] RECIPES 447 

the body | of the porpoise. He puts the porpoise down on its belly 
and cuts || into the right side on the back of the neck, down along the 15 
right side of the | dorsal fin. When he reaches the meat, he cuts 
under the | blubber; and when he reaches the end of the | ribs and 
the breast-bone, he cuts through the cartilage. | Then he pulls it open 
and spreads it out. Now the || butchered porpoise is spread open. 20 
He takes out the kidney and the tongue, | the lungs, and liver. 
Often the stomach is also taken. | He throws the intestines into the 
sea. I He gives head and tail to the steersman, for | that he receives 
for steering. Then the hunter cuts up the || tongue, kidney, liver, 25 
and stomach, and | puts them into a kettle. He cuts off four strips | 
one finger wide of the | blubberfromthebackof the porpoise all theway 
down to the root of the tail. | These pieces are one span in length. || He 30 
puts them into the kettle and there is fat on them. He pours in 
some I water. Now they are covered with water. Then he puts them 
on the I fire of the house, and they are called "boiled insides." | After 
they have been boiling for a long time, they are done. Then the hunter | 
calls his fellow-hunters, and also the steersman, to come and eat the 
boiled insides. || When they are in the house, he gives to each two 35 



£ yasa k"!5lote. Wa, la kax £ wahsxa klolotlaxs lae bEx £ edEx 15 
helk'!ot!EXLaata £ yasa k'lolotle la hexsdEndalas helk lot tendalax 
Laga £ yas. Wa, giPmese lagae bExa £ yas laxa Eldzaxs lae saple- 
dEX xiidzas. Wa, gil £ mese lagae sapa £ yas lax tEltElx u ba £ ya 
gElEmas LE £ wa haqlwayax lae bEx £ edxa tEltElx u ba £ ye. Wa, la £ me 
aEm la gElx £ IdEq qa £ s £ wa £ waxsaakwe. Wa, laEni £ yil £ Ideda £ yimEl- 20 
kwe k"!olot!a. Wa, la ax £ edxa galgene, wa, he c "mis klilEmas, wa, 
hemis kwaxwas, lo £ tlewanas. Wa, la qlunala ax £ etsE £ wa tslEs- 
gunwa £ yas. Wa, la tslExstEndxa tslEyimas laxa dEmsxe £ wapa. 
Wa, la tslasa x - 6ta LE £ wa kits!Exsda £ ye laxes k!waxLa £ ye qaxs 
he £ mae k!waxLayanEin. Wa, laLeda ale £ wInox u sESEx u sEndxa k' !i- 25 
lEine LE £ wa galgene LE £ wa t!ewana, wa, he £ misa ts !Esgunwa £ ye qa £ s 
axts lodes laxa hanxxanowe. Wa, la sEx £ wIdxa motslaqe £ nal- 
£ nEmdEndzayaakwe laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana £ yex, yix awadzEwasasa 
xudze g - ag - iLEla lax oxLaata £ yasa k'lolotle la hexsdEndala laq. Wa, 
la £ nal £ nEmp lEnke awasgEmasas laxEns qwaq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, 30 
la axts lots laxa hanxxanowe qa tslExolEms. Wa, la, guq lEqasa 
£ wape laq. Wa, laEm tlEpEyalaxa £ wapaxs lae hanxxano laxa 
lEgwilasa golnve. Wa, heEm LegadEs yax-yigiltagi £ lak u . Wa, 
gil £ mese gegilll maEmdElqulaxs lae Llopa. Wa, lada alewinoxwe 
Le £ lala esElewinoxute qa g'axes yaxyigilg-a LE £ wis k!wek!waxLa £ ye. 35 
Wa, g11 £ mese £ wPlaeLEXs lae yax £ wItso £ sa maemaltslaqe xudza. 



448 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 




36 strips of blubber, | and after it the boiled insides. First the | boiled 
insides are eaten. Then they mix them with blubber and chew 
them together. | After they have eaten, they go out and wash their 
hands in their | houses. That is all about this. || 

40 Only the steersman boils the head and the | tail of the porpoise for 
his friends, the steersmen of the other | hunters; for the steersmen 
never change. | They just take off the blubber from 
the head. When it is all off, | they cut it in strips and 
put the (strips) into the kettle. (The steersman) || 

45 cuts the tail in pieces, cutting in this manner: 
He puts | the pieces into the kettle and pours water 
into it. When | it is half full of water, he puts it on the fire; and | 
after it has boiled for a long time, he takes the kettle off the fire. | 

50 Then it is done. Then he takes it out and puts it on || short boards. 
He does in the same way as he does when eating | boiled insides [when 
they eat it]; and (the guests) just go out of the house at once | after 
eating; and they wash their hands in their 
houses. | 

After the butchered porpoise has been 
in the house for one night, | they cut it 
to pieces. (The hunter) cuts off the blub- 

55 ber; and when || it is off, it is in this way: 

He cuts it crosswise and places it on the fire. | If he intends to 




40 



36 Wa, la makileda yaxyig'Ilaq. Wa, heEm g'il q!Es £ ItsE £ wa yax- 
yig'Ile. Wa, la mas £ itsa xudze laq. Wa, la mamElegoq. Wa, 
glPmese £ wl £ laxs lae hoquwElsa. Wa, al £ mese ts Isnts !Enx £ wId laxes 
gig'okwe. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Lexa £ ma k!waxLa £ yaxs ogwaqa £ mae sakwllaxes x - ota LE E wa 
k its!r.xsda £ ye qaes £ ne £ nEm5kwe, yix k!wek!waxLa £ yasa waokwe 
T'sElewInoxwa qaxs k'lesae iJaiJayokula k !wek !waxLa £ yas yixs 
a £ mae sapodEx xutsEina £ yasa x'ota. Wa, g'il £ mese lawaxs lae 
xuselax £ IdEq qa £ s axts lodes laxa hanxxanowe. Wa, la sesex u - 

45 sEndxa kits!Exsda £ ye ga gwaleg-a {fig.) yix sakwa £ yas. Wa, la ax- 
ts lots laxa hanxxanowe. Wa, la guq lEkasa £ wape laq. Wa, gil £ mese 
nelEyax' £ Ideda £ wape laqexs lae hanx LEndEq laxes lEgwile. Wa, 
g"il £ mese la gegllll maEmdElqulaxs lae h&nx"sano laxa lEgwile. 



Wa, 



laEm Llop 



Wa, 



la lExwetsE £ wa qa £ s axdzodayuwe laxa 
50 ts!ats!Ex u same lEgudza. Wa, heEm gwegile gwegilasasa qlssaxa 
yaxyigllaxs lae qlssaq. Wa, la km hex £ idaEm hoquwElsExs 
!ae gwal q!Esa qa £ s la ts '.Ents !Enkwa laxes gigokwe. 

Wa, glPmese xamaela £ yimElkwe. k'!5lot!a laxa g'okwaxs lae 

sESEx u sEntsE £ wa. Wa, laEm sapoyEwe xudzas. Wa, g - il £ mese 

55 lawaxs lae g - a gwale g'a (fig.). Wa, lagEgexsEndqexshanxxEnde- 

Laq. Wa, g'il £ mese £ nEk"aLEq laxa x'lx'ixsEmala t!esEmxs lae aF.ni 



boas] RECIPES 449 

steam it on red-hot stones, he | spreads it out in the way it is, being 57 
cut, but not cut through. | If it is to be boiled, then it is cut 
into pieces along the lines marked in the sketch. | The meat 
is also cut into pieces; and when it is all in pieces, || the kettle is 60 
put on the fire, water is poured | into it, and when it is half 
full, the cut pieces of meat are put | into it. When the meat is all 
in, he waits for the water to boil; | and after it has been boding for 
a long time, the blubber is put in [ on top of the meat. It does not 
boil very long, || before it is done. Then the kettle is taken off the 65 
fire; | and then it is done as they do when eating the boded insides. | 
The oidy difference when it is steamed is, that it is cut up | after it is 
done, and also that they put | the pieces of meat and blubber in with 
the red-hot stones, || and they pour four bucketfuls of water over 70 
them. Then they | put an old mat over them so as to keep the steam 
in. It does not | take long before (what is in the kettle) is done; 
and they also do | the same as they do when eating boiled insides. 
This is oidy eaten when it is | hot. When it is cold, they throw it 
away. || That is all about this. | 75 



LEplalots laxes laena £ ye bEXEkwa. Wa, la k!es hayimxs £ a. Wa, 57 
g il £ mese h&nxLaakuxs lae hayimx - s £ a nEgElEnexa xwexuldEkwe. 
Wa, laxae sEsEx u sEntsE £ we Eldzas. Wa, gih'mese £ wPwe1x'sexs lae 
hanxLEndayuweda hanxxanowe laxa lEgwile. Wa, lit giixtsloyowa 60 
f wape laq. Wii, gil £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae axstonowa sag ikwe 
Eldze laq. Wa, g'll e mese e wldastaxs lae esElaso e qa mEdElx^wldes. 
Wa, het!a la gegilll maEmdElqulaxs lae sestanowa xiidze lax 
okiiya c yasa Eldze. Wa, k!est!a xEiiLEla gegihl maEmdElqulaxs 
lae Llopa. Wa, laEm h&nxsEndayoweda hanxLano laxa lEgwile. 65 
Wa, la ;xEm nEgEltowe gwegilasasa qlEsaxa yaxyigilaxs lae q!Es f e- 
dEq. Wa, lex - a e mes ogu £ qalayosa £ nEg'ikw r a al £ mae hayimxs^End 
sEsEx u sEntsoxs lae Llopa. Wa, he f mesexs £ nEmax £ Ida £ mae ax £ a- 
lodayo laxa xIxixsEmala tlesEma sEsEx u saakwe Eldze LE^wa 
xudze. Wa, la tsas^etsosa mowexxa nagatsle £ waj>a. Wa, la na- 70 
s e Itsosa k'!rik - !obane qa k'leses k"Ex u saleda k'lalEla. Wa, k!est!a 
alaEm gEyaxs lae Llopa. Wa, aEmxaawise naqEmgiltax gwe- 
gilasasa qlEsaxa yaxyigile. Wa, la lexaEm ha e mapdEmqexs 
tslElqwae. Wa, giPmese wudEx -£ idExs lae a,Em k'ladaya. Wa, 
laEm gwal laxeq. ^^ 



70052—21—35 eth— pt 1 29 



450 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 




These are the names belonging to the hotly of the porpoise:- 



1. Head. 

2. Eyes. 

3. Blow-hole. 

4. Mouth. 

5. Chin. 

G. Jaw-bone. 

7. Collar-bone. 

8. Place for cutting 

off head. 

9. Occiput. 

10. Ear. 

11. Tongue. 

12. Fins. 

13. Backbone. 

14. Ribs. 



15. Breast-hone. 

1C>. Spine. 

17. Kidney. 

18. Liver. 

19. Lungs. 

20. Windpipe. 

21. Diaphragm. 

22. Milt. 

23. Gall. 

24. Stomach. 

25. Intestines. 

26. Belly. 

27. Bladder. 

28. Rectum. 

29. Heart. 



30. Dorsal fin. 

31. Side of back part 

of dorsal fin. 

32. Place for butcher- 

ing. 

33. Tad. 

34. Small of hack. 

35. Side-. 

36. Cheeks. 

37. Flukes. 

38. Place for cutting 

oil' tad. 

39. Nipples. 

40. Blubber. 

41. Meat. 



This is the number of the names of the body of the porpoise. 



\Y;i. g - a e mes LeLEgEms ogwida'yasa k"!olot!e: — 



1. x'ota. 

2. gEyagEs. 

3. k'E £ was. 

4. SEU1S. 

5. 6xLasx'a £ ye. 



15. haqlwayo. 

16. dogwil. 

17. galgene. 

18. tlewana. 

19. kwaxwa. 



6. wEyoq !uxxasx'a e ye. 20. pEts!Exa £ we. 

7. hanasxa £ wa e ye. 21. sael. 



8. qag'asxa x'ota. 

9. oxLaata £ ye. 

10. hoLagalas. 

11. k-lilEm. 

12. bftsbEle. 

13. hamomo. 

14. gElganodze. 



22. tsalayo. 

23. tEx'Jnas. 

24. tslEsgwEwe. 

25. tslEyim. 

26. tsk-!e. 

27. texatsle. 
2s. awage. 



29. paxwa. 

30. Lag"a e ye. 

31. ewanots lExsde. 

32. e yimlas. 

33. kitslExsde. 

34. awagoLe. 

35. &wanodze £ . 

36. awanoLEine-. 

37. plewayoxsde. 

38. tsEkodaas. 

39. dzEmdzEmxulas. 
4(1. xudz. 

41. mas. Eldz. 



Wii, heEin e waxe LeLEgEmas ogwida'yasa k'!6lot!e. 



boas] RECIPES 451 

Seal Butchering. — As 1 soon as (the seal-hunter) arrives on the beach, 1 
he brings | his hunting-canoe sideways to the beach. Then he pulls 
out the [ hair-seals so that they remain in shallow water, for | gen- 
erally the hunter comes home at high tide. || When they are all out, 5 
he washes his hunting-canoe. | When it is clean, he and his steersman 
carry it up and | put it down above the line of the spring tide. 
After | eating, he goes down to the beach, takes | another small 
canoe, and goes to get driftwood to singe off the hair of the || seal and 10 
to steam it. When the little canoe is full, | he goes home. As soon 
as he arrives on the | beach, he unloads the driftwood that he has 
gathered; and when it is | all out, he takes two logs and puts them 
down on the beach. | These are two spans apart. || They are the side- 15 
pieces of the fire on which the seal is singed. Then he | splits dry 
driftwood and makes a fire on the beach. As soon as it | begins to 
burn, he hauls up the seal and lays it across with the | head on the 
seaward side-piece, for the head and neck are singed first. | When all 
the hair of the head and neck || has been singed off, he turns it over 20 
and singes the hair on the back of the head. He | shoves it forward, 
and keeps on rolling it over. When he comes to the | flippers, he 
takes the tongs and spreads out the flippers | so that the fire reaches 



Seal Butchering. — Wii, 1 gil'mese lag'alis laxa L!Ema £ isaxs lae ge- 1 
galisases alewasELEla laxa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, la nexEmoltodxa me- 
gwate qa he £ mes niEkumstalisa dEmsxe £ wapa qaxs hemE- 
nala £ mae wawElgEmexs gaxae na £ nakwa esElewenoxwe. Wa, 
gil £ mese '"widoltaxs lae tsoxug indxes alewasELEla xwaxwaguma. 5 
Wa, gilnnese egigaxs lae LElLElbEndEq LE £ wis k!waxLa £ ye qa £ s la 
hangallsas lax aLa £ yasa £ ya £ x u motasa £ walase £ yixwa. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese gwal LlExwaxs lae lEnts!es laxa L!Ema £ ise qa e s la. ax £ edxa 
ogii £ la £ me xwaxwaguma qa's lii qlexaxa q'.exala qa £ s ts!ExclEmaxes 
megwate. Wa, he^mis qa's qloldEmaq. Wa, gih'mese qot!e xwa- 10 
xwagiimas lae na'"nak u laxes gokwe. Wa, giPmese lagalis laxes 
L!Ema £ ise lae hex" £ idaEm moltodxes q!exanEme. Wa, gib'mese 
£ wPloltaxs lae ax £ edxa £ malts!aqe qa £ s katEmgallses laxa L!Ema £ ise. 
Wa, lit E malp!Enk" laxsns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix awalagolidza- 
sas. Wa, lieEm kak'EdEnwIltsa ts!ExdEmaxa megwate. Wii, la 15 
mEnmEiidzExsEndxa lEmxwe qlexalaxs lae lEgwesa. Wa, gil- 
•mese x'lqostaxs lae nex £ usdesxa megwate qa £ s la galotEyindes 
xotiis laxa L!asa £ ye xwalEnwa £ ya qaxs hae gil tslExasose xotas 
LE £ wes cjloqlone'". Wa, gil £ mese e wFla tslEnkwe x - otas LE £ we q!5- 
qloniixs lae lex £ IdEq qa £ s ts!EX £ Idex oxLaata £ yas. Wa, la wegu- 20 
E naktilaq waxdzala lexi £ lalaq. Wa, gil £ mese lag'ae ts!Ex - a £ yas lax 
gElq!ayasexs lae ax £ edxa ts!esLala qa £ s klwetales laxa gElqlayo 
qa lalagodesa x'lqEla lax awagawa £ yas LE'wa ewanodza £ yasa me- 

> Continued from p. 17S, line 9. 



452 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

the folds and the sides of the seal. | As soon as the flippers have been 

25 singed, he strikes them || with the tongs until the singed off (hair) 
comes off. 1 . . . Then | he pushes it ahead and turns it over; and as 
soon as he passes the middle, | he pulls it off the fire for singeing on 
the beach. He turns it the other way, and | takes a split cedar- 
stick and lays it across the hind-flipper so as to | spread it 

30 open, in this way, and _pppp^ he does the same with the || other 
hind-flipper. When Vvi_Yy t ' 1 * s * s d° ne > ne P uts ** I backward 
on the fire, so that \\\ // the hind-flippers are over the fire for 
singeing. When | all \ / the hair has been singed off, he pushes 
it backward and rolls q, it around; and when | he comes up 

to the place where ^ it had been singed before, in the 

middle, he rolls it from the | fire for singeing. Now he is through 

35 with the singeing. || Then he takes a short board to cut open the seal. 
He lays it down by the | side of the seal. He takes a short block of | 
driftwood one span in diameter | and lays it crosswise at the upper 
end of the cutting-board. | He takes another block of driftwood of 

40 the same length, a little || less in diameter than the first one, and puts 
it down at the upper end of the cutting- | board. He puts it cross- 
wise so as to keep the | cutting-board off the beach. Then he takes a 
dish and puts it | under the lower end of the cutting-board, in this 



gwate. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ la tstenkweda gElqlayaxs lae kwexEltsE- 

25 mesats!esLala laxa la, tslEnkwaqa lawalesa ts!ax - mote. ' . . . Wa, 
la wi £ x u wklEq qa £ s lex Flaleq. Wa, g'il £ mese hayaqax nEgoya £ ya- 
sexs lae nexsEiidEq laxa ts!ExdEma lEgvvesa. Wa, lit xwel £ edEq qa £ s 
ax £ edexa x5kwe k!wa £ xLawa. Wa, la kit lets laxa dzek!waya qa 
dzedExales ga gwalega (Jig.). Wa, laxae heEin gwex £ idxa apsol- 

30 tsedza £ ye dzekhvaya. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae k'laxxEnts qa 
nEXLalesa dzek!wayowe laxa tslEX'dEma lEgwIsa. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ wPla ts!Ex £ IdExs lae wI e x u w!dEq qa £ s lex -f Ideq. Wit, gfl £ mese la- 
g - ae ts!Exa £ yas laxa ts!EX - a £ ye laxa nEgoya'yaxs lae lexs £ EndEq laxa 
tslExdEma lEgvvisa. Wa, laEm gwala laxes ts!Enena £ ye. Wa, la 

35 ax £ edxa ts!ats!Ex u sEine £ yimEldzoxa megwate qa £ s pax £ aliseq laxa 
maginodzelesasa megwate. Wa, iii Tix £ edxa ts!Ex u stowe tEmg - ik u 
qlexalaxa £ iiEmp!Enxsawas £ wagidas laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex 
qa £ s gayaabodes lax ek!Eba £ yasa e ylmEldzowe ts!ats!Ex u sEma. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa hemaxat! £ wasgEme tEmgik u qlexala. Wa, la wawila- 

40 lagawesa g ilxde ga £ yaabolidzEms laxa ek'!Eba £ yasa £ yimEldzowe 
ts !ats !Ex u sEma. Wa, la ga £ yaabolisas laxa bEnba £ ye qa waesesa 
£ yimEldzowe ts!ats!Ex u sEma. Wa, la ax £ edxa loq!we qa £ s k'aabodes 
laxa bsnba £ yasa £ yimEldzowe ts!ats!Ex u sEina ga gwaleg - a (fig.). 

1 Continued on p. 607, line9, to p. 608, line 14. 




453 

This dish serves to let the 
into it. || Then he takes 45 
and puts it on the board 
head | towards the beach, 
lower end of the cutting- 
Then he takes his butcher- 
makes a cut under the 
the seal down to the 
He | cuts along each side of the tongue and pulls it 
out. Then he cuts around || the neck; and when he has cut all 50 
around it, he turns the | seal over so that it lies on its belly, and cuts 
the back of the neck towards | the hind-flippers. The cut goes 
between the right hind-flipper | and the tail. When his cut passes 
through the | blubber, he cuts under it towards the || belly of the 55 
seal. The shoulder-blade and the fore-flipper remain | with the 
blubber. When he reaches the cartilage between | the ribs and 
the lower end of the breast-bone, | he cuts through along it. He fol- 
lows along and cuts open the | belly. Then the blood begins to run 
into the dish. Then || he takes hold of the tongue and pulls at it 60 
while he cuts with his butcher-knife | underneath the windpipe, and 
pulls at it, cutting towards the | lower end of the hair-seal, and cutting 
under the backbone and the diaphragm and | the kidneys. He cuts 
all this off with the intestines, | liver, and stomach. When he reaches 

Wa, laEm k'akalasa loqlwe qa ts!a s x u ts!alatsa Elkwa. Wa, la 
dag'llisxa megwate qa £ s lii yagiidzots laq. Wa laEin Llastala 45 
laxa L!Eina £ ise lax bEnba £ yasa £ yiniEldzowe ts!ats!Ex u sEma. Wa, 
lit ax £ edxes sEx"xii k!awaya. Wa, he £ mis g'il bEx £ ets5 £ se axLas- 
xa £ yasa megwate lagaa laxa wuq !Exawa £ yas. Wa, la bebE- 
xEnodzEiidEX k'!ilEmas qa e s gElx E viqodeq. Wa, la tlotsEstalax 
oxawa e yas. Wa, gil £ mese la £ sta t!osa £ yasexs lae iex £ idxa me- 50 
gwate qa liExwaLElIsexs lae t>EX £ edEX oxLaata £ yas guyolEla 
lax dzeklwayas. Wii, la naqodalax helk!otsedza'ye dzeklwayas 
LE £ wa L!odzayoxsda £ ye. Wii, g11 £ mese lax - sawe bExa £ yas laxa 
xudzaxs lae sap!edEq. Wa, laEm gwagwaacje sapa £ yas lax 
tEk'Iiisa megwate. Wa, la kliidEdzoya LacjliidEne LE £ wa gElqlayowe 55 
liixa xudzas. Wa, glPmese lag-ae sapa £ yas lax &WElgawa £ yas tEl- 
tElxba £ yasa gElEme lo £ tEltElxba £ yas ek"!Eba £ yasa xaqasa haqlwa- 
yaxs lae nEgElEnd bEbExsEndEq. Wa, hebEnda £ mese la £ yiml £ IdEX 
tEk' !as. AVii, he £ mis la tsax u ts lalatsa Elkwa laxa loq !wa. Wa, la lieEm 
gil dax £ Its6se k' !ilEmas qa £ s nexaleqexs lae bExases sEx u x - a k' !awayo 60 
lax awabiVj^asa pets !Exawa £ yas. Wii , lii nexax'axsiimq guyolElas lax 
bEnba £ } T asa megwataxs bExaax awabo £ yasa dogwele LE £ wa saele lo £ 
awabti £ yasa galgene. Wii, laEm £ wl £ la axalacj EE £ wa ts lEyime LE £ wa 
tlewana LE £ wa poxunse. Wii, giPmese lagaa laxa awana £ yasa 



454 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. 35 

65 the lower end of the || intestines, he cuts thorn off. He takes a basket 
and puts | it down close to where he butchered the seal. He takes 
the j guts and throws them into the basket. Then he | carries (the 
basket) down to the beach, and he also carries his butcher- | knife. 

70 Then he first cuts off the tongue and puts it down. || He cuts off the 
heart and the lungs. He | cuts off the liver and kidney, and cuts off 
the gall and the | milt, and throws them away. Then he cuts off the 
upper end of the intestines j from the stomach. He cuts along them 
so as to stretch them out the whole length. | As soon as they arc 

75 opened out, lie squeezes out wdiat is inside of the intestines; || and 
when they are empty, he puts them down. | Then he does the same 
with the stomach. As soon as it is empty, | he takes a basket and 
washes it out. He does not | wash the blood off the tongue, the 
kidneys, lungs, | and liver, for it is said that the blood gives it a good 

80 taste. Then || he puts all into a basket. He washes the empty 
intestines | and throws them on top of the insides that are in the 
basket, and also the stomach. | He carries (the basket) up the beach, 
and puts it down | by the side of the fire. He takes a kettle and 

85 places it j by the side of the fire, and he takes a cutting-board || and 
puts it down by the side of the basket with the insides in it. | Then he 



65 ts!Eyimaxs lae bExsEiidEq. Wa, la ax £ edxa lKxa £ ye qa £ s lii hanga- 
lisas lax maginodzelisases £ yimlasE £ we megwata. Wa, lii ax £ edxa 
yaxwigile qa £ s lii lsxtslots laxa yaxyigi £ lats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, la 
lEntsles laxa LlEma £ ise k'loqtilaq. Wa, laEm dalaEinxes sEx'xii 
klawaya. Wa, he £ mis gll tlosoyoseda k'lilEme qa £ s geg'alises. 

To Wii, la etled tlosodxa £ mEk!uba £ ye LF/wa kwaxwa. Wa, la etled 
tlosodxa tlewana i.E £ wa galgene. Wa, lii t losodxa tEX'mase LE £ wa 
tsalayo qa £ s tslEx £ ede. Wa. lii tlosodEx awana £ yasa tslEyime 
laxa poxunse. Wa, lii bEXElEneq qa dal £ Ides liixes £ wasgEmase. 
Wa, gil e mese la dElkuxs lae xixidedEcj qa £ wI £ lolts!awes gits!a- 

75 waq. Wa, g - il £ mese E wI e lolts !awe g'ltslawaqexs lae lExallsaq. 
Wii, la hcEinxat! gwex -£ idxa poxunse. Wa, g'll^Emxaawise £ wI £ lol- 
ts!fi.we getslawaqexs lae ax £ edxa lExa £ ye qa £ s ts !6x u sEmdeq. Wa laLa 
kMes ts'.oxodEx Elkwasa k'lilEme LF/wa galgene LE £ wa kwaxwa le- 
£ wa tlewana epixs hemaaEl egimses Elkwaxs axillae laq. Wii, laEm 

80 axtslots laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, laxa ts!ox £ wklxa xigikwe tslEyima qa £ s 
lEqEyindes laxa la g'ets !axa yaxvig'i £ lats!e lExa £ va i,E £ wa poxunse. 
Wa, la k- !ox £ usdesElaq laxa i.!i:ma £ ise qa e s lii hang'ahlag lax ma- 
g'inwalisases lEgwIle. Wa, la ax £ edxa hanxLanowe qa e s hangall- 
les laxa maginwalllases lEgwIle. Wa, lii ax £ edxa sagudzowe ts!a- 

85 ts!ax u sEma qa £ s pax £ aliles laxa maginwalTlasa yaxvigl £ lats!e 1e- 
xa £ ya. Wa, la axwultslodxa poxunse qa £ s la gexas laxa onegwi- 



boas] RECIPES 455 

takes out the stomach and puts it in the corner | of the house. He 87 
goes back and sits down by the basket, | takes his butcher-knife, and 
takes out the tongue, | places it on the cutting-board, and cuts it into 
two || pieces lengthwise. He cuts each half in two | lengthwise and 90 
puts the pieces into the kettle. He also takes out | the kidneys, puts 
them on the cutting-board, | and does the same to them. He cuts 
each into four pieces lengthwise. | He takes out the liver, places it || 
on his cutting-board, and cuts it into pieces, | each strip one finger- 95 
width wide is the width of the | cut liver. When it is all cut up, 
he throws it into the | kettle; and he takes the lungs, puts them on 
the | cutting-board, and he cuts off the heart || and cuts it into four 100 
pieces, which he puts into the kettle; and he cuts the | lungs in the 
same way as lie cut the liver, | and puts it into the kettle. He takes 
the intestines | and makes a braid of them, beginning to pull through 
one end [I | shall send you a thread to show how the gut is braided]. 
When || the intestines are four fingers long, | he cuts them off; and 5 
he does the same to the rest. | He makes them into braids of the same 
length, and throws them into the kettle. | Then he pours water on; 
and when it shows over the insides, | he. puts the kettle on the fire. 



ases gokwe. Wa, la aedaaqa qa e s la klwanolilaxa lsxa'ye. Wa, 87 
la diix-Idxes sex"x'& k'lawaya. Wa, laxae dolts lodxa klilF.me 
qa £ s g'edzollles laxa sagudzowe ts !ats !ax u sEma. Wa, lasEx u sEnd qa 
maltsles laxes gfldolase. Wii, laxae maltstendxa apsodile laxaaxes 90 
gildolase qa e s axts!odes laxa hfinx - Lanowe. Wa, laxae axwiiltslod- 
xa galgene. Wa, laxae gldzots laxa sagudzowe ts !ats !ax u sEma. 
Wa, heEmxaawise gwex'IdF.q maemox"sendEq laxes g ildolase 
laxa -nal-nEme. Wii, laxae axwtilts !5dxa tlewana qa £ s gldzSdes 
laxes sagudzowe ts !ats !ax u sEma. Wa, la sESE £ x u sEndEq qa *nai- 95 
£ nEindEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana e yex yix awadzF.wasasa t!ewa- 
naxs lae sagikwa. Wii, g il £ mese e wFwe1xsexs lae axtslots laxa 
hanxLanowe. Wii, laxae ax J edxa kwaxwa qa £ s axdzodes laxa 
sagudzowe ts!ats!ax u sEma. Wa, lii sakodxa £ mEk!iiba £ ye. Wa, 
mox u sEndEq qa s s axts!odes laxa hanxLanowe. Wa, laxae sEsa J x u - 100 
sEndxa kwaxwa laxes gwex £ idansaxa tlewanaxs lae sEX £ w!dEq. 
Wii, laxae axtslots laxa hanx'Lanowe. Wa, lii ax £ edxa tslEyime 
qa £ s q!al £ edeq qa q!Elkwes laxes aeneEm nexsalax oba E yas. (He- 
laxs^EmLEiiLas gwiilasasa tslEyimaxs lae qtelkwa.) Wii, g'iPmese 
modEn laxEiis q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex,ylx -wasgEmasasa qlElkwe ts!E- 5 
yimxs lae tlotslEiitlEq. Wii, laxae etledxa waokwe. Wa, la he £ staEm 
awasgEma qlElkwe tslEyima. . Wit, lii axtslots laxa h&nx'Lanowe. 
Wii, lii giiq!Eqasa f wape!aq. Wa, gil'mese tlEpEyaxs lae hanx - - 
LEnts laxes lsgwlle. Wa, lii lEntsles laxa LlEma £ ise dalaxes 



456 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. ss 

10 Then he goes down to the beach, carrying his || butcher-knife, to the 
place where he left the singed seal. He cuts off | a strip one finger 
wide of the | blubber, beginning at the neck of the seal, | and follow- 
ing the line where he cut it open down to the back; and when it comes 
off, | he carries it up; and he also takes up the dish of blood. Then 

15 he coils the || blubber on the cutting-board and cuts it into pieces | 
four finger-widths in length. After | the insides have been boiling 
quite a while, he puts the blubber into the water. | He takes another 
kettle and washes it out. When | it is clean, he pours water into it 

20 until it is half full. || Then he puts it on the fire. He takes some water 
and pours it into the | blood in the dish. He stirs it; and when it is 
well mixed, lie pours | it into the water in the new kettle that he put 
on, | and he stirs it again. He watches it closely. | He stirs it for 

25 awhile, and looks at the end of his stirrer. || When the blood changes 
color, he takes it off | the fire. He does not let it bod up. Then the 
"blood-soup" is done, | for that is its name. An expert | cook boils 
the soup this way. If he is inexperienced, he lets it boil up. | Then 

30 it is cooked too much, and the || boiled blood goes down, and there is 
only water on top. | If the cook is experienced, it is thick. When it is 
done, he takes the kettle | off the fire, and lie also takes off the kettle 



10 sEx u xa k!awaya lax axfisasa tstenkwe megwata. Wit, la dEne- 
kodxa £ nEmdEne laxEns q !waq Iwax'ts !ana £ yex yix £ wadzEwasasa 
xiidze. Wa, laEm gag ileIS dEnek - a £ yas lax oxawa £ yasa megwate la 
mag ilEne £ yimlase laq qa £ s la hexsdEndalaq. Wa, gil £ mese lawiixs 
lae dalaq. Wa, he £ mesa Elx u ts!ala loq!wa qa £ s la qlElodzolIlaxa 

15 xudze laxa sagudzowe tsats!ax u sEina. Wa, la sEsEx u sEndEq qa 
modEnes awasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!waxts!;ma £ yex. Wii, het!a la 
gegilll maEmdElqfdeda yaxyig ilaxs lae axstEntsa xudze laq. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa 6gu £ la hanxLanowa qa £ s ts!oxugindeq. Wa, giPmese 
egigaxs lae guxtslotsa £ wape laq qa nEgoyoxsdallsexs lae hanx - - 

20 LEnts laxa lEgwIle. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ wape qa f s gtiq!Eqes laxa 
lEx u ts!ala Elkwa qa £ s xwetledeq. Wa, gil £ mese lElgoxs lae guq!E- 
qas laxa £ wabEts!awasa ale hanx'LEndayos hanxxanowa. Wa, 
laxae xwetledEq. Wa, la £ mese fdaklala la q!aq!alalaq. Wa, la- 
naxwa yawas e id xwetledEq qa £ s dox £ w!dex oba £ yases xwedayowe. 

25 Wa, gil £ mese k!ex u wkleda Elkwaxs lae hex -£ idaEm hanxsEiidEq 
laxes lEgwIle. Wa, laEm hewiixa mEdElx £ widExs laa Llopa e1x u - 
stagi £ lakwa qaxs he £ mae LegEmse. Wa, heEm gwegilatsa egil- 
wate Elx u stag'i £ lakwa. Waxida £ yag11wate, la helq!alaq mEdF.lx- 
£ wida. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese q!6ltse £ sta. Wa, laEm hex ,£ ida £ ma 

30 iJope Elk u la £ wl £ la £ wuns £ Ida. Wii, .Vines la q!okuyaleda £ wape, 
waxida egllwate la gEnk - a. Wa, g-il £ mese L!opExs lae hanx-sa- 
noweda hanxLanowe laxa lEgwile. Wii, laxae hanx'sF.ndxa yax'yi- 



boas] RECIPES 457 

with the | insides. He takes a short board | and puts it down by 
the side of the kettle containing the insides. || Then he takes his tongs 35 
and lifts out the insides. He | puts them on the board. When they 
are all there, he takes | the board and puts it on a long split cedar- 
board, which he | lays down in front of those who are to eat the 
insides (of the seal). | After this has been done, he sits down by the 
side of the board. He takes a || piece of blubber, and a piece of the 40 
tongue, | kidney, liver, | lungs, heart, and | also a piece of the 
braided intestines. He does | in the same way for all of those who 
are to eat the insides. || As soon as he has put down a number equal 45 
to that of the | men, he takes up the boards and puts them in front 
of those who are to eat the insides. | Then he puts them down. As 
soon as they are all there, | he takes spoons and gives them to those 
who are to eat | the insides; and he carries the kettle with boded 
blood || and puts it down in front of those who are to eat the "blood- 50 
soup," for | that is its name. Then they eat the insides, | and they 
eat with spoons the soup. Generally they | eat with spoons both the 
blood-soup and insides. | As soon as they have eaten, they go out. 
Only || chiefs are invited to eat the insides of seals. Generally | 55 
blood-soup is given with it. That is all about this. | 

gili £ lats!e hanxxanowa. Wa, la ax £ edxa lEgiidzowe ts !ats !ax"sEme 33 
qa e s pax £ allleq lax maginwalllasa yaxyiglli £ lats!e h&nxLanowa. 
Wa, la ax £ edxes ts!esLala qa £ s lEx £ w!dexa yaxyig lie qa £ s la 1e- 35 
giidzots laxa lEgiidzowe. Wii, gil £ mese £ wI £ ladzodExs lae ax £ edxa 
yagiidzowe gildEdzo ts!eq!adzo lat!aak u khvagEdzo saokwa qa £ s la 
paxdzamolllas laxa yax'yigllgiLaxa yaxyigile. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwal £ alilExs lae kliinxElIlaxa lEgiidzowe. Wii, ax £ edxa £ nEints!aqe 
xiidza LE £ wa £ nEme gayol laxa k' lilEine LE £ wa gayole laxa 40 
galgene LE £ wa £ nEme g'ayol laxa t!ewana LE £ wa £ nEine gayol 
laxa kwaxwa LE £ wa £ nEme gayol laxa £ niEk!iiba £ ye. Wii, he- 
£ misa £ nEints!aqe laxa qlElkwe tslEyima. Wii, la, £ naxwa Em he 
gwiile ax £ alelEmas qaeda waokwe yaxyigilgElxa yaxyigTle. Wa, 
giPmese q IwalxogEmalole ax £ alelEmas lax £ wiixaasasa bebEgwiinE- 45 
maxs lae diigihlaq qa £ s lii axdzamollhisa yaxyigile laxa q!EsiiLa. 
Wa, laEm g'edzolllElas laxa yagudzowe. Wii, gihmese £ wllgall- 
Iexs lae ax £ edxa kalcEts!Enaqe qa £ s kas £ ide-s laxa yaxyigllgE- 
Laxa yaxj^igile. Wii, lii kloqiilllxa Elx u stagi £ lats!e hanxLanowa 
qa £ s !a hanxdzamolllas laxa Elx U£ ax u Laxa Elx u stagi £ lakwe qaxs 50 
he £ mae LegEmse. Wii, laxda £ xwe q!Es £ Idxa yaxyigile. Wa, la- 
naxwe £ yos £ Id laxa Elx"stagi £ lakwe. Wa, la he £ mEnalaEm £ wa £ wi- 
laa £ yos £ Idxa Elx"stag'i £ lakwaxs LE £ wa yaxyigilaxs yax - yigilae. 
Wii, glPmese £ wl £ laqexs lae hoquwElsa yixs lex'a £ maeda g'lg'iga- 
ma £ ye Le £ lalaso qa lii gilgEsEX yaxyigilasa megwate. Wa, la £ masa 55 
Elx u stagi £ lakwe laq. Wa, laEin gwal hixeq. 



458 



ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



[KTII. ANN. 35 




57 The blubber of the hair- 
seal is cut after the manner 

of this sketch of a seal. 

If there are from four to 

ten seals, and when ] a 

seal-feast is given to not very many people, then the blubber is cut| 
60 the whole length of the seal. When there are from eighty to a 

hundred, | they give a feast of blubber to many tribes. That is a 

great seal-feast. | Then they cut off the blubber from the meat (as in 

skinning deer). | Itis spread open, 

and the blubber is cut from one 

end to the other, in this way: 
1 and 2, the hind-flippers, are 

given to the young chiefs; 
65 3 and 4, the fore-flippers, are 

given to the next ones; ] and 

the chest (5) is given to the 

head chiefs. | The long strips of blubber are given to the | 

common people. As soon as a | man receives a long strip of 
70 blubber, he stands up in the house, || takes it and puts it around 

lus neck, and at once he bites the blubber | from the skin, 

and bolts it, for they try to cat quickly the | blubber of the skin; 

and when they have swallowed all the blubber, | they throw away 

the skin and ask for another | long strip of blubber; and when 
75 it is given to them, they || put it around the neck, and they 




57 G'aEm gwalaats xusela £ ye laxa megwate g'ada megwatbolak k' !ata- 
£ ya (fig.) yixs m5sgEmaeda megwate loxs nEqasgEma £ e yixs sakwl- 
lasE £ wae qaeda k'lese q!enEm bebEgwanEma. Wa, laxa hayolise 

60 xusela c yasa megwataxs malgunaltsEmgusta £ e lox lak!Endae, yixs 

dokiillLaxa qleiiEm lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, heEm s walas sakwelexa 

megwate. Wa, a e mese sapoyEwe xusEna £ yasa megwate laxes Eldze. 

Wa, la, LEp lalidzEma qa e s hayimbEnde xfiselasE £ wagag\valega (fig.). 

Wa, laEm yaq!wemasa aio £ sta gigigama £ ya (!) lo £ (2) xa dze- 

65 k!wayowe. Wa, he £ mis yaqlwemasa makiliiqe (:>) lo £ (4) gElqla- 
yowe. Wa, he £ mis yaqlwemasa xamagEina^ye g'Igigama £ ya (5) 
haqhvayowe. Wa, la yax £ wida}^oweda g ilsgilstowe xuse £ lak u laxa 
bebEgwfuiEmq ialame. Wa, he e maaxs lae yax £ witsi: £ \va e na,l £ nEmokwe 
bEgwanEmsa gilsg ilstowe xiiselakwa, wii, la hex £ idaEm Lax e ulila 

70 qa £ s dax £ ideq qa £ s qEnxodes. Wii, lii hex ,£ idaEm q tekalaxa xudze 
laxa k!udzega £ ye cja £ s mEkeq laxes hahanakwap!aena £ yaq!Ek - alaxa 
xiidze laxa k!udzega £ ye. Wa, giPmese £ wl £ hiwe xudzaxs lae ts!E- 
xalilxa k!tidzega £ ye qa £ s etlede. dak'.'ala qa £ s yax £ witsE £ wasa 
g'ilsgilstowe xuse £ lakwa. Wa, gil £ mese yax £ w!tsE £ waxs lae et!ed 

75 qEiix5ts. Wa, laxae et!ed qlEkalaxa xudze qa £ s mEk'eq. Wa, 



boas] RECIPES 459 

again bite off the blubber and bolt it. | Those who are experts can 76 
eat six long strips of blubber. | Then they have enough; and (who- 
ever does that) is proud of having eaten so much, for he is | an 
expert. Not even-body is expert at bolting it; | but the chiefs do 
not eat fast, as they eat the limbs. This || is called "feast of long 80 
strips of blubber." It is the great feast | given of many seals. When 
it is done, they go out. | Then those who have bolted the seal go 
and wash themselves, for they are quite | covered with oil, because 
they had the blubber around the neck. That is | all about this. || 

Seals are also boiled with stones in the same way as | horse-clams 85 
are boiled. The only difference is, that they do not dig a hole | for 
heating the stones when steaming the seal. When the fire is lighted 
under it, | and it has burned out, (the owner) calls some men of his 
numaym | to bring many oil-boxes. They || put them down by the 90 
side of the heated stones, so that the}- stand close together, | in this 
way. 1 When this is done, they take large buckets | and go to draw 
water. The man pours it into the oil-boxes. | When they are less than 
half full, lie stops. Then he takes the long | tongs, sometimes four, and 
he takes one || mat for each oil-box. When these are all | ready and the 95 
stones are red-hot, the | young men of his numaym take the tongs, 

leda egllwate £ naPnF.mp!Ena q!EL!Ets!axk!Esxa gilsgilstowe xtise- 76 
£ lakuxs lae pol J ida. Wa, la LEmqe naqa £ yasexs q!ek'!Esaexa egll- 
wate qaxs k"!esae E naxwa eg'ilwata bEgwanEme mEkaq. Wa, 
lai.eda glg1gama £ ye ex - im ha E yalag'ilJl qlF.saxa LasLala. Wa, hci.ni 
LegadEs dokwasE e wasa gilsgilstowe xuse E lakwaxa £ walase sakwe- 80 
laxa qlenEme megwata. Wit, gib'mese gwalExs lae hoquwElsa. 
Wa, hex^ida^mese la la e stax - da £ xweda memEk" lenoxwe qaxs £ niixwa- 
e mae qtelses 5gwlda e ye qaxs qEnxalaaxa xwexuse'lakwe. Wa, laEm 
gwal laxeq. 

HeEm gwale t !eqwapa £ ye qa q!o £ lasxa megwate, gwalaasasa £ nEka- 85 
xa mEt!ana f ye. Lexemes ogu £ qalavosexsk!e^ae £ lap £ wnlts!Ewakwa 
yix t!eqwapa £ ye qaq!o £ lasxa megwate. He E maaxs lae tsenabEwak". 
Wa, gil f mese xiqostaxs lae Le £ lalaxa g'ayole lax e nE £ me E motasa 
sakwelaLaxa megwate qa ax-edesexa qlenEme k'!ek!imyaxLa qa f s 
la niEXElsElas laxa maginwalasasa tleqwabEkwe qa mEinkolses 90 
ga gwalega 1 . Wa, g11 £ mese gwalExs lae ax'edxes awawe naEnga- 
ts!a qa £ s la tsa laxa £ wape qa £ s la guxtslalas laxa k - !ek!imyaxLi>. 
Wii, gihmese bEnk'!olts!exs lae gwala. Wa, la ax £ edxa gilsgilt!a 
k!ek!ipLalaa, £ nal £ nEmp!Enae motslaqa. Wa, he £ misa £ nal-'nEme 
1e £ w6 £ qaetla £ nal £ nEmsgEme k!ek!imyaxLa. Wa, gil e mese HvFla 95 
gwalalaxs lae memEnltsEmx^ideda t lesEmaxs lae hex -£ ida.Eiu ax s ede 
ha'yaT'as £ nE £ memotasxa k!ek!ipLalaa qa f s k'!ip!ides laxa xlxix- 

1 Six boxes side by side; opposite'the middle of the'fire, about two feet away from the Are. 



460 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 35 

pick up the red-hot | stones, and throw them into the water in the 
200 oil-boxes. | When the water begins to boil, they take || long strips of 
blubber and throw them into the boiling | water. When the boxes 
are nearly full, they take the tongs, | pick up the red-hot stones, and 
put them on top of the | blubber that they are steaming. When the 
water is boiling hard | in the oil- boxes, they take the mats and spread 
5 them || over them, so that the water dues not boil over. Then the young 
men leave them. | Afer the water has been boiling a while, they go to 
look at them; | and when it stops boiling, they take off the mats and 
put them away. | They take cutting-boards and lay them down back 

10 of the I oil-boxes. They take the tongs, and || take out the blubber 
and place it on the cutting-boards. | When it has all been taken 
out, the young men call those who are to 

eat it. I .^§^^^^^^1^ I s P°ke about this on page 458 
of this .<^p||5||§§i§§l§|||^ writing. | They cut the blubber 
length- l\\((f(f//f^^^^^^^^^W\ wise. When | there are more than a 
hun died I W^y^^^^^^^^^jJJ]}]) seals, the}' cut it spirally, in 

15 this way: \§§s§§§^=^^^%^ so tna t ^ i s II one l° n g strip of 
blubber. ^^S^^S^^Hi^ This is done when two rival 
chiefs try — "^^S^gi^ to give great seal-feasts to out- 

do each ^<g^^ other. Two | chiefs of one 

tribe do \^ this; and the long strip is 

given | to the speaker of the rival 



98 sEmala tlesEma qa £ s la k'lipstalas laxa £ wfibEts!awasa k!ek!im- 
yaxLa. Wii, gil £ mese £ naxwa la maEmdElqiilaxs lae ax £ edxa 
200 g ilsgilstowe xiise £ lakwa qa £ s axstEndes laxa maEmdElqula 
£ wapa. Wa, giPmese Elaq qotlaxs lae &x £ edxa klipLala qa £ s 
k!ip!edes laxa xlx ixsEmala tlesEma qa £ s le klipEyindalas laxa 
xfise £ lakwe q!olaso £ s. Wa, gil £ mese alak'Iala la maEmdElqula 
£ naxweda k - !ek' limyaxLaxs lae ax £ edxa leElwa £ ye qa £ s LEpEjindales 
5 laq qa kleses mEdElx £ wultale £ wapaliis. Wa, a £ mese la baweda 
ha £ yal £ iis. Wa, gil £ mese gegils maEmdElqiilaxs lae dox £ wklEq. 
Wa, gil £ mese gwal mEdElqfilaxs lae ax £ edxa leElwa £ ye qa £ s gexeq. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa awadzowe ts!ats!ax u sEma pax £ aleseq lax aLanalisasa 
k'!ek!imyaxLa. Wa, laxda £ xwe ax £ edxa k' !ek - !ipLalaa qa £ s saw5- 

10 £ stEndes laxa xuse £ lakwe, qa £ s la sedzodalas laxa sedzowe ts!ats!ax u - 
sEma. Wa, g'iPmese £ wI £ ladzodExs lae Le £ laleda ha £ yal £ axa q!E- 
saxe. Wa, he £ mesEn waldEm lax (458) xsa k - !adEkwa. Lae km 
hayimx'sEiits5 £ sEsEx u sEntsE £ wa laxes gllddlase. Wii, g'il £ mese 
hayaqax lak" lEndeda megwataxs, wa la sEx"se £ stalasE £ wa ga gwaleg'a 

15 (Jig.) qa gilsgilstowes xuse £ lakwa, yixs sakwelaplaeda £ waxsek!Ese 
g'ig - igamesa £ nEmsgEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, he £ mis yax £ wlda- 
yoxa ayilkwasa apsek'!Ese glgama £ ya sEnala giltla xuse £ lakwa 



boas] RECIPES 461 

chief. A whole length of blubber j is coiled into the feast-dish. 18 
Then they pour | olachen-oil on it, and place it in front of the 
speaker. Then he arises, || takes one end of the blubber, and 20 
puts it around his neck. | He bites off the blubber from the 
singed skin and swallows it. If he | is an expert at bolting 
it, he eats almost three | fathoms of blubber. If he is not 
expert, he can not | eat more than one-half of a fathom. Then 
he gives up. Then the speaker of the chief just promises a 
seal-feast. || They do not. cut the blubber spirally | to give it 25 
to those who do not belong to the rival chief. They only receive 
strips of blubber cut | lengthwise, cut as written on page 458. | They 
also put the blubber around their necks and bolt it. | They do not 
pour oil on it, for they only pour oil on the blubber given to the || 
speaker of the rival chief. As soon as they finish, [ they go out and 30 
vomit all behind the house, | for it really makes one feel squeamish. 
After finishing, they wash themselves | in hot water and urine. 
That is all. | 

Steamed Seal-Meat. — Steaming of seal and porpoise is done in the 1 
same way, | on heated stones, as clams are steamed. | The only 
difference is that | skunk-cabbage and many hemlock-branches are 
taken and are put down by the side of the || red-hot stones. When 5 
the coals are taken away from the | red-hot stones, the hemlock- 

yixs lae q!Elx u ts!a laxa loqulile. Wa, he £ mis la k!uqEyaak u sa 18 
L!e £ na. Wa, g'il £ mese la kagEmlllEin laxa ayilkwaxs lae Lfix £ u- 
llla qa £ s dabEndex oba £ yasa xuse'lakwye qa £ s qEnxodesexs lae 20 
qtekalax xudzas laxa k!iidzeg'a £ ye qa £ s mEkeq. Wa, gil £ niese 
egilwata he gweg'ilaxs lae halsElaEin k!es yudux u p !Enk" laxEns 
baxax, yix M £ maakwas. Waxa £ yagilwate; wa, lak'!es nEqlEbode 
hamx" £ ItsE £ wasexs lae yax -£ ida. Wa, a £ mese la qasa megwatxa, 
yixa ayilkwasa gigama £ } T e. Wa, laLa k'!es sEx u se £ stalakwe ylya- 25 
qlwemasa k!ese apsaklEtsa glgama £ ye qaxs nEqaolisae sakwa £ ya 
gilsgilstowa xuse £ lakwe he gwale sakwa £ yasa k - !adEdza £ yax 458. 
Wa, la, qEnxodaEmxaasa xudze. Wa, laxae niEk - aEmxaaq. Wa, 
la k!es k!unq!EgEk"sa L!e £ na qaxs lexa E mae k!unq!EgEkwe loqulas 
ayilkwasa apsak'tese g'igama £ ya. Wa, g'iFmese gwatexs lae 30 
hex' £ idaEm hoquwElsa qa £ s lii hox £ w!ts lax aLana £ yases gokwe 
qaxs alak' !alae ts!Enk!ulEma. Wa,, gil £ mese gwalExs lae la £ stEx -£ Ida 
laxa q!oltaakwe £ wa,pa LE'wa kwatsle. Wa, laEm gwala. 

Steamed Seal-Meat. — £ nEgik u megwata; yixs he £ mae gwaleda 1 
t !eqwapa £ ye qa £ nEg - asxa megwate LE £ wa k' !olot !e gwiilaasasa £ nEga- 
saxa mEt!ana £ ye. Wa, lex - a £ mes oguqalayosexs lae axsE £ wa k!E- 
k!aok!wa LE £ wa q!enEme q!waxa qa £ s la axnolIdzEm laxa la 
x ,£ x LxsEmala t !esEma. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wI £ loqawedagfdtalaxax!xix- 5 
sEmala t lesEinxs lae ax £ etsE £ weda q !waxe qa £ s xEs £ alodalayiwe lax 



462 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

7 branches are put | on top of the hot stones; and when there is a thick 
layer, they | spread the skunk-cabbage over the hemlock-branches. 
They stop when there is | one layer. Then the man takes the pieces 

10 of seal- meat, || places them on the skunk-cabbage, and when they are 
all on, he | takes sharp cedar-sticks and pokes holes in the skunk- 
cabbage, so that [ there are holes in it for the water and steam to 
pass through. | After this has been done, he takes strips of blubber | 

15 which he has cut as described on page 458. He spreads them || over 
the pieces of meat. After they have been spread, he takes | mats 
and puts them down next to the place where he is going to steam the 
seals. | Each one of four young men takes a large bucket filled with 
fresh water, | and he pours it | over the cut seal-meat. Then other || 

20 young men take up the mats and cover (the meat) with them. I 
think | they keep it there for three hours. After this time | it is 
done. Now it is done. Then they take off the mat cover | and 
spread it that it may get dry, and also so that the steamed | seal may 

25 cool off. Then they take short boards, || put them down, and then 
they do as I described before. | They put the cooked meat on the 
hoards and they eat it. | That is all about this. | 
1 Seal-Head. — Now oidy the head is left, which is given to the steers- 
man | of the seal-hunter. They do not cut off the head | until the 

7 okuya £ yasa xIxixsEmiila tlesEina. Wa, gil-mese wakiixs lae ax £ ed- 
xa k'Ek!aok!wa qa £ s LEpEyindales laxa qlwaxe. Wa, a £ mise 
£ nEmxdzEkwalaxs lae gwala. Wii, la ax £ edxa sESEx u saakwe Eldz 

10 qa £ s axdzodes laxak"!Ek'!aok!wa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wFladzodExs lae 
ax £ edxa ex'ba k!wa £ xLawa qa £ s LlEnxsales laxa k!Ek!aok!wa qa 
kwakwodzEwe qa gayimxsalatsa £ wape LE £ wa klalEla. Wa, gtl- 
£ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa sEsEx u saakwe xuse £ lak u he gwiile 
sakwa £ ya k!adEdzayax 45S k"!adEkwa qa £ s LEpEyindes laxa 

15 sag ikwe ELdza. Wa, gilnnese £ wl £ la la LEpEyexs lae ax £ edxa 
leEl £ wa £ ye qa £ s ax £ Elses lax inaginwa £ yasa £ nEkasoLe megwata. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa mosgEme awa naEngatsle qoqutlaxa £ wE £ wa'p!Eme 
q IwalxEWEgwesa mokwe ha £ yiil £ a. Wa, laxda £ xwe tsadzELEyints 
lax Gkuya £ yasa sESEx u saakwe megwata. Wa, hex £ ida £ mesa waokwe 

20 ha £ yal £ a dax £ Idxa leEl £ wa £ ye qa £ s nas £ ides laq. Wii, Ieii k p otaq 
yudux u ts!agELElagila laxa q!aq!alak - !ayaxEns £ naliiqe £ wa £ wats!aa- 
sasexs lae Llopa. Wa, la £ me Llopa. Wa, la £ me !et!etsE £ wcdanayime 
qa £ s LEplalidzEme qa lEmx £ wides. Wa, he £ mis qa k - akox £ wida- 
lisa £ nEgikwe megwata. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda £ wadzowe ts !iits !ax u sE- 

25 ma qa £ s pax £ allseq. Wa, a £ mes la nEgEltodxEn g'ag'ileye waldEmaxs 

lae sedzoyo laxa sedzowe ts!ats!ax u sEina lo £ xs lae q !Es £ etsE £ wa. 

Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

1 Seal-Head. — Lex - aEm leda xota yixs he £ mae k IwaxLa'yaiiEinsa 

k!waxi,a £ yasa hanLlenoxwaxa megwate, yixs al £ mae qax ,£ itsoxs 



boas] eecipes 463 

hair has been singed off. Then it is given to the steersman. If | 3 
there are many seals, the hunter does not give the head to his | 
steersman, but he pays him five pairs of blankets for | one hundred 5 
seals, which are equal to five dollars; for | the head is always left on 
the body when there are many h air-seals. When | they let the chief 
buy the seal, then the head is cut off, and | it is given to the old 
people, for it is never given with the || meat in a seal-feast. The 10 
old people just take off the blubber of the head | and cut it into strips, 
in this manner: #fflnt\ ^ ^ s J ust P ut m ^° a I kettle, water is 
poured into it, /%OT/I nllV ant ^ tne kettle is put on the | fire of the 
house. It takes ffly/fl //// 1\\\\ a l° n & time to boil it before it is 
done. | When it ^MjUIxo^ is done, the boiled head is taken off 
the fire. || They take a small dish and put it down alongside of 15 
the kettle with boiled head. | They take tongs and take hold of 
the | blubber of the boiled heads, and put it into the small dish. | 
When it is all in, they take dried halibut, break it into pieces, and 
put it into | another small dish. Now it is to be eaten with the 
strips of blubber of the || boiled seal-head. If there is no dried hali- 20 
but, dried salmon is eaten [ with it; and the dried salmon and dried 
halibut are eaten with strips | of blubber which is not eaten at the 
great seal-feast which is given when there are many seals. | This is 

lae gwal ts!ExasE £ wa qa £ s la tstewe laxa k!waxxa £ ye. Wii, gil- 3 
miese qlenEma megwataxs lae yaxstodzEinsa hanidenoxwe laxes 
k!waxLa £ ye. Wii, aunise halaqa visa sEk - !axsa p lElxElasgEm qaeda 5 
lak!Ende megwata '"liEmaxis lo £ sEk'!asgEm dala, qaxs hemEna- 
la e mae axaleda axotaxs qlenEmaeda megwate. Wii, gilmiese layl- 
weda megwate laxa glgama^yaxs lae hex'idaEm qaxnd qa £ s ts!E- 
£ wes x - otas laxa q!ulsq!ulyakwe qaxs k!esae layowenox laxa sa- 
kweliixa megwate. Wa, a s mesa q!ulsq!ulyakwe sapodEx xutsEma- 10 
£ yas qa 5 s xuselaxudeqg-agwalega (fig.). Wa, amies la axts!ots laxa 
h&nx'Lanowe qa c "s giiqlEqesa e wape laqexs lae hanxLEnts lax 1e- 
gwltases g'okwe. Wa, lamiese gegilll maEmdElqulaxs lae idopa. 
Wa,g"il £ mese LlopExs lae hanxsEudxes xotstagi J lats!e hanxLanowa. 
Wa, la ax'edxa lalogume qa°"s kagallle laxa mag inwalllasa xotsta- 15 
g'i £ lats!e hanxLanowe. Wii, la ax°"edxa tslesi.ala qa e s k"!lp!ides laxa 
xutsEma £ yasa x'otstag'i'lakwe qa £ s lii k'!ipts!ots kixa lalogume. AYii, 
lae giPmese e wi e laxs ax £ edxa klawase qa £ s la, k'!opts!ots laxa ogu- 
E la e me laloguma. Wii, la-'me mayimnox ll LEs laxa xutsEma'yasa 
xotagi'dakwe. Wa, g il £ mes k!eas klawatsexs lae xamase mayimas 20 
laq. Wa, laxaa mayima xamase p £ wa klawase laxa g ilsgllstowe 
xuse £ lakuxs mamotae laxa E walase sakwelaxa qlenEme megwata. 



464 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth. ann. 35 

23 called "eating seal-heads," what I am | describing now. That is all 
about the seal. || 
1 Whale. (A whale found dead on the beach). — When | the hunter 
finds a dead whale, he goes home to his | house; and when he comes 
to the beach in front of his house, he stands | up in the bow of his 
5 small hunting-canoe and promises || a whale-feast to his people. 
Then his people learn that he has | found a dead whale. He gives 
to his daughter the name Place-of-cutting-Blubber, for he invites them 
on her behalf. Then the tribe | make ready. They sharpen their 
butcher-knives that day. | In the morning, when daylight comes, the 

10 whole tribe launch their small canoes || for carrying whale-blubber. 
Their | wives steer the canoes when they start. He who | found the 
dead whale goes ahead of his tribe. When | they arrive at the place 
where the whale is lying, his father, if he has one, goes up to the | 
whale with the daughter of the one who found the whale; that is, 

15 with Place-of-cutting-Blubber. || They stand behind the neck of the 
whale; and when the | guests arrive at the beach where the dead 
whale lies, | his father speaks, and says, "O tribe! come and cut 
the blubber of the | salmon of Place-of-cutting-Blubber, for it is 
very fat." Then he speaks again, | calling the head chief of the tribe. 

20 He says, "You shall have for your dish || the dorsal fin, Chief Place- 



23 Wa, heEm LegadEs xlx-otagaxa x'otasa megwate yixEn la waldEma. 
Wii, laEm gwal laxa megwate. 
1 Whale. (GwE £ yim yixs ledzElae laxa L!Ema £ is). — He £ maaxs lae 
lesEleda haniJenoxwaq, wa, la hex £ ida £ mese la nii £ nakwa laxes 
gokwe. Wa, gil £ mese lagaa lax L!Ema £ isases gokwaxs lae Lax £ u- 
Iexs lax agiwa £ yases hanaL!aats!e xwaxwaguma. Wa, la qasa 
5 gWE £ yimxa qaes gokiilote. Wa, laEm q!al £ aLEle gokulotasexs 
lesElaaxa gwE £ yime. Wa, la Lex £ ets K"!amaxalase laxes xuno- 
kwe qaxs he £ rnae Le £ lalagile. Wa, hex £ ida £ mesalelqwalaLa £ yexwii- 
naluda. Wa, laEm tlEqaxes sesEx u x - a k - !ak - lEwayaxa £ nala. Wa, 
g11 £ mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs lae £ wl £ la wi £ x u stEndeda lelqw&laLa- 

10 £ yaxes k '.wayats leLaxa gwE £ yime xwaxuxwaguma. Wii, la £ me 
£ wPlaEm k !wek !waxLalaxes gEgEnEmaxs lae alex £ wlda. Wa, he £ mis 
galagiwa £ ya lesElaxa gwE £ yimases gokulote. Wa, gil £ mese lagaa 
lax yagwidzasasa gwE £ yimaxs lae ompas qo ayadlaxo lasgEmexa 
gwE £ yime lo £ xunokwasa lesEliixa gwE £ yime, ylx Klamaxalase qa £ s 

15 la Laxwala lax oxLaata £ yasa gwE £ yime. Wa, g - il £ mese gax mExa- 
La £ ya Le £ lanEme lax LlEma £ isa yagwidzasasa gwE £ ytmaxs lae yaqlE- 
g - a £ le ompas, wa, la £ neka: " Wa, gelaga k' !ex -£ idEx gokulot laxg - a 
klotElagas K - lamaxalase, laEmga tsEnxwa." Wa, la etse £ sta 
xamagEma £ ye gigameses g'okulote. Wa, la £ nek - a:" LaEms loqlwa- 

20 dEs nExsEmeLEla Lag'a £ 3 T e glgame £ YaqoLas," yixs L!aL!asiqu- 



boas] RECIPES 465 

of-Property;" that is, if the Seaward-Dwellers | are invited. Then 21 
he calls the common people. | His tribe goes ashore at once, and they 
stand at the right-hand side | of the whale. They stand according to 
their seats | at the feast; but Place-of-Property stands near the dorsal 
fin || of the whale. The whale lies on its belly, and (the head chief) 25 
holds in each hand | a butcher-knife. He puts these on the | 
back of the whale's neck, and measures one fathom. [ Then he moves 
backward, cutting along the two sides of the whale | towards the 
tail, back of the dorsal fin. Then he stops. The (people) || cut 30 
around the neck of the whale, beginning at the back of the | whale's 
head; and the one next in rank to Property-Place cuts off a piece of 
blubber half | a fathom wide, beginning at the cut made | by 
Property-Place, downward to the belly of the whale. | The one next 
in rank cuts a piece of the same width, || and all the men receive 35 
pieces of the same width as they | cut off the blubber crosswise down- 
ward. As soon as all | the blubber is off, the women | cut a hole in 
the thin side of the whale, and cut off the inside fat. [ When it is all 
off, they put it aboard the canoes. || Next they cut off a piece of the 40 
tail of the whale; | and when it is all off, they go home to their 
houses. | Then they unload the blubber and put it down above | 



laeda LedfuiEine. Wa, la Le £ lalaxa ogwida £ ye gokulots. Wa, hex £ i- 21 
da £ mese hox £ wultowe gokulotas qa £ s la q Iwagalis lax helklodEiio- 
dza £ yasa gwE £ yime. Wa, la heEm Lax £ walaatses k'wayaxs klwelae 
laxa gokwe, yixs laaLe YaqoLase Laxwala lax HExsEmeLElas Laga- 
£ yasa gwE £ yime. Wa, la he gwig-Endxa gwE £ yime laxes £ wax'SEn- 25 
kidaena £ yaxa sESEx u xa k* !ak" lEwaya. Wa, he £ mis hax £ waLEle 
6xLaata £ yasa gwE £ yimaxs lae baHdxa £ iiEmp!Enke Mxeiis b&Laxs 
lae k!a £ nnakula xuldE £ nakiilaxa nvax sf>dega £ yasa gwE £ yime la 
hexsdEndala lax gwak' lot !EXLa £ yasa Lag'a £ yaxs lae £ wala. Wa, la 
k' !astEntsE £ wa 5xawa £ yasa gwE £ yime gagiLEla lax oxxaata £ yasa 30 
gwE £ yime. Wa, leda makilax YaqoLase k!ex £ Idxa nEqlEbode 
laxEns baLax yixs £ wadzEwasasa klEyole, gagiLEla lax awunxa- 
£ yas axa £ yas YaqoLase, babanaaqa lax tsklasa gwE £ yime. Wa, 
laxae ogwaqeda makilaq, heEmxae £ wadzowe k!ayas. Wa, la 
£ naxwaEm he awadzowe klayasa £ naxwa bebEgwanEina laxes gE- 35 
gexsalaena £ yaxes k!amaxElasE £ we. Wa, gil £ mese £ naxwa k"!e- 
kuxs lae sapodxa k'!ek!Ey6le. Wii, gih'mese £ wl £ laxs laeda ts!e- 
daqe k"!exsodEx pElnodza £ yasa gwE £ yime qa £ s kex £ idex tsEnx- 
tsEnwIlas. Wa, g p il £ mese £ wI £ lamasExs lae moxsaq laxes ya £ yats!e. 
Wa, laEinxaawise £ wi £ la k'!ayap!xa kits!Exsda £ yasa gwE £ yime. 40 
Wa, gil £ mese £ wI £ loLqexs lae na £ nakwa laxes gokwe. Wa, hex -£ i- 
da £ mese moltodxa k - !Eyole qa £ s ax £ alisEles lax a,La £ yasa £ walase 
75052—21—3"! eth— pt 1 30 



466 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

43 high-water mark. After it has all been taken up, the man takes | a 
short hoard for cutting blubber. He puts it down, takes the blub- 

45 ber, || and puts it on the board to be cut. He measures it so that it is 
cut in pieces four | finger-widths wide. He continues this the whole j 
length of the blubber. After a piece is off, he | cuts it crosswise, so 
that it is half a finger-width thick. | After it lias all been cut up, he puts 

50 the pieces into a kettle for boding. || He puts the kettle on the fire on 
the beach | to try out the od. He takes the tongs and stirs it, and | 
he continues stirring it. His wife takes a box and | places it by the 
side of the fire on which the oil is being tried out. She also takes a 
large shell of a horse-clam. When it bods up, she takes the large 

55 clam-shell || and skims off the whale-oil and pours it into the box. | 
She only stops when aU the whale-oil is off the boiled blubber. | Then 
she takes a large basket, takes the boiled blubber | out of the kettle, 
and puts it into the basket. When | it is all in, she puts it down in 

60 the corner of the house. || The people also take the od-boxes at each 
end and another man [ puts them down in the corner of the house. 
(The owner's) wife | takes cedar-bark, splits it into long strips, and | 
carries it to the basket containing the boiled blubber, next to which 
she sits down. | Then she takes out one of the pieces of boded blubber, 

05 and she ties it in the middle with the cedar-hark. || She takes another 

43 £ ya £ x u mota. Wa, gil £ mese £ wI £ losdesExs lae ax £ ededa bEgwanEmaxes 
bExdzowe ts!ats!a £ x u sEma qa £ s pax £ aliseq. Wa, la ax £ edxa kMEyole 

45 qa £ s pagEdzodes laxes bExdzowe. Wa, la mEns £ Idxa modEiie laxF.ns 
q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex ([a £ wadzEwatsak!Eyolaxs lae bEx £ edEq haxE- 
la lax £ wasgEinasasa k'lEyole. Wa, gil £ mese lawiixs lae gEgexsEla 
bEX £ edEq qa k!ocli:nes laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex yix wiwogwa- 
sas. Wa,gil £ mese £ wi £ wElxsExs lae axtslots laxa sEmg'ats!e hanx - - 

50 Lanowa. Wa, la hanx'LEnts laxa lsgwlse laxa LlEma £ ise sEinx'dE- 
maxa k' lEyole. Wa, la ax £ edxa tslesLala qa £ s xwetElga £ yes laq. Wa, 
lii liemEnalaF.m xwetElgeq. Wa, la gEiiEmas ax £ edxa Lawatsa qa £ s 
ha £ nolises laxa sEinxxlEma lsgwisa; he £ misa £ walase xalaetsa mEt!a 
na £ _ye. Wa, g ihmese mEdElx £ widExs lae ax £ edxa £ walase xalaetsa 

55 mEt!ana £ ye qa £ s ax £ wldes laxa gweklese cja £ s la axts!alas laxa Lawa- 
tsa. Wa, la al £ Em gwfdExs lae £ wi £ ltiweda gweklese laxa sEmyaka- 
wa £ ye, laas ax E edxa £ walase lExa £ ya cpi £ s ax £ wults lalexa sEmyak - awa- 
£ ye laxa hanxxanowe cja £ s lii axts'.alas laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, giPmese 
£ wdts!a laxa lExa £ yaxs lae hanegvvdas laxa onegwllases gokwe. Wa. 

60 laxae dadanodxa gwek!edzats!e Lawatsa LE £ wa 6gu £ lame bEgwa- 
nEina qa £ s la banegwilas lax onegwilases g'okwe. Wa, hiLagEHEmas 
ax £ edxa dEnase (pi's dzEdzExsEiideq qa ts!elts!Eq!as gilsg - ilsta. Wa, 
la dalaci qa £ s lii k!wanohlxa sEmyak'awayaatsIe lExa £ ya. Wa, la, 
daltslodxa £ nEints!aqe sEmyak - awaya qa £ s mdg'oyotsa dEnase laq. 

65 Wa, la et!ed ax £ edxa £ iiEme qa £ s mog - oyodes lax ek'leLElas. Wa, la 



boas] EECIPES 4G7 

one and ties it in the middle. | She continues doing so, and does not 66 
stop until the | strips of split cedar-hark are all used up; and when 

it is done, it is in this way: Now, | the name of the boiled 

blubber is changed, and it h is called "tied in the middle." | 
After all this has been done, 2? she hangs up the pieces || over 70 
the fire of the house, and £p evaporates them until they are 
dry. I After they have been hanging there for one month, she 

takes a small kettle and | puts into it one string of blubber tied in 
the middle, together with the cedar-bark. | She pours water on it; 
and when the water shows on | top, she puts it on the fire. After it 
has been boihng a long time, || she takes it off. She takes a | small 75 
dish and puts it down near the kettle in which the pieces tied in the 
middle have been cooked. | She takes the tongs and takes hold of the 
boiled I pieces and puts them into the small dish. After | she lias 
taken them all out of the kettle, she tries to eat it at once, || while it 80 
is still hot, for it is tender whde it is hot, | but it gets tough when it 
gets cold. After she has eaten enough, | she puts away what is left ; 
and when she wants to eat more, she | takes her kettle, pours water 
into it, and puts it on the | fire of the house. When it begins to boil, 
she takes it off || the fire. She takes the cold pieces of blubber tied 85 
in the middle | and places them in the hot water; and when she 
thinks that they are | hot, she takes them out with her tongs and | 

hanal he gwegile. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae qlulbeda gilsgilstowe 66 
dzEXEk" diinasa. Wa, la g'a gwalaxs lae gwala (fig.). Wa, la £ me l!S- 
yowe LegEinasa sEmyakawa £ ye laxeq. LaEm LegadEs momx u sE- 
mak u laxeq, wii g-il £ mese £ wl £ la he gwex £ Idqexs lae tex u stots lax 
nEqostawases lEgwIle. Wa, la £ me xilaq qa lEmx'wides. Wa, c-il- 70 
£ mese la £ nEinsgEingllaxa £ mEkuliixs lae ax £ etsE e wa lm r iiEme qa £ s 
axtsloyaeda £ nEints!aqe momx u sEinak\va E wi £ la LE £ wa dEnase laq. 
Wii, lii guq!Eqasa £ wape laq. Wa, g'iHmese nehideda £ wape lax 
okiiya £ yasexs lae hanx'LEnts laxes lEgwIle. Wii, gil £ mese gagegi- 
lllEla maEindElqulaxs lae hex -£ idaEm hanxsEiidEq. Wii, la ax^edxa 75 
lalogiime qa £ s h& £ noliles lax maginwahlasa momx u sEmakwe £ lats!e 
hanxxana. Wii, lii ax e edxa ts!esLala qa £ s k'liplldes laxa hanxxaa- 
kwe momx u sEma qa £ s lii k'!ipts!alas laxa lalogume. Wii, gil £ mese 
£ wI £ lo £ sta laxa hanx'Lanowaxs lae hex £ idaEm hayalEmk- !a q !Es £ ed- 
qexs he £ mae ales tslElqwe qa £ s tElqwaaxs tslElqwae. Wa, lii 80 
hex ,£ idaEm p!es £ IdExs lae £ wudEX £ ida. Wa, g - d £ mese poh'IdExs lae 
gexaq yix hamxsa £ yas. Wa, giPmese et!ed hamaexsd laqexs lae 
ax £ edxes ha £ iiEme qa £ s guxtslodesa £ wape laq qa £ s hanxLEndes lax 
lEgwllases g'Skwe. Wa, gil £ mese mEdElx £ w!dExs lae hfinx'sEndEq 
laxa lEgwde. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ wiida hanxi.aak" momx u sEmakw a 85 
qa £ s axstEndes laxa ts!Elx u sta £ wapa. Wii, gil £ mese kotaq laEm 
ts!Elx £ w!dExs lae xwelaqa k - !ip £ wustEntses ts!esLala laq qa £ s xwe- 



468 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [urn. ANN. 35 

places them in small dishes, and they eat it | before it gets cold. 

90 After she has eaten enough, || she puts it away, and she just heats it 
whenever she wants to eat of it. | This is called " eating boiled blubber 
tied in the middle." 
1 Boiled Whale-Tail. — And this is eating boiled | whale-tail while it 
is fresh. When the man goes and takes | a piece of the tail, he cuts 
it in strips two | finger-widths thick, and he cuts it the same length, || 
5 so that the pieces are square. The length of the square is | one span. 
As soon as many pieces have been cut, | the man takes his kettle and 
pours water into it. | When it is more than half full, he puts it on the 
fire of his house; and when | it is on, he takes a piece of blubber of the 

10 whale-tail, || and he bites the end of it, holding at the same time the 
opposite end and stretching it. | Now he pulls it; and after he has 
stretched it, | the blubber of the whale's tail is two spans long. | It 
is now as thick as the little finger. | He does this to all the pieces; 

15 and after he has done so, || he waits for the water to boil. When it 
boils up, | he takes the pieces one by one. He takes the stretched 
blubber | of the whale's tail and puts it into the boiling water. | He 
puts it into it quickly. When the pieces are all in the kettle, he takes 

20 the | tongs and stirs the water quickly. After doing so || he takes 



88 laqe k - !ipts!alas laxa lalogume. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese ha £ ya'lo £ mala 
q!Es £ edqexs k-!es c mae £ wiidEx £ Ida. Wa, g - il £ Einxaawise pol £ IdExs 

90 lae gexaq. Wa, a £ mise ts!Elx u ts!Elqwaqexs ha £ maexsdaaq. Wa, 
heEm LEgadEs momx u sEmagugExa hanxxaakwe momx u sEinakwa. 
1 Boiled Whale-Tail. — He £ misa ts!Ets!asnegaxa hanxxaakwe ts!as- 
nesa gwE £ yime, yix he £ mae ales gete. He £ maaxs lae ax £ eileda 
bEgwaiiEmaxa gayule laxa ts !asna £ ye. Wii, la bEx £ edEq qa maldEnes 
wagwasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex. Wit, la £ xae heEm £ wadzoxs 
5 lae bEx £ edEq qa k!EwElx £ unes. Wa, la £ nEmp!Enk - laxEns (|!\\a- 
q!\vax ts!ana £ yex yix £ wasgEmasas. Wa, g - il £ mese qlenEme bExa- 
£ yasexs lae ax £ edxes hanx xanowe qa £ s guxts!odesa £ wape laq. Wa, 
la ek!olts!exs lae hanxxEnts lax lEgwIlases g p okwe. Wa, gil £ mese 
hanxxalaxs lae dax £ Idxa £ nEmts!aqe xuse £ lakwe kits!Exsdesa gwE- 

10 £ yime. Wa, la qlExbeqexs lae dalax apsba £ yasexs lae ts!as £ edEq. 
Wa, laEm nexaq. Wa, gil £ mese gwal tslasaxs lae malplEnke 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yix la £ wasgEinatsa xflse-iakwe ki- 
ts lExsdesa gwE £ yime. Wa, la yuEin la £ wagitEns sElt!axts!ana £ yex. 
Wa, la, £ naxwaEm he gwex £ Idxa waSkwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs 

15 lae esEla qa mE(lElx £ witlesa £ wape. Wa, gil £ mese mEdElx £ w!dExs 
lae hex £ idaEm £ nal £ nEmts!aq!Emka ax £ edxa tslakwe xtise £ lak u 
kits!ExsdesagwE £ yimeqa £ s axstales laxa maEmdElqula £ wapa. Wa, 
la halabalaxs lae axstalas. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ la £ staxs lae S.x £ edxa 
tslesLala qa £ s halabale xwet!edEq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 

20 hanx-sEndEq laxa lEgwile. Wa, la halabala gux £ edEx £ wapalas 



boas] EECIPES 469 

the kettle off the fire and pours off the liquid. | When the water has 21 
all been poured off, he takes a small dish and | places it by the side 
of the kettle in which the tail-blubber has been cooked. | He takes 
hold of the kettle on each side and pours the contents | into a small 
dish. The people eat it while it is still || hot; and when they have 25 
eaten enough, they put away the rest. | As soon as the owner wants 
to eat more, he puts the kettle | over the fire of the house; and when 
the water boils, | he takes the kettle off the fire, and he takes the 
boiled | whale-tail and puts it in; and || when he thinks that it is 30 
warm enough, he takes it out and eats it, | for it is tender while it is 
warm. Not many tribes are invited | to this food, for only the 
owner | eats the boiled whale-tad, | but they do not stretch the 
blubber of the dorsal fin when they bod it. || This is cut in the same 35 
way as the tail-blubber of the whale is cut, | and after a short time 
it is put into boiling water. | When it is all in, the kettle is taken off 
the fire | and the liquid is poured out. Then the blubber ] of the dorsal 
fin of the whale shrivels up. When it is done, the (woman) 
puts it || into a small dish. She does not eat this at once, for, | 40 
although the blubber of the dorsal fin gets cold, it never | gets tougli 
when it is cold : therefore she cooks much of it at the same time. | 
When she has eaten enough of the fin-blubber, | she puts it away; 



Wa, giPmese c wI £ lolts !awe. £ wapalasexs lag ax £ edxa lalogume qa £ s 21 
halabale kanoldas laxa k its!Exsdegi-lats!e hanxLanowa. Wa, 
a-mise tetEgEnodxa hanx Lanowe qa £ s guxts lodes gets!ox u de laq 
laxa lalogume. Wa, laxda £ xwe hex'idaEm q!Es £ Idqexs he £ mae. 
ales tslElqwe. Wa, giPmese pol'IdExs lae gexaxa waokwe. Wa. 25 
gil £ Emxaawise et!ed ha £ nv exsd laqexs lae hanxxEndxes hanxLa- 
nowe laxa lEgwIlases g'okwe. Wa, g Il £ mese mEdElx c wIde e wapa- 
sexs lae hanxsEndEq laxa lEgwIle. Wa, la ax-edxa hanxxaakwe 
xiise £ Iakwe kits!Exsdesa gwE £ yime qa £ s axstEiides laq. Wa, gil- 
£ mese kotaqlaEm ts!Elts!Elq!fix f edExs lae ax £ wiistEiidEq qa £ s q!Es £ e- 30 
deq, qa £ s tElqwaaxs tslElqwae. Wa, laEm k!es Ledalayo laxa 
qlenEine lelqwalaLa £ ye gwexsdEmas qa £ s lexamaeda axnogwadas 
hiVmapxes ha E mexsda £ ye xuse £ lak u kltslExsdesa gwE £ yime. Wa, 
laLa k!es ts!akwe xuse £ lakwasa Liig'a £ yaxs ha £ mexsffasE e wae. Wa, 
laLa heEm gwale bExa £ yase xttse e lakwe kits!Exsdesa gwe £ yime. 35 
Wa, liL Lomax £ Td £ iiEmal £ IdExs lae axstano laxa niEdElqida £ wapa. 
Wa, gll £ mese £ wi £ la £ staxs lae xwelaqa hanxsEndxa hanxLanowe 
qa £ s gux £ Idex £ wapalas. Wa, a £ mese la t!Einkwametaleda xuse- 
dakwe LagesagwE £ ylmaxslae Llopa. Wa, laEm Llopayixs lae axtslo- 
yo laxa lalogume. Wa, la £ mes ex'Ein yalag ihlExs lae hamx £ IdEq, 40 
cjaxs wax £ mae la £ wiideda xuse £ lakwe Laga £ ya. Wa, la hewaxa p !es £ - 
Jda lae £ wudEx -£ Ida. Wa, he £ me lagilas q!eq!EnEmxs hamexsl- 
lasE £ wae qaxs gil £ niae pol £ ideda qhcsaxa xfise ; lakwe Laga £ yaxs lae 



470 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

45 and when she wants to eat some more, she just takes the || cold 
shrunk blubber of the dorsal fin and eats it, for | it never gets tough. 
That is all about this. [ 
1 Boiled Devil-Fish. — When 1 this is done, (the man) goes to catch 
devil-fish- at | low tide; and when he finds the hole of a devil-fish, he 
puts the end | (for feeling) of the devil-fish spear, into the entrance of 
the hole; and when | be feels the body of the devil-fish, he pulls out 
5 the devil-fish harpoon, and lie pushes || the thick end of the harpoon 
into the hole. When he | feels the hard part, he pushes. | For a 
short whde he leaves the devil-fish harpoon alone until it stops 
moving, for [ the devil-fish catcher watches the spear as it is moving 

10 about. I When it stops moving, he takes the spear and jerks it || out 
of the entrance of the devil-fish hole. Then the devil-fish | comes out 
on the end of the spear. | He pulls the spear out of the devil-fish, and 
strikes the devil-fish | on the rock; and when it turns white, he pulls 
out the entrails. These are called by the Indians "phosphores- 
cence." I When he gets them off, he strikes it again on the rock to 

15 kill it entirely, || and to make it tender when it is eaten. Then | the 
hunter goes home, and puts down the devil-fish in the house. | Then 
he takes his kettle, pours water into it | until it is more than half 
full, and puts it on the fire of his house. | When the water is boiling 



g-exaq. Wa, giFmese etled qlEts!exsdEx £ idExs lae km fix £ edxa 
45 £ wuda tlEmgik" xiisedak" Lagesa gwE £ yime qa £ s q!Es £ edeq, qa £ s 
hewaxae p!es £ eda. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

1 Boiled Devil-Fish. — Gll £ mese ' gwalExs lae nesaxa tEqlwaxs lae 
x'atslaesa. Wa, gib"mese q lax gokwasa tEqlwaxs lae segeLas ple- 
way5ba £ yases nedzayowe lax t lioxiliisa tEgwatsle. Wii, glPmese 
p!ex-waLF.laxa tEqlwaxs lae xweHdxes nedzayowe qa £ s segeLes 

5 LEx u ba £ yases nedzayowe laxa tlExilasa tEgwatsle. Wa, la ple- 
xwaxa plesa. Wa, giPmese p!ex £ waLElaxa plesaxs lae sex £ edEq. 
Wa, la yawas £ Id bases nedzayowe qa sEltledesa tEqlwa qaxs 
doqula £ maeda nets lenoxwaxes nedzayaxs yalae yawexila. Wa, 
gil £ mese sEltledExs lae daklindxes nedzayowe qa £ s 6dax £ Ide 
10 nex e wulsaq lux tlExilasa tEgwatsla. Wa, gax £ Em axba £ ya tEqlwa 
laq. Wa, la lEkodxa nedzayowe laxa tEqlwa. Wa, la xusxiitslo- 
dEq laxa awlnaklwa. Wii, giPmese la £ mElx ,£ Ideda tEqlwaxs lae 
lawayodEX bexbek" lasxa yaxyigllas gwE £ yasa baklume bexbekla. 
Wa, gil e mese lawiixs lae etled xusxutsledEq qa a'lak' lales tela. 
15 Wii, he E mis qa tElqwes qo lid tExtaxnvIdLEq. Wa, hex f ida £ mese 
la mVnakwe netslenoxwe laxes gokwa. Wii, la ax-aldasa tEqalwiixs 
lae hex "idaEin ax-edxa hanxLanowe qa e s gfixtslddesa £ wape laq 
qa ek!oldza £ yes. Wii, liL hanxLEnts lax lEgwdases g'okwe. Wa, 
gil-'mese mEdElx £ wide £ wfd>Ets!fiwasexs lae gasx igililaxa tEqlwa 

' Continued from p. 152, line 36. 



boas] RECIPES 471 

he takes up the devil-fish || and puts it into the kettle which is on the 20 
fire. | When it is in the kettle, the man who is cooking the devil-fish 
takes the | tongs and stirs it; and after stirring it for some time, he | 
lets it boil again. Then he stops stirring it. He may keep it | for 
about an hour, according to the watch, || boiling this length of time. 25 
Then the devil-fish is done. | He takes the kettle off the fire, and 
places it at the | door-side of the fire. He takes a dish and | puts it 
by the side of the kettle in which the devil-fish is cooked, | and he 
pours fresh water into the dish. Then he takes the || tongs, lifts the 30 
devil-fish, and puts it into the | dish. He takes a knife and cuts 
around the upper end of the | arms close to the body, and he cuts off 
the | stomach close, to the upper end of the body. Then he puts 
down | his knife, takes off the arms, and pulls off the || loose skin that 35 
hangs together at the end, and | he pulls off the loose skin along the 
side of the suckers; | and when the loose skin is off, he gives it to one 
of those who are to cat the devil-fish. | He goes on and does the same 
with the other arms. | After this has been done, he takes the stomach 
and pulls off the loose skin; || and after this has been done, he bites 40 
off the joint over the head and | spits it out. He looks for the four 
shells which are on I each side of the stomach of the devil-fish. 



qa £ s gax'sEts lodes laxa hanxxala laxa lEgwile hanxxanowa. Wa, 20 
gil £ mese la £ staxs laeda bEgwiinEmexa tEqweliixa tEqlwa ax £ edxa 
ts!esLala qa £ s xwetledes laq. Wa, giPmese gegild xwetaqexs lae 
et!ed mEdElx'weda. Wa, he s mis la gwalats xwetaq. Wa, wala- 
anawise lo £ £ HEmts!agELElagila laxa q!aq !alak!ayaxEns '"naliiqe 
£ wa £ wasElllasas maEmdElqulaxs lae iJopa tEqweliixa tEqlwa. Wa, 25 
la hanx'sEndxa hanxxanowe laxa lEgwIl qa £ s hang'allles laxa 
obexxalalllases lEgwile. Wa,la ax e edxa tayax u se £ lats !e loqhve qa £ s 
hamoliles laxa maginwalllasa fcEqwe e lats!e hanxxanowa. Wa, 
la giixts!otsa £ wiida f sta £ wE £ wap!Em laxa loqlwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
tsIesLala qa £ s k!ip!ldes laxa tEqlwa qa £ s lii k*!lpts!ots laxa 30 
loqlwe. Wa, lii ax £ edxa kMawayo qa £ s t !otse £ stalex ewaxLa £ yas 
dzedElEinas mak'abala lax bakawa £ yas. Wit, laxae tlosodEx 
gawas makabala lax ek'!ana £ yasa bakawa £ ye. Wa, la geg-a £ lll- 
xes klawayuwe qa £ s dagiltslodexa dzedzElEme qa £ s klulpodxa 
£ nEmts!aqe laqexs he £ mae ides Elagalases lEnp!Ena £ ye. Wii, la 35 
xikodEx lEnp!Eiia £ yas walabala lax £ waxsanodza £ yas k!umt!Ena- 
£ yas. Wa, g11 £ mese £ wi £ lawe lEnp !Ena £ yasexs lae tslas lax tExtaq u - 
Laq. Wa, a £ mese la he gwe-'nakulaxa waokwe dzedzElEma. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae &x £ edxa gawiis. Wii; lii nexalax lEnpsEma- 
£ yas. Wa, g il £ Emxaawise £ wl £ laxs lae qlEkodEx q!EnxLii r >as qa £ s 40 
k\ves £ 6deq. Wii, lii alex £ Idxa motslaqe daptenk - axilla lax 
£ \v;ixsan5LEma £ yas gawasa tEqlwa. Wa, gil £ mese q laqexs lae 



472 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

4.3 When he finds them, | he pulls them out and throws them away. 
Then he breaks it into strips, | and gives a strip to each of his guests. || 

45 He who eats the body takes off the loose skin, | and pulls out the 
mouth-parts of the devd-fish and eats them, | and he eats the body. 
After | they have eaten enough, they go out. They only invite the | 
numaym to eat devil-fish. They do not cook devd-fish for many || 

50 tribes. That is all about this. | 

Scorched Devil-Fish. — -When the devil-fish hunter | comes home, 
he takes his knife and | cuts off one of the arms. | He puts it by the 

55 side of the fire, with its loose skin; and when || the outside is scorched, 
he turns it so that the | raw side is towards the fire; and when it is 
also scorched, he | takes it off and pulls off the loose skin. When it is 
all off, | he eats it. Some Indians call this "eating devil-fish | 

60 roasted by the fire," although oidy the legs are roasted; || and they 
call it "eating devd-fish." Only the | females are roasted this way; 
for they are afraid, when they are boded, | that they will get an 
itchy eruption and have to scratch themselves | wherever the liquid 
touches the skin, when the female devil-fish is boded. | Therefore 

65 they do not wash the female devd-fish, and || therefore also it is not 

43 lEkumodEq qa £ s ts!Ex £ 6deq. Wa, la k!fdk!ulpsE(lEq qa ts!elts!E- 
qlasiowesexs lae ts £ Ewanaesasa £ nal £ nEme luxes Le £ lanEme. Wa, 

45 laLa heEm bEbak'aweg - xa bak'awa f yaxs lae lawiyodEx lEnpsE- 
ma £ yas. Wa, he £ mis gil gElxoyose gwawilba £ yasa tEq!wa qa £ s 
gugwawegix £ kleq. Wa, la hamx £ idxa bakawa e ye. Wa, gil £ mese 
poTldExs lae hoquwElsa. Wa, laEm lex'aEm tEqwelagilaxa 
tEqlweda £ nE £ memote. Wa, laEm k!es tEqwela qaeda qlenEine 

50 lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Scorched Devil-Fish (Ts!edzEk u tEq!wa). — Wa, he £ maaxs galae 
g'ax na £ nak\veda netslenoxwaxa tEqlwa, wit, la ax £ edxes k'lawa- 
yowe qa £ s tlosodexa £ nEints!aqe laxa dzedzElEinasa tEqlwa. Wa, 
la k'adnollsas laxes lEgwIle £ wl £ la le £ wis lEnp!Ena £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese 

55 k!um.Elx £ Ide L!asot!Ena £ yas laxa lEgwIlaxs lae lex £ idEq qa L!aso- 
tlEndesa k - !ilxk' !5dEiia £ ye. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise k!umElx £ IdExs lae 
ax £ edEq qa £ s xikalex lEnp !Ena £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese -'wPlaxs lae 
hamx £ klEq. Wa, la £ nekeda waokwe bakluma ts!Ets!edzEk u gixa 
tsledzEkwe tEq!wa wax ,£ mae lexaEm ts!esasE £ we dzedzidEmas. 

60 Wa, la tExtEqwaxa tEqlwa £ nekiq. Wa, laEm lexaEm he 
gwegilasE £ wa tslEdaqasa tEqlwa yixs kilEmae hanxxEntsE £ wa 
qaxs laxae hex 'MdaEiu q!Qle yixs hemEnala £ mae qliilax lag - aaLE- 
lasas £ wapalases tsloxwaxa hanxxaakwe tstedaq tEqlwa. Wa, 
he £ mis lagilas kes ts!oxwasE £ weda tsledzEkwe tEqlwa. Wa, heEm- 

65 xaawis k' leselas hanxxEntsE £ we. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ la tsledzEkwe 




boas] BECIPES 473 

boiled. After they have eaten the roasted | arms, they throw the G6 
body and the stomach | out of the house. That is all about this. | 

Devil-Fish with Oil (Chopped Devil-Fish with Oil) . — This j is another 1 
way of cooking devil-fish. When the | devil-fish hunter comes home 
with the devil-fish, and when lie has many | devil-fish, perhaps as 
many as twenty or thirty, || he cooks them all at one time on his fire. 5 
He | does it in the same way as I described the cooking of devil-fish 
before, and he | takes off the loose skin in the same manner. When 
all the loose skin is off, | the devil-fish hunter takes his knife and a 
large dish | and puts them down. He takes a small piece of wood 
and puts it || over the sides of the dish crosswise in the middle. 10 
This is named | "the cutting-board for devil-fish." 
He takes the arms of the devil-fish and | puts them on 
the short board. He takes his chopping- | knife and 
chops the arms into pieces. Then | he takes another 
arm and cuts it up too. After || they have all been 15 

chopped up, he takes a large kettle and | washes it out. When it 
is clean, he takes with his hand the chopped | arms and throws 
them into the kettle for cooking them. | When the kettle is almost 
full, he pours a little | water into it and puts it on the fire. After || 
boiling quite a while, it is taken off. | Then many dishes are 20 

dzedzElEmasexs lae aEm tslEqEWEldzEma bakawa £ ye LE £ wa gsiwa 6G 
lax l lasantVyases gokwe. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Devil-Fish with Oil (TEmx u staak" tEqlwa laxa Lle £ na). — Wa, 1 
g'aEm c nEmx -£ idala ha £ mexsdaenexa tEqlwega. Yixs gil £ mae gax 
na £ nakweda nets lenoxwaxa tEqlwa. Wa, g'il £ mese qlEyoLa yixs ne- 
ts !anEinaaxa maltsEing'usta tEqlwa lox hayaqaax j T udux"sEmgusta. 
Wa, la £ na e nEmp !Eng - ila hanx"LEndEq laxes lEgwde. Wa, la aEm 5 
nEqEingiltEwex tEqwelaena £ yasEn gale waldEma lo £ lawalae- 
na £ yax lEnplEna £ yas. Wa, g'IPmese £ wl £ lawe lEnp'Ena £ y,.sexs lae 
&x £ ededa nets lenoxwaxes klawayowe, wa, he £ mesa loqlwa £ walasa 
qa £ s kagallles. Wa, laxae ax e edxa ama £ yelEqwa qa £ s katledes lax 
5gwaga £ yasa loq!we gayfisEla lax nEgoya. £ yas. Wa, heEm LegadEs 10 
tEmgiidzoxa tEqlwa. Wa, la ax £ edxa dzedzElEmasa tEqlwa qa £ s 
kadEdzodes laxa tEmgudzowe. Wa, la &x £ edxes tEmgwayowe 
klawayo qa J s tEmtEmx u salax -£ Idexa dzedzElEine. Wa, la £ wl £ laxs 
lae etledxa waokwe cpa J s tEmtEmx u salax £ Ideq. Wa, giPmese 
£ wl £ la la tEmtEmx"s £ aakuxs lae ^x £ edxa £ walase hanxLanowa. Wa, 15 
la tsloxugindF.q. Wa, gil £ mese egigaxs lae guxtslotsa tEmtEm- 
x u staakwe dzedzElEme laxa tEmx"staakwI £ lats!e hanxLanowa. 
Wa, gil £ mese Elaq qotlededa hanxLanowaxs lae xaLlaqa gfiqlE- 
qasa £ wape laq. Wa, la hanxLEiits laxes lEgwile. Wa, la gex-- 
Lala maEmdElqalaxs lae hanxsanowa laxa lEgwile. Wa, la 20 



474 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ann. 35 

22 taken and put down by the side of the | kettle in which the chopped 
devil-fish has been cooked. The man takes a ladle and | dips out 
the chopped devil-fish, and puts it into the | dishes. It contains 

25 little water. When the || chopped devil-fish is in the dishes, he takes 
oil and pours it over it; | and he only stops pouring oil over it when it 
is covered. | After doing so, he takes many spoons and | gives them 
to those who are to eat the chopped arms of the | devd-fish. After 

30 this has been done, he places the || dishes in front of his guests, and 
they begin to eat the chopped devil-fish | with oil. When it is 
finished, they | go out at once, for this food makes them feel like 
vomiting. | Then they all hurry out to go back of the houses, where | 

35 they vomit. After vomiting, they drink water. || That is all about 
this. I 

Steamed Devil-Fish. — When | a woman sees a devil-fish in the 
water on a rock while she is gathering clams, she | spears it and puts 
it into her small clam-digging canoe. | When she has many clams, she 

40 steams them. Then she l| puts the devil-fish with them when she is 
about to pour water on her steamed clams, j After the water has been 
poured on, the devil-fish is covered over | with the clams, and it is 
steamed with the clams that are I steamed to be made into dried 



21 ax £ etsE £ weda qlenEme loElqlwa qa niEx £ alilEles lax maginwahlasa 
tEinx u staakwIiats!e hanxxanowa. Wil, la ax £ edxa tsexLa qa £ s 
tsex £ Ide laxa tEmx u staakwe dzedzElEma qa £ s la tsEyosElas laxa 
loElqhve. Wa, laF.m holElqElaxa e wape. Wa, g il £ mese £ wi £ losa 

25 hanxLaakwe tEmx"staakuxs lae ax £ edxa L!e £ na qa £ s kiunqlsqes 
laq. Wa, al £ mese gwal klunqasa L!e £ na laqexs lae t!Ep!EgElesa. 
Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae ax-etlxa qlenEme ksik'EtslEnaqa qa £ s 
k'as £ ides laxa tEtEinx u staag u Laxa tEinx u staakwe dzedzElsmsa 
tEcj!wa. Wa, g'ihmese gwalExs lae kaxdzamolilasa tetEmx u staax u - 

30 ts!ala loElqlwa laxes Le e lanEme. Wa, laxda £ xwe £ yos £ Idxa tEmx 11 - 
staakwe tEqlwa laxa L!e J na. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae liex- r i- 
daEm hoquwElsa qaxs alae ts!Enk!ulEma he gwek" ha £ mexsila £ ye. 
Wa, laxda E xwe he £ nakulaEin lax iiLan.ryases gigokwe qa £ s la 
hox £ wida. Wa, gil £ mese gwal hoqwaxs lae nax £ Idxa £ wape. Wa, 

35 laEin gwal laxeq. 

Steamed Devil-Fish ( £ nEgEk u tEqlwa). — Wa, he £ maaxs klunsa- 
eda tsledaqaxa tEqlwiixs tslekaaxa gaweq!anEme. Wa, la sex £ - 
IdEq qa £ s k!wet!alExses laxes ts!egats!e xwaxwaguma. Wa, 
gil £ mese qleySLxa g - aweq!anEmaxs lae £ nEk'aq. Wa, he £ mis la 

40 lEgEnwayaatsa tEqlwiixs lae Elaq tsas £ etsa £ wap elaxes £ nEkasE £ we. 
Wa, gtl £ mese tsas £ etsa £ wape laqexs lae nanaskinaEinxa tsq!wa. 
Wa, la £ nEmax £ idaEni Llopa LE £ wa e nEgEkwe gaweq!anEinaxs 
k - lots !asE £ wae qaxs k!dmats!eLe. Wa, gil £ mese LlopExs lae let!e- 



BOAS] RECIPES 475 

clams. After it is done, it is uncovered. | Then the steamed devil- 
fish is first taken out and || washed in fresh water; and then (the 45 
woman) also does what | I described at first, when I described the 
eating of devd-fish; but it tastes differently | when it is steamed, for 
the taste of the steamed | clams affects the taste of the steamed 
devil-fish. | 

You know about the devil-fish caught in deep water when the || 
tides are low at half-moon. This has been written | in the writing 50 
about those who get devd-fish for bait for halibut; | for I have 
described it entirely, how they catch devil-fish with long | spears in 
deep water, and everything about it. Therefore | I say that you 
know it already, and also about the catching of devd-fish on the dry 
beach at || spring-tide. That is all about this. | 55 

Boiled Sea-Slugs (Catching sea-slugs). — When | a man wants to 1 
take sea-slugs, he first goes for a thin shaft which is used by the 
salmon-fishers. | He takes two thin cedar-sticks, each one short span | 
long and a little thinner than the || little finger, flat on one side, [ 5 
and he takes cedar-bark and splits . it in narrow strips. | 
The two cedar-sticks are to be hooks at the end of the sea- 

slug spear. | He puts these near the end of the harpoon- 

shaft, and ties them on v>dth spht | long xl strips of cedar-bark. 
When it is finished, it is this way: || 5^ 

tsE £ wa. Wa, he £ mis gil ax £ etsE £ wa £ nEgikwe tEqlwa qa £ s ts!f>x- 
£ witsE £ we laxa £ wE £ wap!Eme. Wa, aEm £ xaawise la nEgEltEwex gwe- 45 
gilasasEii gaglleye waldEmaxs lae tExtax £ \v!dEq. Wii, laEm 6gux- 
p!aEmxs £ nEg-Ekwae qaxs lae gwE £ yose gweplaasasa k!6ts!aak\ve 
g-aweqlaiiEm laxa £ nEgEkwe tEqhva. Wa, laEmxae gwala. 

HeEmLas la qlala nanesamEiisaxa tEqlwaxs wiix-'mae ama'ya xa- 
ts!a £ yexes SmagawIxdEmxs lae nExsa £ ya £ mEkula. Wa, la £ mese k- !a- 50 
dEdzE £ we lax k-!adEkwasa tatelaxa tEqlwa loqwaLaxa p!a £ ye 
qaxgin sEnolmek- gwagwex-s £ ala laqexs lae nanedzayowaxa giltla 
nanesamEndza £ yaxa tEqlwa LF/wis gwavidalase. He £ mesEn lagila 
£ nek5L laEm £ wFla q!a,LElaq LE £ wa lEinxulesEla nesaxa tEqlwa laxa 
£ walase xats!a £ ya. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 55 

Boiled Sea-Slugs (AElyaxa alase). — Wa heEm gil ax £ etso £ sa 1 
aElyaenoxwaxa alasa saEnts!asa yiilnEk Iwenoxwaxa k!ok!utEla. 
"Wa, la ax £ edxa malts !aqe wlswid klwaxLawa, £ nal £ nEmp!Enke 
awasgEmasas laxEns ts!Ex u ts!ana £ yex. Wii, la wawilalagawesEns 
sElt laxts !ana e yasEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex laxes pepExklotlE- 5 
nena £ ye. Wa, la ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s dzEdzExsEndeq qa ts!elts!E- 
q!es. Wa la ax £ edxa malts !aqe gegalbiltsa aElyayop !eqLe. Wii, 
lii axbEnts lax maxba £ yasa saEnts!o qa £ s yil £ aLElodesa dzEXEkwe 
giltla dsnas laq. Wa, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae g-a gwiileg-a (fig.). 



476 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KAVAKIUTL [etii. ann. 36 

10 Then he waits for it to bo calm at low tide. When | it is calm, 
he launches Ids sea-slug-gathering canoe. | He takes his sea-slug- 
gathering paddle, and Ids knife lor cutting off the heads j of sea- 
slugs, and also the stick for catching sea-slugs. Then lie paddles | 
to a place where he knows there are many sea-slugs. He looks down 

15 into the water; and || when he sees a place where there are many 
of them together, he takes his stick for catching sea-slugs and | 
pushes it down into the water. He pushes the hook-end under the 
sea-slugs | and pulls them off the bottom, (putting the hooks under) 
the middle of the sea-slug. | Then it comes up lying crosswise over 
the two hooks at the end of the pole. He pulls up | the pole, and 

20 puts it down crosswise over las canoe. || He takes the sea-slug, takes 
his knife, | and cuts off the neck. Then he squeezes out the insides, | 
and lie throws it down hard into his canoe, saying | as lie is throwing 
it down, — | 

" Now you will bo as stiff as the wedge of your grandfather." || 

25 He does this to each of them, and says so as he throws the sea- 
slugs into Ids | canoe. When he has caught many of them, he goes 
home. | 

As soon as he arrives on the beach of his house, his wife takes | a 
basket and goes to meet him and to carry up what he has. She puts | 

30 her basket into the small canoe: and the woman takes II one of the 



10 Wa, la esEla qa klEmaqElesexa xatslaese. Wa, g'il e niese k"!E- 
niaqidaxs lae wI £ x u stEndxes aElyats!eLe xwaxwaguma. Wa, lii, 
ax £ eilxes aslyaxsayase se £ waya LE £ wes t!ot!EsEmy5Le kawayo 
laxa alase. Wii, he c "mises aElyayop !eqe. Wa, la sex £ wlda qa £ s 
la laxes q!ale qlayatsa filase. Wii, lii hanx-Ida. Wa, gil £ mese 

15 dox'waLElaxa qlaedzasasa alasExs lae ax £ edxes aElyayop !eqe qa £ s 
L!EiigEnse laxa dEmsx'e. Wa, laEm bEnba £ ye gegalba £ yases aElya- 
yop !eqe. Wii, lii gfiLElisa lax nEgoya £ yasa alasaxs gaxae galo- 
taweltEwe laxa male gegalbesa aElyayop !eqe. Wa, la nexostod- 
xes aElyayop !eq qa kat!e.des la £ wax'sotiiga £ yases aElyaatsle xwa- 

•_»() xwaguma qa gayales. Wii, lii dax c Idxa alase qa £ s ax £ edexes k - !a- 
wayo qa £ s t lot !Ets lEXodaleq. Wa, lii xix'IdEq qa lawayes yax - 
vigilas. Wii, lii xusalEXsas laxes xwaxwagume. Wa, lii neg - E- 
tEwexs lae xusalEXsas: — 

"LaEmshei iJaxataeneLe LEmgayas gagasa." 

25 Wii, lii qlwalxoEm £ nekixs lae xils £ alExsasa alase laxes xwa- 
xwagume. Wa, gil'mese qlEyoLEXs lae nii £ nak u laxes gokwe. 
Wa, giPmese lag - alis lax idEma^isases gokwaxs lae gEnEmas ax £ ed- 
xa lExa £ ye qa £ s la lalala ; bikinis, qa £ s lii nanagwala. Wii, la hang'aa- 
lExsases lExa £ ye laxa xwaxwagume. Wa, la dax £ ideda tstedaqaxa 

30 £ nEme alasa qa £ s xlx'ide £ wiisgEinasas 6gwidE £ yas laxes dalaena- 



boas] RECIPES 477 

sea-slugs, squeezes down the whole length of its body, holding it by 31 
the | hind part, the head downward; and when what is left of the 
insides has come out, | she throws it into the basket. She does this 
to all | of them. When they are all in, she carries | her basket of 
sea-slugs up the beach and takes it || into the house. She puts it 35 
down in the corner of the house. | Then she takes a large low steam- 
ing-box and pours some | fresh water into it. When it is half full. 
she takes the basket of sea-slugs [ and pours them into the water in 
the box. She leaves them there ] for two nights with the water over 
them. Then they are ready || to be boiled. The man takes the 40 
kettle for boiling sea-slugs | and pom's water into it until it is half 
full. | He puts it over the fire; and when the kettle for boding sea- 
slugs | is on the fire with the sea-slugs in it, he goes into the woods 
and breaks off hemlock-branches. | He carries these back and puts 
them down where the sea-slugs are boding || in the kettle. Alter he 45 
lias done so, he takes the low steaming-box in which the sea-slugs 
are, | and places it by the side of the lire, | and also the tongs. 
When the w T ater begins to bod, his wife | takes one of the sea-slugs 
and squeezes the body so that | the liquid comes out from the inside. 
Then she puts it into the boiling water. || Her husband stirs it with 50 
the tongs. The woman | squeezes out the whole number of sea- 
slugs; and when they are all | in the kettle, the man continues to 

£ yax 5xsdE £ yas. Wa, la bEnxtala. Wit, gil £ mese £ wl £ lawe gega- 31 
yayawa £ yas yaxyig ilasexs lae bsxtslots laxes lExa £ ye. Wa, lit 
£ naxwa he gwex £ Idxa waokwe. Wa, giPmese £ wllts !axs lae k" !ox £ wid- 
todxes Elyats!e lExa'ya qa £ s lii k'!ox £ wtisdesElaq qa £ s la k!ogwe- 
LElaq laxes gokwe. Wa, la k'!ox £ wal!las lax onegwllases gokwe. 35 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa £ walase kutElll q!o £ lats!ii. Wa, lii giixtslotsa £ we- 
£ wap!Eme laq. Wa, gil £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae ax £ edxa Elyatsle 
lExa £ ya qa £ s la guxstsnts lax £ wabEts!awas. Wa, la bas. Wa, 
het!a la mfdExse ganuLas qlogulileda alasaxa 6 wapaxs lae helala lax 
hanxLEntsE £ we. Wa, leda bEgwanEme ax £ edxes Elselats!eLe hanx - - 40 
Lanowa. Wa, lii guxts!5tsa £ wape laq qa nEgoyoxsdales. Wa, 
la hanxLEnts laxes lEgwde. Wa, g ll £ mese la hanxxale Else £ la- 
ts!eLasexa alasaxs lae laxa aLle qa £ s LlEx £ wIde laxa qlwaxe. Wa, 
gaxe gEmxElaq cpi £ s lii gEnixstEndEq laxes Else £ lats!axa alase 
hanx'Lanowa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa qlogidile Elya- 45 
ts!e kiitElil q!o £ lats!a qa £ s gaxe ha £ nolIsas laxes lEgwde; WiL, he- 
£ mesa ts!esLala. Wa, gd £ mese mEdElx £ wideda £ wapaxs lae gEiiE- 
mas ax £ edxa £ nEme alasa qa £ s x - Ix £ Idex 6k!wina £ ya qa lawiiyes 
£ wapaga £ yasexs lae tslEmxstEnts laxa maEmdElqula £ wiipa. Wa, 
laLa la £ wunEmas xwetasa ts!esLala laq. Wii, lii £ naxwaEm 50 
x - Ix £ ideda tslEdaqax £ waxaasa alase. Wii, giPmese £ wl £ la £ steda 
alasaxs lae heniEnalag"ild £ Em xweteda bEgwanEmac^. Wa, gil- 



478 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

53 stir them. When | the water begins to boil, the man picks up 
handfuls of dirt from the floor of the | house and throws it into the 

55 boiling water. Then || it stops boiling over, for the | water of the 
sea-slugs almost always boils over, and only | dirt from the floor of 
the house stops the boiling-over. The man | tries to take hold of one 
of them with the tongs; and when he succeeds in taking one, | it is 
done. The skin gets rough when it is done. The (sea-slugs) are 

60 slippery, when || they are raw, and he can not get hold of them with 
his tongs. | When they are done, he takes off the fire the kettle for 
cooking sea-slugs. | He takes a large dish and puts it by the side of 
the | kettle. He pours some water into it; and when it is | more 

65 than half full of water, he takes the tongs, lifts up the || sea-slugs, and 
puts them into the dish for washing the boiled | slugs. As soon as they 
are all in, the man sits down by its side | and washes them, they being 
stiff. Afterhehas | washed one of them, he gives it to one of his guests | 
to eat first a sea-slug; and the one to whom the first sea-slug is given 

70 eats it at once. || The man washes the sea-slugs quickly, | and gives 
one to a second man; and he continues doing this with his other | 
guests; and when the first one finishes eating a sea-slug, | he is given 
another one. After they have eaten enough, they take some | to 

75 their wives, for sea-slugs are only eaten in winter, || when they are 



53 £ mese tEirx' £ IdExs laeda bEgwanEme klagilllxa t!Ext!Eg!lases 
g - okwe, qa £ s k - !a £ stEndes laxa la tEntEnkila. Wa, hex £ ida £ iuese 

55 xiitlededa tEntEnkila Elselas qaxs XEiiLElae heniEnalaEm tEirx £ - 
Ide £ wapalasa alasaxs hanx%EntsE £ wae. Wa, lex - a £ mes xut!eda- 
masa t!Ex - t!Egilasa gokwaq. Wa, la, hemEnala £ ma bEgwanEme 
gunx -£ Id k!ak!ap!Enasa ts!esLala laq. Wa, g11 £ mese k!ip!Endqexs 
lae Llopa. Wa, laF.m xulxunx £ IdExs lae Llopa. Wa, la tsaxEiixs 

60 k - librae. Wa, laEm k!eas g\vex £ Idaats k!ip!Entses ts!esLala laq. 
Wa, gil £ mese LlopExs lae hanxsEndEq laxes lEgwiles ElselaxdEma. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase loq!wa qa £ s k'anoliles laxa Else £ lats!e 
hanxxanowa. Wa, la guxtslotsa £ wape laq. Wa, gll £ mese ek!ol- 
dza £ ya £ wape laqexs lae ax £ edxa ts!esLala qa £ s k!ak!ap!Enes laxa 

65 alase qu £ s la klipstalas laxa ts !ots !ox £ Qnats !e loq!waxa hanxlaakwe 
alasa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wI £ 1osexs laeda bEgwanEme k'.wagagElllaq 
qa £ s ts!6ts!ox £ unx £ ide laxes laena £ ye L!ax £ Ida. Wa, gihiaxwa £ mese 
gwal ts!ots!ox £ unaxa £ nEme alasEx lae yax £ wits laxes Le £ lanEme 
qa galqlEses Elsasxa alase. Wa, la hex -£ idaEm Elsas £ Ideda gale 

70 yax £ w!tsE £ wa, yixs lae hanakwlla ts!ots!ox £ uneda bEgwanEmax 
yaqlwemaLasa makilaq. Wa, la he gwe £ nakulaxa waokwe Le £ la- 
nEms. Wa, gflnaxwa £ mese £ wl £ leda gale yax £ w!tso £ sa alasExs lae 
et!ed yax £ widEq. Wa, glPmese pol £ IdExs lae motElaxes anex'sa £ ye 
qaes gEnEine, ylxs lex-a £ mae ElsasdEmxa alaseda tslawunxe lax 



boas] RECIPES 479 

good. They are bad in summer. That is all about | one way of 76 
cooking of sea-slugs. | 

Roasted Sea-Slugs (Sea-slugs roasted by the side of the fire of the | 1 
house). — When water has been on the sea-slugs for two days, | the 
woman takes a dish and carries it to put it down by the side of | the 
low steaming-box. She takes the sea-slugs out of the water and || puts 5 
them into the dish. As soon as she has enough, she carries a dish of 
sea-slugs | and puts it down by the side of the fire of her house. She 
puts | it alongside the fire, under the side-logs of the fire, and she | 
continually turns (the sea-slugs) over. As soon as they are really | 
stiff, they are done; and as soon as they are done, she takes them off 
the fire with the || fire-tongs. She takes another dish and pours 10 
some | water into it, and she puts the roasted sea-slugs into it. | 
Then she takes a cedar-stick and scrapes off the ashes that | stick to 
the roasted sea-slugs. When they are all in the dish, she squeezes 
them, | so that the water comes out, and she puts them into another -|| 
dish. Then she takes another sea-slug, scrapes off [ the ashes that 15 
stick to the outside of the roasted sea-slugs, and she | squeezes it so 
that the water comes out, and puts it into the | dish. She does this 
to all the others; and when | they are all done, she gives them to 

EyaxsdEmas. Wa, laxa £ ya £ yax'sxa heEiixe. Wa, laEm gwai laxa 75 
£ iiEmx £ idala ha^mex'sllaene^xa alase. 

Roasted Sea-Slugs (PEnedzEkwe alasa laxa onalisasa lEgwilasa 1 
gokwe). — Wa, he £ maaxs lae malp !Enxwa f stalll qlogullla alase 
wa, lada tstedaqe ax £ edxa loq!wa qa £ s la dalaq qa £ s la k'anolllas 
laxa Elyatsle kiitElil q!qlats!a. Wa, la ax £ wustalaxa alase qa f s la 
axts!alas laxa loq!we. Wa, gil £ mese hel'alaxs lae kialaxa Eltslala 5 
loq!wa qa £ s lii kanolisas laxa lEgwIlases gokwe. Wii, la kadE- 
nolIsElas laxa awaba £ yas k - ak'EdEnwa e yases lEgwlle. Wa, a £ mese 
hemEiialaEm lexElaleda tslEdaqaq. Wa, gih c mese alax £ Id la 
L!ax s edExs lae L!opa. Wa, gIPmese LlopExs lae keltslalases ts!es- 
Lala laq. Wa, la ax £ edxa ogudame loq!wa qa £ s guxts!odesa 10 
J wape laq. Wa, lii axstEntsa pEned/.Ekwe alase laq. Wa, la 
ax £ edxa k!wa £ xxadzEse qa £ s k - exalayoxa guna £ yaxs lae k!we- 
k!iit!Enexa pEnedzEkwe alasa. Wa, gil'mese £ wldaxs lae qhvedzE- 
lEndEq qa lawiij'es £ w;ipaga £ yas. Wa, la yaxtslots laxa ogu £ lame 
loqhva. Wa, iaxae et!ed ax^edxa s nEme alasa qa £ s k'exalexa 15 
guna-yaxs lae k!wek!ut!Enexa pEnedzEkwe alasa. Wii, la q!we- 
dzElEndEq qa lawayes £ wapaga f yas. Wii, laxae yaxtslots laxa 
loqhve. Wii, lilnaxwaEm he gwex £ Idxa waokwe. Wii, gil £ mese 
£ wldaxs lae yax £ wlts laxa ElsasLaxa pEnedzEkwe alasa. Wa, 



480 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann S5 

20 those who are to eat the roasted sea-slugs. || At once they eat them ; 
and after they have eaten enough, they carry home | for their wives 
what is left over. That is all about this. | 

Baked Sea-Slugs (Sea-slugs baked in hot ashes in the fire of the | 
house). — The woman also takes the sea-slugs out of the low steaming - 

25 box. | She digs a hole in the hot ashes and puts the || sea-slugs into 
the hole dug in the ashes. Then she covers them with ashes. | It 
may be half an hour according to the watch | before she digs them 
out. She takes them up with the fire-tongs and | places them on the 
floor, by the side of the fire; and she does the same as what I | said 
before when I spoke about the sea-slugs roasted by the side of the 

30 fire. That is || all. | 
1 Roasted Chiton. — Tins is called by the l !ai. !asiqwala h Uriel, but by 
the Kwag - ul it is called | me'srriEts.'a. \ 

When a woman gets ready to | go to get chitons, she takes her 
5 hasket to put the chitons into, and also flat-pointed || hemlock- 
branches three spans in | length. They are flat-pointed. She car- 
ries with her what is called [ "instrument for peeling chitons off the 
rock." As soon as she comes to a place where there are many, | she 
pokes the stick under them, lifts them off, and throws them into her 
basket; and when | she has many, she carries the basket with the 

10 chitons on her back, and goes home || carrying the basket up the 

20 hex £ ida £ mese Elsas £ IdEq. Wa, gil £ mese poHdExs lae motElaxes 
hamxsa £ ye qaes gEgEnEme. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Baked Sea-Slugs (DzamedzEk" alas laxa gflna £ yasa lEgwlhtsa 
g'okwe). — HeEmxaa ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxa iilasa kiitElIle q!o £ lats!e. 
Wa, la £ lap!alisa laxa tstelqwa guna £ ya. Wa, la LEx £ wallsasa 

25 alase laxa £ labEkwe guna £ ya. Wa, la dzEmk'Eyintsa guna £ ye laq. 
Wa, laxEntla nExsEgiLF.lag Ila laxox q!aq!alak!a £ ye laxEns £ nalaxs 
lae £ lap!Eqalisaq. Wa, lit k'!ip!ltses ts!esLala laq qa £ s la k!ip!all- 
lElas laxa onalisases lsgwile. Wa, heEm gwayi £ lale gweg'ilasasEn 
waldEine lax makilasasEk' laxa pEnolldzEkwe alasa. Wa, laEinxae 

30 gwala. 
1 Boasted Chiton.— Klinel, heEm i.eqEla £ yesa LlaiJasiqwalaq; wa, 
laLa mesmEts !axElaso £ sa Kwag'ule. 

Wa, he £ maaxs lae xwanalEleda tslEdaqe qa £ s la k!ak!Enlaxa 
k!inele. La, ax £ edxes k!in £ lats!eLe lExa £ ya he £ mesa pExbaakwe 
5 LlEiiaksa qlwaxe yudux u p!Enk' laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, yix 
£ wasgEmasas. Wa, la pExba. Wa, he £ mis daax u seq yixa Legadas 
k - !ak - !Enlayaxa klinele. Wii, g - il £ mese lagaa lax qlEyaasasexs 
lae L!ok!ugi £ lalaq qa £ s ts!Exts!ales laxes lExa £ ya. Wa, g'il £ mese 
qlEyoLqexs lae 6xxEx £ Idxes k!m £ lats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s la na £ nak" 

10 oxLosdesElaxa k'!in £ lats!e lExa £ ya. Wii, la oxLEgalllas lax one- 



boas] RECIPES 481 

beach. She puts it down in the | corner of her house. Then she 11 
takes a large dish and pours some [ fresh water into it, until it is half 
full, and she pours the chitons into it. | After they have been four 
days in the water, she takes her | fish-knife and goes and sits down 
by the side of the dish of chitons. She || takes out one of the chitons 15 
and scrapes it with her fish-knife so that | all the green stuff comes off 
that covers it. When the green stuff is all off, | (the chitons) are white. 
When they are done, | she puts them into another dish which is half 
full of | fresh water; and she does this with the others. || As soon as 20 
they are all done, she leaves them in the water in the dish for one 
night. | In the morning, as soon as day comes, the woman takes 
drift wood, | which she gathers on the beach in front of her house, 
and she puts down one crosspiece | at the upper end; and she puts 
down two | side-pieces, one on each side. She puts kindling-wood in 
the space between the || side-pieces, and she places medium-sized 25 
driftwood crosswise | on top of it. Then she takes her basket and 
goes to pick stones on the | beach. When her stone-carrying basket 
is full with stones, | she carries it on her back, and puts it down out- 
side of the place where she is going to steam the chitons. She | puts 
them on top of the crosspieces of driftwood; and when they are all 
on, || she lights the fire under (the whole). When the fire blazes up, 30 
she goes to the beach | and gathers kelp that grows on the rocks; | 

gwilases gokwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ walase loqlwa qa £ s guxtslodesa 
£ wE £ wap!Eme laq qa nEgoyoxsdalesexs lae giixstEntsa klinele laq. 
Wa, hetlala moxse £ nalas q!og'ililExs laeda tstedaqe ax £ edxes 
xwaLayowe qa £ s la klwagagilllaxa k - !ineltallle loqlwa. Wa, das- 
tEndxa £ nEmsgEme k - !inela qa £ s klk'lxsEmeses xwaxayowe Laq qa 15 
£ wl £ lawesa lEnxa lax 5sgEma £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ l:iwa lEnxa 
lax osgEma-yasexs lae £ mElsgEma. Wa, giPmese gwalExs 
lae axtslots laxa 6gu £ lante loqlwa laxat! UEgoyoxsdalaxa 
£ wE £ wap tenie. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gwex -£ idxa waokwe. Wa, 
g'ihmese £ wl £ laxs lae xa £ mael q!ogfdlLxa £ wape laxa loq!we. 20 
Wa, g'lhmese £ nax £ Idxa gaaliixs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa qlexale 
qa £ s q lap leg'aliseq lax LlEma'isases gokwe. Wa, la £ me xwal £ Itsa 
£ iiEme qa gegiwalltse. Wa, lakak'EdEnotsa malts !aqe lax £ waxsa- 
iio £ yas. Wa, laxae momagotsa galastoyoLas lax awagawa £ yasa 
k'ak'EdEnwa £ yas. Wa, la xwalEyindalasa ha £ yal £ astowe q!exal lax 25 
okiiya £ yas. Wa, la ax £ edxes lExa £ ye qa £ s la xEqwax tlesEma laxa 
LlEma £ ise. Wa, gihmese qotle xEgwatslas lExaxa tlesEmaxs lae 
oxLosdEsaq qa £ s la oxLanolisas laxes £ nEg - asLaxa k'linele. Wa, la 
XEqiiyfnts laxa gEkiya £ ye q!exala. Wa, giPmese £ wIlk1yindExs lae 
tsenabotsa giilta laq. Wa, gil £ mese x - iqostaxs lae laxa L!Eina £ ise 3Q 
qa £ s k!ulx £ Idexa L'EsLlEkwe q'.waxa laxa t!edzEk!wa. Wa, gil- 
75052—21 — 35 eth— pt 1 31 



482 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.36 

32 and when her basket is full, she carries it on her back, and puts it 
down | by the side of the place where she is going to steam the 
chitons. Then she goes into the woods to get | skunk- cabbage and 

35 old fern. She puts these into a || basket, and carries the basket with 
fern on her back; and she carries the skunk-cabbage under her arm. | 
Then she goes home, and puts down the skunk-cabbage | by the side 
of the place where she is going to steam the chitons; and she also puts 
down the | basket with old ferns. Her husband cuts sticks | one 

40 span long, of red pine, with sharp points || and round, for spits for the 
chitons. As soon as these are finished, | she takes one of the chitons 
and pushes the spit of | red-pine wood through the middle of it. 
She does this with every one of them, | one spit for each chiton, in 
this manner: When they are all on the spits, | they are 

ready, and she puts them into a basket. Then the man 

45 takes the || /CP ^\ tongs and takes away the driftwood that is not 
burned; | and \%t<¥ as soon as all the fire has been taken away, he 
takes the kelp and lays it | on the red-hot stones, and he 

puts old fern | over the kelp; and he takes the skunk- 

cabbage and | spreads it over the old fern. As soon as this is 

50 finished, he takes the || chitons on their spits and pours them on the 
skunk-cabbage. When this is | done, he takes a cedar-stick and 
pokes holes through the skunk-cabbage for | the water to pass through 

32 £ mese qot!e L!Egwats!es lExaxs lae oxLosdesaq qa £ s la oxxanolisas 
laxa £ nEgasLaxa k. linele. Wa, la aLe £ sta laxa ai>!ek - as la axa 
klikaoklwa, wa, he £ misa LEqlEmse. Wa, laEm axtslots laxa 

35 lExa £ ye. Wa, la oxxalaxa LEqlEmdzatsle lExaxs laaLal gEmxElaxa 
k'liklaoklwaxs lae na £ nakwa. Wa, la gEmxEnolisasa k'liklaoklwa 
la maginwalisases £ nEgasLaxa k' linele. Wa, laxae oxLEgalisasa 
LEqlEmdzatsle lExa laxaaq. Wa, laLa Ia £ wunEmas klaxwaxa 
£ nal £ nEmp tenke laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex wunagula qa eexbes; 

40 wa, he £ mis qa leElxines qa SdEinsa k - linele. Wa, gtPmese gwa- 
Iexs lae ax e edxa E nEmsgEme laxa k - linele qa £ s otledesa odsme 
wunagul lax nExsEma £ yas. Wa, lii £ naxwaEm £ nEmts !axsEmaleda 
k - linelaxa odEme ga gwalegaxs lae odEkwa (Jig.). Wa, la £ me £ naxwa 
gwalalaxs lae gits!a laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, la ax £ ededa bEgwanEmaxa 

45k!ipLala qa £ s k' !ips £ alax £ Idexa k'lese q!ulx £ Itsa qlexale. Wa, 
g'il £ mese £ wl £ leda gultaxs lae ax £ edxa LlEsLlEkwe qa £ s ts!ax £ alodes 
laxa xixixsEmala tlesEma. Wa, la ax £ edxa LEqlEmse qa £ s ts!a- 
kiyindes laxa LlEsLlEkwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa k!ik!aok!wa qa £ s 
LEpEyinde laxa LEqlEmse. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa 

50 odEkwe klinela qa £ s g - edzodales laxa k - !ik - !aok!wa. Wa, giPmese 
gwalExs lae LlEiiqEmxsalasa k!wa £ xLawe laxa k - !ik - !aok!wa qa 
lax - salatsa £ wape lo £ qa kix u salatsa k'lalEla. Wa, g - il £ mese gwa- 



boas] RECIPES 483 

and the steam to come out. When this is done, | he pours water on, 53 
and he takes some skunk-cabbage | leaves and spreads them over the 
top; and when it is all covered, he || takes mats and covers (the 55 
whole). When this is done, he | leaves it. After about four hours | 
(the chitons) are done. Then he takes off the cover-mats and | also 
takes off the skunk-cabbage cover. When the | cover is all off, he 
calls the people who are walking about to come and eat the chitons. || 
When they sit down, he gives each | one a spit with a chiton on it, 60 
and immediately they | begin to eat chitons. Nobody gets two | 
spits of steamed chitons, for they taste very salt; | and when they eat 
many chitons, these cause diarrhoea. || After they have finished, 65 
they all go home. They do not invite | many tribes for this, and it 
is not eaten by the Kwakiutl. | Only the Seaward-Dwellers eat 
chitons, and also the Koskimo | and Gwats!enox u and G'ap!enox u 
and the L!asq!enox u . | Only those eat it. That is all about this. || 

Boiled Chiton. — (Wien chitons have been gathered [see p. 293], 1 
they are eaten in the following manner:) At once (the woman) sends 
her husband to go and | invite his numaym. Immediately the woman 
takes | her kettle and pours water into it; and when it is half full, | 
she puts it on the fire. When it begins to boil, || the woman takes the 5 
basket of chitons by the handle and pours | them into the kettle. 



Iexs hie tsas £ ftsa £ wape laq. Wa, la ax £ edxa waokwe k'lik'lao- 53 
kwa qa £ s LEpEyindales laq. Wa, g il £ mese hamElqEyaxs lae 
ax £ edxa leEl £ wa £ ye qa £ s nasEyindes laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 55 
bas. Wa, laxEntla motsIagELElaglla laxEns q !aq !alak' !ayoxEns 
£ nalaqexs lae iJopa. Wa, la £ mes letledEx nayimas l§El £ wa £ ya. 
Wa, laxae lawiyodxa nayime k"!a5k!wa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ lawe 
nayimasexs lae Le £ lalaxa q!iiname £ sta qa liis k" linlk" !al £ Idxa 
klinele. Wa, giPmese k!iis £ alisExs lae tslEwanagEmeda £ nal- 60 
£ nEmts!aqe 6dEk u £ nEgik u k' !inel laq. Wa, la £ naxwaEm hex £ i- 
daEm k' linlk - !al £ Idxa kMtnele. Wa, laEm k' leas malts !axk!Etsexa 
odEkwe £ nEg"Ek u klinela, qaxs Lomae dEmp!a. Wa, he £ misexs alae 
wulElIsElamasEx q!ek'!Edzayaeda klinelaxs ha £ ma £ yae. Wa, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae £ wl £ la na £ nakwa. Wa, laEin k'!es Le £ lalayo laxa 65 
qlenEme lelqwalaLa £ va. Wa, laxaa k"!es ha £ masa Kwagule, la 
lex - a £ ma LlaLlasiqwala k!inlk!alxa klinele LE £ wa Gosgimoxwe 
LE £ wa Gwatslenoxwe LE £ wa Gaplenox'we, wa he £ misa L!asq!e- 
noxwe. HeEm £ waxeda ha £ mapaq. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Boiled Chiton. — Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mese £ yalaqaxes la £ wuiiEme qa las 1 
Le' £ l5laxes £ nE £ me'mote. Wa, la he'x' £ ida £ meseda tslEda'qe ax £ e'd- 
xes hanxLa'nowe qa £ s giixtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq qa £ nEgoya'le- 
sexs la'e ha'nxxEnts la'xes lEgwi'le. Wa, g - i'l £ mese mEdEbc £ wI'- 
dExs la'eda tslEda'qe k - !o'qiilllxes q!E'nyats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s gux- 5 
stE'ndes la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes kMipLa'la qa ? s 



484 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 85 

7 Then she takes her fire-tongs and | pokes the chitons in the water; 
and as soon as the skin comes off, | they are done. Then she takes 
the kettle off of the fire. | She takes a large dish and dips up with 

10 a spoon || the chitons in the water, and she puts them into the dish. 
She does not | put the liquid into the dish also. As soon as the dish 
is full, | the woman pours fresh water on the chitons in the dish, | 
and she puts it down before the guests of her husband. | They eat at 

15 once with their hands. || They peel off the shells on the back, and they 

throw them into the | dish, with the guts. As soon as they finish 

eating the chitons, they | wash their hands in the water of their food; 

and | after they have eaten, those who have eaten chitons go out. | 

Large Chiton (Getting large chiton). — When a man wants to eat || 

20 chitons, he launches his | small canoe at low water, and he goes to a 
place where he knows there are many chitons. | When he arrives 
there, he puts the stern of his chiton-catching | canoe ashore and 
gets off. He picks up chitons which | he on the stony beach, and 

25 he throws them into his small chiton-catching canoe. || When he has 
many, he launches | his chiton-catching canoe, goes aboard, and he | 
paddles back. He picks up driftwood where there is much of it, 
and | he puts it into his chiton-catching canoe. As soon as it is | 

dzEk'Elga'yes la'xes qlE'nsela. Wa, g'i'J £ mese qtis £ e'des LletsE- 

7 ma £ ye, wa, laE'm L!opa laxe'q. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese ha/nxs £ EndEq. 

Wa, la ax £ e'dxa £ wa'lase lo'qlwa qa £ s XElo'ltsodesa katslEna'qe 

la'xes qte'nsela qa £ s le xsltsla'las la'xa lo'qlwe. Wa, laE'm k!es 

10 6'gwaqa le £ wa'palas la'xa lo'qlwa. Wa, g - i'l £ mese qo't!eda 16'- 
q!waxs la'eda tslEda'qe gu'qlEqasa a'lta e wa'pe la'xa la lEx u ts la/la 
qlana'sa. Wa, le k'axdzamo'lilas lax Le' £ lanEmases la' £ wGnEme. 
Wa, ke'x' £ ida £ niese xa'maxts!a'naxs la'e da'x -£ Idxes ha £ ma' £ ye. 
Wa, laE'm sexa/lax xE'ldzeg'a £ yas. Wa, la ts texts !a/las la'xa 

15 lo'q!we LE £ wes tslEyi'me. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwal q!E'nsq!asExs la'e 
he'Em ts!E'nts!Enx £ widede £ wapa'lases ha £ ma' £ ye. Wa, g"i'l £ mese 
gwa'lExs la'e ho'quwElseda q!E'nsq!ase. 

large Chiton (K!ak!Enot!axa k'.Enote). — He £ maaxs ha £ ma- 
exsdaeda bEgwanEmaxa k' lEiiote. Wa, a £ mise wi £ x u stEndxes xwa- 

20 xwagumaxa la, x - ats!aesa qa £ s la laxes q!file q!eq!adxa k'lEnote. 
Wa, gil £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae aLaxxax £ Idxes k - !ak'!Ent!aats!e 
xwaxwagiima qa £ s loltawf. Wa, la mEnx £ Idxa k'lEnotaxs qEp- 
qEp!ae laxa t!edzEk!wa qa £ s tslEgExsEles laxes k'!ak'!Ent!aats!e 
xwaxwagiima. Wa, g'iPmese qlEyoLExs lae hex -£ idaEm la wl £ x u s- 

25 tEndxes k!ak'!Ent!aats!e xwaxwagiima qa £ slaxseq. Wa, g-axe sex- 
£ wida qa £ s la anexbalax q!exala laxa q!Eyaasasa q!exale. Wa, la 
moxsElas laxes k!ak!Ent!aats!e xwaxwagiima. Wa, g'il £ mese qo- 
t!axs lae laxsa qa £ s sex £ wide; laEm lfd nivnak" laxes g - okwe. Wa, 



boas] RECIPES 485 

full, he goes aboard and paddles home to his house. || When he arrives 30 
at his beach, he throws the | driftwood ashore. He goes up and goes 
to get a basket from his | house, and he comes carrying it down to 
the place where his chiton-catching | canoe is. He also carries his 
knife, and he | puts the basket into the small canoe. || Then he takes 35 
one of the chitons, puts it down on its back, | and cuts along its 
belly. Then he pulls out the entrails, | and he throws them into the 
water; and he scrapes it, so that the red color | on the body of the 
chiton comes off. When it is all off, he | washes it in salt water. 
After he has done so, he throws it || into the chiton-basket. He does 40 
this with all the others. | As soon as they are all ready, he carries the 
basket of chitons; | and when he is in his house, he puts it down in 
the | corner of the house; and he goes down to the beach to bring 
up | the driftwood, and he carries it into the house, and he puts it 
down || by the side of the fire, and he puts it on the fire. | If he wishes 45 
to eat the chiton raw, he takes his knife | and cuts the belly of the 
chiton, which looks like the tongue | of a quadruped. He puts them 
into a small dish with | water in it. He also cuts close along the shell 
on its back || the whole length of the body of the chiton; and | when 50 
it is off, he cuts it into pieces half a | finger-width thick. Then he puts 
these pieces into a small dish with water in it ; | and when he has 

g'iPmese lag'alis laxes L!Ema £ isaxs lae hex' £ idaEm sEp £ iiltodxes 30 
qlexanEme qlexala. Wa, la lasdesa qa £ s la ax £ edEX lExa £ ya laxes 
gokwe qa £ s g'axe dEnts!esElaq lax ha £ nedzasases k'!ak'!Ent!aats!e 
xwaxwaguma. Wa, he £ mis daax u ses tslewulegayo k'lawayowa. 
Wa, la hang'aaiExsasa iExa £ ye laxa k - !ak!Ent!aats!e xwaxwagil- 
maxs lae dax £ Idxa £ nEmsgEme k'tenota qa £ s t!ex ,£ alExseq. Wa, 35 
la qwagEnodzEndEX tEk!asexs lae gElx'wEqodEX yaxyigllas 
qa £ s tslExstEndeq. Wa, la k'odzEltsEmdEq qa lawayesa gugum- 
yEmstowe axsEmexa k - !Enote. Wa, g"il £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae ts!6x £ wl- 
dEq laxa dEmsxe £ wapa. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ts texts lots 
laxes k'!Endats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gwex -£ Idxa wao- 40 
kwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae k - !ox £ wEltodxes k - !Endats!e lExa- 
£ ya. Wa, gil £ mese laeLas laxes gokwaxs lae hangalllas laxa one- 
gwilases g'okwe. Wa, la lEnts!es laxa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s la wixwiis- 
desa laxa q!exale qa £ s la wlg'iLElas laxes g"6kwe qa £ s la wix £ all- 
las laxa maginwalilases lEgwile. Wa, la lEqwelax -£ Ida. Wa, g il- 45 
£ mese £ nex' qa £ s k' !ilxk' !ax - exa k - lEnotaxs lae &x £ edxes k - !a- 
wayowe qa £ s tlosodex tEk!asa k!Enotexa he gwex'sa k - !ilE- 
maxsa gilg'aomase, wa, qa £ s axts lodes laxa lalogume £ wabEts!a- 
laxa £ wape. Wa, laxae t'.osodxa makildzodalaxa xEldzega £ ya 
hebEndala lax £ wasgEmasas ogwida £ yasa klEnote. Wa, g:il £ mese 50 
lawaxs lae helox u sEnd t!ot!Ets!EndEq qa k'!odEnes wlwogwasas 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex, lae axstalas laxa £ wabEts!awasa la- 



486 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. 35 

enough, he takes the tongs and | holds the pieces of chiton and throws 

55 them into the || fire, and then he picks them out again with the 
tongs and puts | them back into the dish, and he washes them, and 
then he eats them. | He only stops when he has eaten enough. Then 
he rinses his mouth | with water; and after he has rinsed his mouth, 
so that the salt taste | is removed, he drinks a little water. That is 

60 all about || one way of cooking them. | 
1 Baked Large Chiton. — There is another way of cooking | chitons. 
They only cut out the entrails; and as soon as all | the entrails are 
out, the woman takes her tongs and digs a hole | in the hot ashes. 
5 Then she takes the chiton whose guts have been removed and || puts 
it into the hole that she has dug, and she covers it over with hot 
ashes. | As soon as she has done so, she takes a dish and pours water 
into it I until it is half full. When she has done so, she takes a spoon | 
and puts it down by the side of the fire, and also the dish, | and she 
takes the tongs and uncovers the chiton which has been buried in the 

10 ashes. || With her tongs she lifts the buried chiton and | puts it into 
the dish, and she takes the spoon and with it she scrapes off | the 
ashes that stick on it from the outside. | As soon as they are all off, she 
pulls off the shell from the back, for it is very soft, because | it is 

15 thoroughly cooked. As soon as all the dirt is off, she || changes the 



53 logume. Wa, gu £ mese hela axa £ yasexs lae ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s 
daleqexs hie dax £ idxa tlEwekwe klEnota qa £ s tslEXLaleq laxes 

55 lEgwIle. Wa, xwelaqa £ mese k'lipletsa tslesLala laq qa £ s la k'lip- 
stalas laxa loqlwe. Wa, la ts!ox £ widEq qa £ s k'llntklatledeq. Wa, 
laEm al £ Em gwalExs lae pol £ Ida. Wa, la hex -£ idaEm tslEweLlExo- 
tsa £ wape. Wa, g11 £ mese gwal tsEweiJExodExs lae £ wl £ lawa dEm- 
p !aeL lExawayasexs lae nax £ ldxa holale £ wapa. Wa, laEm gwala 

60 £ nF.mx - idala hamexsilaeneq. 
1 Baked Large Chiton. — Wa, ga £ mes £ nEmx £ Idala ha £ mexsllaenexa 
k'!Enoteg - a, yixs a £ mae ts lewElegEkwa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ lawe 
yax - yig - Ilasexs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxes ts!esLala qa £ s labese laxa 
tslElqwa guna £ ya. Wa, la ax £ edxa ts lewElagEkwe klEnota qa £ s 
5 mEx u ts lodes laxes £ lapa £ ye. Wa, la dzEmsgEmtsa tslElqwa guna £ ye 
laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa loq !we qa £ s guxts !odesa £ wape 
laq qa nEgoyoxsdales. Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa kats!Enaqe 
qa £ s gaxe g'gg'alllaq lax maginwalllases lEgwIle LE £ wa loqlwe. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa tslesLala qa £ s let!edes laxes dzamesasE £ we klEnota. 

10 Wa, la k!ip!etsa tslesLala laxa dzamedzEkwe klEnota qa £ s la 
klipstEnts laxa loqlwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa k'atslEnaqe qa £ s kodzEl- 
tsEmdes lax 5sgEma £ yas qa lawalesa guna £ ye la klutsEmeq. Wa, 
g'll £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae gElqalax xEldzeg - a £ yas qaxs lae xas £ Ida qaxs 
lae alak'lala la Llopa. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wi £ lawa £ yax"sEma £ yasexs lae 

15 LlayodEx £ wapasexs lae neqwa. Wa, laEm gtiqodEq lax Llasana- 



boas] RECIPES 487 

water, for it is dirty. Then she pours it out outside | of the house, 16 
and she pours some fresh water on it, and she | washes it again; and 
when all that looks like red paint comes off, it is done. | Then they 
begin to eat the baked chiton; | and when they have finished, (the 
woman) draws some water and rinses her mouth to |[ remove the 20 
salt taste; and when it is all gone, she drinks | water. That is all 
about this. | 

Boiled Large Chiton. — First | the woman takes a kettle, and she 
pours some water into it until it is | more than half full, and she puts 
it on the fire; and she takes || a chiton, and takes the knife for cutting 25 
out the insides, and cuts | along one side of its belly. Then she pulls 
out the entrails and throws them down by the side | of the fire. As 
soon as they are all out, she scrapes off with the | back of her knife 
what looks like red paint on its body; | and when it is all off, she 
washes it in a dish || with water in it; and by the time it is all washed, 30 
the kettle on the fire begins to boil. | Then she puts the chitons into 
it; and when | they are all in, she calls her friends to come and eat 
the | boiled chitons. When they have all come in, the | woman takes 
her spoons and dishes and || puts them down where she is sitting, and 35 
she takes her tongs and stirs | the chitons that she is cooking while 
they are still on the fire. | After they have been boding for maybe 



lyases gokwe, qa £ s laxat! guxts!otsa £ wE £ wap!Eirte laq; laxae et!ed 16 
ts !ox £ widEq. Wa, g il £ mese £ wl £ lawa he gwexs gugumyixs lae gwala. 
Wa, hex £ ida £ niese k' lEntk' !at !edxa dzamedzEkwe k' lEnota. Wa, 
gllnnese gwalExs lae tsex ,£ Idxa £ wape qa £ s ts !EweL texode qa la- 
wayeses dEmp!aeL*Exawa £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae nax £ Idxa 20 
£ wape. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Boiled Large Chiton (Hfinxxaak" k - !Enot). — Wa, heEm g-tl 
ax £ etso £ sa tslEdaqes hanxxanowe qa £ s guxtslodesa £ wape laq qa 
ek!oldza £ yes. Wa, la hanxxEnts laxes lEgwile. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
k- lEiiote qa £ s ax £ edexes ts lewElagayo k" lawayowa qa £ s qwagEno- 25 
dzEndex tEklasexs lae gElxuqodEx yaxgig - Ilas qa £ s ts lEgEnolises 
laxes lEgwile. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae k'osalas aweg - a £ yases 
ts!ewElagayu k'lawayowe laxa he gwex's gugumyime lax SsgE- 
ma £ yas. Wa, g - il £ rnese £ wl £ laxs lae tsox £ w!dEq laxa loqfwa 
£ wabEts!alila. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la ts!okuxs lae mEdElx £ wideda 30 
hanxLanowe. Wa, la axstalasa k'lEnote laq. Wa, gil £ mese 
£ \\i £ la £ staxs lae L§ £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEmokwe qa g - axes k - !Ek - !Enotg"ixa 
hanxLaakwe k'lEnota. Wa, g - ll £ mese gax £ wI £ la§LExs laeda 
ts!Edaqe ax £ edxes kakEtslEiiaqe LE £ wa loElqlwe qa £ s g"axe ka- 
galfias laxes k'.waelase. Wa, la ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s xwet!edes 35 
laxes k'lEntela klEnotExs he £ mae ales hanxxala laxa lEgwile. Wa, 
laxEntia hayaqax £ nEmts!agELElagila laxEns q!aq!alak!a £ yaxsEns 



488 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.36 

38 more than an hour according to the watch, | she takes them from the 
fire. | Then they are boiled to pieces and they are cooked thoroughly. 

40 Then she takes her || long-handled ladle, and with it she takes out 
the boiled chitons and | pours them into the dishes. As soon as they 
are all in the dishes, j she puts them down in front of her guests. 
She takes the spoons and distributes | them; and when she has given 
one to each, | they begin to eat the boiled chiton and the liquid. || 

45 They try to eat with spoons all the boiled chiton. After | they have 

eaten it all, they drink very little water. Now, that is all about this. | 

Chitons are the food eaten by the poor people who can not | get 

the real good food. It is not often eaten by chiefs | and young men 

50 and young women. The only time it is eaten || by chiefs and young 
men and young women is when they are | caught in bad weather and 
by strong winds, and when they have to stay out for a long time, or 
when their canoes | capsize. Then they get chitons and large chitons | 
and winkles, and also small mussels and large mussels. This and | 
various kinds of shell-fish are the food of those who are caught, and 

55 often this || saves their lives. That is 'all about this. | 
1 Raw and Roasted Sea-Eggs. — As 1 soon as (the spear) is finished, (the 
man) waits | until it gets calm at low tide; and when it is calm, at low 
tide in the | morning, he launches his sea-egg spearing-canoe, | and he 



38 £ nalaqe £ wa £ wasLalasas maEmdElqulaxslae hanxsEndEq laxes lEgwi- 
le. Wa, laEm xas £ ida. Wa, laEm alaklala la L!opa. Wa, la ax £ edxa 

40 g'iltlEXLala tsexLa qa £ s xalo £ stEndexa hanxxaakwe k'lEnota qa £ s 
la tsetslalas laxa loElqlwe. Wa, g'll £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae kax'dzamo- 
lllas laxes Le £ lanEnie. Wa, la ax £ edxa kak"Ets!Enaqe qa £ s tstewa- 
naeses laq. Wa, giPmese £ wl £ la la axnogwatsa k-akEtstenaqaxs 
lax - da £ xwae £ yos £ Idxa hanxxaakwe k'lEnot LE £ wis £ wapala. Wa, 

45 la £ me £ wa £ wl £ laa £ yosaxa hanxxaakwe k'lEnota. Wa, gil £ mese 

£ wPlaxs lae nax £ Idxa holalbidawe £ wapa. Wa, lawesLa gwal laxeq. 

HeEm hemawalasa wI £ woselageda k'Enote, yixa wayapolala 

laLidaxa ala £ me hemawala. Wa, la k'!es qltinala ha £ masa glgiga- 

ma £ ye p £ wa ha £ yal e a LE £ wa ealostagase tsledaqa. Lex'aEm hamx -£ i- 

50 daatsa g - Ig igama £ yaq LE £ wa ha £ yala £ q LE £ wa ealostagasaqexs lala- 
wol £ idae laxa £ y ax same £ nalax yanEmaaxs g'ayagillsElae loxs 
qEpae. Wa, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsexa qlanase LE £ wa k - !Enote 
le £ wu gllayowe, L6 £ ma laese LE £ wa xole. Wa, heEm hemawalasa 
lalawol £ ede LE £ wa ts!ets!Ek!wemase. Wa, heEm qlunala q!ula- 

55 masEq. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

1 Raw and Roasted Sea-Eggs. — Wa, 1 gll £ mese gwalExs lae esEla 

qa kMimakilisexa xats!aese. Wa, g - ll £ mese k!imaqElaxa xa- 

tslaesaxa gaalaxs lae wr"x u stEndxes mamaseq Iwaats !eL§ xwaxwa- 

guma. Wa, he £ mesa mamaseq!waxsEyase se £ wayo ax £ etsos LE £ wis 

1 Continued from p. 154, line 18. 



boas] RECIPES 489 

also takes his paddle and bailer || and spear. He paddles, and goes 5 
to a place where there are many sea-eggs. | Then he takes his spear 
and puts it into the | sea; and he spears the sea-eggs, and puts them 
into his | sea-egg spearing-canoe. When he has many of them, | he 
goes home. || 

As soon as he arrives on the beach of his house, he calls his | tribe 10 
to come and break the sea-eggs and to eat them. | Immediately all 
the men and women and | children go down to the beach where the 
sea -egg spearing-canoe is, | and all the men go into the sea || and 15 
stand by the side of the canoe containing the sea-eggs. | They take 
out the sea-eggs, and they go and give two each | to their wives, and 
they also take two each for themselves; and | all the others do the 
same. As soon as | they have them, they sit down by the side of the 
water. Each takes a || stone, and with it breaks one side of the sea- 20 
egg at the side where the | mouth is, and they pull out the edible 
insides and | wash them in sea-water; and after washing them, 
they | squeeze out the sea-water and they eat them, — lEx £ wid as the 
Seaward people call the eating | of sea-eggs, while the Kwag'ul call 
the eating of sea-eggs || m.Emsex u g ' Exa mEseqwe; and they all do the 25 
same as | they eat the sea-eggs; namely, the good sea-eggs, which are 
the female | sea-eggs. The male sea-eggs are bad. That is what the 



tsiilayowe l5 £ mamaseq !wayas. Wii, la sex £ wlda qa £ s la lax qteyaa- 5 
sasa mEseqwe. Wii, la dag ilExsaxes mamaseq !wayowe qa £ s me- 
dEnses laxa dEmsx'e. Wa, la sEX ,£ Idxa mEseqwe qa £ s k!wet!alEx- 
sEles laxes mamaseq Iwaats !e xwaxwagtima. Wa, gil £ niese q lEyoLExs 
lae nii £ nak u laxes gokwe. 

Wa, gtl £ mese lag'alis lax LlEma £ isases gokwaxs lae £ laqiilaxes 10 
gokulote qa g'Sxes tsaka qa £ s mEmsex u guxa mEseqwe. Wa„ 
hex £ ida £ mesa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm LE £ wis tsledaqe LE f wa gingi- 
nanEm la hoqiints!es lax hanstalldzasasa mEseguxsala xwaxwa- 
gtima. Wa, la £ naxwa £ maeda bebEgwanEme la la £ sta laxa dEmsxe 
£ wapa qa £ s la Lax £ wag - ilisxa mEseguxsala xwaxwagiima. Wa 15 
laxda £ xwe dag'IlExsaxa mEseqwe qa £ s la tsasa maemaltsEme 
mEseq" laxes gEgEnEme. Wii, laxae maltsEme SxanEmas qaxs 
hae. Wa, la £ naxwasm he gwex £ ide waokwas. Wa, g11 £ mese 
£ wilxtoxs lae k!udzExtalisEla laxa dEinsx - e qa £ s £ naxwe ax £ edxa 
t!esEme qa £ s tsox £ widexa epsana £ yasa mEseqwe laxa gwena £ ye lax 20 
sEmsas. Wa, laxda £ xwe gElx £ ults!odEx hamts!awas qa e s ts!ox 
£ wideq laxa dEmsxe. Wa, gil £ mese gwal ts!oxwaqexs lae q!we- 
sodxa dEmsx-e. Wa, la lEX £ w!dEq £ nek - a LlaLlasiqwalaxa lia-'ma- 
paaxa mEseqwe; wa, ItiLeda Kwagule £ nekaxs ha £ mapaaxa mEse- 
qwe mEmsex u guxa mEseqwe. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gwegilaxs lae 25 
mEmsex u gixa mEseqwe laxa eyaxse mEseqwa yixa tsledaqasa 
mEseqwe. Wa, la £ ya £ yax - sa bEgwanEme yix gwE £ yasa baklume 



490 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.sb 

28 Indians call | "milky sea-eggs." The milky sea-eggs are not eaten 
raw by the Indians. | They keep them; that is one of the number of 

30 those who are || eating sea-eggs. The woman gathers the | milky 
sea-eggs that have been thrown away by the eaters. After the 
people have eaten the | good sea-eggs, she takes the milky sea-eggs 
and washes out the | large empty sea-egg shells. Then she takes the 
milky sea-eggs and | pulls out the edible insides. She washes them 

35 in salt water; || and after she has done so, she squeezes them so that 
the water comes out, | and she puts them back into the empty sea- 
egg shells. She continues doing this | with the others; and as soon 
as they are all done, there may be five j empty sea-egg shells filled 
with milky sea-eggs. She | carries them up the beach into the 

40 house. || Then she puts them down by the side of the fire. Then she 
roasts them. Some | Indians call this ts.'esa. They are almost | 
under the side-logs of the fire. Sometimes it takes almost | half a 
day to cook them. They are not taken off the fire | until they are 
burnt black. Then they are done. The one who is roasting them || 

45 invites her numaym to come and eat the | roasted sea-eggs; and as 
soon as the guests come and sit down, | the one who invited his numaym 
takes the roasted sea-eggs and \ puts them down in front of the guests. 
There are two men to each | sea-egg shell containing roasted sea-eggs. 



28 dzedaq mEseqwa. Wa, heEin k!es k - !ilx'k - !axs6 £ sa bakhlma 
dzedaqe mEseqwa. Wa, la axelaq yixa £ nEmokwe lax £ waxaasasa 

30 mEmsex u gixa mEseqwe. Wa, la q!ap!e £ nakula tsteqElayasa 
mEmsex u g!xa mEseqwe, yixa dzedaqe. Wa, la gwal mEmsex u gixa 
eyaxse mEseqiixs lae ax £ edxa dzedaqe mEseqwa qa £ s ts !oxug - indexa 
£ walase la £ x u mot mEseqwa. Wii, la ax £ edxa dzedaqe mEseq" qa £ s 
gElx u qodex hamts!awas. Wa, lii ts!6x £ widEq laxa dEinsxe. Wii, 

35 giPmese gwalEXs lae q!wes £ edEq qa lawayes £ wapaga £ yas. Wa, 
lExtslots laxa lopts!a la £ x u mot mEseqwa. Wa, la banal he gwe- 
gilaxa waokwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae £ nal £ nEmp !Ena ssk'Iex- 
Leda la £ x u mote mEseq" qoqiit!axa dzedaqe mEseq". Wa, la 
kalaq qa £ s la kosdesElaq qa £ s la k - aeLElas laxes gokwe. Wa, 

40 k'anSlisElas laxes lEgwile. Wa, laEm Llopaq. Wa, la £ nekeda 
wa5kwe baklumqexs tslesaaq. Wii, lasm halsElaEm k'les nEga- 
ballts kak'EdEnwa £ yases lEgwile. Wa, la £ nal £ nEmp !Ena halsE- 
hiEm k!es nEqalagila k!es Llopa. Wa, al £ mese axsanoxs lae 
k!umk1yax £ Ida. Wa, laEm L!opa laxeq. Wa, gil £ mese l!ojjexs 

45 lae Le £ laleda tslesaq laxes £ nE £ memote qa gaxes ts!Ets!edzEg - ixa 
ts!edzEkwe mEseqwa. Wa, g-il £ mese g - ax k!us £ alila Le £ lanEinaxs 
laeda Le £ lalaxes £ nEmemote, ax £ edxa tsedzEkwe mEseq" qa £ s la 
k'ag'imlilElas laxes Le £ lanEme. Wa, la maemalElaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa 
ts!edzEgwats!e mEseqwa. Wa, lax - da £ xwe xamaxts lanalaxs lae 



boas J RECIPES 491 

They eat with then- hands as || they begin to eat it. The people of 50 
ancient times called this | "eating roasted sea-eggs." As soon as 
they finish, | they go out of the house. That is all about this. | 

Boiled Sea-Eggs. — When the one who goes to get sea-eggs | comes 1 
home, he immediately takes the | anchor-line of his sea-egg-catching 
canoe and ties it to a | stone on the beach. He goes up and takes a 
large || dish out of the house, and carries it down to where the sea- 5 
egg | catching-canoe is. He puts it down on top of the sea-eggs, 
and | he takes an elongated stone to break the shells of the sea-eggs. | 
He sits in the bow of his canoe, and his wife sits in the stern. | His 
wife often carries a yew-wood wedge to break the sea-eggs. |[ Then 10 
they begin to break the mouth-side of the sea-eggs, and they | pull 
out the edible insides and wash them on one side of the | canoe. 
After washing them, they throw them into the | large dish, and they 
do this with the whole number; | and when it has been clone with all 
of them, they carry the clean sea-eggs and go to put them down || in 15 
the house. (The man) takes a medium-sized kettle and pours | 
fresh water into it; and when it is half full, he puts it over the | fire; 
and when it begins to bod, he takes the dish with clean | sea-eggs 
and drains off the liquid. When the liquid is all | drained off, lie 
pours the clean sea-eggs into the || boiling water in the kettle on the 20 

hamx £ IdEq. Wii, la £ nekeda gale bEgwanEma ts!ets!edzEg ixa 50 
ts!edzEk\ve niEseqwa. Wa, gil £ mese gwatexs lae hex £ idaEm 
hoquwElsa. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Boiled Ser.-Eggs (HanxLaak" mEseq"). — Wa, he £ maaxs gaxae 1 
na £ nakweda mamasEq !waxa mEseqwe, wa, la hex £ idaEm ax'edEx 
mogwana £ yases mamaseq Iwaats !e xwaxwaguma qa £ s mox £ wallses laxa 
makMibalise laxa L!Ema £ ise. Wa, la lasdesa qa £ s la ax £ edEx £ walasa 
loq !wa laxes g - okwe, qa £ s la kmts !esElaq lax ha £ nedzasases mEsegux- 5 
salalise xwaxwaguma. Wa, la hankiyints laxa niEseqwe. Wa, la 
ax £ edxa sax u sEme tlesEma qa £ s tsogwaj^ax; 1 . mEseqwe. Wa, laklwa- 
g'iyodxes xwaxwagume. Wii, la gEnEmas k!wagiwa £ ya. Wa, la 
qliinala dale gEUEmasexa Ltemqle LEing-ayo qa E s tsdkulaxa mEseqwe. 
Wa, laxda e xwe tsox e widEX sEmdzp:nwa £ yasa mEseqwe. Wa, lax'da- 10 
E xwe gElx £ ults!odEX liamts!awas qa £ s ts!ox £ wideq lax apsaxdza £ yases 
xwaxwagume. Wa, gil £ mese gwal ts!oxwaqexs lae lExts!ots laxa 
£ walase loq !wa. Wix, la £ naxwaEm he gwex £ IdEq laxes £ waxaase, wii, 
gil £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae koltodxa Elgigwats!e mEseqwa qa £ s liik'aeLElas 
laxes g"6kwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa hel £ a hanx'Lanowa qa £ s gttxts!odesa 15 
£ wEwap!Eme laq qa ek' !oldza £ yes. Wa, la hanx'LEnts laxes 
lEgwIle. Wa, g - il £ mese mEdElx £ widExs lae ax £ edxa Elk!Ex u ts!aliixa 
mEseqwe loqlwa qa £ s xats!EX' £ idex £ wapaga £ yas. Wa, la £ wi £ la- 
weda £ wapaga £ yasexs lae guxstEntsa ElgEkwe mEseq u laxa 
maEmdElqtila £ wabEts!asa hanx'Lala laxa lEgwIlases gokwe. Wa, 20 



492 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.85 

21 fire of his house. | They keep boiling over the fire a long time, but in 
the evening | they are done. Then he invites his numaym to come and 
eat | boiled sea-eggs. As soon as they have all come in, the man 
takes | a long-handled ladle and puts it down by the side of the || 

25 kettle. He also takes many dishes and puts them down by the side | 
of the kettle in which the sea-eggs are boiling; and he takes a | large 
dish and puts it down on one side of the | kettle. They take hold of 
it on each side, and drain off the liquid from the | sea-eggs into the 

30 large dish; and when the liquid of the sea-eggs is in the dish, || they 
pour it out outside of the house. (The man) takes a | long-handled 
ladle and dips it into the boded sea-eggs, and | dips them out and 
puts them into the dish. When it is half full, he stops. | He takes a 
cedar-stick and splits it in pieces; and these are thin. | They are each 

35 one span in length, || and they are all of the same length. He gives | 
one to each of his guests. Then he lifts the dish and | puts one down 
in front of each four men. | When the dishes have been placed in 
front of the guests, | they take their sticks and with them begin to 

40 put || the boiled sea-eggs into their mouths. After they finish, | 
they go out. They never drink water, | because they are afraid to 
drink water after eating | the sea-eggs; for, if they drink soon after 
eating boiled sea-eggs, they get heart-burn. | Therefore they are 

21 la gexxala maEmdElqula laxa lEgwlle. Wa, het!a la dzaqwaxs 
lae Llopa. Wa, la Le £ lalaxes £ nE £ memote qa g'axes mEmsex u guxa 
hanxxaakwe mEseqwe. Wa, g'il £ mese gax e wI £ laeLExs lae ax £ ededa 
bEgwanEmaxa gilttexxala tsexLa qa £ s g'fixe hanolllas laxa hanx- 

25 Lanowe. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa q!exxa loElq!wa qa £ s la kanolnxlas 
lax maginwalllasa mEseqwe £ lats!e Mnxxana. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
£ walase ioqlwa qa £ s kanohles lax apsanalilasa •mEseqwe £ lats!e 
hanxxanowa. Wa, la dadanodsq qas x - ats!oses e wapalasa mEse- 
qwe laxa £ walase loq !wa. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ losa £ wapalasa mEse- 

30 qwaxs lae giiqoyo lax L!5sana £ yasa g'Okwe. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
giltlEXLala tsexLa qa £ s tsex p£ Ides laxa hanxxaakwe mEseqwa qa £ s 
la, tsetslalas laxa loslqlwe. Wa, g - il £ mese naEngoyalaxs lae gwala. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa k!wa £ xLawe qa £ s x5xEx u sEndeq qa wlswuletowes. 
Wa, la £ nal £ nEmp!Enke awasgEmasas laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana- 

35 £ yaxs lae L!ELlEx u salaq qa £ nEmes awasgEmasas. Wa, la yax £ wltsa 
£ nal £ nEmts !aqe laxes Le £ laiiEme. Wa, la kagilllxa loqlwe qa £ s la 
k'aglmlllElas laxa mokwe bebEgwanEm laxa £ nal £ nEinexLa loq!wa. 
Wa, gil £ mese la £ wi £ la la k'ax'dzamalileda loElqlwaxa klwelaxs laeda 
k!wele hex £ idaEm ax £ edxes klwedayowe k!wa £ xLawa qa £ s k!wetq!E- 

40 sElesa h&nxxaakwe mEseq u laxes sEmse. Wa, g"il £ mese £ wl £ laxs 
lae hex -£ idaEm hoqiiwElsa. Wa, laEm hewaxa nax £ IdEX £ wapa. 
qaxs k'llElae nagekilaxa £ wape qaxs gil £ mae nExwage nageklleda 
mEmsex u guxa hanxxaakwe mEseqiixs lae hex ,£ IdaEm nEweq!iip!eda 



boas] RECIPES 493 

afraid to drink water after eating this kind of food. || That is all about 45 
this. | 

Raw Sea-Eggs (Raw sea-eggs soaked in cold water). — | When 1 
good sea-eggs are being broken, they take a | new dish and put it 
down on the beach close to the salt water. | They pull out the edible 
insides of the sea-egg and || wash them in salt water. Then (the man) 5 
throws them into the new dish, | and they all do the same with the 
others. As soon as they are all | washed, they are carried up the 
beach; and they carry them up the river, and | pour some water into 
the (dish). With his right hand (the man) stirs them so as to wash 
them, | and he pours off the dirty water; and he puts the dish || into 10 
the water, and puts stones on each end to keep it down. Then he 
leaves | it there. For one night it remains in the river; but at noon 
on the | following day (the man) walks up the river and takes out 
the dish with the clean | sea-eggs, and drains off the liquid; and he 
goes back carrying it down, | and takes it into his house. Then he 
calls his || numaymto come to his house; and when they have all come 15 
in, he takes | many dishes, and puts them down by the side of the 
dish with | clean sea-eggs; and he takes a large ladle and | dips up 
the clean sea-eggs and puts them into the dishes. | The depth of the 
clean sea-eggs is only one layer in the dish. || As soon as there are some 20 



Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas kilEla nagek'ileda ha £ mapax gwexsdEmas. 45 
Wa, laEin gwal laxeq. 

Raw Sea-Eggs (Ivlilx - niEseq u tsleltalil laxa £ wiida £ sta £ wapa). — 1 
Wa, lie £ maaxs lae ts!okwasE £ wa eyaxs niEseqwa, wa, la ax £ etsE £ wa 
alolaq loqlwa qa £ s le hangalklzEm lax awaxslalisasa dEmsx'e. 
Wa, la g ilx £ wults!oyiwa hamtslawasa mEseqwe. Wa, la tslox- 
£ wklEq laxa dEmsx'e. Wa, la lExts!ots laxa alolaqe loqlwa. Wa, 5 
la maxwaEm he gwex ,£ idxa waokwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la la 
ts!okiixs lae k'asdesElaq qa £ s la k'astalaq laxa £ wa. Wa, la 
guqlEqasa £ wape !aq qa £ s molexulgindeses helk-!ots!ana £ ye a £ yaso 
laq. Wa, la guqodxa neqwa £ wapa. Wa, la hanEnsasa loqlwe 
laxa £ wape qa £ s t !et !iixbEndeq qa wiinsalayos. Wa, laEm bas 10 
laxeq. Wa, la xamastalis laxa wa. Wa, het!a la nsqalaxa la 
Ieiisexs lae qas £ Id laq qa £ s la kastEndxa Elgix u ts!alaxa Elgikwe 
mEseqwa. Wa, la xats!Ex -£ idEX £ wapaga £ yas. Wa, gaxe kalt!alaq 
qa £ s la k'aeLElaq laxes gokwe. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese Le £ lalaxes £ nE £ me- 
mota qa gaxes laxes gokwe. Wa, g il £ mese £ wI £ lae.LExs lae ax £ edxa 15 
q!exLa loElqlwa qa £ s gaxe k'anolllElas lax maginwalilasa Elgix"- 
tslala £ walas loq!wa. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ wiilase k - ats!Enaqa qa £ s 
tsEyosElesa Elgikwe mEseq" laxa loElq!wa. Wa, la £ nEmx - IdE- 
tslaEm lax awagwldasasa Elgikwe niEseq u laxa 6ts!awasa loqlwa. 
Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la g'exLaleda loElq!waxs, wa, la ax £ edxa q!exLa 20 



494 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sb 

21 in all the dishes, he takes many | spoons and distributes them among 
his guests. | They take up the spoons, and the host | takes up the 
dishes, and places one in front of each four | guests. As soon as they 

25 have all been put down, they eat with spoons ||the clean sea-eggs; 
and when they finish, they go out. | That is all about this. | 

I have forgotten this. It is just the same as boiled sea-eggs | when 
they are put into cold water for one night so that they may | get 

30 stiff. Some Indians call it " to get hard." || They are also afraid to 
drink water after eating sea-eggs | that have been in the river; for 
they really get heart-burn when they eat | this kind of food, and they 
drink water after it. Therefore they are afraid of | water. That is 
all about this. | 
1 Flat Sea-Eggs. — The means of obtaining | flat sea-eggs is also the 
same as that for obtaining large sea-eggs; but they do not | often 
spear flat sea-eggs, because it breaks them. Therefore | they use the 
5 scraping-net. 1 . . . As soon as it gets calm at low tide, || (the man) 
immediately goes and launches his small sea-egg scraping- | canoe. 
He carries into the canoe the sea-egg-scraping paddle | and the bailer 
and his scraping-net. Then he goes aboard his | canoe, and he 
paddles to where he knows that there are | many flat sea-eggs. The 

10 flat sea-eggs are where there is sandy and level bottom and no || eel- 



21 kak'EtslEnaqa qa £ s la tstewanaesas laxes Le £ lanEme. Wa, laxda- 
£ xwe £ wl £ la ax £ ededa klwetaxes k"5k - Ets!Enaqe. Wa, lada Le £ la- 
nEme ax £ edxa loElqlwe qa £ s la kaxdzamolilas laxa maemokwe 
laxa klweie. Wa, glPmese £ wllgalllExs lae hex £ idaEm £ yos £ Ideda 

25 klwelaxa Elgtkwe mEseqwa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae hoqiiwElsa. 
Wa, laEm gwill laxeq. 

HexoLEn iJElewesoxs £ n£maxis £ mae LE £ wa hanxuiakwe mEseqwa, 
ylxa mEseqwaxs lae xama £ stalae laxa £ wuda £ sta £ wapa, yixs lae 
L!ax -£ Ida. Wax 'Id a waokwe bakliima, wa, la £ nexqexs L!ax £ edae. 

30 Wa, laEmxae kitEla nax £ edxa £ wapaxs lae gwal mEmsex u giixa 
£ wasgEmala mEseqwa qaxs alak'Ialae nEweq lupElamasxa ha £ mapax 
gwex - sdEmasexs laenageki]axa £ wape. Wa, he £ mis lagila k'ilEmasa 
£ wape. Wii, laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Flat Sea-Eggs (Xslosaxa amdEma). — Wa, heEmxat! aEmtla- 
yosexa amdEmes mamaseqlwayowaxa mEseqwe. Wa, la k!es 
qlunala sskas laxa amdEma qaxs qlwelamasaaq. Lagilas he 
axElaseda XElodzayowe. 1 . . . Wa, gil £ mese k'limax^dxax'atslae- 
5 saxs lae hex £ idaEm la wi £ x u stEndxes xElodzats!eLaxa amdEma 
xwaxwaguma. W T a, laEm daxsElaxes xElotsa £ yase se £ wayowa 
LE £ wis tsalayuwe. Wa, he £ misLa xElodzayas. Wa, la laxs laxa 
xElodzats!as xwaxwaguma. Wa, la sex £ wida qa £ s la laxes q!ale 
q!eq!adxa amdEma. Wa, he £ misa ex - stE £ wese £ nEmaesaxa k' lease 

i Continued on p. 163, line 1, to p. 166, line 75. 



boas] RECIPES 495 

grass. That is good for scraping | sea-eggs. When he arrives there, 11 
he | takes up his scraping-net and puts it into the water. He | 
pushes it down to the bottom with the mouth of the | scraping-net 
towards the bow of his canoe, and the canoe goes stern first, as || the 15 
man turns his face towards the stern of his canoe; | and he pushes 
down the scraping-net forcibly, and pulls it so that | the sea-eggs 
jump into the scraping-net. As soon as it is full, he | hauls it up and 
empties it out towards the bow of the canoe. He continues doing | 
so, and only stops when his canoe is almost full || of sea-eggs. Then 20 
he goes home to his house. | As soon as he arrives at the beach of his 
house, he calls his tribe | to come and cut the flat sea-eggs. Immedi- 
ately all the men, | their wives, and the children go to the beach 
where | the canoe with sea-eggs is, and they take along || horse-clam 25 
shells. If there are no horse-clam shells, then they | take small 
clam-shells. If there are none of these, they | take large mussel-shells 
to break the sea-eggs. They | walk out to where the canoe with the 
sea-eggs is, and they take the sea-eggs in the folds of their | blankets 
and carry them ashore. They put them down on the beach || near the 30 
edge of the water, and all the others | do the same. Then they sit 
iown on the beach, and each takes | one sea-egg and cuts all round it 

ts!ats!ayim qlwaxales lax axasasa amdEma. Wa, heEm ex - xeIo- 10 
sexa amdEmeda he gwexse. Wa, gil £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae 
hex £ idaEm dag'ilExsaxes XElodzayowe qa £ s medEnse. Wa, la 
l lEnxalisasexs lae gwayaxstaleda xElodzayuwe laxa agiwa £ yasa 
XElodzatsle xwaxwagum qa £ s le liEx u dzEgEmala ylxs lae gweg - i- 
maleda xElots !enoxwe laxa oxLa £ yases XElodzatsle xwaxwaguma. 15 
Wa, la L!Eiik'Elases XElodzayowe. Wa, la gElqElaq qa dEx u ts!a- 
lesa amdEma laxa XElodzayowe. Wa, glPmese qotlaxs lae nexo- 
stodEq qa £ s qEp!alExseq laxes nalelExse. Wa, laEm hex - sa gwe- 
gila. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae Elaq qot!es XElodzatsle xwaxwa- 
gumxa amdEma. Wa, la hex £ idaEm na £ nak u laxes gokwe. Wa, 20 
giPmese lagalis lax L!Ema £ isases gokwaxs lae Le £ lalaxes gokulote 
qa las tsakaxa amdEma. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mesa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm 
LE £ wis gEgEiiEme LE £ wis g'inginanEme la hoqflntsles lax ha £ ne- 
dzasasa amdExsala xwaxwaguma. Wa, la £ naxwaEm dadEg'ilisE- 
laxa xalaesasa mEt!ana £ ye; wax'ek'leas xalaetsa niEt !ana £ yaxs lae 25 
ax £ edxa xoxulk' limotasa awawe g - aweq!anEma waxe k - !easa lae 
ax £ edxa xalaesasa xole qa £ s tsag'ayoxa amdEma. Wa, lax - da £ xwe 
taxt!a lax hewalasasa amdExsala xwaxwaguma qa £ s la hanx £ etses 
£ nEX £ una £ ye laq qa £ s gaxe hanqElaxa amdEma qa £ s hanx £ aliseq 
laxa magixstallsasa dEmsxe £ wapa. Wa, la £ naxwa £ ma waokwe 30 
he g\vex -£ id Qgwaqe. Wa, laxda £ xwe kludzExtallsExs lae dax £ Idxa 
£ nal £ nEmsgEme amdEma. Wa, la tsaxse £ stalasa xalaesasa mEtlana- 



496 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.36 

with the clam-shell. | They cut along the edge, for the sea-eggs are 

35 flat. | After they have cut around it, they take off || one half, and 
throw away the side of the sea-egg with the mouth, | for the edible 
part is on its back; and as soon as the one half comes off, | they throw 
it away. The other one they turn upside down in the salt water, | so 
that the entrails come out, and they eat the edible part; | and they 

40 do the same to all the others. When || one of them gets a milky sea- 
egg, he gives it to one who | gathers them. After they have eaten, 
they go up the beach and | go into their houses. There they take 
water and | rinse their mouths; and after doing so, they drink a little 

45 water. | That is all about this. But the woman does the same || with 
the milky flat sea-eggs as she did with the | milky large sea-eggs when 
she roasted them by the side of the fire. | That is all about this. | 
Picking Flat Sea-Eggs off the Rock at low Water. — When | there 

50 is spring-tide at full moon, (the man) launches his || sea-egg-picking 
canoe, takes two | large baskets and las paddle, and he | paddles to a 
place where the swell made by the southeast wind in winter does not 
reach. | That is the time for getting flat sea-eggs. That is the | place 

55 to gather them. When he reaches there, he takes his basket and || gets 
out of his sea-egg-picking canoe; and when he finds | many (sea-eggs), 

33 £ yax 8we £ stasa amdEma. Wa, laEin tsak'as5 £ seda awunxa £ yas pExsE- 
mena £ yasa amdEma. Wa, g - il £ mese !a £ ste tsa,k"a £ yasexs lae axodxa 

35 apsodile qa £ s ts!EX £ edeq, ylx axalaasas sEmsasa amdEma, qaxs hae 
klutalaatsa hamtslawa aweg-a £ yas. Wa, g-il £ mese lawayeda apsodl- 
laxs lae ts!EX £ IdEq. Wa, a £ mese qEpIaxayodEq laxa dEmsxe £ wapa. 
Wa, he £ mis la £ wil £ awats yaxyiglla. Wa, la hamx £ IdEX hamts la- 
was. Wa, a £ mese la £ naxwaEm he gweg'ile wa5kwa. Wa, g'il £ mese 

40 laxa £ nEinokwaxa dzedaqe amdEmaxs lae tslas laxa £ nEmok\ve 
q!ap!e £ nakiilaq. Wa, la gwal tsak'axs lae hox £ wEsdesa qa £ s la 
hogweLEle laxes g"ig'6kwe. Wa, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsexa £ wape qa £ s 
tslEweLlExode. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae nax £ ldxa holale £ wapa. 
Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. Wa, laLa km naqEmg - ilta £ ye gweg'ilasasa 

45 tslEdaqaxes gwegilasaxa dzedaqe amdEma laxes gwegilasaxa 
dzedaqe mEseqwaxs lae tslesaq lax onalisases lEgwile. Wa, laEm 
gwal laxeq. 

Picking Flat Sea-Eggs off the Rock at Low Water. — Wa, he £ maaxs 
lae £ walasa x - ats!a £ j T axa nExsEinalaeda £ niEkula, la wI £ x u stEndxes 

50 k'!ak!Elaats!e xwaxwagumaxa amdEma. Wa la daxsElaxa mal- 
tsEme awa, laElxa £ ya le £ w!s k - !ak'!Elax'sa £ yase se £ wayowa. Wii, 
la sex £ wlda qa £ s la laxa k'lese lag'aaatsa qulasa mElase qaxs 
tslawunxae k!ag ilax - dEmaxa amdEma. Wa, la heEm q!ap!E- 
yatsle. Wa, gtl £ mese lag aa laqexs lae ax £ edxes lExa £ ye qa £ s la 

55 lalta laxes k"!5k!Elaats!e xwaxwagiima. Wii, g'iPmese qlaxa 



boas] RECIPES 497 

he picks out the large ones and j puts them into his basket; and when 57 
the basket is full, | he takes it up and goes and pours (the contents) 
into his canoe. | He continues doing this, and he only stops when he 
has enough. || Then he goes aboard his little canoe and goes home, 60 
When | he arrives at the beach of his house, he puts the anchor | of 
his sea-egg canoe into the water. After doing so, he goes up the 
beach | and goes into his house; and his wife takes her back- | mat 
and goes down to the beach, and she carries the basket with || sea- 05 
eggs up the beach into her | house and puts it down by the side of the 
fire. I After doing so, she sends out some of her children to call | all 
the men to go and carry up the sea-eggs. | Then they all take baskets 
and go down to the || beach, and they go alongside the sea-egg canoe 70 
and I put the sea-eggs into their baskets; and as soon as they have 
enough in their | baskets, they go up the beach and go into their 
houses, carrying | the sea-eggs in the baskets on their backs. Then 
they take their dishes | and pour fresh water into them, and take 
their knives || to cut the sea-eggs. They take the sea-eggs out of the | 75 
basket, which they place by the side of the dish; and they chop them 
with the knife. | As soon as they have cut a sea-egg all around, they 
throw one half | towards the fire, and put the other half with the 

qteyaasasexs lae miiniEnoqEwaxa awawe amdEma qa £ s iiieji- 56 
ts!ales laxes k - !iik - !Elaats!e lExa £ ya. Wa, gih'mese qot!a 
lEXElasexs lae kloqfdodEq qa £ s lii giix £ alExsas laxes xwaxwagiime. 
Wa, la hanal he gweg'ile. Wa, almese gwalExs lae heloLa. Wa, 
la laxs laxes xwaxwagiime qa £ s la na £ nakwa. Wa, gil £ mese 60 
lagalls lax l !Eina £ Isases gokwe, wa, a £ mese qtelstEntsa qlEltsE- 
mases amdExsala xwaxwaguma. Wa, g'lPmese gwalExs lae lasdesa 
qa £ s lii laeL laxes g'okwe. Wii, la gEiiEinas &x £ edxes LEbega £ ye 
le £ wa e ya qa £ s lii lEntsles laxa LlEma £ ise. Wa, la oxi.Ex'Idxa 
amttslala lExa £ ya qa e s la oxLosdesElaq qa e s lii oxLaeLElaq laxes 65 
g"5kwe. Wa, lii oxLEg'alllas lax mag'inwalisases lEgwIle. Wa, 
gihmese gwalExs lae e yalaqasa g'ayole laxes sasEme qa liis axk - !a- 
laxa £ naxwa bebEgwaiiEm qa liis nanagwala laxa amdEma. Wii, 
hex £ ida £ mese £ nax\va ax e edxa laElxa £ ve qa £ s lii hoquntsles laxa 
LlEma £ ise, qa e s lit heg'iigEndrdaxa amdExsala xwaxwaguma qa £ s 70 
k - !ats!alesa amdEma laxes laElxa £ ve. Wa, g-il £ mese hayal £ ats !awe 
lai:lxa ; vasexs lae hox e usdesa qa £ s lii hogwll laxes g'ig'okwe eoxLa- 
laxes amdatsle laElxa £ ya. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese &x £ edxa loElqlwe 
qa £ s gtixtslodesa e wE e wap!Eme laq. Wa, lii ax £ edxa kliiwayowe 
qa £ s tsiigayaxa amdEma. Wii, la dolts !odxa amdEma laxa 75 
lExa £ ye qa £ s £ mEkwiigEndes laxa loqlwaxs lae tsax £ Itsa klawayowe 
laq. Wii, gil £ mese la £ sta tsak - a £ yasexs lae ts lEgEnolisasa apsodilas 
hlxes lEgwile. Wa, lii kipstEiits axts !E £ wasasa hamtslawe lax 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 32 



498 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

edible part bottom up into | the water in the dish and wash it, so that 
80 the entrails come out. || As soon as they are all out, then they cat the 
edible part, | and all the people do the same. After they have 
finished, | they rinse their mouths; and when they have done so, their | 
wivesgather up the empty shells and put them into a basket. As soon 
as | they are all in, the woman takes a large firebrand and puts it on 
85 top of the || empty shells. Then she picks up (the basket) and empties 
it outside of the | house. 1 ... As soon as it is day, (the people) eat 
the flat and the | large sea-eggs. . . . This is all about the flatsea- 

eggs- I 

1 Blue Sea-Eggs. — I have forgotten the blue sea-eggs. They are | 
the same as flat sea-eggs, for they are eaten in the same way | as the 
ilat sea-eggs when they are broken. Only that is different, | when 
they go to get them, that the only time to get them is when it is 

5 really low || water at spring-tide, when the moon is new or when it is 
full. | When the tide is nearly at its lowest, the woman takes her | 
basket for carrying them, and she carries it on her back, going down 
the rocky beach to the | point of land; for that is the only place where 
there are many blue sea-eggs, where the largest waves are, | what 
some people call breakers, for that is where the blue sea-eggs stay, 
10 where there are || many cracks in the flat rocks, and that is where | 
the women go to look for blue sea-eggs, carrying their clam-digging 



£ wabEts!awasa loqlwe qa e s ts!ox £ w!deq qa lawayesa yaxyigilas. 

80 Wa, gil'mese £ wldaxs lae hamx £ Idxa hamts!awas. Wa, la £ na- 
xwaEm he gweguleda g - okulotas. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExslae £ naxwa 
tslEweLlExoda. Wa, gil £ mese gwatexs lae q!ap!egillle gEnEma- 
sexa tsiix'mote qa £ s k'lats lodes laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, g - fl £ mese 
£ wi!ts!axs lae ax £ edxa gulta £ walastokwas qa £ s anklyindes laxa 

85 tsax - mote. Wa. la k'loqulilaq qa s s lii k'ladEs lax L!asana £ yases 
gokwe. 1 . . . Wa, giPmese £ nala tsax'dEmaxa amdEma le £ wh 
niF.seqwe. Wa, lawesLa gwal laxa amdEma. 
1 Blue Sea-Eggs (LEwa). — HedEn L!ElewesE £ wa lEwa, yixa hemaxat! 
gwexsa amdEma, yixs hemaaxat! gweg'ilasoxs lae tsakasEwe gwe- 
gilasaxa amdEmaxs lae tsak - asE £ wa. Wa, lex'a e mes oguqalayosexs 
lae axsE £ wa yixs lexa E mae klagilax'dEmqexs alak'Ialae £ walasa 
5 x - ats!a £ yaxa xasawayaeda £ niEkula loxs la, iiExsEmala. Wa, gil- 
£ mese Elaq walEmwaxsdElesa xats!a £ yaxs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxes 
k!ag ilaatsIeLe b:xa £ ya qa £ s la oxLalaqexs lae lEnts £ Eyala laxa 
awllba £ ye qaxs lexa £ mae qlayatsa lEweda eEwIladaxa quia yix 
gwE £ yasa waokwe t !oxwa qaxs he £ mae dzEnaatsa IewS loxs 

10 qjenEmaeda xuxxuk!a laxa paspElxEla. Wa, he £ mis la al £ yatsa 
tslEdaqaxa lEwa laxes dalaena £ yaxa k'lilakwe. Wa, g'il £ mese 

i H this is not done, the ^host will come and eat the sea eggs. See p. 614, line 17. 



boas] RECIPES 499 

sticks. When | she finds them, she immediately pushes them off with 12 
her digging-stick, and she | throws them into her carrying-basket. 
As soon as it is full, | she carries the basket of sea-eggs on her back. 
She carries it up the rocky beach, and || carries it into her house, and 15 
puts it down in the corner of her house. | They are not eaten at once, 
for they do not eat them until | after they have been four days in the 
house. . . . When | they eat blue sea-eggs, they do the same as they 
do when they eat the | flat sea-eggs. That is all about this. || 

Barnacles (Getting barnacles). — When the woman is getting | 1 
ready to go and get barnacles, she takes | many old mats and also 
many baskets and one large bucket, | and she goes and puts them 
aboard her barnacle-catching || canoe. As soon as the tide begins 5 
to fall, she | carries her paddle in one hand, and she goes down to 
where the | barnacle-catching canoe is. She launches it and | goes 
ahoard. Then she paddles and goes to a place where she knows there 
are many | barnacles on stones. As soon as she arrives there, she [| 
goes ashore. Then she puts the old barnacle-catching canoe stern 10 
first ashore; | for they never use a new canoe to go getting bar- 
nacles, because | often the canoe is cracked when they use it. | 
Therefore they use old canoes for getting barnacles. As soon as | 



qlaqexs lae hex -£ idaEm LtenqElotses klilakwe laq qa £ s tstex- 12 
tslodes laxes k" lag'flaats !e lExa £ ya. Wa, g"ll £ mese qotlaxs lae 
5xLEX' £ Idxes lEwaats!e JExa £ ya qa £ s gaxe oxLosdEyalaq qa £ s lii 
SxLaeLElaq laxes g'okwe qa £ s oxLEg"allles laxa onegwflases g"6kwe. 15 
Wa, laxae k - !ets!enox u hex'id tsax -£ IdEq yixs almae tsax £ Idqexs 
lae mop !Enxwa e se £ nalas axel laxa g'okwe. . . . Wa, laxa 
naqEingiltawi-'lalaEmx gweg'ilasasexs lae tsak'aso lax tsak'alae- 
na e yaxa anulEma lo £ tsak - !ena £ yaxa lEwa. Wa, laEm gwal liixeq. 

Barnacles (K!\vet;i\a k!wet!a e ye). — Wii, he^maaxs lae xwanalE- 1 
leda tstedaqe qa e s lii klwetaxa k!wet!a £ ye, wa, he ; mis ax £ etsoseda 
qleiiEme k' !ak* lobana, wa, he e misa q!exLa laElxa £ ya. Wii, he- 
£ misa £ nEmsgEme e walas nagatsla qa £ s lii ax e alExsas laxes k!weda- 
ts!eLe xwaxwagitma. Wa, g'll e inese x'ats'.Eg atowa J yixwuliixs lae 5 
dak" lotElaxes klwetsayase se £ wayowaxs lae lEntsIes lax hanaxsta- 
lidzasases klwedatsleLe xwaxwagiima. Wa, lii wi-x l, stEiidEq qa-s 
laxse laq. Wa, la £ me sex £ wida qa £ s lit lax qlalas qleqladEX t!es- 
tlala. Wii, g-fl £ mese lag - aa laqexs lae hang'alisa. Wa, laEm 
ai.axi.ax 'Ida qa £ s k' !ax c "allses oxLa £ yases k!wedats!eye ts!ats!agima 10 
qaxs kMesae k'.wedatslexa k!wet!a £ ya ek'e xwaxwaguma qaxs q !ii- 
nalae hox £ wideda ek'e xwaxwagumxs lae ya £ yats!a. Wa, he'niis 
lagilas he k!wedats!exa k!wet!a £ ya ts!ats!agima. Wii, gil-mese 
k - !ax- £ alise 5xLa £ }'asexs lae hex £ id?Ein laltawa qa-s niEnxsEla- 



500 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.36 

15 she puts the stern ashore, she goes ashore and picks up || some drift- 
wood and puts it aboard her old canoe; and | when she has enough, 
she pushes the canoe, off the beach and goes aboard. | She goes sea- 
ward, and looks downward into the water; and | when she sees many 
barnacles on stones, she takes her anchor | and puts it overboard 

20 where she thinks it will run dry at half || tide. She cuts shavings of 
dry cedar-wood; and | when her old barnacle-catching canoe is left 
dry on the beach, she takes a large | bucket and fills it with salt 
water. When it is full, | she just lifts it; and when it stands upright, 
she lets it go. | When her canoe is left dry on the. beach, she unloads 

25 the small pieces of driftwood, and || lavs down the cross-ends for a 
fire on the beach, and she takes two other pieces and lays them | down 
as side-pieces. Between them she puts j the shavings for kindling. 
Then she places cross-pieces | of medium size on top of the side- 
pieces. | Then she picks up stones close alongside, and puts them on 

30 top; !| and when she thinks she lias enough, she lights the fire under- 
neath; and when | the fire is burnt up, she takes her basket and picks 
up the barnacle-stones and puts them | into the basket; but she only 
puts into the basket those that have many | barnacles on them. 
When she thinks that the basket is heavy, she carries it | and pours out 

35 (the contents) close to the fire for heating stones; ]| and she continues 
picking up the barnacle-stones. She only stops when she has | 
gathered many; and as soon as she iinishes, she takes two pieces of 

15 x" £ Idexa q!aq!exEme laxes k!wedats!eye ts!ats!ag'ima. Wii, g-il- 
£ mese heloLEXs lae wiqullsases k!wedats!eye ts!ats!ag inia qa £ s lax- 
seq. Wa, la Llasta qa £ s hanxEnsElexa dEmsx'e £ wapa. Wii, 
gll £ mese dox'wai.iJaxa qlaedzasa t!est!ala lae ax £ edxes qlEltsEme 
qa £ s q!ElstEndes laxes kodLe q!ax s widElxa lai.a naEnxsEg'ilallslxa 

20 xats!axEla. Wa, la klak 1 !F.x lJ motTlaxa lEmxwa k!wa £ xLiiwa. Wii, 
g ilmiese Elaq licmxwalise k'.wedatsles ts !ats !ag"imxs lae iix-edxa -'wa- 
ins nagatsUi qa E s tse £ stEndes laxa dEmsxe. Wit, gil £ mese qotlaxs 
lae aEm dalaq. Wii, g ilnnese bangallsExs lae dawaq. Wii, gil- 
£ mese lEmxwalise yfi-yats lasexs lae moltodxa q !aq !exEme. Wii, lii gc- 

25 g'alTsasa g'ibaLasa lEgwIsLe. Wa, la ax e edxa malts !aqe qa £ s kak-F. 
dEnodes. Wii, laF.m krik'E(li;nwa £ va. Wa, la momag-otsa amEma- 
£ yastowe lax ek - !allsasa g'alastoyiwe k - !ak*!Ex"niota. Wa, la, geki- 
vintsa ha £ yalastowe q !exal lax okfiya e yasa kak - EdEnwa £ yas. Wii, lii 
mEiix £ T(lxa tlesEme !ax magimva £ vas qa e s xEquylndales laq. Wii, 

30 gibniese k'otaq laF.m hel £ axs lae menabodEq. Wii, gil £ mese x - iqo- 
staxs lae ax £ edxes lExa e ye qa e s mEng'illsexa t'.estlala qa e s niEnts!ales 
laxes lExa : 'ye, yixs lexamae ax e etsoseda q lesgEmalaeda tlesEmaxa 
k!wet!a £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese gwanala lox u ses lExa £ yaxs lae k'loqtilisaq 
qa £ s lii gugEnolisas laxa mag'inwallsases t!eqwapa £ ye. Wii, lii 

35 hanal he gwegila mEnaxa I 'est !ala. Wa, atones gwatexs lae q!e- 
nEme q!ap!a E yas. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalF.xs lae ax £ edxa maltslaqe 



boas] RECIPES 501 

driftwood, | each one fathom in length and generally | one short 
span | thick, and puts them down close to the || fire for heating -ft) 
stones; and she takes two other pieces of the same thickness, | but 
only half a fathom long. When she | has finished this, the fire for 
heating stones is burnt out. | Then she takes a long thin piece of 
driftwood, and uses it to take out the firebrands | from the red-hot 
stones; and as soon as all the firebrands have been taken out, || she 45 
takes one of the one-fathom pieces of round driftwood and | places 
it by the side of the red-hot stones; and she does the same with the | 
piece half a fathom in length. She places it across the end, and also | 
with the other one of the same length at the other end; and she 
takes | the one-fathom piece and puts it down || on the ends of the 50 
two short ones; and after she has done so, | she takes a long thin 
piece of driftwood and levels down the top of the red-hot [ stones, so 
that they are level, and so that they fill the corners of the | drift- 
wood enclosure all around the place for steaming the barnacle-stones. 
As soon | as she finishes, she puts the barnacle-stones on 



°o° ° o' 

bo°°°° 



55 



the red-hot || stones; and she heaps up the barnacle- 
stones on top, so that they are quite | thick. Then 
she takes the old mats and spreads them alongside 
of the place; | and when they are all ready, she takes the large 



£ nal £ nEmp lEnk" laxEiis baLiiqe awasgEinasas. Wa, la, qltinala 37 
'niihuEmp !Enk' laxEns ts IexHs !ana £ yaxsEiis q !waq Iwax'ts !ana £ \ ex 
yix awagwidasasa qlexale qa £ s katlalises lax mag'inwalisases t!e- 
qwapa c "ye. Wa, laxae et led ax'edxa malts laqaxat ! hehm awagwita 40 
g ale axanEins. Wa, liiLa aEm nsqlEbode awasgEmas s. Wii, g-il- 
£ mese. gwfilExs lae qlulx-'Ide lExklwedzEmas t!eqwapa £ yas, Wii, 
la ax £ edxa wile g-iltla qlexala qa £ s k!wak!wet!EqEwexa giilta 
laxa x'lx-ixsEmala tlesEina. Wii, gil''mese £ wI £ loqawa gultiixs lae 
ax £ edxa E nEmts!aqe laxa e nal £ nEmp!Enke leElx'ln qlexala qa^s 45 
kadEnolise laxa xix'ixsEinala tlesEma. Wii, lii etletsa e iiEmts!aqe 
laxa nEqlEbodas awasgEmase ((a £ s gebEndes laq. Wii, lii etletsa 
he'maxat! £ wasgEm laxa Tqisba £ yasa giltagawa £ ye. Wii, laxae ax-ed- 
xa £ nEmts!aqe £ nEmplEiiks e wasgEmse laxEiis baLax qa e s k at !e- 
des lax epsba E yasa ts!EltslEkwagawa r ye. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs 50 
lae ax £ edxa gilt la wilto qlexala qa £ s golx-ldes laxa x'ixixsEmfda 
tlesEina qa £ nEmiikiyas. Wii, he £ mis qa lElg - aes laxa ewaneqwasa 
eEmxEnwa £ ye qlexal lax awl £ stiisa c "nEg - asLaxa tlestliil .\. Wii, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae tliiqEyundalasa tlestlala laxa x'ix'ixsEmala tle- 
sEma (Jig.). Wii, g - il £ mese lii boteyaleda t lest !ala liiq qaes laen £ ye 55 
waklwa; wii, lii ax £ edxa k'lak'lobane qa £ s LEbEnolises laq. Wa, 
g'il £ mese la £ naxwa gwiilalaxs lae ax £ edxa £ walase nagatsle qotla- 



502 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [BTH.ANN.S6 

5S bucket filled j with salt water and pours it over it, and she | 
quickly takes up the old mats and spreads them over what is being 

g0 steamed. || When it is covered over on top and on the sides, |. she 
takes a rest. It may be half an hour according to the watch | when 
they are done. Then she takes off the mat covering; and | when it 
is all off, she waits for them to get dry and also to | cool off. Then she 

65 takes her large baskets and washes them || in salt water, until the 
sand comes off. When it is | all off, she carries them up and puts 
them down by the side of the place where the | barnacle-stones have 
been steamed. She sits between the two large baskets. | She takes 
the barnacle-stones and she pulls off the barnacles, and she | throws 

70 away the stones when the barnacles are all off; and she || puts the 
barnacles into the baskets carefully, so as not to break them | when 
she puts them in. She continues doing this with the whole number; | 
but, even if she takes the barnacles quickly off the stone, | generally 
the tide rises to the place where she is steaming the barnacle-stones, 
for steaming in this way is slow. | When they are all off, she carries 

75 the basket of barnacles || and puts them on board the old barnacle- 
canoe. | As soon as they are all in, she puts aboard her old mats and 
the large | bucket; and when they are all aboard, she goes home to 
her house. | When she arrives at the beach of her house, she | gets 
out of the old canoe, which she lands stern first. Then she takes the 

58 lalesxa dEmsx'e e wapa qa £ s la tsadzELEyints laq. Wii, lii ha £ na- 
kwlla ax £ edxa lclak'lobana qa £ s LEpEyindales laxes £ iiEk - asE £ we. 

60 Wii, g'iPmese £ \\i-la nadzEkwe osgEma £ 3'a le £ w<?s ewana £ yaxs lae 
xos £ Ida. Wa, hayaqxEiitlex nExseg ii.F.la laxEns q !aq !alak" !aya- 
xeiis £ nfdaxs lae Llopa. Wa, la £ me nasodxa nayimas. Wii, gil- 
£ mese £ wFlaxs lae esEla qa lEmlEmx u stox e wides. Wii, he-mis qa 
kox-widesexs lae ax'edxes awawe laElxa £ ya qa £ s lii ts!ox £ w!dEq 

65 laxa dEinsx-e £ wapa qa lawayesa eg'itsEma £ yas. Wii, glPmese 
'"wrlaxs lae dalaq qa £ s lii niEXEiiolIsas lax apsana e yases £ nEk"asE £ we 
t!est!iila. Wa, la klwaklwagawexa maltsEme awa laElxa e ya. 
Wa, la dax £ idxa t!est!iila qa gElqalexa k!wet!a £ ye laxa tlesEme 
qa £ s tslEqElexa tlesEmaxs lae £ wrlawa k!wet!a £ ye laq. Wa, la 

70 aekilaxs lae axtslotsa k!wet!a £ ye laxa lExa £ ye qa k - !eses tEtEpsa- 
laxs lae getsla. Wii, lii hex'siiEm gwegilaq laxes £ waxaase. Wa, 
lai.a mamaxulqlaxs lae axalaxa k!wet!a £ ye laxa t lesEme qaxs 
qliinalae £ yaxanEma £ nEkiixa t !est !iilaxs awabalaeda E nEk - ax gwex's- 
dEmas. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl="laxs lae k'loqulisxa k!wedats!e lExa £ ya 

75 qa £ s lii kloguxsElas laxes nanak'!aats!iixa k!wet!a £ ye ts!ats!ag'ima. 
Wii, g'il £ mese £ wllxsaxs lae m5xsaxes k - !ak!obana LE £ wa £ w;~dase 
uagatsla. Wii, gil £ mese £ wI1xsexs gaxae nii E nakwa laxes g-okwe, 
wa, g?l £ mese lag - aa liix L!Ema="isases gokwaxs lae hex £ idaEm 
loltiilaxes ts !ats !ag"lme laxes ai.axLalaena'ye. Wii, la £ mese dabex 



boas] RECIPES 503 

end || of the anchor-line of the old canoe, goes up the beach, and ties | 80 
the end to a stone on the beach. She goes into her house, | and imme- 
diately she eats; and her husband clears up the house | and spreads 
mats around the floor. When he has done so, he invites his | tribe 
to come and eat the barnacles. When they come in, || the host takes 85 
long narrow mats to eat from, | and he spreads them down in front 
of the barnacle-eaters; | and he takes cedar-sticks, which he splits 
into thin pieces, | and he breaks them into pieces four finger-widths 
in length. | He distributes these, one stick || to each one of the 90 
barnacle-eaters, to pull out the | edible part of the barnacles. As 
soon as each has one, he goes down to the | place where the old canoe 
of his wife is, and he carries on his back the basket with bar- 
nacles. | He carries them into the house and puts them down by 
the side of the | door of the house. Then he goes down again, and 
carries on his back the || other large basket of barnacles; and he goes 95 
and carries them into his house; | and he walks right back to the rear 
of the house, and pours them on the | mats from which the barnacles 
are to be eaten. Then he pours them out all along in front of those 
who | are to eat the barnacles; and he takes the other basket of 
barnacles | and goes and pours them out. Then the barnacle- 
eaters || take up the barnacles with the left hand, and with the | 100 
right hand they hold the cedar-stick and push at the "eye" | of the 

q lEldzamVyases ts!ats!ag imaxs lae" lasdesEla qa £ s mox"sEmleses 80 
5ba e yas laxa niEgwise tlesEnia. Wa, la laeL laxes g-okwe. 
Wa, hex £ ida £ mese lIexwb. Wa, laLa lfrwmiKmas ex £ wldxes gokwe 
qa £ s LEpse^stallMesa teEl £ wa £ ye. Wa, g"il £ mese gwabexs lae Le £ lalaxes 
g'okulote qa g-Jixes t h:saxa k!wet!a £ ye. Wa, g - il £ mese g'iix £ wl £ lae- 
Laxs laeda k IwetelaLaxa k !wet !a £ yexa bEgwanEine ax £ edxa g - flsg - IldE- 85 
dzowe leEl £ wa £ ya qa £ s la LEpdzamolilas laxa t lEsaLaxa k!wet!a £ ye. 
Wa, la et!ed ax £ edxa k!wa £ XLawe qa £ s xoxox u sEndeq qa wiswElto- 
wes. Wa, la k - 6k - Ex"s u EiidEq. Wii, laEm maemodEne awasgEmasas 
laxEns q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ yex. Wa, la ts lEwanaesasa £ nal £ nEmts !aqe 
laxa £ nal £ nEmokwe laxa tlEsaxaxa k!wet!a £ ye c[a l lEnxsalayosexa 90 
hahamasta £ yasa k !wet !a-ya. Wa, g-il £ mese e wilxt6xs lae Isnts !es laxa 
ha £ nedzasas tslagolases gEiiF.me qa £ s oxLoltodexa k!wedats!e lExa £ ya 
qa £ s la oxxaeLElas laxes g - okn T e qa £ s la hangalllas laxa fiwlLElas t!E- 
xilases g - okwe. Wa, lii etEntsles qa £ s etlede oxLEx -£ Idxa £ nEmsgE- 
me £ walas k!wedats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s lit oxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe. 95 
Wa, la heglyolIlElas laxa ogwlwallle qa £ s lii gugEdzodalas laxa t!E- 
dzEdzowe le £ wa £ ya. Wii, laEm gugE £ nakulas lax LlasEx-dzannxlilasa 
tlEsaLaxa k!wet!a £ ye. Wii, lii ax £ edxa £ nEmsgEme k!wedats!e 1e- 
xa £ ya qa £ s la gugugeqas laq. Wa, hex- £ ida £ meseda ttesaLaxa k!we- 
t!a £ ye dagllllxa k !wet !a £ ye yises gEmxoltslana've. Wa, lii dalases 100 
helk - lots !ana £ ye laxa idEngayowe k!wa £ xLawa qa £ s LlELlEnxstowes 



504 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKHT]. [eth. ann. 35 

2 barnacles, so that the edible part comes out; and after they have 
pushed out | the edible part, they pinch the shell teeth of the barna- 
cles, and bite off the | lower end and eat it; and they all do the same || 
5 while they are eating the barnacles. They eat them very quickly; | 
and after they have eaten them, the host who is giving the barnacle- 
feast draws some water and | gives it to the feasters. They rinse 
their mouths so as to | remove the salt taste from the inside of the 
mouth; and when the salt taste is out of the mouth, | they drink a 

10 little water. Then || they go out of the house; and the host gathers | 
the empty shells, puts them into a mat, and throws them | out of his 
house. That is all about this. | 

Another Way of preparing Barnacles. — Burning barnacles on | level 
sandstone. When the j woman gets ready to go and start a fire over 
the barnacles, she | first takes her large basket; and she takes a 
5 short, broad board and || splits it in pieces the thickness of a finger. | 
She ties them up with cedar-bark, and she also takes her yew-wood | 
clam-digging stick and matches, and she carries her | large basket. 
She carries the split cedar-sticks on her shoulder, | and in one hand 
she carries the yew-wood clam-digging stick, and she walks down the 

10 rocky || beach in front of her house at Fort Rupert. Then she looks 
for I a sheet of barnacles; and as soon as she finds a large patch of 



2 laxa k!wet!a £ ye qa lax'sales hamtslawas. Wa, g'iPmese iJEnxsdd- 
xa hamts lawasexs. lae ep ledEX q lEg'lmasa k!wet!a £ yaxs lae qteko- 
dEx oxsdE £ yas qa £ s hamx -£ Ideq. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gweg'ilaxs 
5 klwetklwataaxa khvet !a £ ye. Wii, la halabalaEmxs ha £ mapaaq. Wa, 
gll-niese £ wi £ laxs lae ax £ ededa klwetelaxa k!weta £ yexa £ wape qa £ s lii 
tsex' £ its laxes klwetelagile. Wa, lax - da £ xwe ts !ew§l lExoda qa 
lawayes dEmp !aeL !Exawa £ yas. Wa, g'il-inese £ wl £ lawe dEmpIaeLlE- 
xawa £ yasexs lae xaL!Ex -£ ld nax-'ldxa £ wape. \\';\, hex -£ ida £ mese 

10 £ naxwa hOquwElsa. Wa, laxaeda k!wetelax - de hex -£ idaEm q!ap!e- 
gilllxa t!asmote qa £ s k'!ats!odes laxa lExa £ ye qa £ s la k*!odEs lax 
L!asana £ yases g"5kwe. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Another Way of preparing Barnacles. — Anaxa k!wet!a £ ya laxa 
k!wedEk!wa tlesEma laxa £ nEmaa dE £ naxEk!wa. Wa, he £ maaxs 
lae xwanalEleda tslEdaqaxs lai.e anaxa k!wet!a £ ye, wii, he £ mis 
gil ax £ etso £ ses £ walase lExa £ ya. Wa, lii ax £ edxa ts!ats!ax u sEine 
5 qa £ s xoxox"sEnde qa yiwes awagwitEns q !waq Iwaxts !ana £ yex. 
Wa, la yiL5yotsa dEiiase laq. Wa, he £ misa L!Einq!Ek!ine 
k'lilakwa; wa, he £ misa kedzayowa. Wa, la oxLalaxes f wa- 
lase lExa £ ya. Wa, lii wikllaxa mEndzaakwe klwa'xi.awa. Wa, 
lii dak" lotElaxes L!Emq!Ek"!lne k'Klakwaxs la,e lEtslEyala lax 

10 LtEma £ isases gokwe laxg'a TsaxesEk - . Wa, la alex-ldicx E nEmxsa- 
aasa k!wet!a £ ya. Wa, g - ll £ mese q!axa lexEya tasala k!wet!a £ ya, 



boas] RECIPES 505 

barnacles | (that is what the old Indians call a sheet of barnacles), | 12 
then she puts her cedar-sticks down on the rock, and also her clam- 
digging stick, | and she carries her basket on her back as she is going 
up the beach where she goes to get || eel-grass at high-water mark. 15 
She puts it into her basket. | When it is full, she goes down again to 
the rocky beach where she left | her split cedar-sticks, and she puts 
down the | basket of eel-grass. She takes out the eel-grass, and | 
scatters it over the barnacles. She does not put it on thick when she 
scatters the || eel-grass. After she has done so, she splits up | into 20 
small pieces one of the cedar-sticks to start her fire. | After she has 
done so, she takes her matches and lights them. | With them she 
burns the end of the cedar-stick for starting the lire. She puts it | on 
the middle of the scattered eel-grass, places the || split cedar-sticks on 25 
it, and scatters them all over. As soon as it is burnt up, | she sits 
down on the rocks and waits for the | split cedar-sticks to burn up. 
When they are burnt, | the woman takes her clam-digging stick, 
sweeps away the eel-grass and | the ashes of the burnt wood, and, 
when they have all been remoA ed, she pries off the barnacles with her 
digging-stick. || The cooked barnacles come oil' in large cakes, as they 30 
are in | cakes. Then the woman breaks them into smaller pieces | 
and puts them into her basket ; and when all that has been cooked is 
off, | she carries the barnacle-basket on her back and goes to her 

heEin gwE s yosa g'ale baklum £ nEmxsaaatsa k!wet!a £ yeda he gwale, 12 
wa, la axalodxa mEndzaakwe klwaxLawa, wa, he £ meses k'lilakwe. 
Wa, la oxLosdesElaxes lExa £ yaxs lae lasdesEla qa £ s la ax £ ed laxa 
fcs !ats layime laxa £ ya £ x u mute qa £ s textslodes laxes lExa £ ye. Wa, 15 
g - il £ mese qotlaxs lae xwelaqEnts les laxa LlEmayaa lax g'lyaasa- 
ses mEndzaakwe k!wa £ xi.awa. Wa, la oxLEgaalotses tslayatsle 
lExa £ ya. Wii, lii ax e wults lodxa tslats layime laxa lExa J ye, qa 
belEytndales laxa k!wet!a £ ye. Wii, k - lest la waklwaxae LEXEyaya 
tslatslayime laq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae helox u sEnd xoxox u - 20 
sEndxa e nEmts!aqe laxa mEndzaakwe klwaxLawa qa £ s g'alastoya. 
Wa, glb'mese gwalExs lae ax'edxes k'edzayowe qa E s k'es e edeq. 
Wii, la mex'bEndxa g'alastoyowe k!wa e XLawa. Wa, la axEyints 
lax naq!Eq!a £ yasa la lEX £ a tslats layima. Wa, la k'atEymdalasa 
mEndzaakwe k!wa £ xLa laq qa gweles. Wa, gih'mese x'lqostaxs 1; e 25 
k!wag - aala laxa tledzEklwa. Wii, laEm esEla qa q!ulx -£ Idesa 
mEndzaakwe k!wa £ xxawa. Wa, g"il e mese q !tilx -£ IdExs lae ax £ ededa 
tslEdaqaxes k"!ilakwe qa £ s xox-wldes laxa tslats layime LE £ wa 
qluqlwalEmote. Wa, gil-mese £ wi £ laxs lae k IwetElalases k"!ilakwe 
laxa k!wet!a £ ye. Wa, a £ mise la qwak lug'ilaleda la Llop k!wet!a £ ya 30 
laxes awadzEwena £ ye. ^^"a, a £ mesa tstedaqe la helox u s £ alala wewex'- 
salaq qa £ s axtslales laxes lExa £ ye. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ lawa la LlopExs 
lae oxLEX -£ idxa k!wedats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s la ua £ nakwa laxes g'okwe. 



506 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. . 

35 bouse. | Then she calls her husband and ber children, or, if |] she has 
no children, she calls herfriends, to come and eat | barnacles. When 
they come and sit down, she spreads | mats in front of those who are 
to eat the barnacles. Then the woman goes down to the | beach of 
the house and picks up stones and carries them up. | She carries them 

in into the house and puts them down || where she sits down, and she 
gives to those who are to eat the barnacles, each two stones. | Then 
she pours out the barnacles in front of those | whom she invited. 
Then those who are to eat the barnacles put | one of the stones down 
on the floor. That is the one on which they will break the barnacles; | 

45 and (hey take a barnacle in the left hand and put it on || the stone 
on which it is to be broken; and they take the hammer- | stone in the 
right hand and strike the barnacle and break its | shell. Then they 
cat the edible part. They keep on | doing so as they are eating the 
barnacles; and | when they have finished, they do just as I have told 

50 before, || when I talked about the way they do when the guests finish 
eating barnacles at a barnacle-feast. | That is all about this. | 
1 Cryptochiton. — As soon as the tide is low, (the woman) takes her| 
small basket and Iter digging-stick for cryptochiton and she goes 
down to the | rocky beach. Then she looks under stones on the rocky 
beach; j and when she sees a cryptochiton, she pushes the crypto- 

\V;i, hex -£ ida £ mese i.eMalaxes hVwuiiEme LE £ wis sasKiue. Wit, g'il- 

35 £ mese k" leas sasEmxs lae Le £ lalaxes £ ne £ nEinf>kwe qa g"axes ttesaxa 
klwet !a £ ve. Wa, gih'mese ga\ klfis-'alilExs lae LEpdzamolllEiua 
le £ wa £ ye laxa t!Esax,axa klwet !a £ ye. Wa, leda tslEdaqe lEiitsles laxa 
LlEma £ isases g'okwe qa £ s xEx U£ widexa t lesEme qa £ s la xEx-usdesE- 
laq. Wa, la XEgwiLElaq laxes g - 6kwe qa £ s la XEX u£ walilas laxes 

40 klwaelase. Wa, la tslasa maemaltsEme tlesEm laxes k!wetelag - ilaxa 
klwet !a £ ye. Wa, lii gugEdzotsa klwet !a £ ye lax L!asEx - dzama £ yases 
i.e'danEme. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mesa k!wetk!watLaxa k!wet!a £ ye nncxwa- 
lllasa £ nEmsgEme tlesEina cpixs he £ mae tlEsdEmalxa klwet !a £ ye. 
Wa, lii dax ,£ Itses gEmxolts !ana £ ye laxa klwet !a £ ye qa £ s axsEmdes laxa 

4") tlEsdEma tlesEma. Wa, la dax £ Itses helk" lots !ana £ ye laxa tlayowe 
tlesEmxs lae t!Es £ Its laxa klwet !a £ ye. Wii, he £ mis la tEp ledamasxa 
xalaesasa klwet !a £ ye. Wa, lii liamx' £ IdF,x hamtslawas. Wa, ax'sa- 
£ mese he gwegilaxs k Iwetk Iwataaxa k!wet!a £ ye. Wa, g"il £ mese 
gwalExs lae aEm la nEgEltEwexEn gale waldEmxgin la, gwagwex'- 

50 s £ ala laqexs lae gwal klwetklwata Le £ lanEmasa klweteliixa k!we- 
t !a £ ye. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Cryptochiton. — Wa, 1 g'iPmese xatslaesexs laeda gEnEmas ax £ edxes 
lalaxame LE £ wis qtenyayaxa qlanase. Wa, lii lEntslEyala laxa 
LlEmayaa. Wa, lii hex £ idaEm dodEgiipaxa £ niEX' £ niEk!wa tlesEma. 
Wa, gil'niese dox £ waLElaxa qlanase lae LlEnqElotses qh<:nyayowe 

' Continued from p. 151, line 21. 



boas J RECIPES 507 

chiton digging-stick || under it; and when it is turned on its hack. 5 
she takes it and throws | it into her cryptochiton basket. She con- 
tinues doing this | as long as she finds cryptochitons; and when her 
little basket is full, | she goes up the beach into her house. | 

Then she takes her small kettle and washes it out with water. | 
When this is done, she pours freshwater into it, until it is | half full, 10 
and she puts it over the lire. When it | begins to boil, she takes her 
cryptochiton basket and pours the | chitons into the boiling water. 
When they are all in, | she takes her tongs and stirs them with them, 
so that they stop boiling, for the || chitons are cold. Therefore the 15 
water stops boiling at once. | She keeps on stirring it while the crypto- 
chitons are in the kettle; and | as soon as the water boils up again, 
she takes the | kettle off the fire. She takes a dish and quickly ; 
pours fresh water into it. Then she takes a large ladle, || and with 20 
it she takes out the cryptochitons she is cooking and puts them into 
the | dish with water in it. When they are all in, she calls | her 
husband to come and eat the boiled cryptochitons. | Then he goes and 
sits down by the side of the dish with cryptochitons; | ami he takes 
out one, peels the shell off its back, and || throws it into the kettle. 2-5 
He pulls out the | entrails and throws them into the kettle; ami when 
they have | "berries" on the back, these are of red color and soft, 

lax awaba-yas. Wa, gibmese nELElaxs lae dax -e idEq qa-s tshsx- 5 
ts lodes laxes qhnnyatsle lalaxama. Wa, axsii £ mese he gweg'i- 
laxes qlasEwe qlanasa. Wa, gil-mese qotle qhsnyatslas lalaxa- 
maxs lae lasdesa qa £ s la laeL laxes g'okwe. 

Wa, hex £ ida £ mese ax £ edxes ha £ nEme qa £ s tsloxug'indesa E wape 
laq. Wa, g-il-mese gwalExs lae giixtslotsa £ wE £ waplEme laq qa 10 
nEgoyoxsdrdes. Wa, la hanxxEnts laxes lEgwlle. Wa, gib'mese 
mEdElx c w!dExs lae ax £ e<lxes q !r.nyats!e lalaxama qa £ s guxstEndesa 
qlanase laxa maEmdElqula E wapa. Wa. g-il-mese £ wl £ la £ staxs lae 
ax £ edxes ts!esLala qa £ s xwet!edes laqexs lae gwal mEdElqula qaeda 
qlanasaxs e wudae lag-ilas hex -e idaEm gwal mEdElqiile. Wa, Hi 15 
xwetax saEmqexs lae g'estaleda qlanase laxa hanx'Lanowe. Wa, 
g-ib'mese et led mEdElx e widEXS lae hex ,£ idaEm lianx-sEiidxa hanx- 
Lanowe laxa lEgwlle. Wa, lit ax £ edxa loqlwe c[a £ s halabale 
guxtslotsa £ wE £ wap!Eme laq. Wa, lii ax s edxa nvalase k"ats!Enaqa 
qa £ s xalost Elides laxa qlanselaseda qlanase qa £ s la xEltslots laxa 20 
£ wabEts!alele loqlwa. Wa, g'iPmese £ wI £ 1osexs lae hex ,£ ida Le £ la- 
laxes la £ wmiEme qa gaxes cjlEnsqlasxa hanxLaakwe qlanasa. 
Wa, hex- £ ida £ mese la klwagiigElllxa qlEnsqlayatsle loqlwa. Wa. 
la dax' £ Idxa £ nEmsgEme qlanasa qa e s sexalex xF.ldzeg'a £ yas qa c s 
tslExtslales laxa qlEnselatsle hanx'Lanowa. Wa, lii gElx £ uqodEx 25 
yix-yig-Ila qa £ s ts !Exts lodexaas^laxa hanx'Lanowe. Wii, gil £ mese 



508 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ktii. ann. 35 

he puts them into his mouth | and cats them; and he washes the 

.'50 clean cryptochitons in | the dish; and after washing them, lie || eats 
them. Some Indians call this "cryptochiton-eating;" | and when 
one has been eaten, they take another one | and clean it, as they did 
the first one, before; | and after it has been cleaned and washed, 
they | eat it; and the one who eats the chitons does this with every 

35 one of them; || and as soon as he has finished, water is given to him 
He rinses | his mouth; and after rinsing his mouth, he drinks a | 
very little water; and after doing so, he sits still. | That is all about 
this, j 
1 Baked Cryptochiton. — The woman also takes | a small basket of 
cryptochitons. She takes a handful and throws them under her | 
tire, at the side-logs, scraping out some of the hot ashes. | When she 
.") throws the chitons into the ashes, she takes her jj tonus and stirs the 
ashes about, so that they will be scattered, and she continues stirring 
them. | She does not leave them there a long time; and when they 

. are burnt black, she | pulls them out with her tongs and puts them 
down by the side of t lie j tire. She takes her small dish and pours 
some water into it | until it is half full. Then she picks up the 

10 roasted cryptochitons and || puts them into the dish with water in it, 
and she stirs them round with her | hand ; and when all the ashes are 

•_>7 qlEmdzEgwekilaxa L!ax"stowe tF.lkiixs lae ts!oq!iisa laxes sEinse 
i|,i's hamx £ Ideq. Wii, la ts!ox £ wid'xa senkwe qlanasa laxa 
q tensq layats !e toqlwa. Wii, glbmese gwfd tsloxwaqexs lae 

:j!I liamx-'IdEq. Wii, lii £ nekeda waokwe bakliima qhmsqlasedxa 
qlanase. Wii, gibmese £ wl £ laqexs lae et led dax £ Idxa £ nEinsgEme 
qlanasa qa £ s etlede scx E IdEq laxes gale gwegilasxes g'ale sex - a- 
sE £ wa. Wii, gibmese senkiixs lae ts!ox £ wJdEq. Wii, laxae 
q tensq !as £ edEq. Wii, lii £ naxwaEm he gwegilaxs qlEnsqlasae. 

35 Wa, gil £ mese gwalEXs lae tsex- £ Itso £ sa £ wape. Wii, lii tslEweLlE- 
xoda. Wii, glbmese gwal tslEweiJExodExs lae xaL!Ex £ Id nax £ ed- 
xa holalbida £ we £ wape. Wii, g'ibmese gwalExs lae aEm k!us £ ;ilila. 
Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 
i Baked Cryptochiton.— -TsledzKk" qlanas, yixs he £ mae ax-ededa tsli:- 
daqaxa q lanases lalaxame. Wii, lii k" !olts!odEq qa £ sk' laabolises laxes 
lEgwIte laxak"ak"EdEnwa £ yas yixs lae golx - aakweda tsMqwa guna £ ya. 
Wa, gll £ mese la k" !ag - iMsa qlanase laxa giina £ yaxs lae ax £ edxes tsles- 
5 Lala qa £ s goli £ laleq qa gwel £ ides. Wii. la lieniEiil £ i:m golg'Elgeq. Wa, 
k"!est!a alaEm gaesExs lae k!wek!umElsgEmx £ ida. Wii, sVmese 
golxsEntses ts!esL:ila laq qa gaxes k'lanales lax mag'hiwallsases 
lEgwile. Wii, lii ax £ edxcs lalogume qa £ s guxtslodesa £ wape liiq. 
Wii, la nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae klagilllxa ts!edzEkwe qlanasa qa £ s 

10 lii k'liistEnts laxa £ wabEts lawasa loqlwa. Wii, lii xwetElgEntses 
a £ yasowe laq. Wii, gil £ mese E wll £ awe gwegunesgEma £ yasexs lae 



boas] RECIPES 509 

off, | she pours away the dirty water; and she pours more water into 12 
it so as to | change it, and she again stirs it with her hand, and again | 
she pours off the dirty water. Now they are clean. || She pours 15 
more water on them, and she peels off the shell from the back, as she 
did in the case | I first talked about when I talked about | boiling 
cryptochitons, and she does the same as she does when | eating 
them. That is all about tins. | 

Winkles. — The woman just takes her small basket and | goes down 20 
to the rocky beach of her house at low tide, about | the time when 
the Indians are going to Knight Inlet; for that is the time when | 
winkles gather to spawn, and that is what the woman searches for. | 
As soon as she finds them, the woman just puts her small basket under 
the place where there are many winkles, [ and she scrapes the 
winkles into her small basket; and as soon as || the small basket is 25 
full, she comes up from the rocky beach carrying the winkle- | basket 
in her hands, and she puts it down by the side of the fire. Then she 
takes her small | kettle and puts it down by the side of the winkle- 
basket. She takes it | and pours the winkles into the small kettle. 
When they are all in, she | takes the water and pours a little into it. 
She takes an || old piece of matting and tucks it in. Then she puts 30 
the kettle on the fire, | and it stays on the fire a long time boiling. 
It takes about | four hours according to the watch before they are 

guqodxa neqwa e wapa. Wii, la et!ed guqteqasa e wape laq qa-s l!S- 12 
yodeq. Wii, laEmxae xwetElg'intses a e yasowe laq. Wii, liixae et !ed 
guqodxa neqwa E wapa. Wii, la e me ex'sEmx -e ida. Wa, laxae et!ed 
guqlEqasa £ wape laq. Wa, la sex'alax XEldzeg - a £ ya laxes gwegi- 1~> 
lasaxEn g'ale waldEmx'gln liik' gwagwex - s £ alalak - exs lae q!Ensq!as- 
xa hanxxaakwe qlanasa. Wa, laF.m aEin iiEqEing iltEweqexs lae 
hiVmapEq. Wa, laEmxae gwal laxeq. 

Winkles (G"elayo). — AicmLeda tslEdaqe ax- c edxes lalaxame qa e s lii 
lEnts!esEla laxa rJ.Emayaases g'okwaxa x'atslaese laxs lae mEin- 20 
w:u'l!eiix lax Dzawade qaxs he e mae la q!ap!ex £ IdExdEmsa ge- 
layowe laxes waselasLe. Wa, hemns la iilaso- c sa tslEdaqe. Wa, 
giPmese qlaqexs lae aEm hanabotses lalaxame lax qlayasasa ge- 
layowe qa e s goltslodesa g'elayowe liixes lalaxama. Wa, g - il £ mese 
qot!e lalaxamasexs gTixae lalsdEyala k' !oxk' lotElaxes g*elayoats!e 25 
lalaxama qa f s lii ha E nolilas laxes lEgwIle. Wa, la ax=edxes hamE- 
me qa £ s hamollles laxes g'elayoats !e lalaxama. Wii, lii dadanodsq 
qa ff s guqosesa g'elayowe liixa ha £ iiEme. W T a, giPmese £ wi e laxs lae 
ax e edxa £ wape qa £ s xaLlaqe guq!Eqas laq. Wa, lii ax £ edxa k!;i- 
k!obana qa £ s dzopEyindes laq. Wii, lii hanx'LEnts liixes lEgwIle. 30 
Wii, la gexxala laxa lEgwIle yala maEmdElqula. Wa, laxEnte 
mots !agELElag - ila laxEns q!aq!alak"!ayaxEns £ nalaxs lae Llopa. Wa, 



510 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.sg 

33 done. | Then she takes them off and pours off the water; and when 
all the | liquid is off, she takes out the old mat that she tucked in, 

35 and || she takes two stones to break the winkles. She uses | the mat 
to break them on, and spreads it out outside of her seat. | Then she 
takes the winkle-kettle and pours the | winkles on the mat on which 
they are to be broken. She takes up one of the stones | and puts it 

40 on the mat to break them on it. In her || right hand she takes the 
other hammer-stone, and she takes up | one of the winkles, puts it on 
the one stone, and | strikes it with the hammer-stone. Then the | 
shell of the winkle breaks to pieces. She takes out the | edible part 

45 and eats it, and she does the same with the others. || After she has 
eaten all, she rinses her mouth, so that the salt taste comes out, | and 
she drinks a little water; and she gathers the | broken shells, puts 
them into her mat on which they were broken, and she | goes out and 
throws them away outside the house, for these are not given at a 

50 feast to | many tribes, — winkles, cryptochitons, and chitons. || Only 
chiefs and their children eat winkles. | I do not know why they are 
the only ones to eat them. That is all | about this, for there is only 
one way of cooking them. [ 
1 Eel-Grass (Twisting off eel-grass). — In springtime, | when the 
winter is past , then all the women get ready to | twist eel-grass. . . . 

33 lit hanxsEiulEq qa £ s x'ats!Ex £ Ide £ wapaliis. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ lawe 
£ wapalasexs lae lawEyodi:x dzopEya £ yas k!ak'!obane. Wit, lii 

35 ax £ edxa maltsEme tlesEina qa £ s tlayoxa g'elayowe. Wii, lii ax £ ed- 
xa tledza le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEplaliles laxes Llasalllases klwaelase. 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa gelayotslala hanxLanowa qa £ s gugEdzodesa gela- 
yowe laxa tledza le £ wa £ ya. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ nEmsgEme tlesEma 
qa £ s £ mEgudzodes laxa tledza le £ wa £ ya. Wa, lii dalasess helk" !o- 

40 ts !ana £ ye laxa £ nEmsgEme t.'ayo tlesEma. Wii, lii dax* £ Idxa £ nEms- 
gEme g'elayo qa £ s £ mE £ x u sEmdes laxa tlEsdEma tlesEma. Wii, 
lii t!Es £ edEq yises dasgEmesE £ we t!ayo tlesEma. Wii, he £ mis la 
tEtEpsaatsa XEltsEma £ yasa g'elayowe. Wa, lii ax £ edEX hamts la- 
was qa £ s hamx £ ldeq. Wa, ii £ mise he gweg'ilaxa waokwe. Wii, 

45 gtl £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae tslEwlLlExoda qa iawiiyes dEmplaeLlExawa- 
e yas. Wii. lii xaL!EX' ; Id niix £ Idxa £ wape. Wii, lii q!ap!eg'illlxes 
t!asesawa £ ye qa's lii £ wi £ ladzots laxes tledza le £ wa £ ya qa £ s lii 
k'lats lax L!asana £ yases gokwe, yixs k'lesae klweladzEm laxa q!e- 
nEme lelqwalaLa £ yaxa g'elayowe LE £ wa qlanase LE £ wa k - !Enote. 

50 Wii, laxa lexama g - Igigama £ ye LE £ wis sasEme ha £ miipxa g'elayowe. 

Wa, lsn k!es qlaLElax hegagilmas h& £ mapEq. Wa, laEm gwal 

laxeq qaxs £ nEmx- £ Idalamae ha £ mex'silnena £ yaq. 

1 Eel-Grass (Klilpiixa ts !ats layime) . — Wa, he £ maaxs lae qlwaxF.nxa 

laas hayaqaxa tslawiinxe lae xwanal £ ideda £ naxwa tsledaqa qa £ s 



boas] RECIPES 511 

The man's wife | who is going to twist eel-grass first takes her eel- 
grass twisting || paddle and her anchor-line of cedar-bark rope, and 5 
also her | eel-grass twisting hat, for generally they wear a hat when 
they twist | eel-grass, because generally sea-water splashes into their 
faces | when the women pull up the twisting-stick with the eel-grass 
twisted around | its end. Then it splashes into their faces || when 10 
they wash the eel-grass; and therefore (the woman) wears an eel- 
grass twisting hat. | She carries down every thing as she goes down 
to the beach | to her little old canoe for twisting eel-grass, and she 
also | carries her bailer and her eel-grass twisting-stick. She 
launches | her small old canoe, and puts into it what I have named. || 
When it is all aboard, she sits in the stern of the small eel-grass 15 
twisting | canoe. She takes up her eel-grass twisting paddle and 
paddles, | and she goes to a place where she knows that there is thick 
eel-grass and that the eel-grass is growing in soft sand. | When she 
arrives at the place where the eel-grass is, | she takes the cedar-bark 
rope and ties the || stone to its end and throws it into the water; and 20 
when it touches the bottom so that it is vertical, | she ties it to the 
stern-seat. After doing so, she ] takes her twisting-stick and puts 
the tip into the water. | She pushes it down into the sea-water and 
strikes the sandy bottom where | there is much eel-grass. Then she 

klilpelxa tslatslaylme. 1 . . . Wii, laEin liiLe gEHEmasa bEgwa- 3 
liEme ktflpalxa ts!ats!ayime. Wii, he £ mis gil ax £ etso £ ses k- !ipsa- 
yase se £ wayowa LE £ wes q!Eldzana £ ye dEnsEn dEiiEma. Wa, he- 5 
£ mises kHlpEmle LEtEmla qaxs keniEnala £ mae LEtEmaleda kltlpaxa 
ts!ats!ayime qaxs hemEnala £ mae kiisx'EgEinalaxa dEmsxe £ wa- 
pExs lae nexostodeda tstedaqaxes k!ilba £ yaxs lae x11k!utba £ va 
ts!ats!aylme lax oba £ yas. Wa, he £ mis la kusx-EgEma!atsexs lae 
ts!ots!Exodxa ts!atsayime. Wa, heEm lagilasa kMilpEmle LEtEm- 10 
la. Wii, la £ wl £ la dEnts !esElaqexs lae lEiitslesEla laxa L.'Ema £ ise 
lax ha £ nedzasases k'!ilbats!eLe tslagol xwaxwaguma. Wii he- 
£ mises tsiilayowe i,E £ wis k'lElbayowaxa ts !ats !ayime. Wii, la wlx u - 
stEndxes ts !ag p ole xwaxwaguma. Wii, la. ax £ alExsElaxEn la LeLEqEla- 
sE £ wa. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi1xsexs lae klwaxLEndxes k' lllbats !eLe xwa- 15 
xwagiima. Wii. lii dax" £ idxes k!ilpsayase se £ waya qa £ s sex £ wlde 
qa £ s lii liixes q!ale wax u s ts!ats!ayime. Wii, he £ misa tElgwesas eo"i S e 
q!waxasasa ts!ats!ayime. Wii, g - il £ mese lagaa laxa k* lilbadaxa 
ts!ats!ayimaxs lae ax £ edxa dEnsEne dEnEina qa £ s m6x ll bEndes;'. 
tlesEmelaq qa £ s q!ElstEndes. Wii, a £ mese a £ WEiiEnsElaxs lae mox- 20 
£ walExsas laxa LEXExstEwelExse. Wii, g-il £ mese gwalalExsExs 
lae dag-ilExsxes kMilbayowe qa £ s metsEncles wllba £ y'as qa £ s me- 
dEnses laxa dEmsxe £ wapa qa £ s LlEnxalises laxa eg-edzEgwise lax 
qlayasasa ts!ats!aylmaxs lae k!ilp!ida. Wii, la £ meda ts!ats!ayhne 

1 Continued on p. 155, line 19, to p. 15G, line 45. 



512 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Horn. ANN. 35 

25 begins to twist it. Then the eel-grass || is t\\ isted around the twisting- 
stick. When she cannot turn the | twisting-stick any more, she 
pulls it up. The twisting woman pulls up the twisting-stick. | As 
soon as i be eel-grass comes in sight, she untwists | it to get it off from 
her twisting-stick, and then the eel-grass comes off; | and she squeezes 

30 one span around it, || beginning at the head-end. That is what we 
refer to as the roots. | She washes it in saltwater, so that the sand 
comes off. | When it is all off, she measures two spans | from the 
upper end of the roots, and she breaks oil' the lower end. | When it is 

35 all off, she puts it in front of herself, || and she puts the twisting-stick 
back into the water, and she does I lie same | as she did before. When 
she has much of it, the tide rises, | for they only twist at spring 
tide As soon as tbc tide | comes up, she hauls up the anchor and 
goes home; | and when she arrives at the beach of her house, she gets 

40 out of her || old canoe for twisting eel-grass. She takes ou< her 
anchor and carries it up; | and when the anchor-line gets taut, she 
puts it down. ] Then she sends her husband to go and invite bis 
tribe j to come and peel eel-grass. The man immediately obeys \ 

45 his wife. He invites bis tribe. || When he comes back, he clears out 
bis house, I and spreads the mats around for those who are going to 
peel the eel-grass t<> sit down on. | As soon as he has done so, be takes 

25 la kMilp'.Enexa k'ltlbayowe. Wa, giPmese gwal sE £ x u ts!a klilpE- 
leda klilbavaxs lae aexostodeda klilplenoxwe tstedaqxes kMilba- 
yowe. Wti, g'iPmese g - ax nel £ ededa ts !ats layimaxs lac aodzaaqa 
qwelk - lEwesedxes kMllbayowe. Wa, he £ mis la lawiyatsa ts!ats!a- 
yinic. Wa, la q!wes £ idxa MiFmplF.nk'e laxF.ns q!waq!wax - ts!ana- 
:;o £ yex gag'iLEla laxa oguma. £ yas yixEns gwE £ yowe LloplF.ks. Wa, 
la ts !ox £ wEltalaq laxa dEmsx - e £ wapa qa lawayesa egise. Wa, 
gll £ mese c ~\\i-laxs hie baHdxa malplEnke laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!a- 
na £ yex g'aglLEla lax aw ana £ yi sa LloplEkasexs hie ploqalax ewaxsda- 
E yas. Wa, gil £ mese £ wrwulx - sExs lae gig-aalExs' s laxes nalelExse. 
35 Wa. la xwelaqa medEnsases k'ttlbayowe. Wa, iVmese nEqEmg il- 
tEwexes gale gwegilasa. Wa, gih'mese cjIevolexs lae £ ylxwa 
(|axs lexa £ mae kMilpdnnia £ walase xats!a £ va. Wa, g - ll £ mese k!wf„- 
yosdesa £ ylxwaxs lae dEnx £ idxes qlEltsEme qa £ s la na-iiak\\a. 
Wa, glPmese Lag'alis lax L!Ema £ isases gokwaxs lae^oltalaxes k•!ll- 
4(l 1>; ts!e tslag'ola qa-'s dagilExsexes qlEltsEme qa £ s la dasdesElaq. 
Wa, gll £ mese lEk!ut!ede qlEldzaanayasexs lae £ mEX £ walisaq. Wa, 
hex £ ida £ mese £ yali qaxes hVwfinEine qa las i.edalaxes g'okulote qa 
g - axes scx'axa ts !ats laylme. Wa, hex £ ida £ raese nanagega £ ya bE- 
gwanEmax waldEmases gEiiEme. Wa, lii Le £ lalaxes gokidote. 
45 Wii, g ilmese g ax aedi aqaxs lae hex £ ida £ Em ex £ widxes gokwe 
qa £ s EEpse'stalllElesa l§El £ wa £ ye laq ((a k'wadzosa sexaLaxa ts.!a- 
tslayime. Wa, ^-ih'mese gwalalrlExs lae ax-'edxes ts lets tebats !e 



boas] RECIPES 513 

his oil-dishes | and oil and brings them, so that they are ready. 4S 
Then those who are to peel the | eel-grass come in; and when they 
are all inside, the man asks the || young men of his numaym to go and 50 
carry up the eel-grass. | Immediately the young men go and carry it 
up. They | carry it into the house and put it down in front of those 
who are to peel it. | The man takes the oil and pours it into the | 
oil-dishes; and when the oil is in every one, (the young men) place 
theminfront || of those who are to peel the eel-grass, at the outer side. 55 
There are four ] men to each oil-dish. Then the eel-grass is scattered 
in front of | those who are to peel it. When this is done, the | men 
take up four pieces of eel-grass and pluck off | the small roots. When 
they are all off, they peel off the ||. leaves of the tail-end. They begin 60 
at the upper end of the thick | root; and when they have peeled it as 
far as the soft part in the middle of the | eel-grass, they do the same 
with the other three pieces. When | this has been done with all of 
them, they put the roots together so that they are j three finger- 
widths in length, and then they ______ break || them off; 65 

and they break them off again so _____~~^_ _ that they are all 
the same length, | in this manner: Then there are 

eight pieces in all. They -, A „ „ ft tie | them together with 
the leaves, in this manner, / \ I \f \j \ - and they hold them at | 1. 
Then they dip (the bundle) j [K into the oil and eat it, 

and I all the others do the ' "\ same. After they have 

LE £ wa L!e £ na qa g'fixes gwallla. Wii, g - axe hogwlLEleda sexaLaxa 45 
tslats layime. Wii, gil-mese nvidaeLEXs laeda bEgwanEine helaxa 
ha e yal £ ases £ nE £ memote qa las gEmx £ usdesaxa ts lilts layime. Wa, 50 
hex £ ida £ mese lax - da £ xweda ha £ yal £ a qa £ s lii gEmxnisdesaq qa £ s la 
gEmxeLElaq qa £ s la gEinxEmlilElas lax 6x u dzamalilasa sex'aLaq. 
Wa, lii ax £ ededa bEgwanEinaxa _!e £ na qa £ s k lunxts Sales laxa tsle- 
tslEbatsle. Wii, gil £ mese q Iwalxots lEwakiixs lae kaxdzamolllas 
laxa sex'ai.axa fcslats layime lax idasalilas. Wii, lii maemaleda be- 55 
bEgwanEinaxa. E nal £ nEmexLa ts!ets!Ebats!a. Wit, la,La gwelEmalileda 
ts!ats!ayime liixa sexaLaq. Wa, gilmiese gwfd-alilExs lae hex- r i- 
da e ma bebEgwanEine dax-rdxa maemotslaqe fcs!ats!aylma qa k!ul- 
wiilexa am £ ama-ye L!op!Eks. Wa, gib'mese £ wldaxs lae sex alaxa 
wlwakiiya £ ya ogwida-'yas 6xsda £ yaa g - ag"iXElalax awana-yasa LEkvve 60 
L!5p!Ek's. Wa, g-il £ mese lag - aa sex - a £ yas lax tEltElq!uq!a £ yasa 
ts !ats !a £ yimaxs lae et!ed he gwex'Hdxa yudux"ts!aqe. Wii, gil- 
£ mese £ wi e la la he gwekiixs lae q!ap!ex £ TdEx LloplEk'asexs lae yae 
dux u dEn laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix awasgEmasasexs lae ko- 
k'ExsEndEq. Wii, lii et!ed k - ok - ExsEndEq qa £ nEmes awasgEinasa 65 
ga gwiileg-a (Jig.). Wii, lii hamalgunalts!aqalaxs lae yiltsEmts qwe- 
qiiL!Exsda £ yas laq g-a gwalega (fig.). Wa, he £ mis la dalasoseda 
(1) axs lae tslEplets laxa L!e £ na cpx £ s ts lasts !Es £ edeq. Wa, £ na- 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 33 



514 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Utii.asn.ji 

70 finished eating, || they pick up what they did not eat and go out of 
the house; and they go into | their houses and put down in front of 
their | wives the eel-grass that they have taken along. They never 
drink water before they go out | and when they go into their houses. 
That is the eel-grass peeling feast given to | many tribes, for it is the 

75 food of the first people || in the time of the first Indians of the myth- 
ical period. Therefore | an eel-grass feast is a valuable feast given 
by a man. | That is all that is to be said about eel-grass, for there is 
only one way | of eating it and of getting it. | 
1 Seaweed. — When the visitors have finished | eating dried salmon, 
the woman takes her seaweed | and tears it into strips; then she 
gives it to each of the young men. | And some take an adz and put 
5 the seaweed || on a block of hemlock-wood made on purpose: it is a 
span | and a half long and three | spans around, and it stands on the 
floor of the | house. Then they lay the seaweed flat on it, and the 
young men cut it with the adz; | and some of the young men chew 

10 it and put it || into a large dish. As soon as enough of the seaweed has 
been chewed, | they stop chewing, and the others stop chopping it 
with the adz. | Then a kettle is taken, and water is poured into it | 
until it is half full. Then the chewed | seaweed is put into it. Then 

xwaEm he gwegile waokwas. Wa, glPmese gwal ts lasts !esexs lae 
70 aEm gEinxElIixes k!ets!a £ yawaye qa £ s lii hoqtiwElsa. Wii, la hogwiL 
laxes gigokwe qa £ s gegEinxEinlilEleses mamute ts!ats!ayim laxes 
gEgEnEme. Wa, laEm hewaxa nax £ idEX £ wapaxs lae hoquwElsa 
l5xs lae hogwiL laxes gigokwe. Wii, heEin sex'ilagilaxa ts!ats!a- 
yima qlenEine leElqwalaLa £ ya qaxs hemawalaasa gale bEgwanEina 
75 galaolex bEkumgalisa £ naxwa nux"nemisa. Wa, he £ mis lag - ilas 
awilaxselakwa ts!ats!ayimxs tslaselaeda bEgwanEme. Wii, laEm 
gwala ts!ats!ats!aliixa tslatslayime qaxs E nEmx* e idala e mae ts!ats!E- 
ts!ena £ yaq LE £ wa laLElaena £ yaq. 

1 Seaweed (LEqaxa lEq!EstE'ne). — Wii, he' £ maaxs la'e gwal ha- 
£ ma'pa k!we'laxa xa-'ma'se, wa, la ax £ e'dedats!Eda'qaxes lEqlEstE'ne 
qa £ s k!ulk!ulpsa'leq. Wii, la tslawanaqas la'xa ha £ ya'l £ a. Wii, 
leda wao'kwe ax £ e'dxa k'limLayowe qa £ s pa'xbEndesa lEqlEstE'ne 

5 la'xa hekwila £ ye tE'mk!Ewe qlwaxasa. Wii, laE'm e'sEg - Eyo la'- 
XEns q!wa'q!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, lii yu'dux u p!Enxse £ sta la'xEns 
q!wa'q!wax - ts!ana £ yex yix wa'gidasas. Wii, la Lael la'xa g'5'- 
kwaxs la'e pagEtali'leda lEqlEstE'ne la'qexs la'e tsEtsEx - sa'leda 
ha £ ya'l £ iiq. Wa, leda wao'kwe ha £ ya'l £ a ma'lekwaq qa £ s axtsla'les 
10 la'xa £ wa'lase lo'qlwa. Wa, g'i'Pmese hel £ e'da maleg'Ekwe leq!Es- 
tE'nxs la'e gwal male'kwa LE £ wa wao'kwaxs tsEkaa'sa k'li'm- 
Layo. Wii, laE'm ax £ e'tsE £ weda hanx - Lanowe qa £ s giixts!o'tsE- 
£ wesa £ wa'pe qa £ nEgoya'les. Wii, la k" lEsta'noweda male'g'Ekwe 
lEqlEstE'ne laq. Wa, la xwe'tasa gEltlEXLa'la kats!Ena'qe laq. 



boas] RECIPES 515 

they stir it with a long-handled ladle, || and they watch it so that it 15 
does not become too thick when it is | on the fire. They keep on 
stirring it while it is on the fire; | and after it has been boiling for a 
long time, oil | is poured on the seaweed. It is stirred again a long 
time, | so that it becomes well mixed. When it is really mixed, || 
the kettle is taken off the fire. Then it is done, | when the oil 20 
disappears from the top of the seaweed. Immediately | a food-mat is 
taken and is spread before | those who are to eat the seaweed. Then 
spoons are given to the | guests. Then the small kettles are lifted 
by the handle, and || are put down at the outer edge of the food-mat, 25 
and they begin to eat with spoons | the seaweed. They do not drink 
water before they eat it, | because they drank water before they ate 
dried salmon. | After they have finished eating with spoons the 
seaweed, they cool themselves | by drinking fresh water; and after they 
have finished they go out. || They eat seaweed at all times, in the morn- 30 
ing and at | noon and in the evening; but only in the morning they 
eat | dried salmon first; and when there is no dried salmon, then they 
eat | dried halibut in its place: They do not eat dried salmon first, 
at | noon ami in the evening. || 

Powdered Seaweed. — (The powdered seaweed) is only taken when 1 
the owner wants to eat some of it; | and they do it in the same way 
when it is cooked | as they do with the chopped and chewed seaweed. 

Wa, la do'qwafaq qa hela'les gEiikalaf'na'yasexs la'e ha'nx - LEnts 15 
la'xa lEgwfle. Wa, la he'iiiEnalagilil-Ein xwete'da ha'nxxala. 
Wa, he'tla la ge'gilll maE'nulElqulaxs la'e ax £ e'tsE ; wa i.!e'=naqa £ s 
k!uq!EgEme la'xa lEqlEstE'ne. Wa, la'xaa e'tled ge'gilll xwe'- 
tasE £ wa qa lElgowes. Wa, gi'Pmese la a'lakMala bs'lgoxs la'e 
ha'nxsan5 la'xa lEgwI'leda ha'nxLanowe. Wa, laE'm l!o'pexs 20 
la'e x is £ I'deda L!e' £ na lax 6'kuya £ 3~asa lEqlEstE'ne. Wa, he'xid- 
£ rnese ax £ e'tsE £ wa ha £ madzowe le' £ wa e ya qa £ s le LEpdzamolIlas 
la'xa lExla'qLe. Wii, la tslawanae'dzEma kak-Ets!Ena'qe la'xa 
k!we'le. Wa, la k!o'kulllasE £ wa heha'nEme qa £ s le hanEmga'lilEm 
lax L!a'sEnxa £ yasa ha £ ma<lzowe le' £ wa\ya. Wa, laxda £ xwe £ yo's- 25 
£ idxes lExla'qsE £ we. Wii, laE'm k - !es nanaqalg-iwalax e wa'p'a 
qaxs la £ me'xde mx'qaxa £ wa'paxs le'x-de ha £ ma'pxa xa £ ma'se. 
Wa, g-i'l £ mese gwal £ yo'saxes lE'xlExsE £ waxs la'e k'5'xwaxod na'- 
x £ idxa a'lta £ wa'pa. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ho'qiiwElsa. 
Wii, k!eii's k'!es ha £ ma'pdEmxa lEqlEstE'ne LE £ wa gaa'la LE £ wa 30 
£ nEqa'la Lo £ ma ga'nuLe. Wa, le'xa £ ma gaa'la ha'ha £ malgiwala- 
tsexa xa £ mase. Wii, g'i'Imiese k!ea,'s xa £ masExs la'e he'deda 
k'.a'wase ha' £ mii £ s. Wa, la k - !es haha £ malg-iwalaxa xa £ masaxa 
£ nEqii'la LE £ wa dza'qwa. 

Powdered Seaweed. — Wa, a' £ mese la ax £ e'daasExs lExlaqlexs.laf'da 1 
axnogwadiis. Wii, la he'Emxat! gwe'gilasSxs la'e ha £ mexslla- 
sE £ we gwe'gilasaxa tsEg-Ekwe LE £ wa male'g-Ekwe. Wii, <r i'l £ mese 



516 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL Listh. ann. 35 

As soon as | the seaweed gets cold quickly, the guests who eat it || 

5 take tongs, and red-hot stones are taken | and put into a small 

kettle. Then it | keeps warm for a long time while they are eating 

it. Seaweed is never | boiled in a large kettle, but they use a | small 

10 kettle, for they eat it out of it; and || not once is it put into a dish, | 
for it is not good when it gets cold, and it is only good | when it is 
hot. That is all about this. | 

Salmon-Spawn with Seaweed. I have | forgotten this. When two 

15 spoonfuls of scattered || dog-salmon spawn are boiled, when they are 
nearly done, | the kettle is taken off from the fire, andthen cold water 
is poured | into it until the kettle is more than half full. | Then 
chopped seaweed is put in and is stirred. | When it is just the right 

20 thickness, the kettle is put back || on the fire. Then it is left to boil 
for a long time; and | it is taken oil' again, and oil is poured into it. | 
This is eaten with spoons when it is done. | 

Clams with Seaweed. — And also four large (small) | clams are 

25 taken and are opened. Then || the sand is picked off; and when it 
is all off, they are put into the | kettle. When this is done with 
four I large clams, water is poured on, but not very | much water. | 

ha'labala £ wudEx -£ I'deda iEq testE'naxs la'e lExla'qa klwe'laxs la'e 
5 ax £ e'tsE £ wa k!ipLa'la qa £ s k!ip!eda'yuwe la/xa xI'xsEinala t!e'- 
sEma qa £ s le k'lipsta'no la'xa ha'nEme. Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mese la 
ga'la ts!E']qwaxs la'e £ yo'seda lExla'qe. Wa, he' £ mesexs kMe'sae 
he ha £ mex - silats!eda £ wa'lase hanx'Lano la'xa lEqlEstE'ne he'e 
ba'nxLEndaa'ts!eda Ein £ Ema' £ ye ha'nx'Lanaq qaxs he' £ mae ha' £ ma- 

10 ats!eq qaxs kle'sae £ nE'mp!Eiia lo'xtsloyo la'xa lo'qlweda IsqlEs- 
tE'ne, qaxs k - !e'sae e'k - Exs £ w0da'e yixs le'xa £ mae e'g'asExs 
tslE'lxstae. Wa, laE'mxaa gwal la'xeq. 

Salmon-Spawn with Seaweed (LE'qlEqElaxa ge' £ ne). — He'dEii l!e- 
le'wesE'wa ge' £ niixs ha'nx'LEntsE £ waeda ma'lEXLa gwe'ledze ge' £ nesa 

15 gwa £ xnise la'xa ka'tslEnaqe. Wa, g - i'l £ mese Ela'q Llo'pExs la'e 
ha'nxsanoweda ha'nxLanowe la'xa lEgwI'le. Wii, guqlEqasosa 
£ wflda' £ sta £ wa'pa qa e'k" !oldza £ yes la'xa ha'nxLanowe. Wii, le 
k' ia'stanoweda tsEg'E'kwe lEqlEstE'n laq. Wa, la xwe'tasE £ wa. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese he'lale gE'nkalaena £ yasexs la'e xwe'laqa ha'nx'LEn- 

20 dayo la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la £ me'se ge'gilll qa £ s maE'mdElqulaxs 
la'e ha'nxsano la'xa lEgwI'le. Wii, la k!u'nq!Eqasosa L!e' £ na. 
Wa, a' £ mese la £ yo's £ Itsoxs la'e L!o'pa. 

Clams with Seaweed. — Wii, he' £ mesa mo'sgEme awa' g - a'weq!a- 
nEma yixs ax £ e'tsEwae. Wa, la k' !6'x £ wItsE £ wa. Wii, la mEn- 

25 wa'lasE £ weda e'g - ise. Wa, g - i'l £ mese £ wl' £ laxs la'e axts!o'yo la'xa 
ha'nxLanowe. Wii, gi'l £ mese £ wi' £ la la he gwe'kweda mo'sgEme 
awa' g - a'weq!anEma la'e guqlEqasosa £ wa'pe. Wii, la k - !es a'laEm 
qle'nEina £ wa'pe. 



boas] RECIPES 517 

The woman takes with her hands the meat || of the cleaned clams and 30 
squeezes it, and she only stops squeezing it | when the water is quite 
milky- Then | she puts the kettle over the fire, and she lets it boil a 
long time. [ Then she pours oil into it. When it is | done, she takes 
it off the fire. Then she pours || cold water into it, until the kettle 35 
is more than half full. | Then she takes chopped seaweed and puts 
it in, and | she stirs it until it is the right thickness; and she puts the 
kettle back | on the fire, and she lets it bod for a long time, and she 
puts more | oil into it. Then she takes the kettle off the || fire, 40 
and it is done; and it is only eaten with spoons. | That is all about 
this. | 

Fern-Root (1). — After she has (dug the fern-roots) the woman takes l 
the basket on her back |and goes home. On the following day, as 
soon as day comes, when the weather is good, | she takes a large mat 
and spreads it out on the ground in front of the | house. Then she 
goes back into her house and takes the || basket of fern-roots. Then 5 
she goes out with it and pours the fern-roots on the | spread mat, and 
she scatters the fern-roots over it. Now she | dries them, so that 
they may become dry, and she turns them over again; | and when 
they all become dry, the woman | takes a piece of cedar-stick and 
measures it so that it is the size of one || span, and half the thickness 10 

Wa, le'da tslEdaqe da'x -£ Itses e £ eyasowe la'xa E'lg - Ekwe ga- 
weq!anEma qa £ s q!we'q!iilts!iileq. Wa, a'Pmese gwal q!we'q!iil- 30 
tsUilaqexs la'e a'em la dzE'mx"stoweda £ wa'pas. Wa, le ha'nx- 
LEiitsa ha'nxxanowe la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, le g - e'g - illl-i:m la 
maE'indElqiilaxs la'e k!ii'nq!Eqasa L!e' £ na laq. Wa, g'ihmese 
gwa'lExs la'e ha'nx'sEndEq la'xa lEgwI'le. Wa, la'xae guqlEqasa 
£ wiida' £ sta £ wap laq, qa ek!o'ldza £ yes la'xa ha'nxxanowe. Wii, le 35 
ax £ e'dxes tsEgEkwe' lEqlEstE'na qa £ s k' !a' £ stEndes laq. Wa, 
le xwe'taq qa he'lales gEnk'alae'na-'yas. Wii, le ka'nxLEnts la'xes 
lEgwI'le. Wa, le ge'g'ilil £ Ein maE'indElqiilaxs la'e e'tled k!u'nq!E- 
qasa L!e' £ iia laq. Wa, la'xae ha'nxsEndxa ha'nx-Lanowe la'xa 
lEgwI'le. Wa, laE'm Llo'pa. Wa, a' £ mes la = "yo's £ itsE £ wa. Wa, 40 
laE'm gwal hi'xeq. 

Fern-Eoot (1). — Wa, 1 la gwalE.xs lae oxLEx -£ Idxes tsag'atsle lExa £ ya 1 
qa £ s la. na £ nakwa. Wa, gil £ mese £ nax £ Idxa la lEnsa ylxs ekaeda 
£ nala, la ax £ edxa £ walase le £ wa £ ya qa £ s lii LEplElsas lax l !asana £ yases 
gokwe. Wa, la xwelaqa laeL laxes g - 6kwe qa £ s ax £ edexes tsag'a- 
tsle lExa £ ya. Wa, la lawElsas qa £ s lii gugEilzolsasa tsakuse liixa 5 
LEp!Ese le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii gweldzolsasa tsakuse laq. Wa, laEm 
xihiq qa lEmlEmx u sEmx £ Ides. Wii, la xwelaqElaEin lex £ IdEq. 
Wii, g - il £ mese £ naxwaEm hi lEmlEmx ll sEmx £ IdExs laeda tslEdaqe 
ax £ edxa k!wa £ XLawe qa £ s mEns £ Ideci qa e nEmp!Enkes £ wasgEmasas 
laxEns q!waq!wax-ts!ana-"yex. Wii, la k'lodEne wagwasas laxEns 10 

i Continued from p. 196, line 12. 



518 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

11 of a finger, | and it is one finger-width wide; | and she whittles down 
the end of it until it is thin. As | soon as she has finished this, she 
takes the root and holds it bottom up in her | left hand ; and the woman 

15 holds the cleaner, the cedar-stick, in the middle || and scrapes off 
the dirt that is on the fern-root, and the | small roots that are on its 
surface. As soon as | the dirt and the roots that were on the out- 
side of the fern-root are all off, she | puts them on the mat again; 
and she only stops doing so w T hen | all the fern-roots have been 

20 cleaned. As soon as this is done, she takes || her basket and puts the 
cleaned fern-roots into it; | and when they are all in, she takes up the 
basket of fern-roots and hangs | it up in the rear of the house, behind 
the fire. They are kept twelve | days drying in the rear of the house. 
When this is done, the woman | gets some fire-wood, and makes every- 

25 tiling ready. When she || has the fire-w T ood, the woman takes a rest 
and when the fern-roots have been drying for eleven | days, the 
woman takes her large basket | and looks for good hemlock-branches 
and also wet leaves; that is to say, the | leaves of the salmon-berry 
bush and of the thimble-berry bush. These are referred to by the 
Indians as "wet leaves." | As soon as she finds them, she puts the 

30 wet leaves into her basket; || and when it is full, she breaks off hem- 
lock-branches and carries them under her arms; | and she carries the 



11 q!waq!wax"ts!ana s yex. Wii, la £ nEindEne £ wadzEwasas laxEns 
q!waq !wax is!ana £ yex. Wii, la k'oxbEndEq qa pExbiis. Wa, gll- 
-'mese gwalExs lae 8x £ edxa tsak'use qa £ s daleses gEmxolts!ana la- 
qexs lae ek'Iaxsdala. Wii, lii qlwedzoyayeda tslEdaqaxes kimda- 

15 yaxa k!wa £ xLawaxs lac kimtalax dzEx ll sEma £ yasa tsakuse LF/wa 
L !op lEk'mEnexwe lax osgEina-yas. Wii, g il'mese £ wr c laweda dzEx u - 
sEma £ yas LE £ wa Lldptek'axs lae exsEma tsakuse. Wii, la xwe- 
Laqa axdzSts liixa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, la al £ Em gwal lie gw r eg'ilaxs lae 
nvria la k'ek'imdEkwa tsak'use. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax e ed- 

20 xes li:xa ; ye qa £ s XEx u ts!odesa la k ik'imdEk" tsak'os laq. Wii, 
g'iPmese e wl c laxs lae k!5qulsxes tsagatsle lExa £ ya ((a £ sl atex' E wa- 
lllaq laxa ogwiwewalllases lEgwil. Wii, laEin malsxsag iyogwllalxa 
£ nala x ilElai.E) 1 laxa 5gwiwalile. Wii, g'il £ mese gwala lae ane- 
x £ ededa tslEdaqaxa lEqwa qa ^'iixes gwallla. Wii, g il^mese g'iixeda 

25 lEqwiixs lae xos £ ideda tslEdaqe. Wa. g"ll e mese £ nemxsag'iyow r e 
£ niiliisa tsak'use la xilalaxs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxes £ wiilase lExa £ ya 
qa £ s lii alax eka qlwaxa. Wii, he £ mesa LEqlicmse yix mlma- 
mamotasa qlwiilniEse i.E'wa tsEgElniEse, gwE £ yasa bfiklume LEq!- 
Einsa. Wa, gil £ mese qlaqexs lae m5ts!alasa LEqlEmse laxes lExa f ye. 

30 Wii, giPmese qotlaxs lae L!EX c widxa qlwaxe qa £ s ^EinxEleq. Wii, 



boas] RECIPES 519 

basket with wet leaves on her back and goes home. | Then she puts 32 
the basket down from her back in the house. 1 . . . 

In the morning, as soon as day comes, she lights the fire under the 
stones; | and as soon as it blazes up, she takes her large basket || and 35 
goes and plucks off seaweed and puts it into her basket. When | her 
basket is full, she carries it on her back, and she puts it down | close 
to the place where she is going to bake the fern-root; and she also 
takes two | large buckets, and she goes and draws fresh water. As 
soon as | she comes, she puts them down near the place where she 
is going to bake; || and she also takes tongs made on purpose to use 40 
with the red-hot stones. | She puts them down where she put down 
the two buckets, | and she also takes an old mat and puts it down. 
Then she takes | her digging-stick of yew-wood and puts it down. 
Now everything is | ready. 2 . . . || 

And when all the fire is out of the hole, she takes with the tongs 45 
the red-hot stones and puts them into the fire in the middle. 
Eight | stones she puts into the fire in the middle, for she puts into 
a heap on the floor of the house the | fire that she has taken out with 
her tongs from the place where she is going to bake. Then she levels 
down the | stones in the place where she is going to bake. || 



gaxe oxxalaxa lecj lEmdzadze lExa £ yaxs gaxae na £ nakwa. Wa, 31 
lii oxEEgalllaxes lExa £ ye. ' . . . 

Wa, gll £ mese £ nax'Idxa gaalaxs lae tsenabotsa giilta laxes t!e- 
<|\vapa £ ye. Wii, giPmese xlqostaxs lae ax £ edxes £ walase lExa £ ya 
qa e s la k!ulgilaxa LtesLlEkwe qa £ s axts!ales laxes lExa £ ye. Wa, g il- 35 
£ mese qot!e lExa £ yasexs lae 5xLEx £ IdEq qa £ s la oxLEgalllaq laxa 
iiExwata laxes kunyasLaxa tsak'use. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa maltsEme 
awa naEngatslii qa £ s la tsexnts laxa filta £ wapa. Wa, gil £ mese 
gaxExs lae hfingalllElas liixa nExwala laxes kiinyasLe. Wii, la- 
xae ax-edxa kipLala hekwele qa k - !ipElexa xixixsEinala tlesEma. 40 
Wa, lii ax £ alJlas lax la henelatsa maltsEme naEngats!a. Wa, la- 
xae ax £ edxa gemase le £ wa £ ya qa gTixes g - aela. Wa, laxaa ax £ ed- 
xes L!Emq!Ek!ine k- !ilakwa qa gaxes gaela. Wa, laEm e wi £ la 
la gwallla. 2 . . . 

Wa, g11 £ mese e wI- c lolts!aweda gultaxs lae k!ip!edxa xix'ExsEinala 45 
t!esEma qa £ s la kMipLEnts laxa la laqawallla. Wa, malgunaltsE- 
meda tlesEmela XEX u Lalalll laxa liiqawallleqaxs lae q lap !esgEmlileda 
giilta yix k!ipwults!alayas laxes kunyasLe. Wa, la '"nEinak iyindxa 
t!esEine lax otslawases kunyasLe. 

' Then follows the description of the oven (see Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 
Vol. \ .p. 408). 
- Then follows remarks on the taking out of stones from the fire (see ibid., p. 408). 



520 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. axn. 35 

50 As soon as she has done so, she takes a large clam-shell | and 
scrapes up the soil with it, and she puts it over the red-hot | stones; 
and she only stops doing so when (the soil) is four fingers | thick on 
top of the red-hot | stones. Then she takes the seaweed and throws 

55 it on top of the soil, || and it is of the same thickness as the soil; and 
she takes | hemlock-branches and puts them on the seaweed, and she 
puts them carefully | on top of the seaweed so that none of it shows. | 
Then she takes the wet leaves and puts them on top of the hemlock- 

60 branches, | and these are also four finger-widths thick. || Then she takes 
the fern-root and puts it among the wet leaves. She | places (the 
fern-roots) bottom upward, and they are close together. | First they 
are put on the right-hand side of the hole, turning the face to the | 
rear of the house. And when they are all in, the woman | takes wet 

65 leaves and throws them over the fern-roots; and || these are also the 
same thickness as the thickness of those underneath the fern-roots, 
namely, four | finger-widths. As soon as this has been done, she levels 
down the top. | Then she takes hemlock-branches and places them 
over them, the | same amount as was first put into the hole. 
Then she takes seaweed | and throws it on top of the hemlock- 

70 branches, and this is also four || finger-widths in thickness. Then she 
takes an old mat | and spreads it over the seaweed. Then she takes her 



50 Wii, g tl e mese gwiilExs lae ax e edxa e walase xalaetsa mEt!ana e ye 
qa f s xElx' E Ides laxa dzEqwa. Wii. la k'!ak iyindalas laxa xlx ix- 
sEmala t lesEina. Wa, al £ mese gwalsxs lae modEn lax Ens q !waq!wax- 
ts!ana £ yex yix wagwasasa dzEqwa lax okuya e yasa xix - txsEmala 
tlesEina. Wa, lii ax E edxa LlESLlEkwe qa E s lEXEyiuts laxa dzsqwa. 

55 Wa, heEmxaawise wakwe wagwasasa dzEqwa. Wa, laxae ax'ed- 
xa qlwaxe qa E s LEXwiiyindes laxa LlEsLtekwe. Wa, laEin aek!a 
LEXwas lax 6kiiya E yasa LlESLlEkwe qa k' leases la nelalas. Wa, 
laxae ax E edxa LEqlEmse qa E s lEX £ edes lax 6kuya J vasa qlwaxe. 
Wa, laEmxae mOdEn laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana e yex yix wagwasas. 

60 Wa, la ax-T'dxa tsakuse qa £ s k!uts!E(jEles laxa LEqlEmse. Wii, laEm 
ek" kxsdalaxs lae axtslalaya. Wa, laxaa tasala. Wa, la heEmxat! 
gil k!wats!odaatsa tsak'usa helk" !odEnex u ts !a gwegimala laxa 
ogwiwahlases g'okwe. Wa, gil'mese E wllts!axs laeda tslEdaqe 
ax £ edxa LEqlEmse qa £ s lEXEyodales laxa tsakuse. Wa, laxae 

g5 heEin wakwe wagwasasa bEna\yasa tsak'usaxs modEnae laxEns 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae E nEmak"iylndEq. 
Wa, laxae ax £ edxa qlwaxe qa's LExfiyindes laq. Wii, laxae heEin 
waxe waxaasasa g - ilx - de latsloyos. AVii. lii ax £ edxa LlESLlEkwe 
qa £ s lEXEyindes laxa qlwaxe. Wit. g - il £ Emxaawise modEn laxEns 

■jq q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yaqe wagwasascxs lae axedxa gemase le £ wa ; ya 
qa E s LEpEyindes laxa LlESLlEkwe. Wa, la ax E edxes L!Emq!Ek!ine 




boas] EECIPES 521 

yew-wood | digging-stick and pokes it down in the middle of what is 72 
being baked by her. | She pokes it through the middle of the mat; 
and after she has done so, | she takes a large clam-shell, scrapes up 
some soil with it, || and throws it on top of the mat. When this is 75 
level with the | floor of the house, she calls a woman who has had just 
one husband, | and whose husband is still alive, and who lias never 
been | a widow, and whose monthly period terminated at least eight 
days before. [ This woman is called to come and stamp down the 
soil || on top of what is to be baked. The woman continues for a long 80 
time to tread down the sod, | and she only stops when the soil on top 
of the baking-place is very hard. | Then the owner of the fern-roots 
takes her tongs | and takes the red-hot stones which she had put into 
the | fire in the middle of the house, and puts four of them into || 
each of her buckets. As soon as she has done so, the [ water in the 85 
buckets gets hot. When this has been done, | the woman again 
throws soil upon the baking-place which has been stamped down; 
and she | only finishes throwing soil on it when it 
is piled up over the baking- place, in this manner: | 
Now the root-digger stands out from it. After this 

is done, || she takes up the buckets by the handles, ' ^ 90 

and she puts the two buckets | containing the hot water near to 
the baking-place. Then she pulls out the | root-digger and puts 



klilakwa qa £ s LlEnxbEtEndes lax nEqEya £ yases kunsasowe. Wii, 72 
laEm LlEnxsodEx nEgEdzayasa te e wa e ye. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs 
lae fix £ edxa £ walase xalaetsa mEt!ana e ye qa £ s XElx -£ ides laxa dzEqwa 
qa £ s k" lakiylndales laxa le e wa f ye. Wa, gil £ mese E nEmaklya LE e wa 75 
awinagwllasa gokwaxs lae Le £ lalaxa heEin ales e nEmokwe la £ wii- 
nEmasa tslEdaq yixs he e mae ales q!ule la-wuiiF.nias. yixs k"!esae 
aEmyola. Wa, he £ mesexs lae malgdnalEXse e nalas gwal exEnta. 
Wa, heEm Le £ lalas5 £ seda tslEdaqe qa g'axes tlepaxa dzEqwa lax 
okuya s yas kunsasE £ was. Wa, leda tslEdaqe gegilil tlepaxa dzE- 80 
qwa. Wa, Sl-'mese gwalExs lae p!es e ededa dzEqwa lax okuya £ yasa 
kunyase. Wa, lateda Sxnogwadasa tsakuse ax e edxes klipLala 
qa £ s lit k'!lp!edxa x'lxixsEmala tlesEm, ytx axLalayox u das laxa 
laqawalllasa g'okwe, qa £ s la klipstfdasa maemosgEme laxa e nal- 
£ nEmsgEme nagatsla. Wii, g'IPmese gwatexs lae tsets !Elx u steda £ \\J- 85 
£ wat>Ets!awasa naEngatsIe. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalsxs lae etlededa 
tslEdaqe k'lakiyintsa dzEqwa laxa la t!ebEk u kunyasa. Wa, 
al £ mese gwal k- !asa dzEqwaxs lae tEnkiyaleda kunyase g - a gwii- 
leg'a (Jig.)- Wa, laEm Lak'Evalllxak'lilakwi". Wa, g"ll £ mese gwatexs 
lae k - !oktililxa nagatsle qa £ s la hfinolilElasa maltsEine ts!ets!Elx u - 90 
satslala naEiigatslexa £ wape laxes kiinyase. Wii, lii lex £ wldxes 
k'lilakwe qa £ s k'atlallles. Wii. la ax £ edxa E nEmsgEme nagatsla 



522 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

93 it down on the floor of the house; and she takes one bucket | and 
pours the water into the hole on the top of the baking-place, where 
the | root-digger had been standing; and as soon as it is emptied, 

95 she takes the || other bucket and empties it also into the hole on top; | 
and when it is emptied, she covers up the hole on top with soil. | It is 
evening when she finishes; and as soon as it gets dark, | she takes her 
tongs and lifts the lire from the middle of the house with her tongs, | 
100 and puts the firebrands on top of the baking fern-roots; || and when 
it blazes up, she puts some wet fire-wood on top, | so that it may last 
until the morning. | 

When she has finished, she asks the people who live in the same 
house to abstain | from sexual intercourse during the night. In the 
morning, when day comes, | the woman gets up, and she goes to look 
5 at what is being baked by her. || As soon as the fire on top is all 
burned out, she digs | it up; and when it is not burned out, she 
extinguishes | the fire on top of it, and she waits for the soil to get 
cool before | she digs into it. As soon as she reaches, in digging, 
the | mat that has been spread on top, she takes it by the corners 

10 and she lifts it up with everything on it, and || takes it out. Then 
she takes her tongs and takes out | the seaweed and the hemlock and 
the wet leaves. As soon as | the fern-roots show, she takes her large 
basket and | puts it down by the side of the baking-place. Then she 

93 qa £ s qEptsIodesa £ wtipe laxa kwaxiiya £ yasa kunyase ylx Lala- 
asdasa kliliikwe. Wa, gil £ mese £ \\ilgilts!axs lae etled ax £ edxa 

95 f nEmsgEine nagatsle qa £ s laxa qEpts!ots laxaaxa kwaxiiya £ ye. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ wllg iltslaxs lae dzEinstotsa dzEqwa laxa kwaxuya £ ye. 
Wii, laEin dzaqwaxs lae gwfda. Wa, gil £ mese plEtlEgt-nakulaxs 
lae ax'edxes klipuda qa e s k!ip!ldes laxa laqawallle qa £ s la k' !i- 
pEyEndalasa gulta lax 6sgEma £ yases kunsasE £ weda tsakuse. Wa. 
100 giHmese x ikustaxs lae axLalasa kkmqe lEqwa.laq qa £ nagilisLEs 
x IqElal. 

Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae hawaxElaxes ^iiEinaelwute qa k' lea- 
ses nExwalas le £ wcs gEgEiiEinaxa ganoLe. Wa, g iPmese ?nax £ Idxa 
gaaliixs lae Lax £ wideila tslEdaqe qa £ s lii dox £ widxes kiinsasE £ we. 
5 Wii, gil £ mese £ wl-la q!idx £ Ideda lEquya £ yase.xs lae hex £ Ida £ Em £ la- 
plEqodEq. Wii, gil £ mese k'les q!ulx ,£ IdExs lae hex £ idaEin k!il- 
x £ idxa lEquya £ yas. Wii, la esElaEmq qa k , 5x £ wldesa dzEqwiixs 
lae £ lap!EqodEq. Wii, gil £ mese lilgae £ iapa £ yas laxa LEpEya £ ye le- 
£ wa £ ya lae aEin dadEnxEiidEq qa £ s £ nEmagilts!ode wex p£ idEqexs lae 

10 ax £ wults!odEq. Wii, a £ mese la ax £ edxesk!ipLala qa £ s k' !i])wfdts !ales 
laxa l !esl lEkwe LE £ wa q Iwaxe LE £ wa LEq lEmse. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wl £ la 
la neEltsEmx £ Ideda tsak'usaxs lae ax £ edxes £ walase lExa £ ya qa £ s 
lii hanolllas laxes kunyase. Wa, la dadEsgEmases e £ eyasowe laxa 



boas] RECIPES 523 

takes out the fern-roots with her hands | and puts them into the 
basket; and when they are all out, || then she iills up with earth again 15 
the hole in which she had been baking. She | just throws the soil on 
top of the stones; but she throws out of the house the seaweed | and 
the hemlock-branches and the wet leaves which were on top of the 
fern-roots. | Now the fern-roots are done. That is the | end of this. || 

Eating Fern-Roots. — Four days after [ the fern-roots have been in 20 
the house and have been cooked, | the people are invited. Often the 
chiefs of the tribes eat the fern-roots, | for it is really a valuable 
food. | When the guests have taken their seats, the woman || takes 25 
a food-mat and spreads it in front | of those who are going to eat the 
fern-root. Then she pours oil into oil-dishes; | and when all the oil 
has been poured into oil-dishes, | she takes dry spawn of the silver- 
salmon and she puts it | on the food-mat. Then she puts the oil- 
dishes || before her guests; and she takes fern-roots and | puts them 30 
down, two for each man. | The guests at once take up one, and | 
begin to clean off what can be plucked from the lower end of the root; ■ 
and | when they get off all the black bark, they dip it into the oil 
and || eat it; and if others prefer to eat it with dried | spawn, they 35 
mix it, and they do not dip it into oil. | When they eat all the pieces 

tsakusaxs lae axtslalas laxa lExa £ ye. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ lolts !axs lae 
xwelaqa dzEmtsIotsa dzEqwa laxes kunyasde. Wa, laEni km 15 
dzEmeg - tntsa dzEqwa laxa tlesEme. Wii, l&La k'iatsa LlEsiJEkwe 
LE £ wa q!wilxe LE £ \va LEqlEmse yix ek - lelts !ax*dasa tsak'use laxa 
tlfisamVyases gokwe. Wa, laEm l lopeda tsakuse laxeq. Wii, laEin 
gwala laxeq. 

Eating Fern - Roots. — Wa, g'l'l £ Em mo'p !Enxwa £ se £ na'liisa 20 
tsa'kuse la axe'l la'xa go'kwaxs la'e ido'pa. Wa, le Le'- 
£ lalayoEm la'xa g'o'kulote. Wii, la he qlunala niEk'a'xa tsii'- 
k'useda g'l'g igama'vasa le'lqwalaLa e ye qaxs a'lae la'wene l.e'mao- 
masa. Wii, he' s maaxs la'e k!iis E a'lila Le' £ laiiEme lii'da tslEda'qe 
ax e e'dxa ha' e madzowe le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le LEpdza'molIlas la'xa niE- 25 
ka'Laxa tsa'kuse. Wii, la k lu'nxts Ipdalaxes ts le'ts lEbats !asa 
L!e' £ na. Wii, g-i'l £ mese e wl' e la k!u'nxts!Ewakwa ts le'ts !Ebats!axs 
la'e ax £ e'dxa lallEmwets laakwe ge' e nesa dza f wii'ne qa £ s le axdzo'ts 
lii'xa ha' £ madzowe te' £ wa £ ya. Wa, le kaxdzamolI'lElasa tsle'tslE- 
batsle la'xes Le' £ lanEme. Wii, la &x £ e'd lii'xa tsa'kuse qa £ s le 30 
XEX £ wali'lF.lasa mae'maltsEme qae'da £ na'l s iiEmokwe be'bEgwanE- 
ma. Wii, he'x" £ ida £ meseda klwe'le da'x^dxa £ na'l £ nEmsgEme qa £ s 
se'x -£ Idexes la klulpoyo lax o'xsda £ yasa tsa'kuse. Wii, giTmese 
la'wiiyeda tslo'la xEx £ wiine'sexs la'e tslEp le'ts la'xa L!e' £ na qa £ s 
hamx' £ I'deq. Wii, g i'Pmesa wao'kwe he &x £ e'tsE £ wa lEmo'kwe 35 
ge' £ na, wii, la he ma'yimse. Wii, la k!es tslEpa'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, 



524 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. so 

38 of fern-root, then the inner part is just | held by the chief, who often 
does not eat it. He just gives it | to the one to whom he wishes to 

40 give it; for the Indians say, that, if || a chief eats the inner part of a 
fern-root, he will always | waver in his mind about giving away 
blankets, for one side of his mind will | forbid him to give away 
blankets. Therefore the inner part of fern-root is not eaten by the | 
head chiefs. When the guests | have all eaten two fern-roots each, 

45 thej 7 drink water, and || the woman gives each man two fern-roots to | 
take home to his wife. Then the guests go out of the house. | That is 
all about this. | 
1 Fern-Root (2). — As 1 soon as she enters the house, she puts the bundle 
of fern-roots down by the side ] of the fire. She builds up a large 
fire; | and as soon as it begins to burn low, she unties the root j with 
which the bundle of fern-root has been tied, and she spreads them out 
5 so that they are straight. || Then she puts them on the fire, and | turns 
them over so that the whole outer side of the fern-root is charred. | 
When the whole fern-root is chaired, she takes it off | from the fire; 
and when they are all off, she takes a | short wedge and a piece of 

10 fire-wood and her fish-knife, and || she puts them down at the place 
where she charred the fern-roots. Now | the fire in which she charred 
the fern-roots has gone out, and she takes the long | charred roots 

37 la £ wl' £ lawe q!wa'sgEma £ yasa tsa'k'use la'e a/Em la mEg'e'se da- 
akwasa gi'gama e ye la q luna'la k - !es ha-mx-i'dKq. Wii, a,' £ mise ts!as 
la'xes gwE\yo' qas tshcwats qaxs £ ne'k'aeda bii'khlmaqexs g i'Pniae 

40 ha £ ma'sa gi'gamaeda niEge'sasa tsa'k'use, wii, la' £ lae lie'niEnalaEm 
ma'glsidale na'qa^as qa e s p!i:s-TdeLoxsbEla'e apsa'negwise na'qe £ s 
qa £ s k'le'se p!Es £ I'da. Wii, he' £ mes la'gila k'!es ha £ miisa xa'magE- 
ma £ ye g i'gama £ eda niEg'e'sasa tsa'k'use. Wii, g i'l £ mese £ wi' £ leda 
klwe'laxa mae'maltsEme tsa'kusExs la'e na'x £ idxa £ wa'pe. Wii, 

45 lii'da tsteda'qe e't!ed tslEwanaesasa mae'maltsEme tsii'k'usa qa 
mo'dolts qaes gEgEiiE'me. Wii, he'x' £ ida £ mese ho'qiiwElseda 
k!we'lde lii'xeq. Wii, laE'm gwal la'xeq. 
1 Fern-Root (2). — Wii,' gil £ mese laeL laxes g'okwaxs lag g'enolisas 
lax lngw liases g'okwe. Wii, lii tEqwelax" £ id qa l !agawasLal!ses 
lEgwlle. Wii, g'il £ mese q !wala £ nakulaxs Iae qwelodxa L!op!Ek'e 
qEnoyowes sagwanEmas saguniaxs lae dal £ klEq qa naEiiqEles. 
5 Wa, lii k'atLEndalas laxa q!uq!walEm6tas lEgwilas. Wa, lii 
lex'i £ liilaq qa E nEma e nakules k!iimElx £ ide ogwida £ yasa sagume. 
Wii, g'tPmese E naxwa k!uniElx £ Ide 6gwida £ yasexs lae axsEndEq 
laxa q!uq!walEmotases lEgwlle. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae ax £ edxa 
ts!Ek!wa LEmg'a £ ya he £ misa lEqwa; wii, he £ mises xwaxayowe qa £ s 

10 lii g'iyimgalllas laxa maginwallsas L!Enasasexa sagume, yixs la- 
£ maaLal k!ilx £ ede LlEx'damases lEgwlle. Wii, la dax ,£ Idxa g'ilt!a 
LlEnk" saguma qa £ s gwanax £ edeq. Wii, lii k'atlEnts laxa lEqwa 

1 Coutiuuetl Iroui p. (31*5, line fi3. 



boas] RECIPES 525 

doubled in two, and puts them on the fire-wood, [ holding them with 13 
her left hand. Then she takes the sharp point of the | wedge and 
strikes the charred fern-root with the top of the wedge. || She does 15 
not strike it very hard, going along the whole length | while, she is 
striking it. As soon as the fern-root has been pounded flat, she | 
takes her fish-knife and puts the handle between the big toe | and the 
other toes, turning the edge of the knife upward. | Then she takes the 
pounded charred fern-root and measures a piece three || finger-widths 20 
long. Then she | presses it against the sharp edge of the knife which 
is turned upward, | and cuts it off. She continues cutting that way; 
and as soon as all the roots have been cut in pieces, | she takes her 
oil-dish, puts some oil in it, | and begins to eat the pounded charred 
fern-root, || dipping it into oil every time she takes a piece, and put- 25 
ting it into her mouth. For a long time | she chews it and sucks at 
it; and when all that is good has been sucked out, | she spits out the 
fibrous part inside of the fern-root; and | she takes another piece of 
pounded charred fern-root, cuts it in pieces, and dips it | into oil. 
She puts it into her mouth, || chews it for a long time, and sucks at it, 30 
and spits out what is left after sucking. | She continues doing this 
while she is eating the cut pieces of charred fern-root. | As soon as she 
has eaten enough, she puts away what is left over, and she drinks | 
water. That is all about the fern-roots, for there is only one way of | 

dalases gEmxolts!ana £ ye laq. Wii, la dax -£ IdEx exba £ yasa 13 
LEingayaxs lae t'.ElxwIts 6xta £ yas laxa L'.Enkwe saguma laxes 
k - lets !ena £ ye ealtselaxs ttelxwaaq, la labEndalax e wasgEmasas ttelo- 15 
£ nakiilaq. Wa, gllmiese la pEx £ Eiia ttelokwe LlEnk u sagumxs lae 
ax^edxes xwaLayowe qa £ s g'apodes 6xLa £ yas laxes qomaxsnlza £ ye 
LE r wesq!waq!wax'sIdza £ ye lax ek'!Ex'iilaena £ yasa xwaLayowe. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa ttelokwe LlEnk" saguma qa £ s mEns £ Idesa yudux u dEne 
laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana E yex laxa tlslokwe LlEnk u sagumaxs lae 20 
LaxxwalabEnts laxa ek'lEX'iila xwaLayowa. Wa, la £ me tlotslEndEq. 
Wa, a e mis la he gwegilaxa waokwe. Wii, gll £ mese £ wPla la tlEwe- 
kuxs lae ax £ edxes ts!Ebats!e qa £ s k - !Enxts!odesa L!e £ na laq. Wa, 
la sax'sEx^widxa t!Elokwe L!Enk u saguma. Wa, laEm qlwaLxoEm 
tslEplets laxa L!e £ na qa £ s tsloq'.iises laxes sEmse. Wa, la geg'illl 25 
malekwaq qa^s k!umteq. Wa, g'ih'mese £ wi £ la k!iimtalax eg'imas 
lae kwesodxes k!wax - mote ylx dodEq!uga £ yasa sagume. Wii, laxae 
et!ed dax ,£ idxa t'.Ewekwe t!Elok u L'.Eiik" saguma qa £ s ts!Ep!edes 
laxa L!e £ na. Wa, laxae ts!oq!iisas laxes SEmse. Wa, laxae geg'ilil 
malekwaq qa £ s klumteq. Wii, laxae kwesodxes k!wax - mote. Wii, 30 
ax'sii £ mese he gwegilaxs sax'sEkwaaxa tlEwekwe LlEnk u saguma. 
Wii, gil £ niese pol-idExs lae g'exaxes anexsa £ ye. Wii, la nax £ idxa 
£ wiipe. Wa, laEin gwal ltixa sagume qaxs £ nEmx -£ idafa £ mae ha- 



526 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

cooking it, and it is not good when eaten raw. They are not || 

35 given at feasts, for only old people eat them. | 
1 Fern-Root (3). 1 — She 2 takes the fire-tongs and piles the fire-brands | 
together by the side of the fire. She takes the | fern-roots out of her 
basket and throws them on the | fire, where she turns them over with 
5 the fire-tongs, so that they are || scorched all over. When they are 
brittle, they are done. | She takes them out with her tongs, and does 
the same with | the others. When all the roots are done, | she takes 
her small dish, washes it out, and when it is clean, | she breaks the 
roasted roots into short pieces into the small dish. She breaks the 

10 roots into pieces || one finger-width long. When she | has broken up 
enough, she takes oil and pours it over them, | and she does not stop 
pouring oil over them until they are all covered. Then she takes | a 
spoon and begins to eat the scorched roots with oil. | She eats the 

1") oil and the roasted roots with a spoon. j| After she has finished, she 
puts away what is left over, and | she drinks a little, water, for she 
does not want to vomit. Because | she has taken much oil, she does 
not take much water. | There is only one way of cooking the fern- 

20 roots. | They are not eaten raw by the tribes. When a || hunter goes 
hunting, he holds a fern-root in his mouth in order | not to get 



£ mexsilaena £ yaq, yixs k'lesae ek - lax k!ilx'k!ax - sEwe k"!es k!we- 

35 ladzEma qaxs lexa £ niae sax'sEkwa q!ulsq!iilyakwe. 
1 Fern-Root (3). 1 — Wa, 2 lii ax £ edxests!esLalaqa £ skelts!alexagultaqa 
g - axese q!ap!esgEmles laxa onalisases lEgwIlejwa, la LEx £ ults!odxa 
lEk!wa £ ye laxes lEgwats !e £ ye lExa £ ya qa £ s LlEx - LEndes laxes 
LlEiiase lEgwIla. Wa, lii k"eii £ lalases tslesLala laq qa ekes k!um- 
5 la £ nakiilaena £ yas. Wii, g - tl £ mese lIeI^kIexs lae Llopa. Wa, la 
k - eits!EndEq laxes Lkx'dEma lEgwIla. Wa, la hanal he gweg'i- 
laxa waokwe. Wa, g'tl £ mese £ wl £ lala LlEukwa lEk!wa £ yaxs lae 
ax £ edxes lalogume qa £ s tsoxiigfndeq. Wa, gil £ mese eg'Ig'axs 
lae ax £ edxa LlEnkwe lEk!wa £ ya qa £ s p!oxts!ales laxa lalogume. 

10 £ iud-nEmdEne awasgEmasas p!oqwa £ yaseda lEk!wa £ ye. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese hel £ e p !oqwa £ yasexs lae ax £ edxa L!e £ na qa £ s k'!unq!Eqes laq. 
Wa, al £ mese gwtd k!iinq!Eqexs lae t!Ep!EgElisa. Wa, lii ax £ edxa 
k"ats!Enaqe qa £ s lExla £ x £ widexa t!Ep!EgElIse LlEnk" lEk!wa £ ya. 
Wa, laEm £ yosasa k'atslEnaqe laxa L!e £ na LE £ wa LlEnkwe lEk!wa- 

15 £ ya. Wa, g'lPmese gwala lae gexaxes anex - sa, £ ye. Wii, la 
xaL,!EX' £ id £ nax £ klxa £ wfipe qaxs gwaqlElae ts!Enk!Ql £ Ida qaxs 
q!ek!Esaaxa L!e £ na lag - ilas k - !es q!ek"!Esxa £ wapaxs lae nax £ ida. 
Wa, laEmxae £ nEmx £ Idala £ me h^mex'silaena-'yaxa lEk!wa £ ye. Wa, 
laxae k'les klweladzEma laxa lelqwalaLa £ ye. Wii, g"tl £ mese hana- 

20 Lleda hanEiiLlenoxwe lae hamsgEmexa k - !ilx - e lEk!wa £ ya qa £ s 

i Dryopteris spinulosa. - Continued from p. 197, line 31. 



boas] RECIPES 527 

hungry and thirsty, and also | those who vomit blood keep it in the 
mouth. That is all about this. | 

Cooking Clover. — Now 1 I will talk about the cooking of | clover. 1 
First of all, the husband of the woman | goes to get fire-wood to cook 
the clover. When j he has filled his small canoe, he goes home and || 
throws down the fire-wood that he has obtained. After he has thrown 5 
it out | of the canoe, he carries it on his shoulders and throws it 
down | in his house. After the fire-wood has all been taken up, he | 
takes his wife's basket and goes down to the beach and | puts stones 
into it. When this has been done, he || carries them on his back up 10 
the beach and into his house, and he puts them down | by the side 
of the fireplace in the middle of the house. He only stops | when he 
thinks that he has enough. Then he takes the fire-wood and | puts 
one log down at the rear end of the fireplace in the middle of the 
house; and he | takes one of medium size and puts one end on the 
first one, the || other one resting on the floor of the house; and he 15 
does the | same on the opposite side. Then he splits dry fire-wood 
and | places it between the two side-pieces; and when it is even with 
the top | of the side-pieces, he takes some medium-sized | fire- 
wood and places it crossways over the side-pieces, putting them 
close together. || After this has been done, he picks up the stones and 20 

k - !ese posqla lo £ qa £ s k'lese naq!exsdxa £ wape. Wa, laxae 21 
hamsgEmes6 £ sa Elkwala. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 

Cooking Clover. — Wa, 1 la £ mesEn gwiigwexs £ alal laqexs lae LEke- 1 
laxes LExsEme. Wa, heEm gll ax £ etso £ sa la E wunEmasa tslEdaqaxs 
lae aneqax lEqwa qa f s LEkelax"dEmaxa LExsEme. Wa, giPmese 
qot!e xwaxwagumasexs g'axae na £ nakwa. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese 
sEp'wultodxes aneganEme lEqwa. Wa,gil £ mese £ wi £ loltaweda lEqwa 5 
lax xwaxwagumasexs lae hex -£ idaEm yllx £ usdesElaq qa £ s la yilx- 
-'walllElas laxes gokwe. Wa, g - ll £ mese £ wi £ losdesa lEqwaxs lae 
ax'"edxa lExa £ yases gEnEme qa £ s lii lEnts!es laxa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s la 
xEx u ts!alasa tlEsEme lacp Wii, gil'mese gwanala lokusexs lae 
QxLosdesEci qa £ s la oxLaeLElas laxes gokwaxs lae oxLEg'alllas lax 10 
mag'inwalisasa laqwawalxlase. Wii, al'"mese gwal oxLosdesElaxa 
tlesEmaxs lae k - otaq laEm helala. Wa, lii ax e edxa lEciwa qa £ s 
kat!alilesa £ nEints!aqe lax ogwiwalilasa laqwawalilas. Wa, laxae 
ax e edxa helagite qa e s katbEiides apsba £ yas laq. Wa, la xa £ ma- 
stallle apsba £ } r as laxa awlnagwllasa gokwe. Wii, laxae heEm 15 
gwex £ idxa apsana £ yas. Wa, niEndzix £ Idxa lEmxwa lEqwa qa £ s 
k'ak'Etodales laxa kak'EdEnwa £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese £ nEmaki'"yeda 
mEiidzaakwe LE £ wa k'ek'ak'EdEiiwexs lae ax £ edxa ha £ yaastowe 
lEqwa qa e s gek'iyindales liixa kekaksdEiiwas laxes q !asalaena £ ye. 
Wii, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae xEx £ w!dxa tlesEme qa £ s lii xEqiiyindiilas 20 

1 Continued (rom p. 188, line 60. 



528 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.36 

21 places them on top. | When all the stones are on, lie lights the fire 
underneath; I and when it blazes up, he sends some men of his | 
numaym to go and call thepeople. The messenger goes immediately | 
to call them; and as soon as lie arrives at the door of the house of 

25 those whom he is to call, || he says, "I call you to come and eat the 
clover-root," | naming the man who sends the invitation. He con- 
tinues | saying these words, going to the end of the village; and 
the one who gives the | clover-feast takes out the clover-baskets and 
puts them down | at the left-hand side of the door of the house; and 

30 he || takes a large steaming-box and places it in front of the | fire in 
the middle of the house, together with two long fire-tongs. | He also 
takes two large buckets, | a large cedar-withe basket, and old mats, 
and he sends | a second time the man who went first to invite. As 

35 soon as he goes, || he sends another man of his numaym to | get fresh 
water in the two large buckets, which is to be poured over the | 
clover when it is put on the red-hot stones. | As soon as the man who 
went to draw water conies back, he puts it down by the side of the | 
steaming-box. Now the guests who are going to eat the clover come 

40 in. |i They go to the rear of the house and sit down. When | they are 
all in, they eat first scorched dried salmon. | When they eat the dried 
salmon, two men of the | numaym of the host take the tongs and | stand 

21 laq. Wa, gih'mese £ wIlk'Eyintsa tlesEmaxs lae menabodEq ylsa 
gulta. Wa, gil £ mese x'lqostaxs lae £ yalaqas g'ayole laxes £ nE £ me- 
mote qa las Le £ lalax g'okulotas. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese lada e yala- 
gEme qa Le £ lala. Wa, gil-mese lag'aa lax tlExilases Le £ lalasE- 

25 £ waxs lae £ nek - a: " Le £ lalEnLoX qa £ s laos LExxak'xa LEX'sEine 
lax . . " ( £ nex - Lex £ edEX LegEmases Ledalele). Wa, la hex - saEm 
waldEmsexs labElsElaaxa gox u dEmse. Wii, laLeda LEkelaLaxa 
LExsEme axwiiltlalilElaxa LeLEgatsIe idaidEbata qa £ s g'axe axsto- 
hlfilaq lax gEmxotstalllas tlExilases gokwe. Wa, laxae et!ed 

30 ax £ edxa - £ walase q!o £ lats!a qa £ s hangaliles laxa obexxalalllases 
laqawalilases g - 6kwe. Wa, he £ misa malts !aqe gllsg'lltla k - !ipL&- 
laa. Wii, heEmxaawis ax £ etso £ seda maltsEme awa. naEngatsIa, 
he £ misa £ walase lExa £ ya le £ wu k!ak'!Ek'!obana. Wa, la £ yalaqa 
etled qa las etse £ steda lax'de g'il Le £ lalElg-isa. Wa, gil £ mese laxs 

35 lae £ yalaqasa ogu £ lamaxat! g'ayol hlxes E iiE £ memote bEgwanEm qa 
las tsex £ itsa maltsEme awa nagatsle lax £ wE £ wap!Eina qa tsayimltsa 
LEk'elas LEx - sEina qo lal lagaalal laxa xixixsEmala tlesEma. 
Wa, gil £ mese gaxa tsaxdaxa £ wE £ wiip!Emaxs lae ha £ nolilas liixa 
q!o £ lats!e. Wii, g-ax £ me hogwiLEleda LEXLaxLaxa LEx - sEme. 

40 Wii, la he £ nakulaEin laxa ogwlwalilasa g'5kwe qa £ s k!fis £ allle. Wii, 
g'il £ mese £ wi £ la§LExs lae hesm gil hamx £ ItsE £ wa tstenkwe xa £ masa. 
Wa, gil £ mese xEinsxas £ IdExs hie ax £ ededa ma £ lokwe g'a £ yol liix 
£ nEmemotasa LEkeliixa LEXsEma ax £ edxa klipLalaa qa £ s la 



boas] RECIPES 529 

in readiness on each side of the steaming-box, and || both pick up the 45 
red-hot stones and dip them quickly [ into the water that has been 
brought in in the two large buckets. They take the stones out 
again | and put them into the steaming-box. They do this | in 
order to wash off the ashes that stick on the stones; and they con- 
tinue I to do so with all the red-hot stones. When || this has been 50 
done, the woman takes the large basket and pours | some water over 
it, so that it is wet. Then she takes a | square box, pours some fresh 
water into it, not very much. | Then she throws the clover into it and 
washes off the sand that sticks to it. | When all the sand is off, she 
throws the roots into || the basket for steaming clover. When all 55 
the I clover has been taken out of the square box and lias been 
washed, the two | men take hold of it, one on each side, and they put 
it on the red-hot | stones which they have put into the steaming-box. 
Then they press the clover-roots down in the | large basket so that 
they are close to the red-hot stones. || When they have been pressed 60 
down, the woman takes some old mats | and spreads them on each 
side of the place where the clover is being steamed. | Then one of the 
men lifts a large bucket, j draws fresh water, and, when he comes in, 
he I immediately pours the fresh water over the clover which is || 
piled up at the place where it is being steamed. When the fresh 55 
water lias all been poured out of the | bucket, they take old mats 

r.axumg'alll laxa £ wax - sana £ yasa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, la £ iiEmax £ Id 
k!ip!edxa xixExsEinala t!esEma qa £ s la hanax £ wld klipstEnts 45 
lfix £ wabEts!awasa maltsEme awl naEngats!a. Wa, lit xwelaxtis- 
tEiula-'meseq qa £ s la k!ipts!ots laxa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, het! hegilts 
gweg'ilaq qa £ s ts!oxalexa giina £ ye klwekhltsEmeq. Wa, lii hex - saEin 
gwegilaq liixes waxaasa x - ix"ExsEmala t!esEina. Wa, gil-'mese 
£ wl £ laxs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa £ walase lExa £ ya qa £ s giigF.ltsEm- 50 
desa £ wape laq qa klunqese hamExsEma. Wa, lii ax £ edxa 
k'limyaxLa qa £ s guxts'odesa £ WE £ wap!Eme laq, xa k - !ese qleiiEma. 
\X : A, lii lEXstalasa LEXsEme laq qa £ s tsloxalexa eg'ise k!wek!ut!E- 
neq. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wPlawa eg'lsEna £ yasexs lae lExts!alas laxa 
lielosgEma £ ye lExitsa £ nEkaxa LEX'SEme. Wa, gihmese £ wilts!oweda 55 
LEX'sEme laxa k'limyaxLa lae ts!okwa. Wa, lada ma £ lokwe bebi-:- 
gwanEm dadanodEq qa £ s hankiymdes laxa xix'ExsEinala t!esE- 
maxa la XEX u ts!a laxa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, lii Laqwaxalts !odxa lex'- 
tslala £ walas lExa £ ya qa q!Es £ ales laxa x'lxixsEmala tlesEma. 
Wa, gihmese q!Es £ alaxs laeda tstedaqe &x £ edxa k" !ak - !Ek" lobane 60 
qa £ s la LEpialllElas lax £ wax - sana £ yasa £ nEg'ats!axa LExsEme, 
laaLasa £ nEmokwe bEgwanEm ax £ edxa £ nEmsgEme £ walas nagatsla 
qa £ s lit tsex £ IdEx alta e wE e wap !Ema. Wa, gihmese g'axExs lae 
h,ex- £ idaEm tsadzELEyintsa £ wE £ wap!Eme laxa LExsEmaxs lae 
L!iikimlts!a laxa £ nEg'ats!aq. Wa, glhmese £ wllg iltslaweda naga- 55 
tslaxa E wE £ wap i.Emaxs lae ax £ edxa k* !ak - !Ek - lobane qa £ s nasE- 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 34 



530 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.ss 

67 and cover it over, j They do not let the steam blow out. [ They do 
not leave it there a long time, before the woman takes the short 

70 tongs | and lifts up one side of the covering of old mats. [| She picks 
up some clover-roots and puts them into a small dish, and j she 
pinches them with her fingers; and if they break in two, J they are 
done. Then the man takes off the | old-mat covering and spreads 
the mats on each side of the steaming-box. j When this has been done, 

75 two men take up || each one clam digging-stick and push it through | 
each side of the clover-basket in which the clover has been steamed, | 
and they lift it up out of the | steaming-box. Then they put it 
down on the old mats which are spread | on the floor, and they pour 

SO it all out. When the clover is all out, || they put the basket down at 
the left-hand side of the house. | Then the woman spreads the hot 
clover over the | old mats, so that the steam comes out and so that 
they get cool. | After this has been done, the woman takes the dishes 
and | puts them down. Then the two men take the steamed || 

85 clover-roots and put them into the dishes; and when all | the dishes 
are full, they begin at one end of the dishes and go to the other, 
breaking up | the roots with their hands. When all the clover-roots 
are in pieces in the | dishes, the woman takes oil and pours it over 
them; j and when they are covered over with oil, they mix (the roots 

67 yindes laq. Wa, la £ me k'!es helqlalaq kEx"saleda k'lalEla. Wa,, 
k!est!a alaEm gEyaxs laeda tslEdaqe &x £ edxa tslesLala tsteklwa 
qa £ s klwetostodex apsanii £ yasa nayime k!ak!Ek!obana. Wa, la 

70 k!ip!ed laxa LEX'sEme qa £ s &xts!odes laxa lalogume. Wa, la 
epletses q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ ye laq. Wa, gil £ mese hex £ idaEin k!Ex u - 
sexs lag Llopa. Wa, hex £ ida £ mesa bEgwanEme nas £ 6dEX nayimas 
k!ak!Ek!obana qa £ s LEpIalllEleq lax £ waxsanalilasa £ nEg"ats!e. 
Wa. g il £ mese gwalExs laeda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm ax e edxa £ nal- 

75 £ nEints!aqe kMilakwa yix dzeg - aj-axa gaweqlanEme qa £ s LlEnxsodes 
lax £ waxsana £ yasa helosgEma £ yasa la LlQp £ nEgEk u LExsEma. 
Wa, laxda £ xwe k!wak!wedaanodEq qa £ s k!wet £ wults!odeq laxa 
£ nEg - ats!axa LEX'SEme qa £ s lii k!wedEdzots laxa la LEbel k'!ak"!E- 
k!obana. Wa, la qEbEdz5ts laq. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ lolts !axs lag 

SO hanstoliltsa lExa e ye lax gEmxotstalilasa LExxag'atsIe g'okwa. 
Wa, lai.eda tslEdaqe lEndzodalasa tstelqwa LEXsEm laxa LEblle 
k !ak!Ek!obana qa lawalesa k"!alEla. Wii, he £ mis qa kox c wides. 
Wa, gil £ mgse gwalExs laeda tslEdaqg S,x £ gdxa loElqlwe qa £ s giixe 
mEx £ alilElaq. Wa, la ax £ gdeda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEmxa £ nKgEkwe 

85 LEXSEm qa £ s lii texts !alas laxa loElq!wg. Wii, giPmese £ wPwe1- 
ts!Ewakiixs lae giibEndxa loElq!wg qa £ s p !op loxsalexa lex'se- 
mases e e eyasowe. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi £ la la plogEkwaxa LExtslalasa 
loElq!waxs lagda tslEdaqg &x £ edxa L!g £ na qa £ s k!unq!Eqes laq. 
Wa, g - il £ mgse la t!Ep!EgEl!sxa L!g £ niixs lag xwgtElg'intsgs e e eya- 



/ 

boas J EECIPES 531 

and the oil) with their hands; || and when (everything) is mixed, it 90 
is like mush. When | this is done, they carry the clover to those 
who are to eat it. Four men | eat out of one dish of clover. Those 
who | eat the clover take it with their hands. After | they have 
eaten, two men take soft || cedar-bark and give to each of those who 95 
have eaten the clover a piece (with which) to | wipe off the oil from 
their hands. | After they have done this, they drink fresh water. 
Then J they go out. The steamed clover is given at a great feast to 
many tribes, | and those who eat steamed dover always try to eat it 
all. |[ This is all about one way of cooking it. | 100 

Another Way of cooking Clover. — This is another way of | cooking 1 
clover. The woman takes a small kettle and | puts it down by the 
place where she is sitting. She takes a cedar-stick and | splits it into 
thin pieces. She measures the size of the bottom || of her small 5 
kettle with the split cedar-sticks, and | breaks the cedar-sticks in 
pieces and puts them in the bottom of the kettle. As soon | as they 
are all in the bottom of the kettle, she places others across them, 
in tins I way: -prr,. After this has been done, she takes her 
clover-basket | (t--~- - -\ and puts it down at the place where she 
is sitting; and ft I""/ she takes a small dish || and places it by 10 
the side of the 4JJJy clover-basket, and also a bucket of water. I 



sowe laq. Wit, g'iPmese lElgoxs lae gEiika. Wa, g il £ mese 90 
gwalExs lae k'aesas laxa LEx - Lax-Laxa LExsEme. Wa, maemaleda 
LEX'Lakaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa loqlwa. Wa, laEm xamaxts!analeda 
LEX'Lakaxs lae LEXLax' £ Idxa LExsEme. Wa, gil £ mese gwal 
LEXLak - axs laeda ma £ lokwe bebEgwaiiEin ax £ edxa qloyaakwe 
kadzEkwa qa £ s la tslswanaesas laxa LEXXax'daxa LExsEme qa 95 
dedEiix="wedesexes e £ eyasowaxs q telq lElts lanalae. Wa, gil-mese 
gwalExs lae nagek ilaxa alta E wapa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
hoquwElsa. Wa, heEm klweladzEm laxa q!eiiEme lelqwalaLa-'va 
£ nEgikwe LEX'SEma. Wa, lii, e wa e wilaas6xs LEx - Lax'SE f waeda 
£ nEgikwe LExsEma. AYa, laEm gwala -iiEmx J idala ha £ mexsilaeneq. 100 

Another Way of cooking Clover. — Wa, ga £ mes £ nEmx £ idala ha'ine- 1 
xsilaenexa LExsEmega yixs ax'edaeda tslEdaqaxa ha £ nEme qa £ s 
hangaliles laxes klwaelase. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa k!wa £ XLawe q; £ s 
xoxox u sEndeq qa wlswultowese. Wa, la niEns £ IdEx 5 wadzEq texsda- 
asasa ha £ iiEme, visa xokwe k!wa £ xLawa. Wa, he £ mis la kokoxs £ a- 5 
latsexa k!wa £ xxawe qa £ s k'atlEXLEndales laxa ha £ nEme. Wa, gil- 
£ mese la hamElqlExsdeq lae galotEytndalasa waokwe laq g - a gwa- 
lega {fig.). Wa, g11 £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes LEg'atsle Llab ta 
qa £ s g-axe hang-alllas laxes klwaelase. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa lalogume 
qa £ s g-axe ha £ n6lllas laxa LEg-ats!eL!abata. Wa, he £ mesa E wabEts!ala 10 



532 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL tETH.AMN.83 

11 Then she unties the string of the clover-basket, so that it 
comes off | and that she can take out the roots. She takes out the 
clover and puts it | into the small dish; and when she thinks it is 
enough to go into the kettle, | she pours some water into it and she 

15 washes off the sand. || When all the sand is off, she places (the clover- 
roots) on top of the | cedar-sticks in the bottom of the small kettle. 
She does not press them down, | for she wishes (them) to he loosely 
inside of the kettle, so that | the steam can pass through easily. 
When (the kettle) is full, she takes soft cedar-bark, | dips it into 

20 water, and covers the roots with it. || After she has tucked it in all 
round the small kettle, she pours a little | water all round the cover- 
ing, perhaps half a teacupful, | which forms the liquid of the clover. 
Then she puts (the kettle) on the fire. | She does not let it boil long, 
before she takes it off of the fire of her house, ] and leaves it on the 
floor while it is getting done, — while it is staying there and the steam 

25 is passing through it. || As soon as it stops steaming, the woman takes 
off | the top covering. She takes her small dish and puts it down by 
the side | of the clover-kettle. She takes her tongs, and with them 
she takes out the | boiled clover and puts it into the small dish. | 

30 When it is all in the dish, she takes her oil-dish and puts some || oil 
into it. Then she calls her husband and her children to | come and sit 
down; and when they sit down, she puts before them the | whole 



11 n;igats!a. Wa, la qwebeyindxa LEgatsle L!abata qa lawayes t!E- 
makiya £ yas. Wa la lEX £ wults!odxa LExsEme qa £ s la lEXts!ots 
hlxa lalogtime. Wa, gihmese k - 5taq laEm keT'atsla laxa ha c nE- 
maxs lae guqteqasa £ wape laq qa £ s tsloxalexa egise laq. Wit, 

15 glPmese £ wl £ laweda eg'is £ Ena £ yasexs lae lEXEylndalas laxa helotslawe 
k!wa £ xLa lax oxsda e yasa ha £ nEme. Wa, lit k!es Laqwaxa LExsEme 

■ qaxs £ nek - ae qa hasdexwales lax otslawasa ha £ nEme qa lalaqesa 
k' lalEla. Wa, gil £ mese qotlaxs lae ax e edxa q loyaakwe kadzEkwa 
qa £ s t lak'Eylndesexs lae hapstaak u laxa E wape. Wa, g il-'mese 

20 gwal dzopFlalax awe e stasa hamEmaxs lae xaL!Ex £ Id guxse £ stfdasa 
£ wape laxa awe £ stiisa t!ak'Eya £ ye walaanawise lo £ nEgoyala deda- 
g - aats!e £ wapalasa LExsEmaxs lae hanx'Lano laxa lEgwda. ^^'a, 
la k!es gegilll mEdElqiilaxs lae hanxsano laxa lsgwllases gokwe. 
Wa, a £ mese la ha £ nela qa he £ mis la L!obE £ nakulayosexs lae kunya- 

25 tasa k!alEla. Wa, gil £ mese gwal k!rdElaxs laeda ts!Edaqe axodxa 
t!ak"Eya £ yas. Wa, la ax £ edxes Ifdogiime qa £ s ha £ noliles laxes LEke- 
latsle ha £ nEma. Wa, lii fix £ edxes tslesLfda qa £ s k!ip!edes laxa 
hanxxaakwe LEX'SEma qa £ s la k!ipts!alas laxa lalogtime. Wii, 
g - il £ mese £ wI £ 1osexs lae ax £ edxes ts!Ebats!e qa £ s k!unxts!odesa 

30 L!e £ na laq. Wa, lawesLe Le £ l5laxes la £ wmiEme LE £ wis sasEme qa 
g'axes k!us £ alila. Wa, gil £ mese k!us £ alllExs lae k'agEmllltsa sEn- 
yEnk - !Enalats!alaxa hanxxaakwe lex'seiu lalogiim lax - da s xwaq 



boas] RECIPES 533 

clover-roots in the small dish, | and the oil in the oil-dish. Then 
they | take some clover-roots and dip them into the oil and || put 35 
them into the mouth; and they continue to do so, eating it. | After 
they have eaten, they drink water, after eating | the boiled clover. 
The married couple and | their children alone eat boiled clover. It 
is not given | at feasts to many tribes. That is all about || boiled 40 
clover. | 

Baked Clover-Root. — Xow I will talk about clover baked in | hot 1 
ashes. When the woman and her husband have nothing to eat | and 
they have no kettle, when they are camping out j in bad weather and 
their food is all gone, || then, since there is no place where clover does 5 
not grow, the woman goes to find | the leaves of the clover. When 
she finds them, she | digs out (the roots) ; and when she has many, she 
goes to a place where there is water, | carrying the clover. She 
washes (the roots) so that the sand comes off. | When all the sand is 
off, she goes back || to her camp, carrying the clover, and she sits 10 
down by the side of | the fire. Then she sends her husband inland 
to get | skunk- cabbage, and, if there is no skunk-cabbage, to get dry 
fern-fronds. [ When he gets the skunk-cabbage, he brings back two 
leaves and gives them | to his wife. The woman takes them and 
puts the || clover-roots into the skunk-cabbage leaves, which she 15 

LE £ wa ts!Ebats!ala L'.e'na lax Llasalllas. Wa, hex £ idax'da £ x u - 33 
£ mese dax £ Id laxa LExsEme qa £ s ts!Ep!ldes laxa L!e £ na qa £ s ts!o- 
qliises laxes sEmse. Wa, axsa £ mese he gwegilaxs lae LEXLaka. 35 
Wa, g'iPmese £ wi £ laxs lae nag'ik'Elaxa £ wapaxs lae gwal LEXLa- 
kaxa hanx'Laakwe LExsEma, ylxs lexa £ maeda hayasEkala LE £ wis 
sasEme LEXLakxa hanxxaakwe lex sicma. Wa, la k'!es klwela- 
dzEm laxa qlenF.me lelqwalaLVya. Wa, laEm gwal laxa hanxxa- 40 
akwe LExsEma. 

Baked Clover-Root. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwaltsa dzamedzEkwe laxa 1 
tslElqwa giina £ yaxa LExsEme. Wa, he £ maaxs kleasae ha £ ma e ya 
ts!Edaqe LE £ wis la £ wunEine loxs k!easae hanagexs gayag'llIsElae, 
yixs £ yax'sa £ maeda £ nala, wa, he £ mis la golElosE £ watsexes g'iwul- 
kwe, wa la kleas k!es qlwaxatsa LEX'SEme. Wa, la alex £ Ideda 5 
ts!Edaqaxa LEgiluowasa LExsEme. Wa, gil £ mese qlaqexs lae 
hex' £ idaEm ts!os £ edEq. Wa, g"il £ mese qlEyolqexs lae laxa £ wape 
hanqElaxes LExsEme qa £ s la ts!ox £ wultalac[ qa law ayes eg"e- 
sEna £ yas. Wa, g - il £ mese E wl £ lawe egesEna £ yasexs lae nii £ nak u 
laxes gig'o'klwale hanqElaxes LExsEme. Wa, la k'wanolisaxes 10 
lEgwllaxs lae £ yalaqases la £ wunEme qa liis laxa aL!e ax £ edEx 
k'.aok'.wa. Wa, gil £ mese k'!eas k - !aok!waxs lae he axsE £ weda gEms. 
Wa, gil £ mese lolxa k!aok!waxs gaxae dalaxa malEXsa qa £ s ts!awes 
laxes gEnEine. Wa, lada ts!Edaqe ax £ edEq qa £ s lExdzodesa lex - - 
sEme laxa k'!aok!we.- Wa, la q!EnepsEmts lfiq. Wa, gil £ mese 15 



534 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.88 

1(3 folds around them. As soon as she | has done so, she takes split 
cedar-sticks and digs a hole in the hot | ashes just under the fire. 
When the hole is deep enough, she | takes the clover wrapped up in 
skunk-cabbage and puts it into it. | She takes the split cedar-sticks 

20 and she scrapes the hot ashes || over the clover that she is going to 
bake. When | it is covered thick with hot ashes, she piles fire over 
it. | When this is done, she waits for it to be baked. After a short 
while | she thinks that it is done. Then she takes up the split cedar- 
sticks, scrapes | away the fire and the ashes, and digs out the clover 

25 wrapped up in || skunk-cabbage leaves. She opens the leaves and 
spreads them on the floor, | and the baked clover-roots are piled up 
in the middle | of the leaf. They use the leaf as a dish, and eat it 
without oil | when they eat the baked clover. The woman only eats 

30 it | with her husband; and they drink a little water after || eating it, 
as the white men do when they drink tea. After they have | eaten 
enough, they drink much water. That is all about this. | 

Raw Clover-Root. — Now I will talk about | those who eat raw 
clover. Not all Indians eat it | raw. Generally it is eaten raw by 

35 the woman who is || digging it, when she sets hungry, and she does 
not wish to lose time by going to | eat in her house. Then she just 
eats raw | clover. That is the only time when it is eaten raw. | 
These are all the ways of eating clover. | 

16 gwalExs lae ax £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ xLawa qa £ s £ lap!edexa tslslqwa 
guna £ ya lax awabalisases lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese hel £ abEtalisExs lae 
ax £ edxa qlEtiepsEmalaxa k'!aok!\ve LExsEma qa £ s £ mEx u ts!odes laq. 
Wa, la &x £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ xEawa qa £ s goles laxa tstelqwa guna £ ya 

20 cja £ s golsgEmdales laxes dzamesasE £ we LExsEma. Wa, gil £ mese 
wax"sEm5laxa ts!Elqwa giinexs lae mosgEmdalasa giilta laq. Wii, 
gIPmese gwala lae esEla qa l lopes. Wa, k!est!a alaEin galaxs 
lae kotaq laEm iJopaxs lae ax £ edxa xokwe k!wa £ xLfiwa qa £ s golaxE- 
lexa gQlta LE £ wa gflna £ ye. Wii, la k!wet!Eqalisaxa q!EnepsEmaliixa 

25 k!aok!wa LHxsEma. Wa, la dzax u sEmdEq qa £ s LEp!5lileq. Wa, 
a £ mise la modzaya dzamedzskwe laxa ts!Elqwa gune lax nEgEdza- 
£ yasa k!aok!wa. Wa, laEm hamadzonox u sexs lae wElwal £ IdExs lae 
LEXLax £ Idxa dzamedzEkwe LEX'sEma. Wa, la £ me a,Ein LEXLax -£ I- 
dEq LE £ wis la £ wiinEme. Wa, laxda'xwe asm naxnaqaxa £ wapaxs 

30 LEXLakae he gwegileda dedagaxa deyexa mamah'a. Wa,gil £ mese 
pol £ IdExs lae alax £ Id nax £ idxa £ wape. Wa, laEm xae gwala. 

Raw Clover-Root. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwexs £ filal hlxa 
k!ilx-k-!ax - axa LEX'sEme yixs k'lesae £ naxwema bakliime k'ltlx - - 
k'!ak - Eq. Wii, het!a q!unala k!ilx-k!axqeda tstedaqaxs lae ts!o- 

35 saq yixs lae posq!Ex £ Ida qaxs k!esae helqlala Lakimx £ ida qa £ s 
la hamx £ Id laxes gokwe. Wii, he £ mis aEin la k!ilxk!ax £ Ida- 
atsexa LExsEme; lexaEm ha £ mapdEmxa k - !Elx - e LExsEmeq. Wii, 
laEm £ wl £ la gwala gwayi £ lalasaxa LEX'sEme. 



boas J RECIPES J>35 

Cinquefoil (1). — Now I shall talk about the man who | cooks cinque- 1 
foil-roots for his tribe. First he takes a j large square box, which is put 
down at the right-hand side inside of | the house-door; and he takes 
cedar-wood that splits well, || and spUts it into pieces of the size of the 5 
little finger; | and when he thinks he has enough, he takes the cedar- 
bark and | splits it in narrow strips and long. When he | thinks he 
has enough, he takes cedar-sticks and | measures them off so that they 
are of the length of the inside of the square box. || Then he takes his 10 
knife and he cuts them; and he takes another | cedar-stick and 
measures off the width of the inside of the square box, | and he cuts 
that also. Then he takes the other | cedar-sticks and measures them 
off according to the length of the square box. He measures j them 
with the cedar-stick, takes his knife, and cuts them off || so that they 15 
are all of the same length. When he thinks he has enough, | he takes 
the measure of the width of the box and measures off another | 
cedar-stick, and cuts it accordingly. There are only | two sticks for 
the width of the box. Then he | takes one of the cedar-sticks which 
he has measured according to the length of the || box, and 20 
one of those which he has measured | according to the width 
of the box, and he puts the two ends crosswise, in this | way: 1 
He takes the split cedar-bark and ties them together. | When 
they have been tied, he takes another one that has been 

Cinquefoil (1). — Wa, la £ niesEn gwagwex's £ alal laxa bEgwanEmaxs 1 
lae tlEqwelaxa t!Ex u sose qaes g - okulote. Wa, heEm gil fix £ etsoseda 
£ walase klimyaxLfi qa g - axes kamela lax helklotstalllasa aweLElas 
tlExilas g'okwas. Wa, lit ax £ edxa eg'aqwa lax xasE £ we k!\va s x- 
Lawa qa £ s xoxox ll sEndeq qa yuwes awagwitEns sElt !axts !ana £ yex. 5 
Wa, g11 £ rnese k - otaq laEm hel £ axs lae ax'edxa dEnase qa £ s dzE- 
dzExs £ aleq qa ts !elts !ecj lastowe lo £ gilsgildEdzowa. Wa, gil £ Em- 
xaawise k'otaq laEm hel £ axs lae ax £ edxa k!wa £ xxawe qa £ s niEii- 
s £ Ides lax £ wasgEmasas otslawas g"ildolasasa k!iniyaxxa. Wa, lii 
ax £ edxes k!awayowe qa £ s k"!Lmts!Endeq. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 6gQ- 10 
e la e me xok u k!wa\\r.Fiwa qa's mEiis-'Idex tslEgolas ots lawasa k - !im- 
yaxxa. Wa, laxae k"!imts!EndEq. Wa, la ax^edxa waokwe 
k!wa £ xxawa LE J wis mEnyayox g'ildolasasa k!im3'axLa qa f s mEiises 
laxa k!wa e XLawe. Wa. lii ax e edxes k - !awayowe qa E s k - !imk' !imts Sa- 
les laq qa e ne e jiEmasgEmes. Wii, g il £ mese kotaq laEm helaxs lae 15 
ax^edxes mEnyayowaxa ts!Eg-ola. Wa, la mEns e Its laxa ogu- 
£ la £ me k!wa £ xLawa laxae k" Hmts lEntses klawayowe laq. Wii, laEm 
malts !aq £ meda tslEgola k!wa £ XLawa qaeda k!imyaxLa. Wa, lii 
ax £ edxa £ nEmts!aqe laxa mEiiekwe k!wa £ xiawa qaeda gildoliisa 
kllmyaxLa. Wii, he £ misa £ nEmts!aqe liixa mEiiekwe k!wax £ L§,wa 20 
qaeda ts!Eg'oliisa k - limyaxLa qa £ s k'ak'Etodex oba £ yasg - a gwaleg'a. 1 
Wii, lii ax £ edxa dzEXEkwe dEnasa qa £ s yaLodes laq. Wa, g il £ - 
mese Elg'aaLEla yilayasexs lae etled ax £ edxa £ nEmts!aqc g"a £ vol 

' So that the ends form a right angle. 



536 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ass.85 

measured according to the length of the box, and places it at the 

25 end of the one || that he tied on first; and he continues | doing 
so until lie comes to the end of the crosspiece; and when he has 
filled it to the end, he takes the | other cedar-stick that had been 
measured for the other end (the width of the box), and he ties 
it on with | cedar-bark; and when he has finished with his frame for 
red-hot stones on which cinquefoils are cooked, | it is in this way: 

30 He places it inside the bottom of the square box. || Then 

he takes up a medium-sized basket and goes into the 
woods to look for | dry fern-fronds. When he finds them, 
he pulls them out and puts them into his | basket. When 
it is full, he carries the | dry fern-fronds on his back into his | 

35 house, and puts them down next to the square box. || After he has 
done so, he takes a stout and long cedar-bark rope, | coils it up, 
and dips it into the water on the beach. ] When the kinks are all out, 
he takes it back | into the house and ties it around the square box. 

40 the whole height of it, and as tightly as possible, || so that the box 
may not burst when they begin to put red-hot | stones into it, for 
very often the square boxes burst | when the host who gives a cinque- 
foil-root feast fails to put a rope around it . | After this has been done, 
they do the same as they do when they [ build a fire in the middle 

45 of the house | for clover and put stones on it. || When (the stones) 

laxa niEnekwe qaeda gildolaxs lae k'adEnodzEnts laxa g'ilxde 

25 yihfiLElodayosexs laaxat! yil £ 5LElots. Wit, a £ mese la he gwe £ na- 
kulas liibEndalaxa geba £ ye. Wa, gihmese qlulbaxs lae ax £ edxa 
inEnekwe k!wa £ xxawa qaeda apsba £ ye. Wa. laxae yil £ aLElots yisa 
dEnase laq. Wa, gihmese gwala t!ak'!aLe £ nEgidzoxa t!Ex u sosaxs 
lae g-a gwaleg-a {fig.). Wa, la paqlEXLEnts laxa k - !EiuyaxLa. Wa, 

30 he £ mis la et!ed ax £ etso £ seda hel £ a lExa £ ya qa £ s la laxa ai.!e aliix 
gEmsa. Wa, g-il £ mese q!aqexs lae k!ulx -£ IdEq qa £ s dzoptslales laxes 
gagEmyaatsIe lExa £ ya. Wa, g - il £ mese k"6t!axs lae oxLEx £ Idxes 
gEmdzats!e LExa e ya qa £ s la oxLoltlalaq qa £ s la oxxaeLElaq laxes 
g - 6k\ve qa £ s la SxLEgalllaq lax mag inwalllasa k - limyaxLa. Wa, 

35 g'il £ mese gwatexs lae ax £ e £ dxa LEkwe dEnsEm dEnEmaxa gilt!a. 
Wa, lii qtelxwalaq qa £ s lit hapstEndEq laxa £ wapasa L!Ema £ ise. 
Wa, g - il £ mese e wl e lawe q!Ek"!Elsiis lae xwelaqaEm la q!Elxw5laq 
qa £ s lii laeL laxes gokwe. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese qEX'SEmts laxa k'lim- 
yaxLa qa hamElxsEmayeseq laxes alaena £ ye lEk!utaleda dEnEine 

40 qa k'leses yimxseda k limyaxLa qo lal k - !ipts!alayoLa xIxexse- 
mala t!esEm laq qaxs qlunalae yimxseda k' limj^axxaxs qlEmqkm- 
dzaakwelae qExsEmdeda tteqwelaxa t!Ex u sose. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwala bEgwanEmaxs lae aEm nEqEmgiltEwex gwegilasasa la laqo- 
llla qaeda LEX'sEme, LE £ wa tlesEmaxs lae ts!ats!Elq!wasE £ wa. AVa, 

45 gil-'mesela £ naxwa £ me £ mEnltsEmx £ Idedat!esEmaxs laeax £ etsE £ weda 



boas] RECIPES 537 

are all red-hot, t wo men take two long pairs of tongs, which they ] use as 46 
walking-sticks, and go out of the house in which the cinqucf oil-roots are 
being cooked. J They are going to invite the tribe to come and eat 
cinquefoil-roots. They go into | each house and stand inside the door. || 
As soon as they have gone all through the village, they go back and call 50 
again. | When they come back to the house in which the roots are being 
cooked, [ they spread mats for the guests to sit down on. After | they 
have done so, the guests come in; and when they are in, | the two men 
take the square box and put it || down by the side of the fire in the 55 
middle of the house. Another man takes | two large buckets and 
goes to draw | freshwater; and when the one who went to draw water 
comes back, | another man takes the frame out of | the bottom of the 
box and puts it up against the side of the box, || behind it, away from 60 
the fire in the middle of the house. When | this has been done, each 
takes a bucket, and, | standing at each end of the square box, carry- 
ing in the hand | the fire-tongs and the bucket, they put it down at 
the j left-hand side. Then they take off || the burning fire and put 65 
it down at each end of the fireplace. When it has all been taken off, | 
they put the ends of the tongs into the | buckets which contain the 
water. \ and keep them in this way until the ends are wet. | That is 

malts !aqe gilsg-ilt!a k!ek - !EpLalaa yisa ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEin 46 
qa £ s sekMaganowaxs lae hoquwElsa laxa t!Eqwelats!e gokwa. Wa, 
iaEin lal Ledalalxes g-6kul5te qa g-axes tlExtlaqwa laxes qhvfd- 
xoene £ nie la Lauixstoltslax t!et!Exilas gig-okwases g'okiilote. 
Wa, giPmese labElsaxa g'ox'VlEmsaxs giixae aedaaqa etse £ sta £ na- 50 
kula. Wii, g'il-'mese laeL laxa tteqwelatsle gokwa lae ha £ nakwela 
LEp lalilElaxa klwiixasa t text !aq u Laxa t!Ex u sose. Wa, gih'mese 
gwfdExs lae hogwlLEleda Le=lanEme. Wa, gihmese £ wi-'laeLExs lae 
hex' £ ida £ ma madokwe bebEgwaiiEm ax £ edxa k'!imyaxi,a qa £ s ha'"no- 
lises laxa laqwawalilasa tlEqwelats'.e g'okwa. Wa, lii ax £ ededa 55 
=nEmokwe bEgwaiiEiuxa maltsEme awa naEngatsle qa £ s la tsex'I- 
dEX alta £ wapa. Wa, gihmese g'axa tsax'daxa £ wapaxs laeda 
J nEmokwe bEgwiinEin axwiiltslodxa k" !itk - lEdese paqlEXLexa 
kMimyaxLa qa £ s tsagEnoliles laxa kMImyaxLa lax axanalilasa 
k'limyaxLa laxa laqwawalilasa t!Eqwelats!e g'okwa. Wa, gil'mese 60 
gwalEXs lae ax £ edxa £ nrd'"nEmsgEme naEngatsle laxes madok!\vena £ ya 
bebEgwaiiEme la Lax - LE\vIl lax £ waxsanalllasa k' limyaxLa dedalaxa 
£ nal £ nEmts!aqe klipLalaa. Wii, he £ mise h&ng'aMasa naEngatsIes 
gegEmxagawalile. Wa, la heEm gil ax £ etso £ sexs lag £ waxse="stEndxa 
gulta qa las axel lax £ waxsballlasa lEgwde. Wa, g il £ mese £ wfix- 65 
snxs lae e nEmax -£ id £ ma k!ek - !ipElg-ise bebEgwanEin LlEiixstEnts 
5ba £ 3'ases k - !ek'!!pLa!aa laxa naEngatsle laxes £ wI £ wabEts!alae- 
na £ yaxa £ wape. Wa, axsii £ mese he gwaele qa LEx £ edes oba £ yas. 
Wa, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsa bEgwanEmaxa helagite dEnsEn dEnEma 



538 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.m 

70 the time when the man takes a fairly stout cedar-bark rope || and winds 
it around the, square box so that it may not burst open when | they 
put the red-hot stones into it. Generally | the rope is put around the 
square box before the guests come in. | When this has been done, the 
two men who are to pick up the red-hot stones | take the tongs out 

75 of the water and pick up the red-hot || stones and put them into the 
square box; | and when the end of the tongs begins to burn, they | push 
them at once into the water; and when the ends are wet again, | they 
pick up more red-hot stones. During this time | the wife of the host 
who is to give a feast of cinquefod-roots takes a new, smooth mat 

SO and || spreads it out behind the box in which the cinquefod-roots are 
to be cooked. She takes | one of the cinquefod-baskets, unties the 
top, j and takes out the roots, which she throws on the mat. | She 
pulls them apart so that they lie loosely on the mat. She does this 

85 with | four cinquefod-baskets. When the roots are all || pded up 
loosely, she takes one of the baskets of long roots | and a new mat, 
which she spreads out. | She unties the top and takes them out very 
carefully, | puts them on the mat, | and puds them apart carefully, 

90 because she does not want them to break, for they are all long. || As 
soon as they have been pulled apart, she takes the dry fern-leaves 
and | puts them down on the floor of the house near by. She takes 
old mats | and puts them down next to the square box. | After this 

70 qa £ s qEX'se £ stEndes laxa k' llmyaxLa qa k- lesei.Es yimxsal £ wl £ lal 
k'!ipts!oyoLa x - Ix - ExsEmala tlesEm laq. Wa, la qlunala gEyol 
qExsEmtsE £ wa k'!imyaxLiixs k!es £ mae hogwlLa Le £ lanEme. Wa, 
g-il £ mese gwabsxs laeda madokwe k' !ek- lEpElg'is bebEgwanEm 
axwiistEndEx 6ba £ yases k!ek!ipLalaa qa £ s k'liplldes laxa x'Ixex- 

75 sEmala tlesEma qa £ s la k - !ipts!alas laxa t!Eqwe £ lats!e k!imyaxLa. 
Wa, g ilnaxwa £ mese x"fx £ ede 6ba £ yas k' lipLalaasexs lae hex -£ idaEm 
LlEnxstEnts 6ba £ ya laxa £ wape. Wii, gih'mese k!iinx £ ede oba £ ya- 
sexs lae etled k"!ip!ets laxa x - Ix"ExsEmala t!esEina laaLasa gEnE- 
masa tlEqwelaxa t!Ex u sose Sx £ edxa eg - ldzowe eMzo le £ wa £ ya qa £ s 

80 LEp!aliles lax aLanalllasa tlsqwelatsle k!imyaxLa. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
£ nEmsgEme t!Egwats!e Llabata qa £ s qwelEyindex t!Emakiya £ yas. 
Wa, lii bEhx £ idts!odEq qa £ s lii bElxEdzots laxa LEbele le £ wa £ ya. 
Wa, la bel £ edEq qa hasdexwales. Wa, £ naxwaEin he gwex -£ Idqexs 
mosgEinaeda t!et!Egwats!e L!aL!Ebata. Wa, g'ihmese £ wi £ la la 

85 belkwaxs lae &x £ edaxaaxa £ nEmsgEme Laxabatsle Llabata. Wa, 
he £ misa Eldzo £ maxat! le £ wa £ ya. Wii, la LEpIalilasa le £ wa £ ye. Wa, 
laxae qwelEyindEx t!Einakiya £ vas. Wa, laxae aek'ilaxs lae bEl- 
x £ ults!odEq qa £ s lii bElxEdzots laxa le £ wa £ ye. Wii, laxae aek'ilaxs 
lae bel £ edEq qaxs gwaqtelaaq aEltsIala qa sEnfdes laxes awasgE- 

90 mase. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ la la belkwaxs hie ax £ edxa gEmse qa £ s 
gaxe lEx £ al!las laxa nE.xwala laq. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa k!ak - !Ek - !o- 
bane qa g - axes axel lax maginwalilasa t teqwelats !e k' KmyaxLa. Wii, 



soas] RECIPES 539 

has been done, the two men who have picked up the red-hot stones 
throw the | dry fern-leaves on the red-hot stones; and || after they 95 
have done so, they take the frame and place it on top of the fern- 
leaves. | They take the short cinquefoil-roots and place them in the 
square box, | then they put the frame into the box; and when [ all 
the short cinquefoil-roots are in, the woman gives four pieces of split 
cedar-bark to the man, and he places them over the || short cinquefoil- 100 
roots. Then he takes up the long cinquefoil-roots and throws them 
on top of the | short roots, and the four pieces of split bark are a 
mark between the short | and the long roots. As soon as the long 
roots have all been put in, | the woman takes old mats and spread> 
them | next to the square box. When they are all || ready, the two 5 
men take each one of the | buckets, each standing on one side of the 
square box, | and they pour the water over the long cinquefod-roots. | 
When the water has all been poured out of the buckets, they take 
hold of | the old mats at each corner and throw them over the box in 
which the roots are steaming; j| and they only stop when many | old 10 
mats have been put on as a cover, so that the steam can not come 
through. | After they have covered it, the woman goes into a room | 
in tie corner of her house where the dishes are generally kept, j and 

g-il £ mese gwala laeda ma £ lokwe k- !ek!ipElgis bebEgwiinEm ax £ edxa 93 
gEmse qa £ s lEXEyimdales laxa x - Ix - ExsEmFda t!esEma. Wa, gil- 
£ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa k' !itk" !idese qa £ s paqEyindes laxa gEmse. 95 
Wa, la bElx £ Idxa t!Ex u sose qa £ s laxat! bElxts!alas laxa kMimyax- 
La. Wa, laEm bElxEdzodalas laxa k-!itk'!Edese. Wa, g-il £ mese 
c "wllts!aweda t!Ex u sosaxs laeda tslEdaqe tslasa mots!aqe dzEXEk" 
dEnas laxa bEgwanEme. Wii, katEymdfdas lax 6kwa £ ya £ yasa 
t!EX"sose. Wa, la bElxElllaxa Laxabalise qa £ s la bElxEyindes laxa 100 
t !ex u s5s§. Wii, laEm &wulgawa £ ya mots!aqe dEnatsa t!Ex u sose 
LEnva Laxabalise. Wii, g-il-'mese e wi e la la bElxa £ ya £ ya Laxabalisaxs 
laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa k"!ak!ak - !obana qa e s la LEplalilElas laxa 
mag'inwalllasa t !Eqwelats!e. k'limyaxLa. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wl £ la la 
gwiilllaxs laeda ma £ l5kwe bebEgwanEm k. loqulllaxa £ nal £ nEmsgEine 5 
nenagats!a qa £ s la Lax £ walll lax £ wax-sanalilasa t!Eqwelats!e k!im- 
yaxLaxs lae tsadzELEyintsa £ wape laxa okuya £ yasa Laxabalise. 
Wa, gil £ mese £ wilg-ilts !aweda £ wape laxa nenagats !iixs lae dadEnxEnd- 
xa k' !ak' !Ek - lobane qa £ s nasEyindes lax okwaya £ vasa la, k - !fdE- 
yala Laxabalisa. Wa, i\l £ mese gwal nasaqexs lae £ wi £ leda qlenEme jq 
k!fd\!Ek'!obane nas^dayoq qa k"!eses k'E £ x u saleda k!alEla liiq. 
Wa, g - il £ mese gwal nasaqexs laeda ts!Edaqe latslalll laxa otslalile 
lax onegwilases g - okwe qaxs he £ mae q!uniila k"ax - k - aelatsa IoeI- 
q!we qa £ s la k-oltslalTlElaq. Wii, lada £ uEmokwe bEgwanEm 



540 ETHNOLOGV OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

15 she passes them out. One of the men j| takes the dishes from her, 
and puts them down at the | left-hand side of the door of the house. 
Then the | other man counts how many dishes there will be, for there 
will I be one dish for each group of six guests. | As soon as he has 

20 counted them, he names the number of dishes required; || that is, 
the number of dishes that the woman passes out of the room. | As 
soon as all the dishes are out of the room, the woman j takes one 
kelp bottle of oil for every two dishes; and when | the oil-bottles 
and dishes have all been taken out, one of the | men takes the fire- 

25 tongs and with them strikes the mat covering of the || long cinquefoil- 
roots. If the cover sinks down, the roots are done. If it does | not 
stay down but jumps back, they are not done yet. (If they are 
done,) he takes off | the mat covering, and a new mat is spread out. | 
The two men take hold on each end of the strips | of cedar-bark that 
mark the level between the short and the long roots. They take them 

30 all up and put them down || on the new mat that had been spread out. 
After (the men) have done this, they | take their fire-tongs ami push 
them in. When the legs of the tongs spread open, | they press them 
together, and they lift out the short roots, and | they put them on 
another new mat that has been spread out; | and they only stop 

35 taking out the roots when they are all out of the || box. Then the 
two men put down their | fire-tongs and sit down on each side of the 

15 k-ak'alaxa loElqlwe laxa tstedaqe qa £ s lii k-agalllElaq laxa 
gEmxotstalllasH tlEx'ilasa t!Eqwe e lats!e g - 5kwa. Wa, laLeda £ nE- 
mokwe bEgwanEm gElpax '"wiixexLaasas loElqlweda klwele lax 
q!eq!aL!alasE £ wa £ nal £ nEmexLa loslqlwasa bebEgwanEme. Wa, 
g-il £ mese gwala gElpaxs lae Lex £ edEx £ wax £ exLaasLasa loElqlwe. 

20 Wa, he £ mis £ wax £ exLeda loElq !wa k'olt lalelEmsa tstedaqe. Wa, 
g'il £ mese £ wl £ l5lt!allleda loElqlwaxs lae ax e edaxaeda ts lEdaqaxa E nal- 
"uEine e wa E wade L!e £ na qaeda maemalEXLa loElqlwa. Wa, g'il £ mese 
£ wFlolt lallleda £ watts !ala L!e £ na LE £ wa loElqlwaxs laeda uiEmokwe 
bEgwanEm ax £ edxa k'.'ipLalaa qa £ s kwexsEmdes laxa nayEmasa 

25 Laxabalise. Wa, glPmese xutayax £ IdExs lae Llopa. Wa, gil £ mese 
k'les xiita £ yax £ IdExs lae k'!ilx - a. Wa, lii hex' £ idaEin let!etsE £ we 
nasEya £ yas. Wa, laxae LEpIalilEma Eldzowe le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 
a £ misa ma £ lokwe bebEgwaiiEm dadEbEnclEx £ waxsba £ yasa awulga- 
wa £ ye dEnasa LE £ wa t!Ex u sose qa £ s wegiLElodeq qa £ s lii IjeIxe- 

30 dzots laxa LEbele Eldzo le £ wa £ ya. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs lae 
ftx £ edxes k- !ek - !ipLalaa qa £ s l Ieucj !EC[esexs lae aqale £ waxsanodzEx- 
sta £ yasa k'UpLalaaxs lae k- lip lets hlxa tslElqwa t!Ex u sosa qa £ s lii 
k- lEbEdzots laxa ogu e la £ maxat ! LEbel Eldzo le £ wa £ ya. Wa, 
fd £ mese gwal klipwultslalaqexs lae E wi E lorts laweda tlEx u sose laxa 

35 k'limyaxLa. Wa, lax - da £ xwa ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm gigalllaxes 
k' lek' lipLalaa qa £ s kliidzEnolllex £ waxsana £ yasa t !Ex u sosaxs lae 



boas] RECIPES 541 

short roots which are j on the new mat. Then they shake the steam 37 
out of them, j taking up with both hands the short roots, and shaking 
them while they are | holding them up. Then the short roots fall 
down one by one, falling back || on the others; and before the two 40 
men have done so a long time | the steam has all gone out. The 
woman does the same with the long roots; | and when she has done 
so, she takes the dishes and | puts the long cinquefoil-roots into them, 
and the two men | put the short einquefoil-roots into the dishes. 
When they have done so, they || take the oil-bottles and pour the oil 45 
into the dishes containing the long roots | and the short roots; and 
they measure so that the | oil of one bottle is put into two dishes. 
After thej" have done so, they place | the dishes of long roots before 
the chiefs, one dish for j each six of them; and when the chiefs have 
received theirs, || they put one dish before six of the common people, j 50 
When they have been put down, the | chiefs tuck up the sleeves of 
their shirts, | and after doing so they begin to eat. They take the j 
long roots with the right hand, fold them up with the thumb, || and, 55 
when they have been made into a ball, they put them into the 
mouth. They all do it in this way; and the common people | eat 
the short roots in the same way as the long roots are eaten, j After 
they have had enough, those who have eaten the long roots and 
those who have eaten the short roots take in their hands what is left 

bElxEdzalilxa Eldzowe le-wa-ya. Wa, dox £ me k'lalodEX k"!alElas. 37 
Wa, laEm dax -£ itses £ wax - solts !ana £ ye laxa t!Ex u sose qa £ s k' lAbeles lae 
dzoxwalas. Wa, he £ mis la ts !alts !aiiEmk"ilatsa t!Ex u sosaxs lae teqlE- 
laxeswaokwe. Wa, k'!ets!Emese gegillla ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEmxs 4u 
lae gwal klalEla. Wa, laxa he £ ma tslEdaqe he gweg'ilaxa Laxaba- 
lise. Wa, gil'mese gwalExs lae ax £ ededa tslEdaqaxa loElqNve qa £ s 
belts lalesa Laxabalise laq. Wit, leda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm bel- 
ts lalasa t !Ex"sose laxa l<!>Elq!we. Wa, g-ih'mese E wi £ laxs lae ax'etsE- 
£ weda £ watts!ala L!e £ na qa e s klungELEyindalexa Laxaptslala loElq!wa-45 
LE £ wa t!Ex u ts!ala loElqlwa. Wa, laEm mEnekwa £ nEme £ wa £ wade 
L!e £ na laxa mafEXLa loEkjlwa. Wa, gilmiese gwalExs lae k'ax'- 
dzamolilasa Laxaptslala loElqlwa laxa g - Ig-igEma £ ye laxes q!eq!a- 
Lalaena £ yaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa loqlwa. Wa, gilmiese ="w!lxtowa g-fg-i- 
gama £ yaxs lae k - ax -£ itsE £ wa bEgulula £ ye; laEmxae q !eq !at lalaxa 50 
c "nal £ nEmexxa loqlwa. Wa, g-il £ mese '"wllg'allleda loElqlwaxs lae 
hex -£ ida £ ma gig - ig&ma £ ye LleplExndEX obalts!ana £ yases q!eq!ESE- 
na £ ye. Wa, g'ih'mese gwalExs lae daxa, wa, la'"me dasgEmdxa 
Laxabalise vises helk'!ots!ana £ ye. Wa, la klokloxsEmases qoma 
lacj. Wa, g - ll £ mese loxsEma Liixabalisaxs lae tsoqlusas laxes 00 
sEmse. Wa, la £ naxwaEm he gweg'ila LE £ wa bEgullda £ yaxs hie 
t !EX"t!;ik u xa t!Ex u sose gweg'ilasasa LElaxapg'iixa Laxabalise. Wa. 
g - tl £ mese poHdExs lae £ wl £ la £ ma LElaxapg'axa Laxabalise LE £ wa 
t!Ext!akwaxa t!Ex u sose tExsEindxes anexsa £ ye qa £ s la motElaq 



542 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ann.ss 

60 over and take it home || to their wives. Then they drink water in 
their houses. | That is all about this. The long and the | short 
cinquef oil-roots are given at great feasts to many tribes, for | they 
are counted when chiefs count their feasts in rivalry. | 

65 (2) There is anotherwayof cooking short and || long cinquef oil-roots — 
when they are boiled for a married couple and their children, | and 
when they invite their brothers or sisters. First, | the woman goes 
to get her | small kettle for cooking long and short cinquefoil-roots, 
for there is only one way of cooking them. She | washes out the small 

70 kettle; and when it is clean, she takes split || cedar-wood and meas- 
ures the size of the bottom of the kettle with the | split cedar-wood. 
She breaks the sticks and places them in the bottom, | six at the 
bottom of the small kettle, and she places the same number cross- 
wise over | those six which she first put in. After | she has put 
them in, they are in this way srfTTTfv. m the bottom of the small 

75 kettle. || After she has crossed H : ; : : : D the sticks in the bottom of 
the small kettle, | she takes ' v UJ_LL L J her basket containing the 
long cinquefoil-roots, unties it, | takes a small dish and pours 
some water into it until it is half full. | She takes the long 
roots out of the basket and | puts them into the water in the 

SO small dish, and she || washes them. After she has done so, she 



CO qaes gEgEnEme. Wa, al £ mese nax £ Idxa £ wape laxes gigokwe. 
Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. Wa, hiEm klweladzEma Laxabalise LE £ wa 
t!Ex u sose laxa £ walase klwelasxa q!enEme lelqwalaLa e ya yixs 
Layaasa g'Ig - Egfima £ yaxs Laplaases k!welats!Ets!a e ye. 

(2) Wa, ga £ mes £ nEmx ,£ idala ha e mex"silaenexa t!Ex u sose LE £ wa 

65 Laxabalise, yixs hanxLEntsE-'wae qaeda hayasEkala LE £ wis sasEme 
loxs Le £ lalaya £ e laxa £ nal £ nEmwEvote. Wa, heEm gil ax £ etso £ sa 
tslEdaqaxs lae ax £ edxes Laxape £ lats !§lS ha £ nEma loxs t!Eqwe £ la- 
ts!eLa ha £ nEme qaxs £ nEmae gwajaasas, yixs lae aek"!a ts!oxu- 
gindxa ha £ nEine. Wa, gil £ mese egigaxs lae ax £ edxa xokwe 

70 k!wa £ XLawa. Wa, la mEns £ idEX £ wadzEq!Exsdaasasa ha £ nEme, yisa 
xokwe k!wa £ xLawa. Wii, lii k'okoxsEndEq qa £ s xulxi/Endalesa 
q!EL!Ets!aqe lax 5xLa £ yasa ha e nEme. Wa, laxae gekiytndalasa, 
hemaxat! £ waxeda gilxde xulxLEndalayoseda q!EL!Ets!aqa. Wa, 
lag'a gwalaxs lae gwala k" !aat !EXLa e yasa t!Eqwe £ lats!e ha £ nEma 

75 (Jig.). Wa, gil £ mese gwala k!aat!EXLa £ yasa t!Eqwe £ lats!e ha £ nEma 
lae ax £ edxes Laxabatsle Llabata qa-'s ciwelEyindex t!Emak - iya £ yas. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa lalogume qa £ s guxtslodesa £ wape laq qa nEgoyoxs- 
dales. Wa, la bElx £ ults!odxa Laxabalise laxa laxabatsle Llabata qa £ s 
bElxstEndes laxa £ wabEts!awasa lalogume. Wa, la beheltalaqexs lae 

SO ts!6x £ wklEq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae bElx £ ustEndEq qa £ s la bel- 



i.'asJ KECIPES 543 

takes them out of the water and | puts them on the frame in the 81 
bottom of the kettle for cooking the long roots. She only | stops 
putting them into the small kettle when they are heaped up high. 
She pours on very little | water, about half a cupful. [ She takes a 
piece of old mat and covers (the kettle) with it. || Then she tucks it in 85 
all round so that it is tight, and so that not much steam | can come 
out when (the water) begins to boil. After she has done so, ] she 
puts it on the fire; and when it begins to boil, she takes her | fire- 
tongs and strikes the mat covering. When it | stays down and does 
not jump back, she takes it off the fire, removes [| the mat covering, 90 
takes the small dish and puts it alongside of the | kettle. Then she 
takes the fire-tongs and pushes them into the | cinquefod-roots which 
are now done, picks them out and puts them into the small dish. | 
She only stops when they are all out of the kettle. Then she | takes 
up the steaming long roots, holds them up, and shakes them, until || 
the steam comes out. As soon as they stop steaming, she takes an | 95 
oil-dish, pours oil into it, and, after doing so, she | puts the dish with 
the long roots in front of those who are to eat it. | She places the oil- 
dish on the outer side of the small dish. | Then those who are to eat 
the boded roots begin to eat. || They take hold of them with the right 200 
hand, and | press the roots with the thumb so as to make a ball. 

dzots laxa k - !aat!EXLa £ yasa Lfixape £ lats!e ha £ nEma. Wa, al £ niese 81 
gwal bElxtslalaxa ha £ nEmaxs lae Llak'Emala. Wa, la xaL!Ex £ Id 
gfiqlEqasa walaanawise lo £ nEgoyalada £ wape laxa dedag'aatsle 
k!wa e sta. Wa, la &x £ edxa k!ak - !obanedzEse qa £ s nasEmdes laq. 
Wa, Iueiii dzopax ewana £ yas qa arnxes qa k!eses XEriLEla klaltsa- 85 
leda k' latela laq qo mEdElx £ wIdELo. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
hanxLEiits laxa lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese mEdElx £ \v!dExs lae ax £ edxes 
tslesLala qa £ s kwexsEmdexa nasEya £ ye k!ak!obana. Wa, g - il £ mese 
xutEyax-'IdExs lae liex £ idaEin hanx'SEndEq laxa lEgwIle qa £ s naso- 
dex nasEya £ yas. Wa, la fix £ edxa lalogtime qa £ s ha £ nolIles laxa Laxa- 90 
pe £ lats!e ha'nEina. Wa, la ax £ edxa tslesLala qa £ s L!Enq!Eqes laxa 
la, L!opa Laxabalisaxs lae k'!ip!edEq qa £ s la k!ipts!ots liixa lalo- 
giime. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae £ wllg - ilts !awa ha £ nEme, wa, la 
dax ,£ Idxa k!alEla Laxabalisa qa £ s dzox-ostalisexs lae kMitelaq qa 
lawalesa k"!alBla laq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal k-Iatelaxs lae ax £ edxa 95 
ts!Ebats!e qa £ s k!imxts!odesa L!e £ na laq. Wa, g il £ mese gwalExs lae 
kagEmlilasa L:"ixapts!ala lalogiim laxa LElaxapglLaxa Laxabalise. 
Wa, la k'Sg-allltsa ts!Ebats!e L!e £ na lax L!5saxdza £ yasa lalogume. 
Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese daxweda Laxapelag'iLaxa hanxLaakwe Laxa- 
balisa. Wa, la d5x £ itses helk - lots !ana £ ye laxa Laxabalise qa £ s 200 
k!5xwises qoma laq. Wa, g-il £ mese loxsEmx- £ IdExs lae tsteplets 



544 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.aks.3B 

2 Then they dip (the ball) | into the oil and put it into the mouth. 
They keep on doing this | until they have had enough. Then they 
drink some | water after eating the boiled long roots. || 

5 There are only two ways of cooking the long and sh ort cinquef oil- 
roots. | Only this teaches the common people their low station, | 
when it is given in a feast, for the long roots are given to the chiefs 
and the ] short ones (to the others), for only chiefs eat the long 
10 roots | and the common men eat the short roots. || That is all about 
this. 

1 Erythronium. — If the woman has many Erythronium plants, she 
takes a large dish | and puts it down at the place where she | always 
-it-. With one hand she takes up the | flat-bottomed basket contain- 

5 ing the roots and pours them into the large dish. || Then she goes to 
get water in her bucket, and pours it into | the large dish contain- 
ing the roots, and she moves them with her hands so that the 
earth comes off. She washes them; and | after moving them with 
her hands, she washes out the flat-bottomed basket. | When it is 
10 clean, she takes the roots out of the water and || puts them back into 
the small-meshed flat-bottomed basket. When | the roots have all 
been taken out of the washing-dish, she takes up the | washing-dish 
at each end and pours out the dirty water outside of | the house; 
and she brings it back again and puts it down ' where it was before. 



2 laxa L!e £ na qa £ s ts!oq!uses laxes sEmse. Wa, ax'samese he gwe- 
g'ile. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae pol e ida. Wa, laEm nax £ idxa £ wa- 
paxs lae LElaxapgExa hanx'Laakwe Laxabalisa. 
5 Wa, maledala £ me ha £ mexsilaena £ yaxa Laxabalise LE £ wa t!Ex' J sose. 
Wa, laEm lexaEm q!al £ aLElatsa bEgullda £ yaxes awalox £ unasaxs 
hamgElflae LE e wa g - Ig igania £ ye laxa Laxapelaxa Laxabalise LE £ wa 
tlEqweliixa t!Ex u sose, qaxs lex"a £ maeda gig igama £ ye LElaxapgixa 
Laxabalise. Wa; la t!EXt!aqwa bEgwuluhr'yaxa t!EX u sose. Wa, 

10 laEm gwal laxeq. 
1 Erythronium. — Wa, 1 la ax £ edxa £ walase loq Iwaxs qlEyoLaeda ts!E- 
daqaxa xaasxEntle. Wa, g'axe k'ag-alllas laxes heniEnala £ me 
klwaelasa. Wa, la k-!6quhlaxa x - aasx-Ent!aats!e t!olt!ox u sEm le- 
qlExsd bexa £ ya qa £ s lii qEposasa x'aasx'Eiitle laxa £ walase loq!wa. 
5 Wa, la tsex £ idxa e wape yises nagats!e qa £ s gaxe guqlEqas laxa 
x - aasxEnt!ts!aleda £ walase ioqlwa. Wa, la golgElgeq qa lawaye 
dzedzExsEma £ yas. Wa, laEm tsloxwaq laxes gwegilasaq. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwal golg-Elgeqexs lae ts!ox u SEmdxa LEqlExsde lExa £ ya. 
Wa, gil £ mese ex'tslaxs lae golostEndalaxa xaasx-Ent!e qa £ s lii 

10 k-!ats!alas laxa t !olt !ox u sEme LEqlExsd lExa £ ya. Wa, g-il £ mese 
£ wi £ losteda la ts!ok u x'aasxEnt! laxa ts!ats!iiq lae dadEbEndxa 
ts!ats!e £ walas Ioqlwa qa £ s la giiqodxa neqwa £ wapa lax Llasana- 
£ yases gokwe. Wa, giixe xwelaqa kaeLElaq qa £ s la k-iigallhis 
lax g-ilx-de k'aelats. Wa, laxae guxtslotsa 'wape laxa ts!ats!e 

' Continued from p. 198, line 22. 



boas] RECIPES 545 

Then she pours some water into the || large washing-dish, and takes 15 
up in one hand the basket containing the roots | and pours them into 
the dish. She leaves them there | until she is ready to cook them. 
She also changes the | water in which they have been washed for 
clean water, and leaves the roots in it. Then she builds up | the fire 
and goes down to the beach, || carrying in her hands a basket for 20 
stones. She puts | stones into it; and when it is full, she carries it 
on her back and puts the stones on the | fire. She continues doing 
this if she has many roots. | When she has enough stones, she takes 
her stcaming-box [ and places it ready by the side of the fire. She 
draws fresh water || in her bucket and pours it into the steaming-box. 25 
When | it is half full, she stops pouring in water. Then she goes | 
with her bucket to draw more water, and puts it down by the side 
of the steaming-box; | and after doing so, she takes her tongs and 
puts them down. | Now everything is ready. When the stones of the 
fire are red-hot, || she takes the fire-tongs, and also the bucket with 30 
water | that stands by the side of the fire. She is going to dip the 
red-hot | stones in it, and she takes up the red-hot stones with the 
tongs. | She quickly dips them into the water in the bucket, until the | 
ashes that stick on them come off. She puts them into the water in 
the steaming-box, || and she continues to do so. As soon as the water 35 

e walas loqlwa. Wa, la kloqulllxa xaasxEnt!aats!e LEqlExsd 1e- 15 
xa £ ya qa £ s guxstEiides laxa loqlwa. Wa, a £ mes la he gwestallla 
lae xwanalElax L!obasLas, yixs lamaaLal LlayodEq laxa ex'stowe 
£ wapa yix la axstalilatsa ts!6kwe xaasxEiit!a. Wa, la lEqwela- 
x ,£ ldxes lEgwIle. Wa, la lEnts !es laxa L!Ema E isases gokwe dak - !o- 
tF.laxa lExa £ ye qa's t!agats!exa tlesEme. AV;i , la t!axts!alasa t!e- 20 
sEme laq. Wa, lii qotlaxs lae oxLosdesaq qa £ s lii XEX u Lalas laxes 
lEgwIle. Wa, la hanalExs q!enEmaes qlolasoLe xaasxEnt !a. 
Wa, gil £ mese heT'e xEgwanEmas tlesEmaxs h.e ax-edxes q!olats!e 
cja g-axes gwalil hanolisxa lEgwIle. Wa, latsex -£ Idxa £ wE £ wap!Eme -. 
yises nagatsle cja £ s lii guxts!alasa E wape laxa q!olats!e. Wa, g il- 25 
£ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae gwal guxtslalaq. Wa, laLa laEm et!ed 
tsex -£ itsa nagatsle laxa £ wape qa ha £ neles q !ots!al!ltsE £ wa. Wa, 
g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes k'SpLalaa qa gaxes kadela. Wa, 
la £ me £ naxwa gwalila. Wa, gil £ mese memEnltsEiiix-'Ideda XE £ x u L:Ila 
tlesEinxs lae ax £ edxa k!ipL5laa. Wa, he £ mesa £ wabEts!alile naga- 30 
ts!a qa las ha £ nallsxa lEgwIle. Wa, heEm habasLEsexa xIxexse- 
mala tlesEma. Wa, la k!ip!ldxa xIXExsEmala tlesema. Wa, lii 
hanaxnvld hapstEiits laxa £ wabEts!awasa nagatsle qa lawalesa 
guna £ ye klutsEmeq. Wa, lii k!ipstEtits lax e wabEts lawasa q!olats!e. 
Wa, axsa £ mese he gweg-ilaq. Wa, gil £ mese niEdElx £ wideda q!ola- 35 
75052 — 'Jl — '■'<'> eth — pt 1 35 



546 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I i;tii. ANN. BB 

36 in the steaming-box begins to boil, | the woman takes the flat- 
bottomed basket, takes the | washed roots out of the dish, and puts 
them into the flat-bottomed basket. | As soon as all the roots are in 
the flat-bottomed basket, she | puts the basket, with the roots into 

40 the boiling || water. After she has done so, she again takes up her 
tongs, | picks up red-hot stones, dips them into the | water in the 
bucket, and puts them in all around the sides of the | basket con- 
taining the roots. She does not put in really many | red-hot stones. 

4."> Then the water begins to boil; || and it does not boil a very long time, 
before the | roots are boiled to pieces. Then the woman takes hold 
on each side of the | basket with roots, and she puts the basket into a 
large | dish. She pours out the water that was in the dish, and | lets 
the liquid drain off. For this purpose she puts (the roots) into the 

50 large dish. || Then she takes a small dish, puts it down, and also oil | 
and spoons; and when everything is ready, she takes up with one 
hand | the basket containing the roots and lifts it out of the large j 
dish. Then she pours the boded roots into a | small dish, from which 
they are to be eaten. When the dish is full, she stops pouring them 

55 in. She || takes od, and pours on much oil, and she only | stops 
pouring on od when (what is in the dish) is a thick paste. Then she 
stirs it with a | spoon, and gives the spoons to those who are to eat | 

36 ts!axs lae &x £ ededa tslEdaqaxa LEqlExsde lExa £ ya qa £ s lii klastalaxa 
tslokwe x - aasx - Ent!a qa £ s lii kMatslalas laxa LEqlExsde lExa e ya. 
Wa, g-iPmese £ wI £ losa x - aasx - Ent!e laxa LEqlExsde lExa £ ya lae han- 
stEntsa x - aasx-Ent!Ets!ala LEqlExsd lExa £ y.a laxa maEindElqiila 

40 £ wapa. Wa, giPmese gwalExs lae et!ed ax £ edxes k'lfpLalaa qa £ s 
etlede k'lip'.edxa xixExsEmala t!esEma qa £ s hapstEndes laxa 
£ wabEts!awasa nagatsle. Wa, k'lipstales lfix ewana e yasa xaasxKii- 
t!Ets!ala LEqlExsd lExa £ ye. Wa, k!est!a alaEm qlenEineda k!ip- 
stanas x-Lx'ExsEinala t'.esEmaxs lae alax -e Id maEmdElquleda £ wape. 

45 Wa, k - !est!a alaEm geg'ilil maEmdElaqulaxs lae xas £ Ideda qlolkwe 
x - aasx - Ent!a. Wa, a £ mese la k- !ak" logwaanodeda tstedaqaxa qlolkwe 
x - aasxEnt!Ets!ala LEqlExsd lExa £ ya qa £ s hants lodes laxa £ walase 
loq!wa, yixs lae giiqEwakwe q!ots!ax - daq £ wapa. Wii, la £ me 
x'atslax £ wapaga £ yas laxes la gwetslawas laxa £ walase loq!wa. Wii, 

50 lii ax £ edxa lalogume qa £ s gaxe k - ag-alilas. Wa, he £ misa L!e £ na 
LE £ wa kakEts '.Eiiaqe. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ la gwalila lae k' !ox £ wults !od- 
xa x'aasxEnt!aats!e LEqlExsd lExa £ ya laxa £ walase x - ats!aats!e 
loqlwa. Wa, lii qEpasasa qlolkwe x-aasx - Ent!a laxa x'aasx-Entg'a- 
atsle lalogmna. Wii, gil £ mese qot!axs, lae gwal giiqa. Wii, lii 

55 ax £ edxa L!e £ na qa £ s k!unq!Eqesa qleiiEme L!e £ na laq. Wii, al £ mese 
gwal klunqasa L.'e £ na liiqexs lae gEnkaxs lae xwetElgesa kats!E- 
naqe laq. Wii, la £ me ts lawanaesasa kats lEnaqe laxes xaasx'Entg'ot- 



boas] KECIPES 547 

the boiled roots. Then they begin to eat with | spoons, and they 
eat much oil with them, because the roots are bitter. || Therefore they 60 
put much oil on, | so that they may not taste bitter. After they have 
eaten enough, | they drink a little water. This is the manner in 
which | in former times the Indians boiled the Erythronium-roots. 
They were | used by the Indians at feasts given to many tribes. 
That is all about the || one way of cooking them. | 65 

Boiled Erythronium. — Now I will talk again | about the way they 1 
are cooked at present, for at present the Erythronium-roots are 
boiled; | and they are kept by the woman who digs them and put | 
into baskets, and they are dried in the sun by those who gather many 
of them where they grow in || great quantity. First of all, the woman 5 
takes a kettle and | washes it out with water. When it is clean, she 
takes the | basket with Erythronium-roots, unties the top, and takes 
off | the dry grass covering. She takes a dish and | puts it down 
where she is sitting. Then she puts the roots into it, || and she pours 10 
on some water. As soon as the top of the roots is covered, | she stirs 
them with her hands so that the soil may come off; [ and when the 
water in which they are beingwashed is dirty, she takes out the | roots 
and puts them into another dish which stands on the floor. | When they 
have all been taken out, she pours out the dirty water in the corner 
of the || house and she washes the dish. | When it is clean, she puts 15 

Laxa qlolkwe x - aasxEht!a. Wa, laxda £ xwe £ yos £ Itsa k - ak - EtslE- 58 
naqe laq. Wa, laEm heqlek'lEdzeseda Lle £ na qaxs malaeda 
x - aasx - Ent!axs qlolkwae. Wa, he £ mis lagilas qleqElaxa Lle £ na 60 
qa k"!eses plEgEla malp !aena £ yas. Wa, g'iPmese pol c 'IdExs lae 
xaL!Ex £ Id nax £ Idxa kolale £ wapa. Wa, heEm ha £ mexsilaenesa 
gildzEse bakliimxa xaasx'Entle. Wa, la klweladzEinxa qleiiEme 
lelqwalaLa £ ya visa gildzEse bakluma. Wa, laEm gwal laxa £ nEin- 
x -£ idala ha £ mexsilaeneq. 65 

Boiled Erythronium. — Wii, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwexs £ alal 1 
laqexs ha £ mexsilasE £ waasa ale £ nala, yixs hanx'LEndaaxa xaasxEii- 
t!e qaxs axelaso £ maeda ts!oyanEmasa ts!Edacje qa £ s la axEmtslo 
laxa L!aL!Ebate, yixs ex £ mae xilaso £ sa cjlEyaLaqexs lae tslosax 
qlayasas. Wa, he £ mis g'il ax £ etso £ sa tslEdaqes hanxLanowe qa £ s 5 
ts!oxug indesa £ wape hxq. Wii, gil £ mese eg - ig - axs lae ax £ edxes 
xaasxEnt'.aatsle Llabata cja £ s qwelEyindeq. Wa, la, axodEx 
ts!ak - iya £ yas lelElxLo kletlEma. Wii, la ax £ edxa loq!we qa £ s 
k'agaliles laxes k!waelase. Wa, la k - !ats!otsa x"aasx'Ent!e laq. 
Wii, lii guqlEqasa £ wape liiq. Wit, gil £ mese tlEpEle okuya £ yasa It) 
x - aasx - Ent!axs lae g-olg'Elgeses e £ eyasowe laq qa lawayes dzedzEX"- 
sEraa £ yas. Wa, g-il £ mese nex £ wideda tslasas £ wapa lae golostEndxa 
x - aasx - Ent!e qa £ s lii goltslots laxa ogfl £ la £ me loqlwa k'aela. Wii, 
g - il £ mese £ \vi £ losa lae cjEpEWElsaxa neqwa e wapa lax onalasases 
g'okwe. Wii, lii, ts!oxugintsa £ wape laxa ts!ats!e loqlwa. Wii, 15 



548 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH.AKN.80 

17 the roots back into it | and pours some more clean water on them. 
Then she stirs them again with her | hands, and again she changes 
the water that she poured on last. | Now the roots are white when they 

20 have been washed. || She pours some water into the kettle until it is 
half lull. | Then she puts it on the fire; and when the water begins to 
boil, | she takes up the dish with the roots and | pours them into the 
boiling water in the kettle in which the roots are to be cooked. | 

25 When they are all in, she lets them boil. || She takes a cedar-stick and 
stirs them; and when | they have boiled to pieces, she takes the 
kettle oil of the fire, for they are done. Then she | takes oil and 
pours much of it on the roots. She takes her | spoon and stirs (the 
roots) so that the oil | and the water and the boiled roots are all 

30 mixed. After || stirring them, she takes spoons and distributes them 
among | the guests who arc to cut the boiled roots. She puts the | 
kettle in which they were boiled in front of the guests, and | they 
begin to eat with the spoons out of the kettle. After | eating, they 

35 drink a little water. That is all about this. || This kind of cooking 
is used for inviting many tribes. ] 
1 Eaw and Baked Erythronium (1). — Some | women and men eat the 
roots raw when it is a hot day, for j the Erythronium-roots are cool 

16 g'il £ mese la egig'axs lae xwelaqa goltslotsa x - aasx"Ent!e laq. Wa, 
laxae giiqlEqasa ex - stowe E wap laq. Wa, laxae golg'Elgeses 
e £ eyaso\ve laq. Wa, la E me rJayodEq laxeq ylsa ale guqlEgEins 
£ wapa. Wa, la £ me la, E mEl E mElsgEnia x - aasx - Ent!axs lae tslokwa. 

20 Wa, la guxtslotsa E wape laxa h&nxxanowe qa ttEgoyoxsdalisexa 
e wapaxa lae hanxxEnts laxes lEgwIle! Wa, g - tl E mese iiik<1i:1x- 
£ wi<1exs lae k - ag"llllxa loqlwe la g'its tewatsa xaasx'Ent !e (|a £ s la 
gttxstEnts laxa la maEmdElqfllaxa x"aasx"Ent!Eg"i e lats!e h&nxxa- 
nowa. Wa, g - il E mese E wi £ lastaxs lae waxdzala maEmdElqula. 

2.") Wa, la ax £ edxa k!wa £ xxawe qa £ s xwetes laq. Wa, g'fl e mese xas £ I- 
dExs lae hanxs £ EndEq laxes lEgwile qaxs lE £ mae Llopa. Wii, la 
ax £ edxa L!e e na qa £ s k!uq!Eqesa q!enEine laq. Wa, la ax e edxes 
k-ats!Enaqe qa £ s xwet.'edes laq qa alak'lalise lfilgowa i.!e ; ua 
LE £ wa E wapalas Lo E ma xasa xaasx'Entla. Wii, gil £ mese gwfd 

30 xwetaq lae ax E edxa k - ak"Ets lEnaqe qa E s tslEwanaeses laxes x - aas- 
x - Entg - otLaxa hanxi.aakwe xaasxEiit !a. Wa, iV'mise hanxdza- 
molllasa x - aasx - Ente E lats !e hanxxanowa laxa i.e'lfuiEnie. Wa, 
lax - da £ xwe E yos E wQlts lalaq laxa hanxxanowe. Wa, g - U E mese gwa- 
Iexs lae xaxlEx^d nax £ Idxa E wape. ^Ya, laEin gwal laxeq. Wii, 

35 laEmxae Le £ lalayoxa rj!enEme le]qwalaLa £ ya he gwekwe ha £ mex'si- 
laena e yaq. 
I Eaw and Baked Erythronium (1). — Wa, Ia e mesLa k'lElxk' !axso £ sa 
waokwe tsledaqa LE £ wa bebEgwanEma, yixs tstelqwaeda £ nala qaxs 



boas] RECIPES 549 

Inside when they are eaten raw. and they have a | milky taste. That 
is the only time when it is thus eaten. That is all || about this. 5 

(2). There is another way of preparing them, when they are baked 
in | hot ashes. The Erythronium-roots which are baked in ashes are 
not washed. | The woman takes her tongs and | digs a hole under the 
side-pieces of her fire. When || the hole is deep enough, she takes a 10 
handful of roots and puts them j into the hole. When they are 
nearly level with the top of the j hole, she takes her tongs and | 
covers them with ashes. She does not leave them there very long, 
before | she uncovers them with her tongs and takes them out. 
Then she puts them down by the side of the fire. || Wien all those 15 
that have been buried in the ashes have been taken out, she takes her 
oil-dish | and pours some oil into it, and places it in front of the one 
who is goin^ to eat the j baked roots. She puts the baked | roots 
on a mat. from which they are to lie eaten; and shespreads (the mat) | 
in front of the one who is to eat (the roots) and puts them on it. 
Then lie takes the roots, || rubs oil with his thumb the ashes that are 20 
sticking to them, and, | after doing so, he dips them into oil and puts 
them into his mouth. | He continues doing so while he is eating the 
baked | roots. After that, he drinks water; and | after drinking, he 



£ wiidaqaeda x'aas.vEiit !iixs q !EmkwasE e waaxs k'telx'ae. Wa, la 3 
dzEmx"p!a. Wa, la e me lexaEm q lEmkwaxdEmq. Wa, laEm gwal 
laxeq. " 5 

(2). Wa, g'a £ mes £ nEmx £ idiila gweg - ilasEq yixs dzamesasE-wae laxa 
tstelqwa gu £ na £ ya. Wii, la k'lesLal ts!oxwasE £ weda x - aasxEnt !iixs 
dzamedzEkwae laxa gii £ na £ ye. Wa, he e Em ;ix £ etso £ ses tslesLala qa £ s 
£ lap!alisexa awaba'yasa k - adEnwa e yases lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese 
wiinqEle E lapa e yasexs lac k!ax £ Id laxa x'aasx - Ent!e qa £ s k - !ats lodes 10 
Laxes e lapa e ye. Wii. g-il £ mese Elaq e nEmak"Eya LE £ wa ewaneqwases 
£ lapa £ ya okuva £ yasa xaasx'Ent !axs lae ax £ edxes tslesLala qa c s 
dzEmkEyindesa gu £ na £ ye laq. Wii, k"!est!e alaEin gaesExs lae 
lotledEq visa tslesLfda qa £ s k - !agalllEleq laxa onalisasa lEgwile. 
Wa, g-il £ mese £ wPloqalisa lax dzamedzasaq lae ax £ edxes ts!Ebats!e 15 
qa £ s k!iints!odesa L!e £ na laq. Wii, la k'ag^imlilas liixes x'aas- 
x - Entg'5tLnxa dzamedzEkwe x - aasx-Ent!a. Wa, la k'ladzatsa dza- 
medzEkwe x - aasx"Ent! laxa ha £ madzowe le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEpdzamo- 
llles la k" ladzayaats. Wii, lii dax- £ Id laxa x'aasx'Entle qa £ s 
dewalexa gu £ na £ ve k!wek!fitsEmeq yises qoma. Wa, giPmese 20 
gwalExs lae ts!Ep!lts laxa L!e £ na qa £ s ts!oq!uses laxes sEmse. 
Wa, axsa £ mese he gweg-ihixs lae x - aasxEntgExa dzamedzEkwe 
x'aasx'Entla. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae nax £ idxa £ wape. Wa, 
g'll £ mese gwal naqaxs lae hamsgEnid laxa £ w;ipe qa £ s h&mx'ts.'a- 



550 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. S3 

25 takes a mouthful of water, squirts || it into his hands, and washes 
them off. Now it is done. | This is not given at a feast to many 
tribes. | 
1 Boiled Lupine-Roots. — The woman lakes her small kettle, washes 
!t with fresh water, j and. when it is clean, she takes her small 
basket and | goes down to the beach of her house. She picks up 
5 some fresh || medium-sized stones, puts them into her small basket, 
and, when | she thinks she has enough to put into the bottom of her 
small kettle, she carries | them up into the house, and she puts them 
down next to the | kettle in which the lupine is to be cooked. She 
takes some fresh stones | and puts them into the bottom of the small 

10 kettle; and when they are all in, || she takes the lupine-root basket, 
unties the top, | and takes out the roots and | puts them on the 
stones in the bottom of tin- small kettle. \ She continues doing so, 
and only stops when it is heaping full, j Then she takes some dead 

15 grass and covers it over, || and tucks the grass in all around, so that 
the steam comes through it ] when the water begins to boll. She 
takes a shell of a large horse-clam, j dips out water in it, and pours it 
over the dry grass cover. | She puts on four shells of water. | After 

I'll doing so, she puts the kettle with the lupine-roots on the || fire. The 
reason why she pours the water on is because she | wishes the roots 
to be wet, so that they may not get burned. Then it begins to boil, | 

25 nEndes laxes e £ eyasowe qa £ s ts tents !Enx e wide. Wii, lawesLa gwal 
laxeq. Wa, laEin k' !es k!weladzEin laxa lelqwalaLa £ ye. 
1 Boiled lupine-Roots (Ilanxi.uak" q!wa £ ne). — Wa, heEm ax £ etso £ sa 
tslEdaqes ha £ nEme qa £ s ts!oxug indeq visa E WE £ wap [Erne. Wa 
gllmiese egigaxs lae ax-'edxa lalaxame qa £ s hi dalaqexs lae 
lEntsles lax LlEimrisases g - 6kwe. Wii, la XEx £ wIdxa FdExsEme 
5 ha £ yal £ a tlesEina qa £ s xEx u ts!ales laxa lalaxame. Wii, gil £ mese 
kotaq lfiEm helala lax xEq !uxLa £ yases h riiEinaxs 1 e k- !ox £ \\ usde- 
SElaq qa £ s lii k - !ogweLElaq laxes gokwe, cja £ s k'logunoldes laxes 
q!iinse £ lats!eLe hamEina. Wii, lit xEx £ wults!odxa alExsEme t!esEma 
c[a £ s la xEq luxJLEndalas laxa hamEine. Wii. g - ll e mese £ wdts!axs 

10 lae ax-'edxes q!unyats!e Llabata qa £ s qwelEyindex tlEmaglmas. 
Wii, lii LEX £ wfdts!;llaxa q!wa e ne laxa q!unyats!e Llabata qa e s lii 
LEx £ uyindrdes lax XEq !QxLa £ yexa q !unse e lats !eLe hamEma. W;i, lii 
hanal LEx £ ts!rdas. Wii, iiPmese gwal LEx-Tiyiudalascxs hie Lliik'E- 
mala. Wii, lii ax £ edxa IcIeIxlo k!et!Ema qa £ s ts!;ikEvindes laq. 

15 Wii, lii dzopax awe £ stits qa kleses alaEm k - Ex u saleda kMalEla laq 
qo niEdElx'wIdLo. Wa, lii ax £ edxa xalaesasa £ walase niEt!ana £ ya 
qa £ s tsex £ ides laxa E wape qa e s giigELEyindes laxa ts!ak'Eina £ yas. 
Wii, lii niEwexLeda £ wape laxa £ walase xalaetsox niEt!ana £ yex 
Wii, g'iPmese gwalEXs lie hanx'LEnts laxes cj!unse £ lax - dEmaLe 

20 lEgwIla. Wa, heEm lag"ilis guqas i £ \vape laxa ts!ak'Ema £ yaxs 
£ nek'ae qa klflnqes qa k!eses xix £ eda. Wa, la mEdElx £ wida. 



boas] RECIPES 551 

and she lets it boil until the liquid is almost dried up. | They know 22 
thai the liquid has dried up when | the steam ceases to come through. 
Then she takes the small kettle off the fire, || and they are done. 25 
She does not take off the cover immediately, | because she wishes the 
roots to be steamed. When the steam stops | coming through, she 
takes off the top covering, takes her small dish | and puts it down 
close to her seat, where she has been cooking the roots. | She takes 
the tongs, picks up the lupine-roots which are in the || small kettle, 30 
and she puts them into the small dish. | As soon as all the roots are 
out of the kettle, [ she takes her oil-dish and pours some od into it. | 
After doing so, she puts it into the small disli containing the lupine- 
roots, and | places it in front of those who are to eat the boiled 
roots. || Then they take out the roots, one each, for | they are long 35 
pieces; and they do not bod to pieces, although the roots in the 
kettle have been boiling a long time, | for they always remain whole. | 
They put the lupine-roots lengthwise into the dish, and | they dip 
one end into the oil in the oil-dish, and they bite off || the ends when 40 
they are eating the lupine-roots. They continue doing so while | 
they are eating; and after they have finished, they drink water. 
Now | they do not get drunk and they do not get sleepy | after 
eating lupine-roots. That is all about this. | 

Wa, he/mis wawasElll maEmdElqulaxs k'!es'mae lEmx E wkle £ wapa- 22 
las. Wa, he £ mis £ ma £ malt !ek" lesexs lae .lEmx £ wide £ wapalasexs hie 
gwala k'laiEla. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mese hanx-sEiidxa q!unse £ lats!e 
ha £ nEma. Wa, laEm Llopa laxeq. Wa, lii k!es hex £ ida l&WEyo- 25 
dEX t!ak'Ema-yas qaxs £ nek'ae qa kiinyadlles. Wa, het!a la gwal 
k"!alElaxs lae lawEyodEx t !ak - Ema £ yas. Wa, la ax £ edxes lalogume 
qa £ s g-axe k'ag-ahlas laxes klwaelasaxs qlunselaxa q!wa £ ne. Wa, 
la ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s k - !ip!ldes laxa q!wa £ naxs LEx u ts!ae laxa 
q!iinselats!e ha £ nEma qa-'s la k"!lpts!alas laxa Ifdogiime. ■ Wa, 30 
g-il £ mese £ wllg iltslaweda q!wa £ ne laxa q !unse £ lats !e liaMiEinnxs lae 
ax £ edxes ts'.Ebatsie qa £ s k!unxts!5desa ide £ na liiq. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwfdExs lae kaneqwas laxa q Irinsq Iwayats !eLe laloguma. Wii, la 
k"agEml!las laxes q !unsq IwaswQtLaxa hanxxaakwe q!wa £ ne. Wa, 
hex £ ida £ mese dax -£ IdEx-da £ x u xa E nal £ nEmts !aqe laxa q!wa £ ne qaxs 35 
g'ilsg'ilt!ae qaxs hewaxae xas £ IdExs wax ,£ mae la geglhl maEmdEl- 
qiileda q !uns§ £ lats !e hanxxanowa, yixs ax - sa £ mae sEniiles ogwi- 
da £ ye. Wa, a £ mese doltsloyo laxa q!iinsq Iwayats !e hlloguma qa £ s 
idEnxstanowe laxa ts tebasts !ala L!e £ na. Wa, a £ mese q!Eg-ex - be- 
soxs lae q!unsq!was £ eda. \V;i, ax'sa £ mese he gwegilaxs lae 40 
q!tinsq!wasa. Wa, g'il £ mese gwala lae nax ; Idxa £ wape. Wa, laEm 
k !eas gweg'ilats k!es wunaHda. Wa, laxae k!es bEqluh'Ida yixs 
lae gwiil q!unsq!wasa. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 



552 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

1 Steamed Lupine-Roots. — They [ build a fire in the same way, and 
the woman goes to get stones in the same way, as they do when | 
they build a lire for steaming the short cinquef oil- roots; and only 
this is different, that | she takes green grass and skunk-cabbage 
5 leaves to place || on the red-hot stones when they are placed in the 
steaming-box, | and that they put red-hot stones into the steaming- 
box. I When there are enough, the woman takes the green | grass 
and puts it on the red-hot stones; and when | there is a thick layer 
on them, she takes the skunk-cabbage leaves and places them flat on 

10 the || fresh grass; and when there are many Layers of this, [ she takes 
her digging-stick for digging clams and pokes holes | through the 
skunk-cabbage leaves. After making many | holes, she takes her 
basket with lupine-roots, unties the | top, and takes out the roots, 

15 which she places || on the skunk-cabbage leaves. When she thinks 
there are enough, | she takes a bucket with water and empties it over 
the roots. | When (the water) has all been poured out, she takes old 
mats and | covers up the box, so that the steam shall not come 
through. She leaves it that way for a long time. | Sometimes she 

20 leaves it there until mid-day. if she began || cooking in the morning. 
Then she takes off the cover, takes her | small dish and puts it down. 
She takes her tongs and takes out | the steamed lupine-roots, puts 
them into the | small dish from which the roots are to be eaten; and 

1 Steamed Lupine -Roots ( £ nEg'Ek u q!wa £ ne). — Wii, heEmxaa gweg'i- 
laxs hie lEqwela loxs hie xE £ x"J.Entsa tlesEmes gwegilasaxs lae 
lEqwila qa e nEgasxa t!Ex u sose. Wa, lexa E me oguqalayosexs lae 
ax-edxa IeuIeiixexlo k' let !Ema LE £ \va k!Ek"!aok!wa qa ts!ak'!es 
5 laxa x'lxExsEniala tlesEmxs lae k!ipts!o £ yo laxa q!o £ lats!e. Wa, 
he £ maaxs lae k" !lpts lalayowa xIxKxsEinfda t!esEm laxa q!o £ lats!e. 
Wa, g - il £ mese helatslaxs lae ax £ ededa tstedaqaxa lEnlEnxEXLowe 
k - !et!Eina qa £ s lEx £ al6dfdes laxes xIxExsEmala tlessma. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese waklwaxs lae ax'edxa k!Ek - !aok!wa qa £ s paquyfndales laxa 

1 IsnlEnxEXLowe klettema. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise q!ex - dzEkwalaxs 
hie ax £ edxes k'lilakwexes dzegavaxa gaweq IfuiEme qa ts!Ex £ wum- 
x'soles laxa pax u ts!a k!Ek!aok!wa. Wa, gll £ mese qledzEqe 
ts!EXwa £ yasexs lae ax £ edxes q!unyats!eye Llabata qa £ s qweteyindex 
t!Einak-Eya £ yas. Wii, la LEX e wtilts lalaxa q!wa £ neqa £ s la LExutslo- 

15 dalas laxa pax ll ts!;l k!Ek - !aok!wa. Wii, g - il £ mese hela lax naqa- 
£ yasexs lae ax £ edxa £ wabEts lalfle nagatsla qa £ s tsadzELEyindes 
laq. Wii, gil £ mese £ wllg - iits!axs lae &x £ edxa k" !ak' !Ek - lobane qa £ s 
nasEyindes laq qa kMeses k'Ex u sale klalEla laq. Wii, la gael he 
gwaele. Wa, la £ nfd £ nEinp !Ena nEqalag'ila he gvvaele, ylxs gag'aa- 

20 lodaaqexa gaala. Wii, la nas5dEx nasEma £ yas. Wa, lii ax £ edxes 
lalogiime qa £ s kagaliles. Wa, la ax £ edxes tslesLala qa £ s k - !ip '.Ides 
laxa £ iiEgEkwe q!wa £ na qa £ s lii k - !Epts!ala laxa q!unsq!wayats!eLe 
laloguma. Wa, gil £ mese helatslaxs lae ax £ edxes ts!Ebats!e qa £ s 



boas] RECIPES 553 

when enough are in it, she takes an oil-dish, | pours some oil into it, 
and, after doing so, she puts the oil-dish on the || steamed roots and 25 
puts it in front of those to whom she is going to give to eat. | Those 
who are eating the lupine-roots take them | and dip the ends into 
the oil, and | put the roots that have oil at the end into the mouth 
and bite them off and chew them. | As soon as (hey swallow the roots, 
they dip the cud || again into oil and put it into the mouth. They | 30 
chew it, and those who eat the lupine-roots | take up another one, 
and do as they did | before when they began to eat the | roots. 
After eating, they drink much water. || That is all about the lupine- 35 
roots. [ 

Carrots(l). — (After the woman lias gathered carrots,) she takes fire- 1 
wood and builds up the fire. | After building the fire, she takes her 
small basket and goes | to get stones on the beach. She puts the 
stones | into her small basket, just enough so that she can carry 
them. || Then she stops putting in stones and carries the basket on 5 
her back | up the beach into the house, and she | puts it down by 
the side | of the fire. Then she takes out the stones and puts them 
on top of | the fire. When there are many carrots, there are also 
many | stones. When she has enough stones, she takes her || large 10 
basket, goes down to the beach, and at high-water mark picks up 

k!uhts!odesa L!e £ na laq. Wa, la gwalExs lae kak-Eyints laxa 
mEgEkwe q!wa £ na. Wa, lii k"ax - dzamolTlas laxes q !unselag"ilaxa 25 
q!wa E ne. Wa, lii e nEmax -£ Id dax -£ ideda q !unsq IwasLaxa q!wa £ ne 
laxa q!wa £ ne qa £ s LtenxstEnde oba'yas laxa L,!e £ na. Wa, la 
LlEngeLas laxes sEinsexa L!e £ nabalaxs lae q!Ek"5dEq qa £ s malex- 
£ wideq. Wa, giPmese nEx £ wklqexs lae et!ed LlEnxstEnts oba £ yas 
laxaaxa L!e £ na qa £ s LtengeLes laxes sEinse. Wii, laxae malex £ wi- 30 
dEq. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ la q!unsq!was £ idxa e nEmts!aqaxs hie etied 
dax ,£ idxa £ nEmts!aqe glltla q!wa £ na. Wa, aEmxaawise naqEm- 
giltowi £ lalaxes g'ilx-de gwa £ yilalasa yixs la gil q !unsq !was £ Idxa 
q!wa £ ne. Wa, gil £ mese gwala lae nax £ Idxa qlenEme £ wapa. Wii, 
lawisLa gwal laxa q'wame. 35 

Carrots (l). 1 — Wit, lii ax £ edxa lEqwa qa £ s lEqwelax ,£ Idexes lEgwile. 1 
Wii, gil £ mese gwal lEqwelaxs hie ax £ edxes lalaxame qa £ s lii 
xEqwas t!esEina laxa L!Eina £ ise. Wa, la XEX u ts!alasa t!esEme 
laxes xEgwatsle lalaxama. Wa, a £ mise gwa £ nala qa £ s lokwesexs 
lae gwal xEx u ts!alasa t!esEiue laq. Wa, la 5xLEx -£ idEq qa £ s lii 5 
oxxosdesEhxq qa £ s lii QxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe qa £ s la oxLEnolisas 
laxes lEgwile. Wa, la xEx £ wults!alaq qa £ s lii XE £ x u Lalax ,£ Ide laxes 
lEqwela £ ye. Wa, g - il £ mese q!enEmeda xEtxEtlaxs lae q!enEm £ Em- 
xaeda t!esEme. Wa, gil £ mese helala t!esEmasexs lae ax £ edxes 
e walase lExa £ ya qa £ s lii laxa L!Ema £ ise qa £ s la lExaxa tslats.'Es- 10 

' This follows the description of the gathering of roots, p. 201, line 21. 



554 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. axn .35 

11 dead eel -grass, | which she puts into her large eel-grass-carrying 
basket. | As soon as the large basket is full of | dry eel-grass, she 
carries it on her b ack up the beach | and into her house, and she puts 

15 it down || not far from the fire. Then she takes another | large 
basket and goes into the woods, looking for dry fern. | When she 
finds it, she picks it off and puts it into | the large basket. When it is 
full, she carries it on her back, and | she carries it out of the woods 

20 home into her house. Then she || puts it down close to the dead-eel- 
grass basket. | She takes her tongs and the small-meshed large 
basket, | and also old mats, and keeps them in readiness. | Then she 
takes her large bucket and goes to draw water. When | she comes 

25 back, she takes a large dish, in which she intends || to steam the 
carrots. Then she goes to gel her basket with carrots, | and pours 
them out into the large [ dish. She takes the bucket with water and 
pours (the water) | on the carrots in the large dish. She pats them 

30 with her hands 1 until the soil and sand come off; and || after she 
has done so. she takes the small-meshed basket and puts it down | 
close to the dish in which she washes the carrots. She takes out the | 
washed carrots and puts them into the flat-bottomed, small-meshed, 
huge | basket. When it is full, the woman rises. | By this time the 

11 mote qa £ s la lExtslalas laxes ts!ats!ayaats!e £ walas lExa £ ya laxa 
«yax £ motasa £ yExwa. Wii, g11 £ mese qot!eda ts latsayaats !as £ walas 
lExaxa lEinxwa ts latsEsmotEXs lae 5xLEX £ idEq qa £ s la oxLosde- 
sElaq qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes gokwe. Wa, la oxLEg'alilaq laxa 

15 k!ese qwesala laxa lEgwde. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa 6gu £ la £ maxat ■! 
£ walas lExa £ ya qa £ s lii laxa axle. Wa, laEm alax gEmsa. Wa 
g-il £ mese q!aqexs lae k!ulx ,£ idEq qa £ s la k!ults!alas laxa gEmdza_ 
ts!e £ walas lExa £ ya. Wa, gil-mese qotlaxs lae oxLEg'ilsaq qa £ s 
la oxLoltliilaq, qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq laxes g'okwe. Wa, lit oxle- 

20 galilaq lax hamelasasa ts !ats lEsmodats !e e walas lExa e ya. Wa, la 
ax £ edxes k'lipLalaa LE £ wa t!olt!ox u sEma e yadzEwale e walas lExa £ ya. 
Wa, he £ misa k - !ak - tek - lobane leEl £ wa e ya qa gaxes gwallla. Wa 
la ax £ edxes £ vvalase nagatsla qa £ s lii tsiix £ \vapa. Wa, gil £ mese 
g - ax aedaaqaxs lae ax £ edxa e walase loqlwa qa £ s g - axe k - ag - alilas 

25 laxes e nEg - asLaxa XEtxEtla. Wa, lii ax-edxes XEdatsie Llabata 
qa £ s gux £ wults!odexa XEtxEtla. Wa, hu:ni qEpasas laxa e walase 
loqlwa. Wa, la ax £ edxa £ wabEts!ala nagatsla qa £ s la guqlEqes 
laxa xEtxEtlatslala £ walas loqlwa. Wa, lii LEqElgeses e £ eyasowe 
laq cui lawayes dzedzEx £ una £ 3 T es LE £ wa eg'is £ Ena £ yas. Wit, gil £ mese 

30 gwalExs lae ax £ edxa t!olt!ox"sEme £ walas lExa £ ya qa £ s hang'alfles 
lax mak - axdza £ yasa ts!ats!axa XEtxEtla. Wii, lii lEx £ iistalaxa 
tslokwe XEtxEtla qa £ s lii texts !alas laxa t!olt!ox u sEme £ walas 
LEqlExsd lExa £ ya. Wii, g'il £ mese qotlaxs lae Lax £ ulileda tslEdaqe 



boas] RECIPES 555 

stones on the fire are red-hot. She || takes the tongs and picks off 35 
the hnr ning wood and puts it down | in front of the fire. As soon as 
shehasdone so, she levels down the top of the ] red-hot stones, so that 
they are level; and when this has heen done, | she takes the basket 
with dry eel-grass and puts it down by the side | of the place where 
she is going to steam the roots. She takes the dry eel-grass || out of 40 
the large basket and spreads it over the | red-hot stones. As soon 
as it is all on, she gets the | large basket with dry fern-leaves and 
puts it down close to the place where she is going to steam the | 
carrots. Then she takes out the dry fern-fronds and puts them ] on 
the dry eel-grass. She puts on one-half of the dry fern-fronds. Then 
she takes the || small-meshed, flat-bottomed, large basket with the 45 
washed carrots | and puts it in the middle of the place where she is 
going to steam the carrots, and she takes | the remainder of the dry 
fern and puts it around the small-meshed, large, flat-bottomed 
basket in which | she is going to steam the roots; and she | only 
stops putting it around the basket when the fern-fronds are level wit h 
the top of the || place where she is going to steam (the roots). After 50 
doing so, she takes old mats | which she has brought, and spreads 
them alongside of the steaming-place. When everything is ready, | 
she takes the bucket with water and empties it all over | and around 
the flat-bottomed, large steaming-baskets in which the roots are. | 

qaxs lE £ mae memEnltsEmx £ Ideda la g'ex'Lalales tlesEma. Wii, la 
ax £ edxes k'lipLalaa qa £ s kllpsales laxa gulta qa £ s la k!ip!alilElas 35 
laxa o £ stalilasa rEgwile. Wa, g'il'mese gwalExs lae £ iiEmak ivindxa- 
xIx'ExsEinala tlesEma qa £ nEmak - Eyes. Wa, gil £ Emxaawise gwas 
Iexs lae ax'edxa ts !ats .'Esmodats !e £ walas lExa £ ya qa £ s la ha £ nolisas 
laxa mEg'asLaxa xEtxEtle. Wii, lii lEx e wults !odxa ts!ats!Esmote 
laxa ts !ats lEsmodats !e e walas lExa £ ya qa £ s la lEx'alodalas laxa 40 
xuxExsEinala tlesEma. Wii, gil e mese £ wilg - aalaxs lae ax £ edxa 
gEmdzatsle e walas lExa e ya qa-s liixat! ha'nolisas laxa E nEgasLaxa 
xEtxEt!e. Wa, laxae lEx £ uits!odxa gEmse qa £ s lii lEXEyindfdas 
laxa ts !ats lEsmote. Wa, la nExsRiidxa gEmsaxs lae ax £ edxa la 
xElts!alaxa tslokwe XEtxEt !a t!olt !ox"sEm LEq lExsd £ walas lExa £ ya 45 
qa £ s hanqes lax nEqEya £ yasa £ uEgasLaxa XEtxEtle. AYii, lii ax £ ed 
etledxa anex'sa E yasa gEmsexa lExts!a £ waxa £ walase lExa £ ya qa £ s 
lExse=stales laxa £ nEg - ats!e t!olt!ox u sEin LEq.'Exsd £ walas lExa £ ya. 
Wii, almiese gwiil lExse-stalaqexs lae £ nEmag - axtowa gEmse LE-wa 
E nEgats!e. Wa, gih'mese gwalExs lae ax-edxa k" !ak' tek" lobane 50 
qa £ s g - axe LEbEiiolllas laq. Wa, gtl £ mese £ naxwa gwalllExs 
lae ax s edxa e wabEts!ala nagats.'e qa £ s tsadzELEyindes laq 
lo £ &we £ stasa e UEg - ats!iixa XEtxEt !ats !ala t!olt!ox u sEm lecjIexscI 
£ walas lExa £ ya. Wa, giPmese £ wilg - ilts!aweda nagatslaxs lae 



556 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

55 As soon as the bucket is empty, she || takes the old mats and covers 
them over the basket; and she | only stops covering it when she 
has many old mats over it, so that | the steam can not come through. 
She leaves what is being steamed in that way; | and sometimes she 
only takes off the cover from the | carrots that are being steamed at 

60 mid-day, if they are put on in the morning. When || they are done, 
the woman takes the dishes | and oil and puts them down; and when 
everything is ready, she takes off the covering of | old mats and 
spreads them out, so that they come off from ;he carrots; | and 
the small-meshed, flat-bottomed steaming basket stands in the 
middle of the fern-fronds, j where it is kept warm. Then the woman 

65 sends her husband to || go and invite whomever he wishes to eat the 
carrots, j Sometimes his tribe come into the house when they know 
that I carrots have been steamed. When all those who are going | to 
eat the carrots have come in, two men of the numaym of the 
woman's husband | come and help her. They take the dishes and [| 

70 put them down in a row. They take out the | flat-bottomed carrot 
steaming-basket from among the fern and put. it down at one end of 
the I row of dishes. One of them takes the tongs | and with them 
takes out the steamed carrots. The other one | takes up one of the 

75 dishes and puts it down by the side of the || small-meshed, flat- 
bottomed steaming-basket. Then the | other one puts the steamed 

55 ax £ edxa k !ak !Kk!obane qa £ s nasEyindes laq. Wii, fd-mese 
gwfd nasaqexs lae qlenEma k!ak!Ek!obana niis £ Idayoseq qa 
k-!eses k"EX u saleda k!fdEla laq. Wa, la £ me wax'dzala he gwaela 
£ iiEkasE £ was. Wa, la E nal e nEinp tena al £ Em let!etsE e wa £ nEk'asE- 
E waeda xEtxEtliixa la nEqiilaxs gag'aalayaxa gaiila. Wii, gil- 

60 £ mese LlopExs lae hexsa E ma tshndaqe ax £ edxa loElqlwe qa g'axes 
mExela LE e wa L!e £ na. Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae nasodxa nayime 
k- !ak!Ek!obana qa £ s LEplalllEles qa lawalesa xEtpla'la laq. Wa, 
a £ mise la ha £ naga £ ya £ nEgats!e t!olt!ox u sEm LEqlExsd lExaxa gEm- 
se qa ts!Elqwes. Wa, liida tslEdaqe £ yalaqases la £ wunEme qa 

65 las Le £ lalaxes gwE £ yowe qa £ s XEtxatwEtxa xEtxEt!a. Wa, la £ nal- 
£ iiEmp!Ena q!ulyaeLEle gokiilotas gax hogweLElaxs lae qlalaqexs 
lE £ mae Llopa XEtxEtlaxs £ nEk - asE £ wae. Wa, gil £ mese £ wi £ laeLeda 
XEtxatLaxs laeda ma £ lokwe gayol lax £ nE £ memotas la £ wunEmasa 
tslEdaqe gax giwalaq. Wa, la ax £ edExda £ x u xa loElqlwe qa £ s 

70 mEx £ alIlEleq qa £ nEmag iyoliles. Wa, lit k 1 !5x e wEq5dxa £ nEgats!e 
LEqlExsd lExa £ ya laxa gEmse qa £ s lit hanballlas lax apsballlasa 
£ nEmag iyollle loElq'.wa. Wa, ax £ ededa £ nEinokwaxa k'itpLalaa 
qa e s k' lip lidf's laxa e nEg - Ekwe XEtxEtla. Wii, liida £ nEmokwe 
kag'illlxa £ nEmexLa loq!wa qa £ s gaxe kagiiges laxa £ nEgats!e 

75 t!olt!ox u sEm LEqlExsd lExa £ ya. Wa,he £ mis lanaxwa k!ipts!odaatsa 
£ nEmokwasa £ nEgEkwe XEtxEtla laq. Wa, ax"sii £ mese he gwegila 



boas J RECIPES 557 

carrots into it, and he continues to do so | with the whole number of 77 
dishes. There are many of those who will eat the carrots. | When all 
the dishes are full, they | take oil and pour it in, so that there is 
much oil; ]| and after doing so, they put them down in front of those 80 
who are going to eat the carrots. They | never exceed four men to 
each | dish. As soon as all the dishes have been put down, those | 
who are going to eat the carrots take them up with the-right hand and 
put them into the mouth; | and they continue doing so while they 
are eating the steamed carrots. || When they have had enough, they S5 
take a handful of what is left over and take it to their | wives. 
Finally they drink water after washing their hands | in their houses. 
That is all about this. | 

(2). What I just talked about is the way in which the people of 
olden times | steamed carrots; but the present people do not steam || 
carrots, they boil them in kettles on the fire of the | house. They 90 
boil the carrots in the same way as they do when they | boil cinque- 
foil-roots, and there is no difference. | Just look at the way in which 
they boil short cinquef oil-roots, for | they do the same thingwben they 
boil carrots in a kettle. || They do not eat carrots raw, because they 95 
have a strong taste and they cause | diarrhoea. That is all about it. | 

Sea-milkwort. — When her basket is full, she goes | home, carrying 1 
the basket in her hands. As soon as she enters | the house, she takes a 

laxtodalax ; waxexLaasasa loElci!we. Wa, yixs qlenEinaeda XEtxat- 77 
Laxa xEtEme. Wa, gll'mese E wi £ wElts lEwakwa loElqlwaxs lae 
ax e edxa L!e £ na qa £ s k!iinq!Eqes laq, qa q !eq !aqeseqxa L!e £ na. Wa, 
gfl-mese gwalExs lae k'ax'dzamolilas laxa xEtxatLaq. Wa, la £ me 80 
k!ets!enox u hayaqax maemaleda bebEgwiinEmaxa £ nal £ nEmexi,a 
loq'.wa. Wii, g11 £ mese £ wllg"alrleda loElqlwaxs lae hex £ ida £ ma 
xEtxatLe dax £ Itses helk!ots!ana £ ye laq qa £ s ts!oq!Qses sesEmse. 
Wii, axsii £ mese he gwegilaxs XEtxataaxa £ nEg*Ekwe xEtxEt !a. Wa, 
g'il £ mese poHdExs lae tExsEmdxes anex*sa £ ye qae £ s motEleq cpaes 85 
gEgEiiEme. Wa, al^mese nax £ Idxa e wapaxs lae gwal ts tents lEnkwa 
laxes g - ig'okwe. Wa, lasm gwal laxeq. 

(2). Wa, heEm gwegilatsa g-ale bEgwanEmEn gale waldEmxs 
£ nE.k'aaxa xEtxEt!a. Wa, laLox k'!es £ nEk - 6xda alex bEgwanEmxa 
xEtxEtla ytxs hanxLEndaaq visa hanxLanowe lax lEgwIlases 90 
gokwe. Wa, la heEm gwaleda hanx'LEndaats !axa XEtxEtle gwii- 
laasasa t!Eqwe £ lats!e hanxL'anowa yixs k - !easae ogux £ Ida £ yos. Wa, 
laEins aEm dox'widLEx hanx - LEndaena £ yaxa t!Ex u sose, yixs he £ mae 
gwayMale gwayi £ lalasasa xEtxEt!ag - i £ lats!e hanx-Lanowa. Wa, la 
k p !es k - !Elx'k!axsE £ weda XEtxEtla qaxs lox u p!ae. Wii, he £ misexs 95 
wulElesElamasae. Wii, lawesLa gwiil laxeq. 

Sea-milkwort. 1 — Wa, 2 gil £ mese qot!e lEXEliisexs lae na £ nakwa laxes 1 
gokwe k - !oxk' lotElaxes hoc[!waleats!e lalaxama. Wii, gil £ mese laeL 

' Glaux maritima, v. obtusifolia (Fernald). s Continueii from p. 195, line 10. 



558 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

dish, pours some | water into it, so that it is half full, and she takes || 
5 the small basket and puts it down close to the dish with water. | She 
picks up some of the roots, puts them into the dish with water, | and 
shakes them so that the sand comes off. When | they are clean, she 
takes them out and puts them on a small mat that has been spread 
on the floor. | Then she takes up some more milkwort-roots and || 

10 puts them into the water and washes them. She continues doing 
this with the others, | and only stops when they have all been 
washed. After | this has been done, she takes her small kettle, 
washes it out, and, after doing so, | she takes a very small basket, 
goes down to the beach and | picks up medium-sized pebbles, which 

15 she puts into the || small basket. There may be eight pebbles 
which I she puts in. She carries them up in one hand and takes them 
into the | house, where she puts them down by the side of the kettle. 
She takes the | pebbles out of the basket and puts them into the 
bottom of the | small kettle. She scatters them so that they cover 

20 the bottom. || After doing so, she picks up some milkwort-roots and 
puts them | on the stones in the bottom of the kettle. She continues 
doing so, putting the | other milkwort-root in, and she only stops 
when I the kettle is piled full. Then she pours in a very little | 

25 water. She takes a piece of an old mat, with which || she covers the 
kettle, and tucks it down all around so that the steam may not come | 

3 Laxes g'5k\vaxs lae hex -e idaEm ax £ edxa loqlwe qa £ s guxtslodesa 
£ wape laq, qa nEgoyoxsdales. Wa, la ax £ edxa hoqlwaleatsle lala- 
5 xama qa £ s la hangallias lax mak'axdza £ yasa loqlwe £ wabEts!ala. 
Wa, lit lEx £ ed laxa hoqlwale qa £ s la lExstents lax £ wabEts!awasa 
loqlwe. Wa, la k'lilEltalaq qa lawiiyes eg'ls £ Ena s yas. Wa, gil £ mese 
i'x'Enx'ldExs lae 1e wEstEndEq qa £ s lii lExEdzots laxa LEblle Eldzo 
ame le £ wa £ ya. Wa, laxae et'.ed lEx £ ed laxa hoqlwale qa £ s Iex- 

10 E stEndes laxes ts'.Ewasaq. Wa, la hex'saEm gweg'ilaxa waokwe. 
Wa, al £ mese gwalqexs lae £ wl £ la tslokwa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs 
lag a,x £ edxes hamEnie qa £ s tsloxiiglndeq. Wii, gil £ mese. gwalExs 
lae ax-edxa ama e ye lalaxama qa £ s lit laxa LlEma e ise. Wa, la 
mEiix' £ Idxa ha £ ya £ lamEnexwe t!at!edzEma qa e s xEx"ts!ales laxa 

15 lalaxame. Wa, laanawise lo £ malgunaltsEnia t!at!edzEme xex u - 
tsloyosexs gaxae k!ox £ wusdesElaq cpx £ s lii k - logwiLElaq laxes 
g-okwe. Wa, lii k' logunolllas laxa ha £ nEme. Wii, lii xEx £ Qlts!alaxa 
t!at!edzEme laxa xEgwats!iis lalaxama cpa £ s lii xEq!iixLEndiilas 
laxa ha £ nEme. Wa, la gwelaq qa hamElq !EXLa £ yesexa ha £ nEme. 

20 Wii, gil'mese gwalExs lae lEx £ edxa hoqlwale qa £ s lii lEXEyints 
liixa t!ets!EXLa £ yasa ha'iiEme. Wa, la hanal he gweg'ila lExEyin- 
dalasa waokwe hoqlwale laq. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae bolE- 
yala Lada hoq!walegi £ lats!e ha £ nEma. Wa, la xaLlaqa giiqlE- 
qasa e wape laq. Wii, lii ax £ edxa kolplayasox klak'lobanex qa £ s 

25 nasEytndes laq. Wii, lii dzopax ewana £ yas qa kleses k'laltsaleda 



boas] RECIPES 559 

through. Then she puts it on the fire. She boils it for a long time, | 
then she takes it off. She does not immediately | remove the 27 
cover, so that the steam is kept in. When the | steam stops coming 
out, she takes off the covering, takes a small dish, || and puts it down 30 
by the side of the small kettle. Then she takes her | fire-tongs, picks 
up the boiled roots, and | puts them into the dish with her tongs; 
and when the kettle is empty, | she takes her oil and pours some of it 
over them. Then she begins | to eat a boiled root with oil. She || 
does not press it into a ball when eating it, as is done with the short 35 
cinquef oil-roots, | but she just takes the milkwort-root and puts it into 
her mouth, for | they are very short. After eating, she | puts away 
what is left over and washes her hands. | After doing so, she. gets 
sleepy. Generally (the people) go to || sleep immediately after having 40 
eaten milkwort-root, for it makes one (very) sleepy. | Therefore the 
Indians do not eat it until evening. This is not | used for inviting 
many tribes. Only the married couple | and their children eat the 
milkwort-root. There is only one way of | cooking it. That is all 
about this. || 

If they eat much of the milkwort-root, it makes them feel squeam- 45 
ish, | therefore it is called hoqlwale. 

kMalEla laqexs lae hanx'LEnts hixes lEgwIle. Wii, lii gegllll maEm- 26 
dElqfilaxs lae hanx'sEndEq laxa lEgwile. Wii, k'!est!a hex - '"id 
nasodEx mxsEma £ yas qa yales kiinyadlla. Wa, gil-'mese gwfil 
k- IfdElaxs lae nasodEx nasEma'yas. Wii, lii ax^edxa lalogume 
qa £ s hamollles laxa hoq!walegi £ lats!e hamEma. Wii, lii ax'eilxes 30 
tslesLfila qa-s k!ip!ldes laxa hanxxaakwe h5q!wale qa £ s lii 
kliptslalas laxa lalogume. Wii, giTmese £ wllgilts!aweda hamE- 
maxs lae ax c "edxes L'.ema qa £ s klunqlEqes laq. Wa, lii hoxhax- 
£ wedxa k!uq!EgEkwasa L!ema hanx'Laak" hoq!wala. Wii, laEin 
k - !es k' !5k' !oxsEmaqexs lae hoxhax £ weda lax gweg'ilasaxa t!Ex u sose, 35 
yixs a £ mae xEsEineLElasE-weda hoqlwale liixEns sEmsex qaexs 
ts!Elts!Ex u stoena'ya hoqlwale. Wii, g-il'mese gwal hoxhaquxs lae 
g-exaxes anexsa £ ye. Wii, lii ts!Eiits!Enx-widxes e f eyasowe. Wit, 
gil £ mese gwalExs lae bEq!uHkla. Wii, la q!unala aEm hex' £ idaEm 
mex- c ededfi hamaag-olaxa hoqlwale qaxs bEq'.iilE^mae. Wii, he e mis 40 
lagilas al £ Em hoxhaqwa bakliimaxa la dzaqwa. Wii, laem kMes 
Le £ lalayo laxa qleiiEme lelqw;ilaLa £ ya ytxs lex"a £ maeda hayasEkala 
LE £ wis sasEme hoxhaqwaxa hoqlwale. Wii, lii £ nEmx -e idala £ me 
ha*"mex - silaena J yaq. Wii, laEin gwal liixeq. 

G'Il £ Em Loina q!ek'!Edza £ ya hoq!waliixs lae tslEnkluHdayowa. 45 
Wii, hemis lag'Sa LegadEs hoq!vvale. 



560 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.36 

1 Lily. 1 — When the people have a winter dance, the owner of lily- 
bulbs promises a [ lily-bulb-feast to the Sparrow Society. | In the 
evening he takes his basket | down to the beach of his house and puts 
5 stones || into it. He puts in as many as he thinks he can carry; | and 
he carries them into the house, and he puts them down | near the 
fireplace in the middle of the house; and he does not stop mi til he 
thinks | he has enough to steam the bulbs. In the morning, when 
day comes, | he sends the Sparrow Society to invite the various 

10 dance-owners || and the head Sparrows, while he himself is build- 
ing up the fire in his house. | After he has put on the crosspieces 
on the fire of his house, he throws the stones on to it; | and when he 
has put all the stones on, he lights the fire under | both ends. Then 
the wood begins to burn under the stones with which he is going to 
cook the | bulbs. Then he takes a large square box and puts it down 

15 close || to the fire in the middle, and he also puts down dishes | and 
two tongs, and oil is put down. | Then he takes two large buckets and 
goes himself | to draw fresh water, and he pours the water into the 
square box. When | it is almost half full, he stops. Then he goes 

20 to || draw more water, so that the large buckets will be full of fresh 
water, j His wife takes a large, fiat-bottomed, small-meshed basket 
and | places it next to the box; and the woman goes and gets the | 
lily-bulb-box. | 

1 Lily. 1 Wa, g!l £ mese ts!ets!ex £ Ide g-okulotasa x'ogwadasa x - o- 
kiimexs lae hex' £ idaEm qasa xokiimxa qaeda gwegudza. Wii, 
g - il £ mese dzadzaqwalaxs lae &x £ edxa lnxane qa £ s la dalaqexs lae 
lEntsles laxa L!Ema £ isases g'okwe qa £ s la xEx u ts!alasa tlesEme 
5 laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, a £ mise gwanala qa £ s lakwesexs lae oxLosdesaq 
qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq liixes g'okwe. Wa, lii oxLEg-alilas lax mag-in- 
wallsasa laqwawalllase, wa, al-inese gwatexs lae kotaq laEm 
helala lax q'obslaLaxa xokiime. Wa, g-il £ mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs 
lae £ yalaqaxa gwegudza qa las LelElklusaxa £ naxwa lelaenenokwa 

10 LE-wa gwatslEme, yixs laaLas laqolllaxes g'okwe. Wa, giPmese 
gwal hawanaqostalaxa lEqwaxs lae XEquyindalasa t!esEine laq. 
Wa, g - il £ mese E wllk - Eylndeda t'.esEmaxs lae menabStsa giilta lax 
e waxsba £ yas. Wa, la £ me xiqostaweda t!eqwapa £ ye qa q!o £ lasLxa 
x'okumf'. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa £ walase Lawatsa qa £ s g - axe ha £ no- 

15 lisas laxa laqwawallle. Wa, he £ misa loElqlwe gax mEx £ alelEms; 
wa, he £ misa kMipLalaa malts !aqa; wa, hemiisa L!e £ na g - iix ax £ ali- 
lEms. Wii. lii ax £ edxa maltsEme awa naEngatsla qa £ s la xamax -£ id 
tsa laxa £ wE £ wap!Eme qa- c s lii guxtslalas laxa Lawatsa. Wa, g - il- 
£ mese la Elaq nEgovoxsdalaxs lae gwala. Wii, a £ mese la et!ed 

20 tsexnda qa qoqiitliililesa awS naEngatslexa £ WE £ wa.p!Eme. Wii, 
la gEiiEiiiiis ax'edxa -walase LEqlEXsd t!olt!ox u sEinlExa £ ya qa gaxes 
ha/iialdxa Lawatsa. Wa, heEmxaawisa tslEdaqe la ha £ nolt!alllxa 
x"6gwats!e XEtsEma. 

l FritiUaria cam&cluitccnsis Ker. 



boasJ RECIPES 561 

As soon as everything is in readiness, they send out four || member.- 25 
of the Sparrow Society belongirg to the friends of the host to call 
again, | and they all go and call again. When they come | back, they 
go out again to see if any one hrs not come, for the | head Sparrows 
are now coming in. When the members of the head Sparrows are 
all in, | the messengers go again to call the dancers; and they come 
in, the four|| (messengers) leadirg the dancers. Then they announce 30 
that they are coming, | and they come in. As soon as they are all in, 
they sit down. | Then they untie the top of the box, and they take 
out the lily-leaves | and throw them on the fire. Then they take a 
small-meshed | flat-bottomed basket and put it close to the top of 
the lily-box. || With their hands they take the plants out of the box 35 
and put them into | the small-meshed, flat-bottomed basket. When 
it is full, [ they put the basket into a large dish and pour some water 
into it. | Then they move the bulbs with their hands, so that the soil 
comes off. | When they are all washed, two men take each one pair of 
long || toi gs, and with them they pick up the red-hot stones. They I 40 
dip these into the water in the large buckets, so that the I ashes 
sticking to them come off, and they put them into the water in the | 
square box. They only stop putting in the red-hot stones | when 
the water begins to boil; and when it begins to boil, they || put the 45 
basket with the lily-bulbs into it; | and when it is in, they put some 

Wa, guh'mese £ naxwa la gwalllaxs lae e yalagEmeda mokwe gwe- 
gudza g^ayol lax £ ne J nEinokwasa klwelasLe qa la £ s etse £ sta. Wa, 25 
hex' £ ida e mese laxda £ xwa etse-stElgise. W T a, gil'mese g-ax aedaa- 
qaxs lae xwelaqaEm la dadoquma qaxs g'iix-maeda waokwe 
gwatshum hogweLEla. Wa, gihmese £ wi £ laeLeda gwats!Emaxs lae 
e'tse>"stasE £ wa lelaenenokwe. Wa, gax £ mese galagiwa £ ya mokwe 
eetse J stElgis;>, vis;; lelaenenok". Wa, la s me nelasexs lE £ mae l5x £ wI- 30 
da. Wa, gax - e h5gweLa. Wa, giPmese £ wl £ la k!us £ al!lExs lae 
x - ax £ wItsE="\veda XEtsEine. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda x'ogwunu ts!ak iyes 
qa f s lEXLanowe laxa lEgwTle. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda t!0lt!ox u sEine 
LEq!Exsd lExa £ v." (pi's hfingagEinles laxa x'5gwats!e xEtsEmas. 
Wii, la goxwax'da s x u ses e s "ey: sowe laxa xokume qa=s lit guxts!a- 35 
las laxa t!6lt!ox u sEine LEqtexsde lExa £ ya. Wii, gihmese qot!axs 
lae hants!ots laxa e walase loqlwa. Wa, la guqEyintsa e wape laq 
qa £ s golg'Elga^yeses e-eyasowe laq, qa lawales dzEq!waq!a s ya. 
Wii, la ts!okwa, laeda ma £ lokwe dax'ndxa £ nal J nEme laxa gilsg'il- 
t!a klipLalaa qa e s k!tp!ides laxa xixExsEmfda tlesEma qa £ s lii 40 
hapstEnts laxa £ wabEts!awasa awawe naEngatslii qa lawayesa 
guna £ ye k!wek!utsEmeq. Wii, lii k!ipstEnts laxa £ wabEts !awasa 
Lawatsa. Wa, ah'mese gwal k!ipstalasa xIxExsEmiila tlesEm la- 
qexs lae maEmdElquleda £ wiipe. Wii, gil'mese mEdElxnvIdExs lae 
k'loxstEntsa x - okwe £ lats!e t !olt !ox u seiii LEqlExsd lEXii laq. Wii, 45 
75052—21 — 35 eth — pt 1 36 



562 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [eth. Ann. 85 

47 more red-hot | stones into it, not very many, so that the water boils 
hard. They are not | long in the water and they are done. Then 
they take out the basket with the bulbs, | and they pour the boiled 

50 bulbs into the large dish. || Then they put the flat-bottomed basket 
again close to the lily-bulb-box, | and they pour some more raw 
bulbs into it; and when it is full, | they put it into the large dish 
to wash the bulbs; | and they pour some water on them and move 
them witli their hands; and when all the soil is off, | they put the 

55 basket with the bulbs into the hot water. They || pick up some 
more red-hot stones and put them into it; | and when the water 
boils up, they stop putting | red-hot stones into it. When they are 
done, they | take out the flat-bottomed lily-basket and pour the 
bulbs into | another large dish. They keep on doing this, and they || 

60 only stop when all the lily-bulbs are out of the box. | 

'linn the wife of the host takes out the dishes | and the spoon- 
baskets, and oil; and | two men go and take up each one large ladle, 

65 and | each one empty dish, and they put these close || to the dish in 
which the cooked lily-bulbs are. They dip the large | ladle into the 
bulbs, and they pour them into the empty dish. | When the dish is 
more than half full, they go and put them down on the | left-hand 



46 g'iPmese la hanstalaxs lae et!ed kMipstfilasa holale xix'ExsEmala 
tlesEm laq qa alax ,£ ides maEmdElquleda £ wape. Wa, k - !est!a 
alaEin gestalllExs lae Llopa. Wa, lii k!ox £ wustEndxa xokwe £ lats!e 
qa £ s la giixts!otsa la q!olk u xokum laxa £ walase loqlwa. Wa, la 

50 xwelaqa hang-agEntsa LEqlExsde lExa laxa xogwatsle xEtsEma 
qa £ s guxtslalesa klilxe x'okum laq. Wa, g-il £ mese qotlaxs lae 
ban ts lots laxa ts!ats!e £ wiilas loqlwa qa £ s guqEyindesa £ wape laq, 
qa £ s golg"Elga E yeses e £ eyasowe laq. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ lawe dzedzEx"- 
sEma £ yas lae hanstEnts laxa ts!Elx u sta £ wapa. Wa, laxae k - !i- 

55 p!ltsE £ weda x'lx-ExsEinala tlesEma qa £ s la klipstalas laq. Wa, 
g'il £ Emxaawise inaEnidElqiile £ wapasexs lae x - os £ Id klipstalasa 
x'ix'ExsEmala tlesEin laq. Wa, g'il £ Emxaawise l!6])Exs lae axwii- 
stEndxa x - okwe £ lats!e LEqlExsd lExa £ ya qa £ s la guxts!ots laxa 
ogu £ la £ maxat ! £ walas loq!wa. Wa, ax u siimese he gweg-ila. Wii, 

60 al £ mese gwSlExs lae £ wIlgElts!oweda x - ogwats!ex - de XEtsEma. 

Wa, la gEnEmasa klwelase mEx £ \vElt!al!lElaxa loElq!we. Wii, 
he £ misa k'ayats!e LlExosgEma; wa, he £ misa L!e £ na. Wa, la ax £ e- 
deda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEmxa £ nal £ nEme awa k - iik'Ets!Enaqa; wa, 
he £ misa £ nal £ nEinexLa laxa lopEints!a loElqlwa qa £ s la h3, £ nots!ElI- 

65 las laxa axtslEwasasa Llope x'okuma. Wa, la tseqasa £ w3lase 
k'atslEnaq laq qa £ s la tsetslalas laxa lopEmtsla loqlwa. Wa, 
g-il £ mese ek - !5lts!EndExs lae qas'"Tda qa f s la k-ag-alllas laxa gEm- 
xotsaliiasa awlLEliisa t!Exila. Wii, ax u sii £ mese he gweg'ilaxa 



boas] RECIPES 563 

side inside the door; and they continue doing so with | many empty 70 
dishes. They only stop when cooked || lily-bulbs are in front of all 
of them. When they have done so, they take | oil and pour on much 
od. When | this has been done, they take the large ladles and stir 
(the bulbs); | and after stirring them, they take the spoon-basket | 75 
and give the spoons to those who are to eat the bulbs; || and when 
every one has a spoon, they put the dishes with the bulbs | in front 
of those who are to eat the lily-bulbs. When they have all been put 
down, | the guests take the spoons and begin to eat; | and after they 
have done so, they drink a little water, for | they do not want to get 
squeamish, because there is much oil in it, for || there is more oil 80 
than lily-bulbs. It tastes bitter when there is only a little | od with 
it: therefore they put much oil in, to remove the bitter taste. | 
After drinking, the guests go out. | That is all about one way of 
cooking it. | 

Boiled Lily-Bulbs. — There is another way of cooking them. | They I 
wash them in the same way as I j said before; and the only difference 
is that they are boiled, for | they pour them into a small kettle after 
washing them, and they take an || old mat and cover them over with 5 
it. After that they tuck it in all round | inside of the small kettle, 
so that steam can not come through. | And after they finish this, they 
dip up some water and pour it over the | old mat covering; and when 

q!enEme lopEmts!a toElqlwa. Wa, al'mese gwalExs 'lae qlwalxo- 
ts!Ewak u sa qlolkwe xokiima. Wa, g"tl £ mese gwalExs lae ax-edxa 70 
L!e £ na qa £ s la k!unq!Eqasa qleiiEme lde £ na laq. Wa, g - il £ mese 
gwalExs lae ax £ edxa £ walase kiitslEnaqa qa £ s lii xwetElges laq. 
Wa, giPmese £ wi £ la la xwedEkwa, hie ax £ edxa k"ayats!e l!exos- 
gEma qa £ s lii fcstewanaesas laxa xox"xax"i.axa xokume. Wa, 
gil £ mese £ wllxtoxa k'ak - Ets!Enaqaxs lae k'aedzEina x'ox u x'agwats!e- 75 
Le loElq'.wa laxa x - ox u x - ax u Laq. Wa, gihmese £ wIlg - alllExs lae 
hex £ ida £ ma klwele daxaxes k"ak # Ets!Enaqe qa £ s £ yos £ Idecp Wa, 
g'ih'mese g-wiilEXs lae xa,L!ax' £ Id nax^idxa e wE e wap!Eme qaxs 
gwaqlElae ts!Enk!ulEla, qaxs xEiiLElae q'eqxa Le £ na, yixs hae 
q!egawa £ ya L!e £ nasa x'okume, qaxs Lomae malploxs holElqaaxa 80 
L!e £ na; wii he £ mis lagilas qlec^xa L!e c na qa lEmp!Ex £ ides malplas. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwal naqaxa E wapaxs lae hoquwElseda klwelde. Wa, 
laEin gwal laxa E nEmx e idala ha £ mex - silaeneq. 

Boiled lily-Bulbs. — Wii, g - a £ mes e nEmx ,e Idala g-ada, yixs hanx-LEii- i 
tsE e wae. Wii, heEmxaa gwegdlasoxs lae ts!5xwasE £ wa yixsn g-llx'de 
waldEma. Wii, lit lex-aEm oguqalayosexs hanxxaakwae, yixs a £ mae 
guxts !oyo laxa ha £ nEmaxs lae gwhl ts !6xwasE £ wa. Wii , lii 8x £ etsE £ weda 
k - a !k - !obane qa £ s nasEyindayowe laq. Wa,, g'lPmese gwal dzopasE £ we 5 
awe £ stas otslawasa ha £ nEme qa k- leases alaEm k-Ex u salasa k-lalEla. 
Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae tsex -£ idxa £ wape qa f s giigELaya £ yes laxa 
nasEya £ ye k" !ak- lobana. Wa, a £ mise k - ak-ots!E £ wa qa ek - !oldza £ yesa 



564 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 85 

9 (the woman) thinks that the | water passes a little more than half 
the height of the lily-bulbs in the small kettle, she puts it on the || 

10 fire. She does not leave it there a long time boiling, before | she 
takes it off of the fire. She takes off the covering, and | takes her 
small dish, which she brings and puts down, and also her oU and her | 
spoon. Then she takes the spoon and dips it into the | boiled lily- 

15 bulbs. Then she drains off the liquid; || and when all the liquid has 
run out, she pours (the bulbs) into a small dish, | and continues doing 
this with the others; and when they have | all been put into small 
dishes, she presses them with the back of the spoon, | until they are 
mashed ; and when they are mashed, they are | like wet flour, she takes 

20 oil and pours it jj in. There is much oil on them. After doing so, 
she eats with the | spoon. Now she does in the same way as | I 
said before. Lily-bulbs are never baked in ashes, for | they are very 
soft when cooked. That is all. ] 

25 Elderberry Cakes. — Now I will talk about the || eating of elder- 
berry-cakes. When winter comes, and when | the tribe of the owner 
of elderberry-cakes have a winter dance, (the owner) invites his | 
tribe at noon; for elderberry-cakes must not be eaten in the | morning, 
because they give stomach-ache. Therefore they just invite | those 
who are to eat the elderberries when they think that the people have 

£ wape lax e w.alalaasasa x'Skiime laxa ha £ nEmaxs lae hanx'LEnts laxes 
10 lEgwIle. Wa, la k'les alaEm helqlalaq geg-ilil maEmdElqulaxs lae 
hanx'SEndEq laxes lEgwIle. Wa, la nasodEX nasEya £ yas. Wa, la 
&x £ edxa lalogiime qa e s g - iixe kagalllas. Wa, he'misLes L!e £ na LE e wis 
katslEnaqe. Wa, la dax-idxa k-ats!Enaqe qa £ s tsex -£ Ides laxa 
hanxLaakwe xokuma. Wa, hi xats!alaq qa £ wi £ lawes £ wapaga f yas. 

15 Wa, gil £ mese E wi £ lawe 'w;ipaga £ yasexs lae tsetslots laxa lalogiime. 
Wa, ax u sa £ mese he gweg'ilaxa waok u . Wa, g-il £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae 
£ wllts!ii laxa lalogiime. Wii, la ijEmkulges 6xiii £ yases k - ats!Eiiaqe 
laq qa q!weq!fllts!es. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la la qlwekwaxs lae yo 
gwexsa gEnk-ax quxa. -Wii, lii ;ix £ edxa L!e £ na qa £ s k!iinq!Eqes 

20 laq. Wii, laEm qleqxa L!e £ na. Wii, g-il £ mese gwalExs hie £ yos £ itses 
k - ats!Enaqe laq. Wii, a £ mese la nfik - Eing - iltEwex gweg'ilasasa 
g'llx-dEii waldEina. Wii, lii k' !es dzamesaso £ laxa gflna £ ye qaxs 
alae xas-IdExs lae L!opa. Wii, laEm gwala. 

Elderberry Cakes. Wa, la £ mesEn gwiigwexs £ x- £ idEl laqexs lae 

25 ts!ex - ts!ax -£ ida. Wii, he e maaxs lae ts!awiinx £ ida yixs lae ts!e- 
tslecje g-okulotasa ts !endzon5kwasa ts!endzowe. Wii, la Le £ liilaxes 
g'okulotaxa la nEqala qaxs k'lesae ex - lax ts!ex - ts!ax - sE £ waxa 
gaala qaxs ts!ExsEmdzEmae. Wii, he £ mes lag-ilas al £ Em Le £ la- 
leda ts!endzonokwaxs lae k'otax laEm £ wi £ la gaaxstales g-okiilote. 



boas] RECIPES 565 

eaten their breakfast. || At noon they invite all the men when | they 30 
have a whiter dance. As soon as the messengers go out to rail, | 
the wife of the one who gives the elderberry-feast gets ready and | 
clears her house. After she has done so, she brings out her | dishes, 
which she puts down at the right-hand side inside the || door of the 35 
house where the elderberries are to be eaten. There she also puts the 
large water-buckets | and the elderberry-boxes and oil. When | every- 
thing is ready, she sends some member of (her husband's) numaym 
to go and | draw water; and when those who have gone to get water 
come back, she fills | the large buckets with water; and the woman 
also takes her spoon-basket || and puts it down ready by her seat at 40 
the left-hand side | inside the door of the house where the elderberries 
are to be eaten. Now | the guests come in, after they have been called 
again by the messengers. As soon as | they come in, they wash the 
dishes; and when this is done, | (the woman) unties the cover of the 
elderberry -box and takes out the || elderberry-cakes. She unties the 45 
cedar-bark strings, and | throws two cakes of elderberries into each 
of the dishes. | As soon as every one is in a dish, fresh water is 
poured on; | and she leaves them there while the feasters begin to 
sing | their feast-songs. She wants the elderberries to soak. || As 50 
soon as those who are to eat the elderberries finish singing | the four 



Wa, g-iPmese nEqalaxs lae Le £ lalasE £ weda £ naxwa bebEgwanEmxs 30 
lae ts!ets!eqa. Wa, gil £ mese la g'iileda Le £ lalElg'isaxs lae hex £ i- 
da e ma gEnEmasa ts!ex'ts!anasLaxa ts!endzowe xwanal £ ida qa £ s 
ex £ widexes g - 5kwe. Wii, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae niEx-fdt lalllElaxes 
loElq!we qa g'axes mExstalil lax helk' lotsalilas awlLElases ts!ex-- 
ts!ax - ilats!eL5 gokwa; wa, he £ mises awawe naEngats!a. Wii, 35 
hemisLes ts!enats!e xaxadzEma; wii, he £ misa L!e £ na. Wii, g'il-mese 
£ wl £ la g'fix gwalila lae £ yalaqasa g-ayole lax £ nE J memotas qa liis 
tsax e wapa. Wii, g-il £ mese g-iixeda tsiix'daxa £ wapaxs lae qoqutla- 
lalileda awawe naEngatsliixa £ wape. Wii, lii ax £ edxaaxes k'ayatsle 
yixaaxa ts!Eclaqe cja gaxcs gwalila laxes klwaelasa gEmxotsalltas 40 
aweLElas tlExilasa ts!ex-ts!ax-r'lats!e g-okwa. . Wa, g-ax £ me ho- 
gwlLEleda Le £ lanEme qaxs lE £ mae yala etse £ stasE £ wa. Wii, g'il £ mese 
£ wI £ laeLExs laase ts!ox £ ug1ntsE £ weda loElqlwe. Wii, g-il £ mese gwa- 
Iexs lae x - akiiyindxa ts!enats!e xaxadzEma. Wii, lii ax £ wults!a,laxa 
ts!ets!endzowe qa £ s qwelalex yaeltsEma £ yas k'iidzEkwa. Wii, lii 45 
pElx - alts!alasa maemalExsa tsendzowe laxa £ nal £ nEinexLa loElq !wa. 
Wa, g - il £ mese q!walxots!Ewakwa loElqlwiixs lae giiq!Eqaso £ sa £ we- 
£ wap!Eme. Wa, a £ mese la he gwaetexs lae k!we £ lala dEnxEleda 
ts!ex-ts!axxaxa tslendzowe. Wa, laEm £ nex - qa pex £ wldesa la 
pex u stalll tslendzowa. Wii, g'il £ mese gwal dsnxEleda ts!ex - - 50 
ts!x'Laxa ts!ex - inasa mosgEme ts!aq!ala (| !Emq lEmdEinaxs lae 



566 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

52 winter-dance songs, | all the young men of the host's numaym sit 
down by the side of | the dishes in which the elderberries arc rubbed. 
Each takes hold of a soaked | elderberry-cake; and they rub them to 

55 pieces, since the liquid has all been soaked up || into the elderberry- 
cakes. When they are all j in pieces, they rub them with the open 
right hand, so that they become really thick | and well mixed with 
water. After doing so, they take | oil and pour it into the whole 
number of dishes. | They put in much oil; and after doing so, they 

60 give [| the spoons to the guests; and after every one of those who are 
to eat the elderberries have one, | they carry the elderberry-dishes, 
one for each six | men, and immediately the guests begin to eat the 
elderberries. They | just suck out the juice and blow out the seeds, | 

65 but the old people swallow them with the seeds. || After they have 
eaten, water is passed around, and they | rinse their mouths, because 
seeds remain | inside the mouth. After doing so, they drink a little | 
water, and then they go out when they have | finished. || 

70 I will talk about the elderberries that are not tied into bundles i 
when I talk about the salal-berries when these are picked, | for the 
elderberries get ripe first of all the various kinds of berries. That is | 
why they go first to pick these. | 

52 -'wrhrma hiryfdas E nE £ memotasa ts!ex - ts!anase la k lusiigElilaxa 
ytlyatslaxa tslendzowe loElqlwa. Wii, lax'da £ xwe dax -£ idxa pegE- 
kwe tslendzowa qa £ s q!weq!ults!aleq yixs lae la lEmx £ walts!awe 

55 £ wapalas, yixs lae £ wiwElaqaxa tslendzowe. Wii, g - il £ mese £ w! £ we1x'- 
sexs lae yilsElgeses helk" lots !ana 6 ye laq qa alak - !ales gEnkaxs 
lae lElga, LE e wa e wapaga e yas. Wa, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae ax-'e- 
tsE £ weda L!e £ na q:v's khmqlEqes lax £ waxexLaasasa loElqlwe. Wii, 
laEm q!eqxa L!e e na. Wii, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae tslEwanaedzEineda 

50 kak'Ets lEnaqe. Wa, g-il £ mese £ w!lxtoweda ts!ex - ts!ax-Laxs lae kax- 
dzamolilEina ts!ets!Exts!ala l5Elq!wa laxa q!eq!EL!okwe bebE- 
gwanEina. Wii, hex- £ idu £ mese ts!ex - ts!ax- £ idEX - da £ xwa. Wii, la c me 
ax'da £ x u£ Ein klumtalax £ wa]>aga £ yas qa £ a pox'&lex mEk!uga £ y<s. 
Wa, laaLas £ wi £ la £ Em nEqweso £ sa qlulsq lulyakwe i.E £ wes mak!u- 

65 S &E y^- Wii, g - il £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae tsayanaedzEmeda £ wiipe qa ts!E- 
weL!Exodes qaxs lae gwelei.!Exawa e ya mEk!Qga e yasa ts!ex'ts!ax'- 
sE £ was lax aweL !Exawa e yas. Wii, g-il £ mese gwalExs lae xfu. !e- 
x -£ id nax £ id laxa £ wiipe. Wii, hex -£ ida £ mese la hoqflwElsExs lae 
gwala. 

y ( ) Wa, alEmlwIsEn gvvagwexs-'alal laxa k' !ese yiltsEnuk" tslendzowa 
qEnLS hel gwagwex s £ alasLa nEk!iile qo lal nEkwaso £ Lo qaxs lex a- 
£ mae g'il L!opa tslex'iniisa £ naxwax £ na £ nElemasa. Wii, he £ mis 
lagilas lexaEin g-il ts!ex'asE £ \\t". 



boas] RECIPES 567 

Unripe Elderberries. — Now I will talk again about || the boiled 75 
elderberries; that is, before they are red. | Only the old women 
like very much to eat elderberries, | and they go first to get elder- 
berries when they are still green; | for, as soon as a woman sees elder- 
berries that are still green, she takes | a small small-meshed basket 
and goes to pick the elderberries. When she arrives || at the elder- 80 
berry-bushes, she plucks off the elderberries, which are in bunches, | 
and throws them into the basket for carrying elderberries. When it 
is | full, she goes home at once and puts | down the basket with the 
elderberries. She takes her small kettle and | carries it down to the 
beach. Then she puts down the kettle, || picks up gravel, and puts 85 
it into the small kettle. | She takes care that no sand that sticks to 
the gravel | gets into the kettle. When it is half full from the bottom 
with | gravel, she carries the little kettle with the gravel in it into 
the house, and | puts it down where she is working at the elder- 
berries. Then she takes her || small-meshed basket with elderberries 90 
in it, and she pours the elderberries | into the small kettle for cooking 
elderberries. When they are all in, she dips up a | little water and 
pours it in. She takes an old piece of matting | and puts it on as a 
cover. Then she puts the kettle on the fire, and | watches it until it 
boils up; and as soon as it boils up, || she takes it off and takes off the 95 



Unripe Elderberries. — Wa, la £ mesEn edzaqwal gwagwex - s £ alal 
laxa hanx'Laakwe tslex'ina, yixs k' !es £ mae gultleda, yixs lex'a- 75 
c maeda laElk!wana £ ye xEHLEla ts!ets!exbEsxa ts!ex - ina. Wa, 
he £ mis g il ts!ex £ Idxa tslex'inaxs he £ mae ales tenlEiixsEma 
yixs g'lPmae dox £ waLElaxa tslex'inaxs lae lEnlEiixsEma. lae ax £ ed- 
xf'S t!olt!ox u sEme lalaxama qa £ s la ts!ex - a. Wa, g'iPmese lag-aa 
laxa ts!ex - mEsaxs lae k!ulp!edxa ts!ex - rna laxes £ nal £ nEmxLalae- go 
na £ ye qa £ s k!ulpts!ales laxes ts!enats!e lalaxama. Wa, g-il £ mese 
qotlaxs lae hex -£ idaEm la na'nakwa laxes g-okwe. Wa, la h&ng'a- 
lllaxes ts!enats!e lalaxama qa £ s ax £ edexes ha £ nEme. Wa, la k - !o- 
qulaqexs lae lEntsles laxa L!Eina £ ise. Wa, hangalisasexs lae 
mEnx -£ Idxa t!at!edzEme qa £ s lii k'!ats!Slas laxes ha £ nEme. Wa, §5 
laEm aeklla qa k - !eases lasa egise klutala laxa t!at!edzEmaxs lae 
k'latslalas laxa ha £ nEme. Wa, g-il £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxa t!at!e- 
dzEmaxs g'axae k'!oqulesaxa t !at ledzEmts !ala ha £ nEma qa £ s g'axe 
hang-alllas laxes ts !ats !ex - silasaxa ts!ex-Ina. Wa, la ax £ edxes 
ts!enats!e t!5lt!ox u sEm lExa £ ya qa £ s la giiqasasa ts!ex - ina laxa go 
ts !ex'i £ lats !eLe ha £ iiEma. Wa, g-iPmese £ wI £ 1osexs lae tsex -£ Idxa 
holale e wapa qa £ s la guqlEqas laq. Wa, la ax £ edxa k - !ak - !obane 
qa £ s nasEyindes laq. Wa, la hanxxEnts laxes lsgwlle. Wa, la 
q!aq!alalaq qa niEdElx £ wIdes. Wa, gil £ mese mEdElx £ w!dExs lae 
hanx-sEndEq qa £ s nasodex nasEya £ yas. Wa, lii ax £ edxes lalogume 95 



568 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

96 covering. She takes her small dish | and spoon and puts them down 
hy the side of the small kettle | in which the elderberries have been 
cooked. .She takes her spoon and pokes under the | boiled elder- 
berries, and lifts them up and puts them into | the dish from which 
the elderberries are eaten; and after she has done so, she turns her 
100 spoon over and || presses it into the boiled elderberries, which are 
still in bunches on the stems. | Now she breaks them to pieces; and 
when they get thick and pasty, she | takes oil and pours it over them. 
After doing so, she | takes her spoon and again presses (the elder- 
berries) with the back of the spoon. | After doing so, she licks off the 
5 juice from the spoon and || puts it down. Then she takes a cedar- 
stick and splits it so that it is like | a pair of tongs. She takes a 
piece of split cedar-bark and ties it on one end to | keep it from 
splitting, and the tongs are one span | in length. When the tongs are 
finished, they | are used like a fork. She puts them into the boiled || 

10 berries which are mixed with the stems. Then she puts (the tongs) 
into her mouth and sucks out the juice; | and when all the juice has 
been sucked out, she blows out the stems and the | seeds. She con- 
tinues doing so while she is eating the boiled | elderberries. After 
she has done this, she puts away what is left, | so that she can eat it 

15 after a while. Then she takes up some water and || rinses her mouth , 
so that the seeds that are in her mouth may come out. | After she 



96 i.E £ wis k'atstenaqe. Wa, la kanulllases talogiime laxes ts!ex - i- 
e lats!eha £ nEma. Wa. la ax £ edxes k'atslEnaqe qa e s tsEyabodes laxa 
hanx'taakwe tslexina qa £ s la tsetslots laxa tslex'ts'.anatsleLe 
taloguma. Wa, gilmiese gwalExs lae nELalamasxes k - ats!Ena<| \- 
100 lae qJotElges laxa hanxLaakwe tslexina yixs axfda £ maes tslena- 
nowe. Wa. laEin q !weq futts !alaq. Wii, g-iPmese la gEiik-axs lae 
ax £ edxa L,!e £ na qa £ s klunq'.Eqes laq. Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxes k'ats'.Enaqe qa £ s etlede qlotElges aweg-a £ yas liiq. Wii 
g-tl £ mese gwala lae k - ElgElEg - lndxes k-atslEnaqe. Wa, la g'lg'a- 
5 lilasexs lae ax E edxa klwa-xi.awe qa £ s xox £ wide qa yEwes la gwex-sa 
tslesLalax. Wii, la ax £ edxa dzEXEkwe dEnasa qa e s yiLlEXLEndes 
qa kleses hek"!ot!ed xox u sa. Wa, la £ nEmp!Enk - e £ wasgEmasas 
laxEns q !waq !wax # ts !ana e yex. Wii, g il £ mese gwala kMibayowe ha- 
6 mayoxs lae k'lip'.Its laxa hanxxaakwe q !weq IwatEwak" LE £ we 

10 tslenanowe ts!ex - ina qa e s kMlpqlsdzEndes. Wii, lit klflmtElgeq. 
Wii, g-il £ mese e wi e lawe saaqas lae pox - 6dex tslenanowas LE e wes 
mEk!uga £ ye. Wa, ax u sa e mese h ;; gweg'ilaxs ts!exts!ax - aaxa hanx'- 
Laakwe tslexina. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae g-exaxes anex'sa £ ye 
qa £ s et!e:!el ts!ex - ts!ax -£ IdLEq. Wa, lii tsex -£ idxa E wape qa £ s tslE- 

15 weL'.Expde qa lawayesa la klweklutfila maEinklugesa tslexina lax 
aweiJ-Exawa £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae xFil!ex £ m nax £ Idxa 



boas] rectpes 569 

has done this, she drinks a little | water; and after doing this, she 117 
cats roasted salmon | with oil. She does this with the roasted sal- 
mon [ so that she may get no stomach-ache. Now that is all about 
the elderberries. || 

Salal-Berry Cakes. — Now I will talk about the long salal-berry 1 
cakes when they are | squeezed (in water). First of all, the woman 
takes her | dishes. She puts them down (in a row). She goes to draw 
water, and | pours it into the dishes. When the water is in each dish, || 
she takes shredded cedar-bark and | washes them, beginning at one 5 
end. She uses the shredded | cedar-bark in washing them so that 
all the dirt may come off. When | they are clean, she takes the box 
with long salal-berry cakes, | unties the string holding down the 
cover, ]] takes off the cover, and takes off the skunk-cabbage covering. 10 
She puts it down, and takes | out the long salal-berry cakes and 
breaks them into | five pieces lengthwise. She puts each one of the | 
pieces into a dish. There are five | dishes to each long salal-berry 
cake ; and when || there is a piece in each dish, she goes to draw water 15 
and pours | it in; and when there is water in the dishes, she takes | 
a mat and covers up the dishes with the pieces of salal-berry [ cake. 
She leaves them in this way until the morning, when daylight comes. | 
She leaves them there all night. || In the morning, when daylight 20 

£ wape. Wit, gil £ mese gwalExs lae heleg-intsa LlobEkwe. Wit, 117 
hiEm tslEpas laxa i.!e-na. Wa, hi v Em hlg-ilas be gwex -£ Itsa LlSbE- 
kwe qa £ s k - !ese ts !Ex - sEinsEla. Wa, laF.m gwala laxa tslexina. 

Salal-Berry Cakes. Wit, la £ mesEn gwagwex's £ x ,£ idEl laqexs lae 1 
q !wesasE £ weda heyadzo tbxqa, yixs he £ mae g il ax £ etso £ sa tstedaqes 
loElqlwe, qa £ s gaxe mEx £ filIlElas. Wa, lii tsex -£ Idxa -wape qa £ s 
gugEg'lndales laxa loElqlwe. Wit, gil £ mese q Iwalxots !Ewax u sa 
£ wapaxs lae ax £ edxa qloyaakwe kadzEkwa. Wa, la g-abalela- 5 
qexs lae ts!oxug - lndalaq. Wa, laEm dzEg-ElEg-esa qloyaakwe 
k-felzF.k" Laq qa lawayesa dzedzEgiig-a £ yas. Wa, g-ll £ mese la 
eeg'Eg - axs lae ax-'e Ixes heyadzoats !e nEgiidzowe tteqa qa £ s qwe- 
lEvindex t!Emak"Eya e yas. Wa, lit axodEx yiktiya £ yas. Wit, la 
axalaxa paqEya e ye k'!Ek - !aok!wa qa £ s axalllEles. Wa, lit ax £ wfil- 10 
tslodxa heyadzowe nEgiidzowe tteqa. Wit, lii k!5k!upsalaq qa 
sesEk"!axse laxes awasgEmase. Wa, lii pElx"ts lalasa £ nal £ nEinxsa 
k - !op!awe laxa E nal £ nEnaexLa loqlwa. Wa, hiEm sEkMexLa IoeI- 
q!wa laxa ''iieiuxs ■. heyadzowe nEgudzo tlEqa. Wa, g'IPmese 
q Iwalxots lEwakweda loElqlwaxs 1 e tsa laxa £ wape q: ; "s lii qaplE- 15 
qElas laq. Wa, g - fl £ mese la £ wl £ la la qlogulTlxa £ wapaxs lae ax £ ed- 
xa le : w ; ve qa £ s nakuyindes laxa t!Exts!alaxa heyadzowe nEgftdzo 
tlEqa. Wa, 1-iEin hex'siil gwaeh.e lalaal laxa laLa £ nax- £ I IeIxh. 
gaala. Wa, laEm xamastalilLe tleltalllxa ganone. Wa, g il £ mese 
£ nax £ idxa gaalaxs laeda ha £ yah'a Le-ialaxes g'okulote qa g-axes 20 



570 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii.ann.S5 

21 comes, the young men go to call the people to | eat the long salal- 
berry cakes. They all come in after the young men have called 
them | four times. Then the woman takes off the mat | covering of 
the dishes, and the young men go and stand each | next to a dish, 

25 and they sit down and put [| both hands into the soaked berry-cake. 
They | take a handful of the berry-cake, squeeze it into a ball, and, 
when they take it out, | they squeeze it again, so that the ball of 
berries gets smaller; | and they stop squeezing only when it is all 
dissolved and the liquid is thick. ] Then they stop squeezing the 

30 berry-cake. The woman goes || to get oil, and pours it on. They 

. put much oil on ; | and after doing so, the woman takes the | basket 
containing her horn spoons. (For horn spoons | are made for eating 
salal-berry cakes, because they are all black, | and the spoons do not 

35 turn black after being nsed by those || who eat long salal-berry cakes, 
as the wooden spoons do, when | they begin to use them for eating 
salal-berry cakes. Even | if they are new, [the wooden spoons] at 
once turn black all over. I Therefore they use only horn spoons to 
eat | long salal-berry cakes when they are given at a feast, because 
[the berries! ''" no * *>i ( 'k to them.) || 

40 I only wished to turn for a while to this. | They give a spoon to 
every guest who | eats long salal-berry cake. After this has been 



21 t!Ext!aqa laxa heyadzowe t!Eqa. Wa, g - il £ mese g-ax £ wI £ laeLExs 
lae mop!ene £ steda ha/yab'a etse £ sta laasa tslEdaqe axodxa le £ wa £ ye 
naxumaliltsa loElqlwe. Wa, la q!walxogwaga £ ya £ nal £ nEinokwe 
hel £ a lax £ waxexLaasasa loElqlwe qa £ s k!us £ alilExs lae axstEnda- 

i'.", lascs £ \vn\ suits !ana £ ye laxa hapstallle, t!Eqa. Wa, lax - da £ xwe 
gdlx -f idxa tlEqa qa £ s loxsEmgileq; wa, g"il £ mese £ wi £ lostaxs lae 
qlwes^dEq. Wa, he r mis la ts!Eina £ nakulatsa loxsEine t!Eqa. Wii, 
al £ mese gwal qlwesaqexs lae £ wl £ la. Wii, laEm gEnx £ Ideda 
e wapalas. Wa, laEm gwala qlwesaxa t!Eqa; wii, hiLeda ts!Edaqe 

30 ax E edxa L!e e na qa £ s k!unq!Eqes laq. Wii, laEm qleqxa L!e £ naxs 
lae k!imq!EgEinq. Wii, g'u £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ ededa tslEda- 
qaxes ts!ololag - ats!e LlExosgEin qaxs he, £ mae k - ats!Enaqeltsa ts!o- 
lolaqa heyadzowe nEgudzo tlEqa qaxs ts!ots!ElEgaeda ts!6lolaqe 
k*ats!Eiiaqa. Wii, lii k'es awElx'Es ts!ol £ IdExs lae gwal £ yosElaxa 

35 heyadzowe nEgudzo tlEqa, he gwexsa k!wek!wagEg'a katslEna- 
(|axs g"il £ mae e yos e idayo laxa heyadzowe nEgudzo tteqaxs he £ mae 
files alolaqe lae hex -e idaEm la ts!5ts!Elg - ax £ Ida. Wii, hi 1£ mis 
lag'ilas lex-aEm £ yo £ yats!eda ts!ets!ololaqe kakEtslEnaqxa heya- 
dzowe nEgudzo tlEqaxa k!weladzEmae ([axs k"!esae klutala laq. 

40 Wii, iVniEn £ nEx- cjEn yfiwas £ Ide giiyoyox £ wid gwagrt r ex - s £ x"Id laq. 
Wa, lii tslEwanaedzEma ts lets !olohiqe kiikEtslEnaq laxa klwelaxa 
heyadzowe nEgudzowe t!EC{a; wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae k'agEmll- 



boas] RECITES 571 

done, they | put before them the dishes containing salal-berries mixed 43 
with water. Now there are | six men to each dish. When the 
dishes have all been put down, || they immediately begin to eat the | 45 
squeezed long salal-berry cakes in the dishes with their horn spoons. 
After eating, | the salal-berry dishes are taken away | and put down 
at the left-hand side of the door of the | feasting-house. Then the 
guests go out at once. || They do not drink any water after the feast. 50 
That is all about this. | 

Raw Salal-Berries (Eating raw, ripe salal-berries). — | When the l 
woman comes home after picking | ripe salal-berries, her husband 
goes and calls whomever he likes | to come to eat ripe salal-berries. 
When || the guests are all in, the woman takes a long | narrow mat 5 
and spreads it in front of those who are to | cat the ripe salal-berries. 
Her husband takes the | basket containing the salal-berries and pours 
them all along the mat in | front of his guests. He pours out || all, 10 
so that it reaches to the end of the guests.. His wife pours oil into | 
oil-dishes: and as soon as she has poured in the oil, her | husband 
takes the oil-dishes and puts them on the salal-berries. | He puts them 
far enough apart for the men to reach them, | and there are four men 
to each. || After all the oil-dishes have been put down, the guests 15 
take I the salal-berries, each one bunch. They dip them into the oil; | 

lElayEweda t!et!Exts!ala l5Elq!wa laxa k!wele. Wii, la £ me q!eq!E- 43 
Llalaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa loElqbva. Wii, giPmese £ wllgallleda IoeI- 
qlwiixs lae hex- £ idaEm £ naxwa £ yos £ Itses tsets!olohiqe k - ak - Ets.'Enaq 45 
laxa loxts !ala q !wedzEk u heyadzowe t !Eqa. Wii, g-il-'mese £ wl £ hixs hie 
hex' £ IdEma kiigilllEma t!et!Ext!agats!ex - daxa q!wedzEkwe heya- 
dzowe tteqa qa £ s la klk'ag'alllEm lax gEmxotsallhsa tlEx-ilasa 
t!Eqe £ lats!e g - okwa. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese la hoqiiwElseda k.'welde. 
Wii, laEm hewiixa nagek'Elax e wape. Wa, laEm gwal laxeq. 50 

Raw Salal-Berries (K'Elxklax axa nEklulaxs he qlayoqwa).— 1 
Wit, he £ maaxs g-alae g - ax nii £ nakweda tslEdaqaxs liix'de nekwaxa 
qlayoqwa nEk!ula; wit, la. lil £ wunEmas Le £ lalaxes gwE £ yo qa f s Le- 
£ lahisE £ wa, qa £ s q!Eq!EX'notxa qlayoqwa nEk!fda. Wit, gil £ meso 
g'iix £ wi E laeLa Le £ lanEinasexs lae hex -£ ida £ ma tstedaqe ax £ edxa gil- 5 
dEdzowe ts!eq!ats!o le £ wa £ ya qa £ s lit LEpdzamolilas liixes nEkwe- 
lag'iLaxa q!fiyoqwa nEklula. Wii, lii la £ wunEmas ax £ edxa iiEk!ul- 
tslala lExa £ ya rja £ s lii qapanaesElasa q!ayoqwa UEklfd lax iJiisEx - - 
dzama £ yases Le £ liinEme. Wii, a £ mise gwanaht qa, laballlesexs lae 
£ wIlgflts!amasEq, ylxs laiiLes gEnEme k!iinxts!alasa L!e £ na laxa 10 
tsletsteb^tsle. Wii, g-il £ mese £ wl £ la k!iinxts!Ewakuxs lae ax-'ede la- 
£ wiinEin-:,seq qt/s la hanaqElas laxa nEk!ule. Wii, Lieiii iiEm gwa- 
nala qa helts!apElesa bebEgwaiiEine lax awalagolilasasa ts!ets!E- 
batsle. Wii, laEm maemalasE £ weda £ nfd £ nEmexLa. Wii, g'il £ mese 
£ wllgallleda ts!ets!Ebats!axs lae hex ,£ ida £ ma klwele dax £ idxa £ nal- 15 
•'iiEmxLa nEklula c[a £ s katsEndes laxa L!e £ niixs ts!Ebats!ets!alae. 



572 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I kth *nn. m 

17 and after they have done this, all the salal-berries are covered with oil. | 
They shake off the oil, take the bunch out, and | eat them off one at a 

'20 time; and when all have been taken off, they throw the stem || into 
the fire. Then they take another bunch and | do in the same way, 
and all the guests do the same. | After they have eaten, they all go 
out of the house. | They drink no water after eating it, for they | do 

25 not want to remove the sweetness from the mouth. || For this reason 
they do not drink any water. The reason why| the branch is thrown 
into the fire by the one who has eaten the berries is, that they do not 
want any one to take it | for witchcraft; for the man's breath is on it, 
because he has bitten off the | salal-berries and it remains on it. 
Therefore they are afraid. Now that is all | about salal-berries. [| 
1 Cakes of Currants ' (Eating currant-cakes) . — First | the woman takes 
the dishes and she brings them down and she puts them down on the 
left-hand side of the | door of the house where the currant-cakrs 
are to be eaten; and she places there also oil | and the horn-spoon 
5 basket and also large water-buckets, || are put down on the floor, 
and also long mats. 2 | . . . 

As soon as he stops speaking, the wife of the | host takes the box 
containing the currant-cakes and unties the cover. | She takes out 

17 Wa, g'iFmese la £ wl c la la t!Et!EpsEina nEk!ulaxa idemaxs lae k!E- 
lodxa iJemiixs lae axwustEndEq qa £ s e nalmEmsgEniEmqeqexs lae 
qlEk'alaq laxes ytsx'Ene. Wa, g11 E mese f wilg - ElEnxs lae tslEXLEn- 

20 dEq laxa lEgwIle qa £ s etlede dax £ Idxa e nEmxLala. Wa, laxae 
heEmxat! gwex £ IdEq. Wa, la £ naxwaEin he gwegwiibglldeda wao- 
kwe klwehx. Wa, gihmese e wi £ laxs lae hex'-IdaEm e naxwa hoqil- 
wElsa. Wa, laEmxae hewaxaEm nageqElax £ wapa qaxs gwaqlE- 
faaq lawayes ex - p!aeL!Exawa f ye yls ex'p!EsgEma £ yasa nEk!iile. 

25 Wa, he £ mis k'leselas nax e idxa e wape. Wa, he e mis lagilas ts!EXLa- 
laxa yisx - Eiirses q!EgElEn.ikwaxs gwaqlslaaq lalax yayanEinasosa 
eqlenoxwe qaxs lae liasa £ yasa bEgwanEmaxs lae q!Ekalaxa nE- 
k!ule k!ut!Eneq. Wa, he e mis kllEmse. Wa, laEm alak'Iala gwal 
laxa nF.k!fde. 
1 Cakes of Currants 1 (T!Ext'!aqxa q!edzEdzowe). — Wii, heEm gll ax £ e- 
tso £ sa ts!Edaqes loElcjIwe qa g - axes mExstalil lax gEmxotstalllas 
tlExilasa t!Ext!agats!iixa qledzEdzowe gokwa; wa, he 5 misa L!e £ na, 
LE J wis ts lololagats !as LlExosgEma; wa, he £ misLes awawe naEnga- 
5 ts!a, qa g- fixes haxdianela; wa, he £ mises gilsgildEdzowe leEl £ wa £ ya. 2 
. . . Wa, gil £ mese q!wel e ededa yaq !Ent lalaxs lae ax £ ede gEnEmasa 
klwelasaxa q!edzats!e xaxadzEma qa f s qwelEyindex t!Emak - iya £ yas. 
Wa, la ax £ wiilts!alaxa qledzEdzowe fc.'Eqa, qa J s qwequltsEmex yael- 

1 Ribes bracteosus Dougl. and Ribcs pctiolare Dougl. 
'Continued on page 751, line IS, to page 75J, line 82. 



boas] RECIPES 573 

the currant-cakes, and unties the | string with which the bundles are 
tied; and she gives them to the two messengers, and || they put two 10 
cakes into each dish. | When they are in each dish, (the messengers) 
pour a little more | water on; and after doing so, the woman | asks 
some of her husband's guests to squeeze and rub the [ currant-cakes. 
Immediately some of the young men come |] from their seats and sit 15 
down alongside of the currant-dishes. | They take out of the water a 
soaked currant-cake, | roll it up and break it into pieces. When it 
is all in pieces, | they break it into smaller pieces, so that they are 
very small. Then they | gather up what has been broken into small 
pieces, and they make a ball, || and squeeze it with both hands so 20 
that it becomes round; | and they squeeze it for a short time, and put 
the ball | into the currant-dish and into the juice, which is now 
becoming thick. | They press the ball with their right hands and make 
it Hat; | and when it is flattened out, they rub it with the right hand; || 
and before they have rubbed it very long, it gets pasty, because | the 25 
ball dissolves in the water in which it is rubbed. As soon as it [ is 
very thick, they stop rubbing. Then they wash | their hands, and, 
after doing so, they walk back and | sit down at their seats. Then 
the wife of the || host takes a box of oil-bottles, and it is put down 30 
next to her seat. | She unties the top; and when she takes off the | 

tsEmayas kadzEkwa. Wii, la ts !as laxa ina £ lokwe e £ etse £ stElg'isa. Wii, 
lax - da £ xwe pepElx - ts!alasa niaemalExsa laxa £ niil £ nEmex £ La loq !wa. 10 
Wit, glhmese la q!walxots!E\vakwa loElqlwaxs lae gEnwax £ wi- 
e wabEts lawasa loElq'we. Wa, glhmese gwalExs laeda tstedaqe 
helg ilge lax khvelekwases la £ wimEme, qa gaxes q!wesa yllsElgexa 
q!edzEdzowe t!Eqa. Wa, hex ,£ ida £ mesa £ waxokwa ha £ yal £ a gax 
qhvaqalll, qa £ s g-axe k!iisagEllhixa q !esq ladzats !§Le loqlwa. Wii, 15 
hex -£ ida £ mese £ naxwa dastEiidxa £ niil £ nEmxsa pegEk" q !edzEtlzo t teqa, 
qa £ s k - loxsEmdeqexs lae p!op!oxsalaq. Wit. g'ihmese '"wPwuIxsexs 
lae helox u sEiid q!\veq!ults!alaq, qa iimEmayastoxs lae yawas £ Id q!a- 
p!ex -£ Idxa la q!weq!idts!aak" q!edzEdzo t!Eqa, qa £ s tExsEmdeq 
qa £ s qlwetsEmdeq yises £ waxsolts!ana £ ye e £ eyasa, qa loxsEmes. 20 
Wa, la q!wes £ edEq. Wii, la k!est!a ^egilllExs lae £ mE £ x u sEiits 
lax £ wapalitsxa la gEnk'a q!ots!axa q !esq !adzats!eLaxa qledzEdzowe 
loq!wa. Wii, la. La £ x u sEmtses kelk'!ots!iina £ ye laq qa pExsEmx £ I- 
des. Wii, g - il £ mese la pExsEinxs lae yElsElgintses helk!olts!ana £ ye 
laq. Wa, k'!est!a geg-flilExs lae alakMala la gEnx -e ida, qaxs lae 25 
x'idzElteda loxsEmx'de, yix yilsasox u diis. Wii, gihmese la tila- 
kMala la gEnk - axs, lae gv\ r ala yeyilsElg'Esaq. Wii, lii tslEntstenx- 
£ wldxes e £ eyasowe. Wa, gihmese gwalExs lae qiis £ ida, qa £ s lii 
xwelaqa k!us £ a!lla, qa £ s lii klwelEmlila. Wii, laLa gEnEmasa k!vve- 
lase ax £ edxes qlElwase xEtsEma, qa gaxes ha £ nel lax klwaelasas. 30 
Wii, lii qwelEyindEx t!Emak - Eya £ yas. Wii, gfhmese paqodEx yE- 



574 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ann. se 

33 cover, she puts it down. She takes out a ] large oil-bottle of 
kelp and gives it to the two messengers. | One of them bites off the 
string with which the mouth of the kelp bottle is tied; and, after tak- 

35 ing off || the string, he holds it with his right hand, and | squeezes the 
oil out on the rubbed currant-cakes, while | the other one holds the 
head of the kelp bottle with his left | hand, and he squeezes it 
with lus right hand, so that the oil comes out | at the mouth. If the 
oil does not come out easily, because it is thick || in cold weather, 

40 then the two messengers take hold, one of each end, | of the oil- 
bottle. They stand one each side of the fire in the middle of the 
house, | and they pull the kelp bottle containing the od backward 
and forward over the fire in the middle of the house. | When the oil 
is melted, then they begin to pour it over the | currant-cakes in the 

45 dish. They put on much oil, and || continue doing so witli the others. 
After oil has been poured on all of them, | they take the horn-spoon 
basket and | distribute the spoons among the feasters. After this 
is done, they put | the currant-dishes in front of them, | one dish for 
each six men. As soon as || all (of the berry-dishes) have been put 

50 down, the guests begin to eat the berries. | They are told to eat 
everything that is in the dish; and this they do, for | these berries 
are never taken home when they are eaten in the house of the owner, | 



32 kiiya £ yas lae pax £ alllaq. Wa, la q !Elx £ ults !odxa L!e £ nats!ala £ walas 
£ wa £ wadaxs lae ts!as laxa ma £ lokwe e f etse £ stElg isa. Wii, lada 
-uEinokwe qlEk'odEX m5guxsta £ yasa £ wa £ wade. Wii, g - il £ mese lawa- 

35 ya mox u ba £ yas awaxsta £ yasexs lae dalases helk - !ots!ana £ ye laqexs 
hie tslEtx-aqElasa L!e £ na laxa yilekwe qledzEdzo tlEqa, yixs laaLe- 
da £ iiEmokwas dalaxa oxLa £ yasa £ wa £ wade, yises gEinxolts !ana £ ye 
a £ yasowa. Wa, la xlkases helk!ots!ana £ ye qa loltslalesa L!e £ na 
lax awaxsta £ yas. Wa, g"il £ mese q'Einsa lawaleda ide £ naxs gEn- 

40 k - aaxs £ wuda'lae; wa, laxda £ xwa e £ etse £ stElg-lse dadEbexa L!e- 
£ nats!ala £ wa £ wade, qa £ s la Lax £ walll lax £ waxsanahlasa laqwawall- 
laxs lae ts!ats!EngiiLalasa L!e £ nats!ala £ wa £ wade hlxa laqwawallle. 
Wa, gil £ mese yax £ ideda L!e £ nats!awasexs lae ts!Etx - aqas laxa lox- 
ts!ala ytlek" qledzEdzo tlEqa. Wii, laEin qleqxa L!e £ na. Wa, la ax u - 

45 sa £ mese he gwegilaxa waokwe. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi £ la la k!unq!EgE- 
kuxs lae ax £ edEX'da £ x u xa ts!ololagats!e LlExosgEma, qa £ s lii ts!E- 
wanaesElas laxa k!wele. Wa, gll £ mese gwalExs lae k-ax - dzam6ll- 
lElasa q!eq!esq!adzats!eLe loElqlwa laxa q!esq!asLaq. Wii, la £ me 
q!eq!aLaleda bebEgwaiiEmaxa £ nal £ nEmexLa loq!wa. Wii, g - il £ mese 

50 £ w!lgalilExs lae liex'idaEm £ niixwa q!esq!as £ ideda klwelaq. Wa, 
la £ me &xso £ , qa £ s £ wa £ wi £ laexes leloqula. Wa, he £ mis gwiile qaxs 
k"!ets!enoxwae modola q!edzEdzEwaxs q!eselaeda iixnogwadas, 



iioas] RECIPES 575 

because it brings bad luck to take them home, as the people of olden 53 
times say. | Therefore they try to eat all; and after emptying their 
dishes, || they go out of the feasHiouse. That is all about the berry- 55 
cakes. | 

Raw Currants. — Currants are also eaten raw. When | the woman 
comes home from picking currants, she | asks her husband to get a 
dish, and put it | next to her seat. Then she unties the top of || the 
currant-basket, and she sits down (with her husband), | one on each 60 
side of the | currant-basket; and the large dish is put down on the 
outer side of the currant-basket. Then they both take the currants | 
out of the basket ami strip them and put them into the dish. As soon 
as | they have been stripped off the stems, the stems are thrown || 
into the fire. The woman | and her husband continue doing this, 65 
trying to see who will strip them most quickly. When | the currants 
have all been stripped off, the man goes and calls whomever lie likes | 
fromamonghisrelatives,orhemayevencallhisnumaym; | and assoon 
as the husband goes to call all those who are to eat the raw || currants, 
she takes oil, and the spoon-basket with horn spoons, | which she 70 
keeps in readiness at the place where she sits down, and she also 
takes medium-sized dishes | and holds them ready. Then her hus- 
band comes in, followed by his guests; | for they do not sit down as 
they do at a great feast. The guests sit down | any way they like. 

qaxs aEmsaaEl laxox modolexs £ nek-a £ laeda g ilx'da bEgwanEma. 53 
Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas £ wa £ wl £ laaq. Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ laxes leloqulaxs 
lae hocpuwElsa. Wa, la £ me gwal laxa qledzEdzowe tteqa. 55 

Raw Currants. — Wa, la k!Elxk - !axsQ £ Emxat!eda q!esena. Wa, 
he'maaxs gaxae na'nakweda tslEdaqaxs qlesexdiixa qleseiia, wa, lii 
axk - !alaxes la £ wiinEme qa ax £ edesexa loq!we, qa gaxes kael 
lax k!udzelasas. Wa, hex - ida £ mesa tstedaqe qweiEyindEx t!Ema- 
k-Eya £ yases qledzadze lExa\ya. Wii, la £ wax - sanalltxa qledzadzaxs 60 
lae k!udzEnolllaq. Wa, lii k'ael c walase loq!\va lax Llasanalllasa 
qledzadze lExa £ ya. Wii, he £ mis la dalts!alasda £ x u sexa qlesena 
laxa lExa £ ye, qa £ s lii kimts!alas laxa loq!we. Wii, gilnaxwa- 
£ mese e wilg-ElEne yisx'Enasexs lae ts!EXLEntsa kEmtkatmote yis- 
x - En liixes lEgwIle. Wii, lii ax u sa £ mese he gweg'ileda tstedaqe 65 
LE £ wis liVwunEme hahanakwap !exs klmtae. Wii, g-il £ mese £ wFla 
la k'lmdEkwa q!eseniixs lae Le £ laleda bEgwanEmaxes gwE £ yowe 
qa £ s Le £ liilasE £ wa laxes LeLELtda lo £ xs hiie Le £ lalasE £ wes £ nE £ me- 
mote. Wa, g - ll £ mese la Le £ lale la £ wimEmasexa q !esc[ lasLaxa k'!il- 
x'e qlesena, lae ax £ edxa L!e £ na LE £ wa ts!ololagats!e LlExosgEma, 70 
qa giixes gwalll ax £ fixel liix k!waelasas. Wa, he £ misa ha £ yal £ a IoeI- 
q!wa, qa gaxes ogwaqa. Wii, la £ me liikEle hVwuiiEmasexes Le £ la- 
nEine, qaxs k'lesae alaele k!we £ lena £ ya. Wii, la £ me ttEm k!uk!wax - - 
siila laxes gwE £ yowe, qa £ s k!us £ alilasa Le £ lanEme. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wi- 



576 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 85 

75 As soon as all arc in, || the woman wipes out with shredded cedar- 
bark | a medium-sized dish. As soon as she has done so, she takes 
the | large dish with the stripped currants and puts it down where 
she is sitting. | Then she takes a large wooden ladle, dips it into the | 

80 stripped currants, and dips them into the || medium-sized dish. 
When it is half full, she puts it aside and | takes another medium- 
sized dish, and she puts it down where the other one | stands con- 
taining the stripped currants. She puts | stripped currants into it; 
and when it is half full, she | puts it away. She continues doing this 

85 with the others; and when || all the medium-sized dishes contain 
currants, she takes her oil | and pours it on, so that they are floating 
in it. When | she has done so, the horn spoons are given to all those 
who are to eat | the raw currants; and when every one who is going 
to eat currants lias a spoon, | then the dishes with the currants are 

90 placed in front || of them. Now there are three men to | each dish. 
As soon as all (the dishes) have been put down, | those who are to eat 
the currants take up the horn spoons, and | all begin to eat the cur- 
rants floating in the oil. There | is more oil in (each dish) than there 
are currants, because the currants without oU cause constipation. || 

95 They do not stop eating until all | the oU and the currants are at an 
end. Then those who have been eating the raw currants go out. I 



75 aeLExs lae hex' £ ida £ ma tsEdaqe dedEgEg'asa q loyaakwe k'adzEk" 
.laxa hiVyfd-'a loElqlwa. Wa, g-il £ mese gwfdExs lae ax £ edxa kimdE- 
gwatsle £ walas loqlwaxa qlesena qa e s hang'allles laxes klwaelase. 
Wa, lii ax £ eilxa £ vviilase khvagEga lrittslEnaqa, qa £ s tseqes laxa 
k'EmdEkwe qlesena. Wa, la tsEy5sElasa k'EmdEkwe qlesena Laxa 

80 ha £ yal £ a loqlwa. Wa, gil £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae wlqttlllaq qa £ s 
ax £ edexa ogiHliixat! hel £ a loqlwa qa £ s la h&nstolilas lax ha £ nelas- 
dasa la qlets'.alaxa klmdEkwe qlesena. Wa, laxae tsetslotsa 
klmdEkvve qlesena laq. Wii, g'ih'Emxaawise nEgoyoxsdalaxs hie 
wlqillllaq. Wii, ax"sa'mese he gwegilaxa waokwe. Wa, g - tl e mese 

85 £ wi'"wults lEwakwa ha £ yal c "a q !eq lets lala IdElq Ivvaxs lae ax £ edxes l !e e na, 
qa £ s klunqlEqeq. Wii, la £ me tlEplEgElisxa Lle £ na. Wii, giPmese 
gwalExs lae ts lEwanaedzEma tslololaqe k - ak'EtslEnaq laxa q!esq!as- 
Laxa kTilx-e qlesena. Wa,gil £ mese £ wIlxtoweda qlesq lasLaxak'lil- 
xe qlesenaxs lae IcaedzEmeda c[ !eq lets lala loElq Ivva laxa qlesqlas- 

90 Laxa klilxe qlesena. Wii, la £ me yaeyuduxuleda bebEgwanEinaxa 
e nal £ nEmexLa loqlwa. Wii, g - il £ mese £ w!lg"alilExs lae hex e ida £ ma 
qlesqlasLaxa qlesena iix £ edxes tsletslololaqe k-akEtslEiU'ci, qa £ s 
£ niixwe q!esq!as £ ida laxa tlEplEgElesaxa Lle £ na qlesena. Wa, la £ me 
he' q!iigawa £ ya Llemasa qlesena, qaxs aatlalagilaeda qlesenaxs 

95 k-leasae Lle £ na kliingEins. Wa, iil-'mese gwal qlesqlasExs lae £ wi- 
! laxa qlesena LE £ wa Lle £ na. Wii, g11 £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae hoquwiilseda 



boas] RECIPES 577 

These are not given at a feast to many | tribes. That is all about 97 
the currants. | 

Mashed Currants and [ Salal- Berries. — When the salal-berries are 1 
thoroughly ripe, | the woman goes to pick salal-berries. and at the 
same time she picks currants | which are also ripe. || She has one 5 
basket for salal-berries, and another | basket for currants. When the 
baskets are full, j she puts on the top covering of hemlock-branches; 
and after doing so, | she ties down the top and carries them on her 
back to her | house. There she puts them down next to her seat. || 
She puts down a large dish on the floor, outside of her seat, | and she 10 
takes the salal-berry basket and puts it down at the | right-hand side 
of the large dish. She unties the string on top of her | salal-berry 
basket, and, after doing so, she pulls out the | hemlock-branches 
which cover it, and throws them into the fire. Then she takes jj 
one of the salal-berry branches and strips off the berries | into the 15 
large dish. She continues doing this, and only | stops when it is all 
done. She throws the stripped | stems into the fire. Then she puts 
aside the empty basket, and | takes the basket containing the cur- 
rants and puts it in the place of the || empty basket. She unties the 20 
top string; and | as soon as it is off, she pulls off the hemlock-branches 

qlesqlasdiixa k - !ilxe qlesena. Wa, laEm k'les Le-lalayo laxa qle- 97 
nEme lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wii, laEm gwal laxa qlesena. 

Mashed Currants and Salal-Berries (QlwedzEk" qlesena LE £ wa ] 
nEklule). — Wa, he £ maaxs lae alaklala la qlayoqweda nEklule, 
yixs liix'de nEkweda tslEdaqaxa nEk!iile. Wii, lii qlaqlesbalaxa 
qleseniixs lae nEqlekwa. 

Wa, laEm ogu £ la £ me liEgwatsliisexa nEklule, wa, laxae 5gu £ la-'me 5 
q ledzats liisexa qlesena. Wii, gib'mese qoqtitleda laElxa £ yasexs lae 
ts lets lak'Eyindalasa qlwaxe laq. Wit, g-ihmese gwiitexs lae tletlE- 
mak-Eyindalaq. Wii, g-axe oxLoltlalaqexs g'axae na e nakwa luxes 
g-okwe. Wii, lii oxLEg'alilas laxes hemEne £ lase k!wae J lasa. Wii, la 
ax £ etlxa £ walase loq!wa, qa gaxes ha e nel lax Llasalilases k!wae'lase. 10 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa nEgwats!e lExa £ ya, qa f s hang'agEliles lax helk - !o- 
tiiga £ yasa ^walase loq!wa. Wii, lii qwelEyindEx t!Emak-Eya £ yases 
nEgwatsle lExa-ya. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae nexEmwEyodxa 
qlwaxe ts!ak - Eyes qa £ s tslExudes laxes lEgwile. Wii, lii dax £ idxa 
£ iiEinxLala laxa yisx'Enasa nEk!ide xig-ElEndeq, qa="s lii x*Ix - ts!alas 15 
laxa £ walase loqlwa. Wii, lii hex - saEm gweg-ilaq. Wii, al £ mese 
gwatexs lae £ wi £ la. Wii, la £ me aEm la ts!EXLalasa xlxaxmote 
yisx'En laxes lEgwile. Wii, lii Lequlilxa la loptsla lExa £ ya, qa £ s 
lii iix £ eclxa cjledzatsle lExa £ ya, qa E s la hanstolilas lax ha £ nelasdiisa 
la loptsla lExa £ ya. Wii. laxae qwelEyindEx t!Emak-Eya £ yas. Wa, 20 
g-il £ mese lawiixs lae nExEmwEy5dxa qlwaxe qa £ s tslEXLEndes laxes 
T.j0o2— 21— 35 eth— pt 1 37 



57S ETHNOLOGY OF THE K.WAKIUTL [eth. ann.so 

22 and throws them into the ] fire. When this is done, she takes out 
a hunch of currants | and strips them off, and puts them on top of 
the salal-berries | which have been stripped oil' and which are in the 

25 dishes. She strips the currant-stems || and puts the currants on the 
salal-berries that has been stripped off, and | she throws the currant- 
stems into the fire. She continues doing this with the | others; and 
as soon as the basket is empty, | she puts it away. She takes her 
husband's stone hammer | by the small end with the right hand, 

30 and || with the big end she pounds the mixed salal-berries and 
currants. | She pounds them with the stone hammer for a long time 
ami only stops when | all the salal-berries and currants have all burst 
and are | all mixed. When this is done, she tells her husband | to 

35 go and invite whomever he likes from among the chiefs, || for only 
chiefs eat this kind of food, consisting of salal-berries | mixed with 
currants; and the owner of this kind of food, | salal-berries and cur- 
rants, eats it, — the woman, her husband, | and their children. Then 
the woman's husband goes out to | invite the chiefs and their wives; 

40 and as soon as the woman's || husband goes out of the house, she takes 
her small dishes and her | horn-spoon basket, and puts them dow;i 
next to her seat, | and also her oil, and she spreads out a new mat on 
which | her husband's guests are to sit. As soon as she has done so, 

45 the chiefs come in with their wives, and husband and wife || sit down 

22 lEgwIle. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae daltslodxa £ nEmxLala qlesena, 
qa's la k'imtEylndalasa qlesena lax okiiya £ yasa x'ig'Ekwe iiEklii- 
laxa la k"!ats!axa kimdEgwatsle loqlwa, qa £ s kimdEltsEndex q!e- 

25 dzanas, qa £ s la k* lak'Eyints laxa klmdekwe nEkluia. Wa, laxae 
tslEXLEnts qledzanas laxes lEgwile. Wa, ax u sa £ mese he gweg-ilaxa 
waokwe. Wa. gll £ mese e wllg"Elts !awa q!edzats!a lExiixs lae 
g-exaxes laElxa £ ye. Wa, la 8x £ edEX pElpElqases hVwiinEme. Wa, 
hetla dfdasose wllba-yasa pslpElqases helk - !ots!ana £ yaxs lae Llra- 

30 kulg-es LE E x u ba e yas laxa malagEkwe nEk!fd LE £ wa qlesena. Wa, 
Iti geg-illl LlEmkulgesa pElpElqe laq. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae 
£ naxwaEm la kux i£ ideda nEklule LE £ wa qlesena. Wa, la £ me ala- 
k!ala la lElga. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae axk - lalaxes lii-'wunEme 
qa las LE £ lalaxes gwE=yowe, qa £ s Le £ lalasE £ wa laxa g - Ig-igama £ ye. 

35 qaxs lex'a £ maeda gug'ig'amae ha £ mapxa he gwek" malaqEla iiEk!ul 
LE £ wa qlesena. Wa, laxae lexa £ ma axnogwadasa he gwek" mala- 
qEla nEkliil LE £ wa qlesena ha £ mapEqxa tslEdaqe LE £ wis la £ wflnEme 
LE £ wis sasEme. Wa, lit qas'Ideda la-wunEinasa tslEdaqe, qa £ s la 
Le £ lalaxa gig-igama £ je LE £ wis gEgEnEme. Wa, gil £ mese ltiwElse 

40 la-wunEmasa tslEdaqaxs lae hex £ IdaEm &x £ edxes laElogiime LE £ wis 
ts lololagats !e LlExosgEina, qa £ s gaxes gex - g - ael lax k!wae £ lasas 
LE £ wis L!e £ na. Wa, laxae LEplalllasa eEldzowe leEl £ wa £ ya lax 
k!udze £ lasLas Le J lanEmases hVwunEme. Wa, gih'mese gwalExs 
g-axae hogwilEleda hehayasEk'ala g-Tg-igama £ ya. Wii, la hehaya- 



boas] RECIPES 579 

next to each other on the mat that lias been spread out for them, j 45 
When they are all in, the wife of the host prepares | her small dishes. 
She counts how many | married couples there are, and she puts down 
the same number of small dishes for [two of] them. [ Each man and 
wife will have one dish. She takes soft shredded cedar-bark, || wipes 50 
out the small dishes, and, after doing so, | she takes a large horn 
spoon, takes the | large dish of salal-berries mixed with currants, and 
puts it down next | to her seat. Then she dips the large horn ladle 
in | and stirs the berries. After doing so, she dips them out and puts 
thein || into the small dishes. She only stops when they are nearly 55 
filled. | She continues doing this with the others. When she has 
finished, | she takes oil and pours it on, and she only stops pouring it 
on | when the oil covers the top of the mixture of salal-berries and | 
currants. As soon as she has finished, she gives the spoon-basket || 
to her husband, who distributes the spoons among his | guests. 60 
After he has distributed them, he puts down the | dishes containing 
the salal-berries and currants, giving one to eacli couple. | Each dish 
is given to two, a husband and Ins wife. | When they have been put 
down, they eat with their spoons. They || try to eat it all, eating with 65 
their spoons; and after they have eaten, | they go out. They never 



sEkollhEmxs lae kludzEdzolIlaxes k!wek!wadzo leElwa £ ya. Wit, 45 
gil £ mese £ wi £ laex,a, lae hex -£ ida £ me gEnEinasa Le E lala xwanaMda, 
qa £ s ax £ edexa laElogtime. Wit, heEin hos £ itso £ se £ waxogwasasa 
hehayasEk-ala. Wa, la heEin £ waxexxeda iaElogume lax maemalE- 
leda bEgwanEine LE £ wis gEiiEine; wa, la 5x £ edxa qloyaakwe k - adzE- 
kwa, qa £ s dedEg'iglndes laxa laElogtime. Wa, gllmiese gwala, lae 50 
ax £ edxa e walase mogug'a kats lEnaqa. Wa, la ax £ edxa malaqElaat !se 
£ walas loq'.waxa iiEkliile i.E f wa qlesena, qa £ s g-axe hang - alllas 
laxes k!wae £ lase. Wa, la tseqasa £ walase mogug'a k'ats !Enaq l;lq, 
qa £ s xwetElga £ yes laq. Wa, g'ihmese gwalExs lae tsetslodalas 
laxa IaElogume. Wa, almaese gwatexs lae Elaq qot!a. Wa, 55 
ax u sa £ mese he gweg-ilaxa waokwe. Wa, g'iPmese gwatexs lae 
ax £ edxes L!e £ na, qa £ s k!iiq!Eqes laq. Wii, Sl'mese gwalExs hie 
haniElqEya £ ya L!e £ na lax okuya £ yasa malaxstaakwe nEk!iil LE £ wa 
qlesena. Wa, gilmiese gwalExs lae ts!asa tsololagatsle l!exos- 
gEm laxes la £ wunEine. Wa, he £ mis la ts!E\vanaesElas laxes 60 
Le £ lanEme. Wii, gil J mese £ wilxtoxs lae k'aesasa miilaxstaak" tslala 
laElogumaxa nEkhll LE £ wa q!esena laxa hehayasEk'olile. Wii, laEm 
maemalEleda bEgwanEine LE £ \vis gEHEmaxa £ nal- c nEinexLa laloguma. 
Wii, gihmese £ wilg'alilExs lae hex -£ idaEm f yos £ IdEX'da £ xwa. Wii ; 
hix(la £ xwe £ wa £ wi £ laaqexs lae £ yos £ idEq. Wii, gihmese £ wi £ laxs lae 65 
hoqiiwElsa. Wii, laEm hewiixa nagekilax £ wiipa, qaxs gwaqtelaaq 



580 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 




67 drink any water alter eating it, for they do not want | to lose the good 
taste of the salal-berries from their mouths. ! That is all about this. | 
1 Huckleberries. — As 1 soon as (the woman) enters her house, she puts 
down | the two baskets, takes a | short wide board and puts it down 
flat near the place | where she always sits: and she takes a log and || 
5 rolls it towards the board, so li al one end of the short wide hoard 
rests on it. | When this is done, it is like this: 
She also takes a piece of wood which is not 
really thick (2) and | puts it down, and she 
takes anew mat (4) and | spreads it out. She 

10 lifts up the edge so that it lies on the piece of lire-wood at (2), || and 
she lifts up the lower end of the board (3) for cleaning the | huckle- 
berries, and spreads under it one edge of the mat (4) on to which 
the | cleaned huckleberries roll. As soon as this has been done, she 
pushes small pieces of wood under the | sides of the cleaning-board, so 
that it lies firmly on the support (1) | for the cleaning-board. Alter 

15 all this has been done, she takes a Ij bucket with water and puts it 
down; and she takes her | huckleberry-baskets, unties the top, and 
takes off the | skunk-cabbage covering. As soon as all this is off, she 
takes the | bucket and pours water over the board (3). | The water 

20 runs over it, as it runs down the board (3) . || As soon as it is wet, she | 

67 lawiiyes ex'p!aeL!Exawa £ ye qaeda ex'p!EsgEma-yasa nEk!iile. Wa, 
hiEiiixae, gwala. 
1 Huckleberries. — Wa, 1 g - il £ mese laeL laxes g'okwaxs lae oxLEg'all- 
laxes gwegwadatsle laElxa £ ya. Wa, la hex -£ idaEm ax £ edxa ts!a- 
ts!ax u sEm§ £ wadzo saok u , qa £ s pax e allles laxa mak-alame lax 
hemEne £ lase k!wae £ lats. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa LEkwe lEqwa, qa £ s 
5 g'axe len £ nakulas qa £ s g - axe gelballtas laxa ts!ats!ax u sEme £ wadzo 
saokwa. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalahlExs lae g - a gwaleg-a (jig.)- Wa, 
laxae ax'edxa k!ese alaEm LEk u lex-En lEqwa, yix (2), qa £ s lii 
k-at!rdlhis. Wa, laxae ax £ edxa £ walase Eldzo le : wa-ya (4) qa £ s hi 
LEp lahlas. Wa, la ek - lEnxalaxs lae LEp !Ena £ ye apsEnxa £ yas lax 

10 xwatEnxa £ y§ (2). Wa, la wlbEndEx bEiiba £ yas k'imdEdzowaxa 
gwadEme (3), qa £ s LEbabodes apsEnxa £ yas (4) xa q lumEndzowasa 
kimdEkwe gwadEma, Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae g-api £ lalax ewun- 
xa £ yas k-imdEdzowa qa ek'es paxEnayaena £ yas laxa qenolilasa 
k'imdEzowaxa gwadEme (1). Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes 

15 £ wabEts!ala nagatsla qa g-axes ha £ nela. Wa, laxae ax'edxes gwe- 
gwadatsle laElxa £ ya, qa £ s qwelEyindaleq, qa £ s lawalex LeLEpEya- 
£ yas k'!ik'!aok!wa. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wl £ la la lawEyakwa lae ax £ edxa 
nagats!e, qa £ s gugEdzodesa £ wape lax ek - !Eba £ yasa k'imdEdzowa (3). 
Wa, lii wag-ildzayeda £ wapaxs lae waxEla laxa k'imdEdzowa (3). 

20 Wa, g - il £ mese, hamElgidzod la k'.ungEdzowa kimdEdzowaxs lae 



i Continued from p. 21 1. line 40. 



boas] RECIPES 581 

puts down her bucket, takes up the basket with huckleberries, and, | 21 
beginning at the upper end of the cleaning-board, she pours on the 
huckleberries | while it is still wet. The huckleberries roll down [ to 
the end of the cleaning-board, || on to the mat (4) which has been 25 
spread out; and the | leaves stick to the cleaning-board (3), so that 
there are | no leaves on the mat on to which the cleaned huckle- 
berries roll. | As soon as the huckleberries are cleaned, | the woman 
who works at them calls her husband to || take hold of one end of the 30 
board; and they carry it | out of the house in which the huckle- 
berries are being worked, and they put it down flat to be | dried, for, 
as soon as it is dry, the | leaves fall off, and the wind | blows them 
away. || 

Mashed Huckleberries. — Now, you know how huckleberries are 35 
cleaned, | and I shall not talk about it again. | When the woman has 
picked many huckleberries, she | asks her husband to go and invite 
many people of different tribes, | and he sends out two young men to 
call for the first time. || They name the name of the child of the host 40 
who is about to give a feast of mashed | huckleberries. The woman 
and her husband take out | oil and dishes and spoons, so that they 
stand ready at the | left-hand side of the house in which mashed 
huckleberries are to be eaten. | The house has already been cleaned, 



hang'ahlases nagats!e qa £ s k' loqiililexes gwadats!e lF.xa £ ya, qa £ s 21 
ek' !EbEiidexa k imdEclzoxs lae g-igEdzotsa gwadEme laqex, he £ mae 
ales k!ungE(lzalasa £ wape. Wii, la loxumg-ildzayeda gwadEme 
k'initaso £ s qa £ s la hebEiidala loxwaxEla laxa k'imdEdzowaxs lae 
hedz5dalaxa qhimEndzowe LEbel le £ wa £ ya (4). Wa, liiLa k!iidE- 25 
dzodale mamamasa gwadEmse laxa kimdEdzowe (3). Wa, laEm 
k - !eas ladzodaleda mania ma laxa q luniEndzowasa la kimdEk" gwa- 
dEina. Wii, gil £ mese la £ wl £ la la k'imdEkwa gwadEmaxs lae 
hex -£ ida £ ma gwiigwatsela tstediiq Le £ l5laxes la £ wiinEme qa las 
dadEbEndxa k"lmdEdzowaxa gwadEme, qa £ s la tlaxalaqexs lae 30 
lawElsas laxes gwagwatsr'lats !e g - okwa, qa £ s la pax £ Elsas qa Ieuio- 
dzox £ wides, qaxs g'ih'mae lEmodzox £ w!deda k imdEdzowaxa gwa- 
dEmaxs lae hex" £ idaEm c| !up8.1e mamamasa gwadEmaxs lae yox £ - 
w!tso £ sa yala. 1 

Mashed Huckleberries. — LaEmLas q!ol £ aLElax k'imt !enaEyaxa gwa- 35 
dEme. Wa, he £ mesEn lag'ila k'les naneltsEmala gwagwexs £ ala laq. 
Wa, he £ maaxs qlEyoLaeda tstedaqaxa gwadEmaxs k-Klae, wii, lii 
axk" liilaxes la £ wunEine qa Le £ lalesexa q leiiEme lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, 
lii e yalaqasa ma £ lokwe hii £ yal £ a, qa liis g'allLlEs Le £ lala qae. Wii, 
laEm LeqElax LegEmas xtinokwasa gwatgiidasLaxa qlwedzEkwe 40 
gwadEma. Wii, l&Leda ts!Edaqe LE £ wis la £ wuiiEme ax £ wult lalitelaxa 
L!e £ na LE £ wa loElqlwe LE £ wa k-ak-Ets!Enaqe qa g'iixes gwalila lax 
gEmxotstolIlasa q!wedzEx u gaats!iixa gwadEme g'okwa, ylxs lamaa- 

1 Continued on p. 754, line 1. 



582 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth.ann.35 

r> and mats have been spread out around it. || After the young men have 
called four times, the people come into the house where the | mashed 
huckleberries are to be eaten. Immediately they | begin to sing the 
feast songs; and now the | numaym of the host comes to help him 
put | the huckleberries into the dishes. || 

50 The dishes are half filled with huckleberries; and when | there are 
some in each, they begin to mash them with both hands, | so that 
they burst; and after they have | burst, they pour oil over them, so 
that there is one half | mashed huckleberries and one half oil. When 

55 they have finished, |j they distribute the spoons among the guests; 
and when each has one, they I put the dishes with the mashed huckle- 
berries one in front of eacli six | men; and when they have been put 
down, | they begin to eat, and all | eat with their spoons the 

60 mashed huckleberries; and they only || stop when they have eaten 
everything. Then they go out of the house. That is all | about it. | 
They never drink water afterwards. This is all about j oneway, what 
I say about the huckleberries. 
1 Cleaning Huckleberries (Blowing huckleberries) .—When | awoman 
cuiiics home who has tried to pick many huckleberries, but who has 
found only a few; | and when her basket is only half full of huckle- 
berries, which she tried to shake off; | and when the men are sitting 
5 on their summer seats || outside the house of the owner of the huckle- 

Lal ektilelkwa gokwe. Wii, laxae LEpse £ stalIlx u sa leEl £ wa £ ye. Wa, 

45 g - il £ mes m5p!ene £ sta etse £ steda ha £ yal £ axs g'axae £ wi £ laeLeda q!u- 
(| !udzEx ll glLaxa qlwedzEkwe gwadEina. Wa, la hex £ idaEm k!we- 
dala dEnx £ itsa k!welayala q lEimlEma. Wii. laxa £ wi £ laEm gaxeda 
MiHincinotasa gwatelaxa qlwedzEkwe gwadEm gi £ wiilaxa la k'!a- 
tslalasa gwadEme laxa loElqlwe. 

,"ii Wa, laEmxae naEngoyaleda loElqlwaxa gwadEme; wa, gil £ mese 
la q!walxots!Ewakuxs laxila'xwae q IwesElgEntses £ wi £ waxsolts!a- 
ua £ ye laxa gwadEme qa £ naxwes kux £ ida. Wii, gil e mese £ naxwa 
la kux -£ Iila lae k!unq!Eqasa L!e £ na laq. Wit. laEmxae naxsaap!ed;t 
qlwedzEkwe gwadEm LE £ wa i,!e'na. Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 

55 ts lEwanaedzEma k - ak'Ets!Enaqe. Wii, g-il £ mese £ w!lxtoxs lae k - ae- 
dzEma q!weq!w r edzEx"ts!ala loElqlwaxa gwadEme laxa q!eq!ELak u 
bebEgwanEm laxa £ niil-nEmexr.a loqlwa. Wii, gil £ mese £ wllgall- 
Iexs laxda-xwae £ naxwa £ yos £ itses k'ak'Ets!Enaqe. Wii, la £ me £ na- 
xwa <| !uc| !wedzaagux:t qlwedzEkwe gwadEina. Wa, 5l £ Emxaawise 

60 gwatexs lae £ wl £ laq. Wa hex -£ ida £ mlse hoquwElsa. Wa, laEmxae 
gwala. Wa, laEm hewaxa nagekllax £ wapa. Wa, laem gwiil laxa 
£ nEmx -£ Idala gwagwex-s £ ala laxa gwadEme. 
1 Cleaning Huckleberries (Poxwaxa gwadEme). — Wa, he £ maaxs 
g-axae na £ nakweda k'lak'IalEme tslEdiiqxa gwadEme, yixs holalo- 
Laaq, yixs a £ mae nEgoyales k'ak - !alEmats!e lExaxa gwadEme. 
Wa, gil £ mese awaq'.tiseda bebEgwanEine laxa awaqwa £ ye lax Llasa- 
5 na £ yas g'okwasa gwadadasa gwadEme; lae hegElsElaEmses k - !a- 



boas] BECIPES 583 

berries, — then (the woman) goes with the | huckleberries she has 6 
shaken off to the men on the summer seat, and | puts clown her basket. 
The woman says, "Blow at the huckleberries that | I tried to shake 
off!" and immediately | the men all put the right hand into the || 
huckleberry-basket that she tried to fill, and take a handful each, 10 
pour | it to and fro from hand to hand, and blow at them so as to blow 
off the leaves; | and when all the leaves have been blown off, they 
put the huckleberries | into the mouth and cat them; and they only 
stop eating the | blown huckleberries when they finish t! em. They 
do this when it is || very hot, for the blown huckleberries arc cooling 15 
when they | are eaten on a warm day. Thai is all about t] is. 

Viburnum-Berries with Water and Oil. — | Now I will talk about the 
eating of viburnum-berries | mixed with water and oil. They do not 
invite many people || to eat these, for this is only the food for husband 20 
and wife | and their children, when there are no more ripe viburnum- 
berries, and when the man wishes to | invite his near relatives. When 
whiter comes, | and the oil they put on the viburnum-berries gets 
thick, the | woman takes a wedge and wedges off the cover || of the 25 
box containing the berries mixed with water and oil. When the 
cover | is off, she takes a small dish and a spoon, and she puts the | 
small dish on the corner of her box, and she dips the spoon into the | 

klalEmaiiEme gwadEm laxa awaq!iise bebEgwanEina, qa £ s la han- 6 
gElsas laq. Wa, la £ nekeda tslEdaqe: "Wax - da £ x u lag'a pox £ w!d- 
xEn k - !ak-!alEinanEma qEn gwadEma." Wa, hex £ ida £ mesa £ nii- 
xwa bebEgwanEm sats!ases hehelk - !ots!ana £ ye e^eyasowa laxa k - !a- 
k 1 lalEmats !e gwats!ala lExa £ ya qa £ s gox £ wide laq. Wa, la goxo- 10 
si : lalas laxes epsotts !ana £ yaxs lae poxwaq qa £ s p5x'alex inamamas. 
Wa, gib'mese £ wl £ la la poxEwakwe mamamasexs lae g xk!usEiaq 
laxes sEmse qa £ s gwatgutledeq. Wii, al £ mese gwal gwatgiitxa p5- 
kwe gwadEmxs lae e wi £ laq. Wa, heEm hex"dEms gweg'ilaqexs 
Lomae tslElqweda e nala, qaxs k - lEnodzEmaeda pokwe gwiidEmxs 15 
gwatgiitsE-waaxa ts!Ek[wa e nala. Wii, laEmxae gwala. 

Viburnum-Berries with Water and Oil (L!EL!iigF.x u gExa L'akwe 
tlElsa). — ^Wii, la^mesEn edzaqwal gwa^\vex-s ; rilal laxa L!EL!iigEx u - 
g-axa Llakwe tlElsa, yixs kMesae Le'lalayo laxa q!eiiEme lelc^wa- 
laLa £ ya, yixs lex - a £ mae t!Elst!asEx gwexsdEinaseda hayasEk-ala '-0 
LE £ wis sasEmaxa la k - !ek - layoEnxxa tlElse, loxs £ nek'ae, qa £ s 
Le'lalexes maxmigile LeLELala. Wii, he £ maaxs lae tslawfmxa, 
yixs lae alakMala gEnk - e L!eLlEnaga £ yasa tMse. Wii, he £ mis la 
5x £ edaatsa tslEdaqaxa LEmgayowe, qa f s lit LEmg-ELElodEx yiku- 
va £ yases L'agwatsle tlEls Eawatsa. Wa, g - il £ mese lawag'iLEle yikii- 25 
yasexs lae ax £ edxa hllogume LE £ wa k-ats!Enaqe, qa £ s la hfing'agEntsa 



584 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAK1UTL [eth. ann. sc 

mixture of water and oil, for only this shows on top, for it | is thick. 

30 She dips into it until she comes to the viburnum-berries. || Then she 
puts these into a small dish. When there are enough in it, she puts | 
the dish containing the water and oil and the berries next to the | 
box. She takes the cover and puts it on bottom-side up, so that | 
the pegs stand upward. After doing so, she picks up | the dish and 

35 puts it down in front of her husband || and her children. After doing 
so, she takes her small | spoon-basket, and she gives each a spoon, | 
and they begin to eat with the spoons. Then they eat | the viburnum- 
berries mixed with oil and water. They are in clumps, for they stick 
together | on account of the thick oil. They do not blow out any- 

40 tiling || when they eat them, for the women clean them well when they 
are | working at the viburnum-berries. After they have eaten, the 
woman | takes her small dish and puts it away. She takes a dry 
salmon ajid | roasts half of it over the fire; and as soon as one side 
of it begins to be blistered | a little, it is done. Then she breaks it 

45 into small pieces || and puts (the pieces) into a small dish. She 
places this in front | of her husband and children, and they eat it to 
take the | oil taste out of their mouths. Therefore they eat the 
blistered | salmon without oil. They eat dried salmon without oil, 
because I the oil and the viburnum-berries burn the throats of those 



27 talogiime laxes Llagwatsle Lawatsa. Wa, lii tseqases k-atstenaqe 
lax qElokwe L!e £ na, qaxa lexa £ mae la nelala axa £ yexa tlElse, yixs 
lae gEnka. Wa, he £ mes la tseqE £ yesos lagaa laxa tlElse, qa £ s la 

.30 tsetslalas laxa lalogume. Wa, gu £ mese helatslaxs lae ha/nolllasa 
L!ax u ts!ala lalogumaxa Llakwe t!Elsa lax onalllasa L!iigwats!§ 
Lawatsa. Wii, la ax £ edxa yikitya-yas, qa £ s nELEylndes laq, qa 
ek" tebalisa L!eL'!abEdza-yas. Wa, la g - ll £ mese gwalExs lae k - ag ill- 
laxa L!ax u ts!ala laloguma, qa £ s la kaxdzamolilas laxes lu £ wunEme 

35 LE £ wis sasEme. Wa, g - ll e mese gwatExs lae ax £ edxes am £ amayaa- 
tslaxa k'atslEnaqe kayatslii, qa-s la tslEwanaesaa laxda £ xuq. 
\V;i, laxda £ xwe £ yos £ Itses k:1k - Ets!Enaqe laq. Wa, la £ me LlELla- 
gEx u g"Exa Llakwe tlElsa, yix am £ amsgEmalae qaes laena £ ye k!wa- 
tala qaeda gEnk - a Lle'na. \V;i, lainn k'!eas poxalayox - da E x u s 

40 laqexs lae ha e mapEq, qaxs alak'lalaeda tslEdaqe aek'Iaxs lae 
t!at!Eltsllaxes t!Else. Wa, g'il £ mese s wi E laqexs laeda tslEdaqe 
k-agilllaxes lalogume, i|a ; > g-exaq. Wa, la ax £ edxa xa £ mase, qa £ s 
dzadzax'Lales laxes lEgwilexa apsodile. Wa, gil £ mese pEnpEndzE- 
dzox £ WldExs lae Llopa. Wa, lit k !ok!upsEndEq, qa am £ amayas- 

45 towesexs lae fixts!ots laxa lalogume, qa £ s lii k'axdzamolflaa 
laxes la £ wiinEme LE £ wis sasEme. Wa, laEm LaqodElts lfixes 
Laxp!aeL'.Exawa £ ye. Wit, he-mis lag-ilas wiohvalxa tslEitkwe 
xa £ masa. Wii, laEm WElwalqexs lae xEmsxasxa xa £ mase, (ptxs 
alak'!alae Laq!Exoyo\va L!eL!Enaga £ yasa t!Elsaxs lae gwala 



boas] RECIPES 585 

who eat them. After || they have eaten the salmon without oil, | 50 
they drink a little water. That is all about this. | 

Ripe Sucked Viburnum-Berries. — When the viburnum-berries | are 1 
quite ripe, they are sucked. | The woman takes her front-basket and 
hangs it in front of her body. | Then she goes to the viburnum patch ; 
and when she gets there, she picks off (the. berries) and puts them into 
her || basket. When (her basket) is full, she goes | home. At once 5 
she calls any one who likes to come, | and gives them ripe viburnum- 
berries to suck. When | the guests come, they sit down. The 
woman takes a new mat | and spreads it hi front of her guests; and 
when it is down on the floor, || she takes the basket with the berries 10 
and pours them | on the mat that has been spread out. Then she 
puts down her | basket, as it is now empty. She scatters the sucked 
berries | over the whole length of the mat. As soon as this has been 
done, | she takes an oil-dish and pours some oil into it. || After this 15 
she puts it down next to the sucked berries. | Then the men take hold 
of one bunch of | berries each, dip them into the oil, and put them 
into the mouth, | and then they suck them. They just put them on 
the tongue | and press them against the palate; and then the berry 
bursts, || and they suck out the edible part. | The stems are thrown 20 
into the fire. They continue doing this | while they are eating and 



ttelstlasaq. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wi £ laxes WElwattsEwe ts!Enk u xa £ masaxs 50 
lae xiiLlEx £ Id nagek-ilaxa £ wape. Wa, laEm gwata. 

Ripe Sucked Viburnum-Berries (K!iimdEk u t!Elsa). — Wii, he £ maaxs 1 
lae alak'Iala la nEq !ex £ wldeda ttelsaxs lae k!umdEkwa. Wa, 
laasa tslEdaqe ax E edxes nanaagEme lExa £ ya, qa £ s tEk!upEleqexs lae 
laxa tlEiyade. Wa, g-il £ mese lag-aa laqexs lae k!ults!alaxes 
nanaagEme lExa £ ya. Wa, gilmiese qot!e nanaagEmasexs g-axae 5 
na £ nax u laxes gokwe. Wii, hex ,£ ida £ mese Le £ lalaxes gwE £ yo qa e s. 
k!\vak!umdEg-amatso £ ses k'.umdEkwe t!Elsa. Wii, gil-mese gax 
k !us £ rililr-(ia iA-lanEmaxs laeda tslEdaqe ax £ edxa Eldzowe le £ wa £ ya 
qa £ s lit LEpdzamolilas laxes Le £ laiiEme. Wii, gil £ mese gwal £ al!lExs 
lae ax £ edxes k!umdEgwats!axa tlElse lExa £ ya, qa £ s la gugEclzots 10 
laxa LEpdzamalile le £ wa £ ya. Wii, lii geg-alllases nanaagEme 
lExiixs lae loptslawa, c[a £ s lii lEndzotsa tlElse k!umdEk u labEnda- 
lax £ wasgEmasasa k!iimdEx"g-adzowe le £ wa £ ya. Wa, g - il £ mese gwa- 
Iexs lae ax £ edxes ts!Ebats!e qa £ s k!unxts!odesa L!e £ na laq. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwfdExs lae k"inxElllas laxa klumdEkwe t!Elsa. Wii, 15 
hex -£ ida £ mesa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm dax -£ Idxa £ nEmxLa k!umdEk u 
t!Elsa, qa £ s tslEplides laxa L!e £ na, qa £ s ts!oq!uses laxes sEmse. 
Wii, he £ mis la k!fimdatsex. Wii, laEm aEm ax £ edzots laxes k- lilEme, 
cja £ s tEk'ostodes lax ek'!odelases SEmse. Wit, he £ mis lakukuxsaatsa 
tlElse. Wa, he £ mis la k!timdatsex hamts!avvasa tlElse. Wii, he £ mis la 20 
tsiExLrdatses t!et !Elt!Elts!E.\La £ yas. Wii, ax"sii £ mese he gweg-ilaxs 



586 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I ETH. ANN. 31 

22 sucking the viburnum-berries, and they only stop when everything 
has been eaten. | Some of them stop sooner, because they can not 
stand to have their tongues | rubbed through. These are the ones 
25 who have never eaten sucked viburnum-berries before. || As soon as 
they have done so, they go out. That is all about the viburnum- 
he rry. j 
1 Steamed Viburnum-Berries. — There is one tiling that I forgot when 
I | described the steaming of viburnum-berries, | for you know the 
way in which viburnum-berries are picked when they are green. | In 
5 this way they are eaten in Knight Inlet. || As soon as the woman 
comes home, she picks off the stems and puts | the cleaned berries 
into the large basket. When | they have been picked off, she 
puts the large | basket with the picked berries in a cool corner 
of the house. | After this has been done, she goes into the woods, car- 
lo rying her basket on her back. She is going to || look for fern-fronds 
and skunk-cabbage leaves, and she tries to fmd very broad ones. | 
As soon as she finds broad leaves of skunk-cabbages, | she breaks off 
the leaves; and when she has enough, she leaves them there J and 
goes on, carrying her basket on her hack and looking for fern-fronds. 
When | she has found these, she puts the basket down, picks off the 
15 fern-fronds and || puts them into the basket. When it is full, she 
ties down the top and carries the basket with fern-fronds | back the 
way she came. She picks up the skunk-cabbage on her way | home. 

22 k!uk!umdEx"g-aaxa tlElse. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae £ wi £ leda wao- 
kwe. Wa, la gEyol gwala wayats lalaqxa gEyole basamasxes k!ili:- 
mexa yagilwate lax k!uk'umdEx u gaxa khlmdEkwe tlElsa. Wa, 

25 g - il £ mese gwalExs lae koquwElsa. Wa, laEm gwal liixa tlElse. 
1 Steamed Viburnum-Berries. — e nEmx -e idalag"ln idElelawek - lax gwe- 
g'ilasaxa t!Elsaxs kttnsasE £ waeda kiinekwe tlElsa, yfxs lE E maaxLa- 
qos qlaLElax gwegilasasa tlElsaxa tlElsaxs he £ mae ales IeiiIeiix- 
sF.me. Wa, liii £ mis gwex-saxs lae t!ElsasE e wa lax Dzawade. Wa, 
5 g'ih'mese g'ilx namakuxs lae klttlpalaq laxes yisx'ine, qa £ s k' !ats!a- 
lesa la k!ulbEk u t!Els laxa nag'e e walas lExa £ ya. Wii, g-il e mese 
£ wl £ la la klulbElovaxs lae liang'alllases k!iilbEx u ts!ala t!Eldzats!e 
£ walas nag - e lExa £ ya laxa £ wiidanegwi c iases g-okwe. Wii, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae a,Le £ sta laxa aL!e oxLalaxes lExa e ye. Wa, laEm lal 

10 alax gEmsa LE £ wa k!Ek'!aok!waxa alii la awadzoxLa. k - !Ek-!aok!wa 
alaso e s. Wa, gil £ mese q!iixa awadzoxLEwe k'!Ek!aokwaxs lae 
hex -£ idaEm p!ox £ w!dEq. Wii, gil £ mese heloLExs lae gEinxEsala- 
qexs lae oxLalaxes lExa £ ye, qa £ s lii aliix gEmsa. Wa, gil £ mese 
q!;iqexs lae oxLEgaElsaxes lExa £ ye, qa £ s k!ulx -£ Idexa gEmse, qa £ s 

15 lii k!iilts!alas laxes gEmdzats!eye lExa £ ya. Wii, giPmese qotlaxs 
lae tlEmak'iyin Iecj. Wii. la 5xLEX -£ idxes gEmdzats!eye lExa £ va. 
qa £ s gaxe gagEmxbalaxes k - !ak" !aok IwanEmaxs g-axae na £ nakwa 



EQAS] RECIPES 587 

Then she puts down the skunk-cabbage at the place where she | put 
the large basket, and she puts down the || basket with the fern- 21) 
fronds. After this has been done, she takes | her clam-digging stick 
and a large horse-clam shell, and she sits down [ in an empty corner 
of the house. Then she pushes the digging-stick into the ground so 
that it | stands and measures off (a distance) two spans away from 
it. | Then she uses a small || cedar-stick for a mark. She takes her 25 
clam-digging stick and marks | a line on the floor, beginning at the 
place where it was standing to the place where the cedar-stick is stand- 
ing. | Then she measures another two spans | fromtheendofhermark. { 
She puts up a cedar-stick at the end of the line that she. measured, [j 
and marks it, starting from the end of her mark towards the cedar- 30 
stick that is standing up. | After she has done so, it is this way:| 
After she has done so, she takes the cedar-stick and meas- 
ures with it, beginning at (1) and gohig | towards (2), 
and she also measures the line (3) to (4) . | After she has 
4 done this, she takes the cedar-stick and puts it up || 

at the end of the last line she measured, and she | measures again 35 
with her cedar-stick the distance from (1) to (3); | she marks the 
end of the cedar-stick measure; | after this she puts it down, begin- 

laxes g-okwe. Wii, laxae gEmxalllasa lr!Ek - !aok!wa lax la luVne- IS 
latses t lEldzats !eye nag'e E walas lExa £ ye. Wa, heEmxaawise oxle- 
galilases gEmdzatsieye lExa £ ya. Wa, g-iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ ed- 20 
xa klilakwe LE £ wa £ walase xalaetsa mEt !ana £ ye. Wa, lii k!wag - allt 
laxa lobEnegwilases gokwe ts!Ex u bEtalile 6ba £ yases kMElakwe, qa 
Laeles. Wii, he £ mis lag'iigilllatsexs lae bal c Idxa ma £ lp!Enke 
laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana'vex, ytx £ wasgEinasasexs lae Lagalilasa 
k!wa £ xLodzEse laq. Wa, la ax e edxes k'lElakwe, qa £ s xultledes 25 
oba e yas g'agilll lax Laelasdas lalaa laxa Laele k!wa £ xLodzEsa. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwfdExs lae et!ed bal'hlxa hamodEngala lax ma-'lplEnke 
laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana e yex g-ag-iLEla lax obaeyas xulta £ yas. Wii. 
laxae ax £ edxa k!wa e XLodzEse, qa £ s Lag'allles lax wElgilasas. Wa, 
la £ me et!ed xiiltledEq g-iigilll lax oba £ yases xulta e ye lalaa laxa Laele 30 
klwaxi.odzEsa. Wa, g-lPmese gwalExs lae g-a gwalega (fig.). Wa, 
lit et!ed ax £ edxa k!wa £ xL§.we qa £ s mEns £ Ides g-iig'iLEla lax (1) labia 
lax (2). Wa, he £ mis la mEns £ idayoses (3) lalaa lax (4). Wa, 
gilmiese gwalExs laaxat! ax £ edxa k!wa £ xLodzEse, qa £ s Lagaliles 
lax £ walaasas 6ba £ yasa mEnyayowe k!wa £ XLa.wa. Wa, laxae et!ed 35 
mEnsntses k!wa £ xrawe mEnyayo g-iigllll lax (1) lalaa lax (3), yix 
awalagalaasas. Wa, la xultlaLElodEq laxes k!wa £ XLawe niEnya- 
vowa. Wii. g-il £ mese gwalExs lae k - at!alilas g'ag'Ilil lax (2) lalaa 




588 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [dth.ann.85 

ning at (2), | towards (4), and she marks it. Then it is in this way: 

40 i After || she has marked it, she begins to dig along the 

marks which she has put down. She digs with her | 
digging-stick and the large shell. When the hole is 
one span | and four finger widths deep, she | stops digging. 
4 She takes dry | driftwood and puts it into the hole; 

45 and as soon as it shows level with the ground, || she puts small 
pieces of driftwood over it crosswise. Then she puts | stones 
on; and after this has been done, she lights a fire underneath for 
steaming | the mashed viburnum-berries. When the fire blazes up, 
she takes a large | dish, washes it out well with water, and, when it is 
clean, | she takes the basket with viburnum-berries and puts it down 

50 next || to the washed large dish. She takes her husband's stone 
hammer | and sits down next to the large dish. Then | she takes a 
handful of green picked berries and puts them into the | large dish. 
Then she pounds them with the stone hammer until | they are 
crushed. When they are all crushed, she gathers them up at one 

55 end || of the large dish, and she takes another handful of berries | 
with her left hand, puts them into the steaming-box for green | 
virburnum-berries, and she pounds them with her [ stone hammer 
with which she crushes them. When they are all crushed, | she 
gathers them up at the end, like the first ones that she crushed; || 

60 and she continues doing this with the whole number of green berries. 

lax (4). Wa, la £ me xult!edEq, qa g'iis gwaleg-a (Jig.). Wa, g-il £ mese 

40 gwal xiiltse £ stalaqexs lae nEgElEnexes xulta £ yaxs lae s lap £ wults lalases 
k - lElakwe LE £ wis xalaese laq. Wa, g11 £ mese la modEiibala esEgl- 
wa £ yas lax mEmplEnke laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yix £ wala- 
bEtalilasas £ lapa £ yasexs lae gwal £ lapaq. Wa, la &x £ edxa kmxwa 
q!aq!exEma, qa £ s LEx u ts!ales laq. Wa, g-il £ mese nelk - Eyax £ IdExslae 

45 gayi £ lalax okuya £ yas yisa q!aq!exEme. Wa, he £ mis la XEquyintsosa 
t!esEme. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae menabotsa giilta laxes kunyas- 
Laxa q'.welkwe t'.Elsa. Wa, g - il £ mese x'lqostaxs lae &x e edxa £ walase 
loq!wa, qa £ s aek - !e ts!6xug - intsa £ wape laq. Wa, gil £ mese la eg'l- 
g - axs lae ax £ edxes t!Elts!ala nag - e lExa £ ya, qa £ s la hang'agElilas 

50 laxa ts!oxugaakwe £ walas loqlwa. Wa, laxae ax £ edEx pElpElqa- 
ses hVwunEme. Wa, lii klwag-iigElilaxa £ walase loq!wa, qa £ s gox- 
£ wide laxa lEntenxsEme k!ulbEk u t!Elsa, qa £ s la g - 6xts!ots laxa 
£ walase loqlwa. Wa, he £ mis la lEsElgayaatsesa pElpElqe laq, qa 
q!weq!ults!es. Wa, g-ll £ mese £ w! £ we1x'sexs laegolbEnts lax apsbel- 

55 ts!awasa £ walase loqlwa. Wa, laxae et!ed gox £ wid laxa tlElsa- 
ses gEinx6lts!ana £ ye, qa e s la goxts'.ots laxa q!o £ lats!axa lEnlEnx- 
sEme t!Elts!ala £ walas loqlwa. Wa, laxae etled lEsElgEntses IeseI- 
gayayowe pElpElq laq. Wa, g-il £ Emxaawise £ wi £ we1xs q!weq!ul- 
tslExs lae golbEiits laxaax laasases gilxde q!wcla £ ya. Wa, ax u - 

60 sa £ mese he gwegilax £ waxaasa lEnlEnxsEme tlElsa. Wii, g il £ mese 



BOAS] RECIPES 589 

When ! all have been crushed, she takes her basket to the back 61 
of the J house, and breaks off tips of | alder-tree branches and puts 
them into the basket. When she has enough of these, | she picks 
up old alder-leaves and lays them on top; || and when she has 65 
enough of these, she carries them back j to the house, and she 
puts them down where she is going to steam the pounded | green 
viburnum-berries. When she has done so, she takes her tongs | and 
puts them down, and she also goes to draw water in her bucket, so 
that it is | ready, and she also has a mat to cover them. When fl 
everything is in readiness, she waits until the | fire-wood is burnt up, 70 
although the stones are already red-hot on the fire | in the place where 
she is going to steam the berries. A long time after she has seen that 
the fire | has burned out, she takes her tongs and picks | out the 
charcoal that is left. When |[ it has all been taken out, she levels 75 
down the red-hot stones | until they are level. After doing so, she 
waits again j for a short time, for she wants the charcoal to be all 
burned. | As soon as she sees that it is all | burnt up, she takes her 
bucket with water and sprinkles || a little water over the red-hot SO 
stones, until | the ashes that stick to the stones fly off. When this 
has been done, she takes the | tips of the alder-branches and puts 
them .on the | stones; and after they are on, she puts the dead leaves 



E wi £ la la lElExsaakiixs lae ax £ edxes lExa £ ye, qa £ s la lax aLega £ yases 
gokwe, qa £ s la iJEqwaxEla lax 6balts!ana £ yasa LlEnak'asa 61 
L'.asmEse. La, LEx u ts!alas laxes lExa £ ye. Wa, g'ih'mese heldLExs 
lae laxEls'id laxa LEq!Emese, qa £ s la lEXEyindfdas laq. Wa, 
g-il'Emxaawis heloLEXs g - axae oxLalaq, qa £ s g - axe QxLaeLElaq 
laxes gokwe, qa £ s lii oxLEg - alilas laxes kunyasLaxa q!welkwe 65 
lEiilEnxsEm tlElsa. Wa, g-ihmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxes kllpLalaa, 
qa g-axes kadela. Wa, laxae tsaxa £ wapases nagatsle, qa gaxes 
gwalfl luVnela. Wa, he £ misa le £ wa £ ye, qa nayimLEs. Wa, g-il £ mese 
-wl £ la g - ax gwaxgulllaxs lae edzela, qa alax -£ Ides r wi £ la q!iilx- £ Ideda 
lEqwa, yixs wax- c mae la memEnltsEmx- E Ideda t!esEine xEx u Lalales 70 
lax ots!awas kiinyasLas. Wa la'mese galak'asExs lae doqulaqexs 
lE ; mae e wi £ la q !ulx -e ida. Wa, la fix £ edxes k- lipLiilaa, qa £ s k - !ak- !a- 
puqEwexa xaiJa g'lgayawesa q!waq!walEmote tslolna. Wa, gil- 
£ mese wilg-ilciaxs lae mEinak-Eyindxa x - ix-ExsEmfila tlesEma qa 
'"nEinakiyes. Wa, glPmese gwalExs laaxat! et!ed sElt!eda qa-'s 75 
yawasnde xos £ Ida. Wa, la £ me '"nex - cja alak- !ales q IwalaEma 
ts !ots !Elxna £ ye. Wa, g-il £ mese doqulaqexs lE-mae alak - !:Ila la 
q!iilx e IdExs lae &x £ edxes nagats!e £ wabEts!alila, qa e s xarJEx-'Ide 
xodzELEyintsa £ wape lax oku £ yasa x - Ix-ExsEmala t!esEma, qa 
q!Ex=ults!awesa guna e ye laq. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa SO 
obalts!ana £ yasa LlEiiiik'asa LlasmEse, qa £ s lii LExug'indfdas laxa 
tlesEme. Wa, g-il £ mese £ wllts!axs lae bEXEylndalasa LEqlEmse laq, 



590 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [itu. axn.ss 

on. | She scatters these until they are level. When this is done, she || 

So takes the fern-leaves and spreads them carefully so that they are 

thick. | After this she takes the skunk-cabbage leaves and | spreads 

them over them. She bends the edges upwards inside the | steaming- 

hole, and she lays them so that they will not leak, one on top of I tie 

other. | 'When this has been done, she takes the large dish which 

90 In 'Ids the pounded || viburnum- berries, and she pours them into the 

steaming hole. When | this has been done, she puts down the 

empty large dish. She takes | broad leaves of the skunk-cabbage 

and spreads them well over what she is | steaming, and so that it 

does not leak. Then | she takes her bucket and pours the water in 

95 between [[ the leaves enveloping the viburnum-berries | which she is 

steaming, and the side of the steaming-hole. As soon as she has 

poured water all round it, | she takes more skunk-cabbage leaves, 

spreads them over, and | takes a mat, and she adds still more cover 

to keep the steam down. | After this has been done, she takes a large 

Km i shell and scrapes the soil up, || and with it she covers the mats. 

That is all about the steaming of viburnum-berries. | 

When morning comes after the day when she steamed the viburnum- 
berries, and | when it is almost evening, the woman who steams the 
viburnum-berries takes the large dish | and pours some water into it. 

qa £ s golg'ilgayeq, qa £ nEmak*Eyes. Wa. g-il £ mese gwatexs lae 

85 ax £ edxa gEmse, qa £ s la aek'Ia lEXEyindalas laq, qa wakwes. Wa, 

g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax'edxa k!F.k-!aok!wa, qa £ s la aek'Ia LEpE- 

yindalas laq. Wa, la £ me eklsbale 5ba £ yas lax ewanex u ts!awasa 

kunyase. Wa, laxae aEmxaakwa laxes papEqEwak!wena £ ye. Wii, 

gil £ mese gwalExs lae fix £ edxa £ walase loqlwa, yixa q!ttlx u ts!alaxa 

90 qlwelkwe ttelsa, qa £ s la qEptslots laxa kunyase. Wa, gil £ mese 

gwalExs lae hangalilasa £ walase loq!wa la loptsla. Wa, la &x £ edxa 

awadzoxLo k!Ek - !aok!wa, qa £ s aek - !exs lae LEpEyindalas laxes 

kunsasE E we. Wa, lasmxae aEmxaq. Wii, giHmese gwalExs lae 

&x £ edxes £ wabEts!ala nagatsla, qa £ s gw r aqodes lax awaga\va £ yasa 

95 sasgEma £ yases kunsasE £ we tlElsa k - !Ek - !a5k!wa lo £ ewaneqwasa 

kiln} T ats!asexa tlElse. Wii, g-fl £ mese £ wi £ la giix £ idEX awe £ stiisexs 

lae ax £ edxa waok u k!Ek - !aok!wa, qa £ s LEpEylndales laq. Wii, lii 

ax £ edxa le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s helokuyinde la nasEyonts laq. Wa, giHrnest 

gwalExs lae ax £ edxa £ walase xalaesa qa £ s xElx £ ides laxa dzEqwa, 

bin qa £ s dzEindzEmEnxEndex awe £ stiisa na £ yime le £ wa £ ya. Wii, la £ me 

gwala kunsiixa tlElse laxeq. 

Wa, he £ mexs gaalaaxs lae gwala kiinsaxa t!Else. Wii, gil £ mese 
Elaq dzaqwaxs laeda kflnts lenoxwe tslEdaq ax £ edxa £ walase loc|!wa, 
qa £ s guxtslodesa £ wiipe laqexs lae tsIoxugindEq, qa lawayesa 



boas] RECIPES 591 

She washes it out, so that all the || crushed viburnum-berries come off, 5 
for the dish in which she steams the berries is the same dish in which 
she | crushed them. When it is clean, she | puts it down next to 
the steaming-hole. She takes a large | ladle, which is made for this 
kind of work, to scoop | out things that are still hot. She takes it 
and || puts it into the large dish. When this is done, she takes a | 10 
large clam-shell and scrapes away the soil with which she covered | 
the steaming-hole. When it is all off, she takes | hold of two corners 
of the mat, turns it back, and puts it down on the floor. | Now the 
cooked skunk-cabbage wrapping begins to show. || She peals it off; 15 
and when it is off, the steamed | viburnum-berries look like 
thick dirty water. | They are reddish in color. When all the skunk- 
cabbage leaves have been taken off, she | takes the large dish in 
which the large ladle is kept and | puts it down by the side of the 
hole. Then she takes out the long-handled ladle, || dips it into the 20 
steaming-hole, and pours the viburnum-berries into the large | dish. 
She does not stop until they are all in the large dish. | Then they have 
all been taken out of the steaming-hole. As soon as this is finished, | 
she takes up the dish hi which the steamed berries are, and | puts it 
in a cool place. She lets it cool off quickly. Then she takes a || mat 25 
and puts it over it, for she does not want the. soot to drop | into it. 

q!weq!walesawa £ ye ttels kliidEgeq, qaxs he £ mae q!welts!alax - dxa 5 
qlwelkwe ttelsa, yix la kunsaso £ s. Wa, gil £ mese la egig'axs lae 
k-anolllas laxes ktinyase. . Wa, laxae ax £ edxa £ walask - ase k'atslE- 
naqaxa hek!iimgilihne k'asele g-tltlEXLala k - ats!Enaqa qa xEloltsla- 
layaxa heEm ale tslElqwa. Wa, heEm ax £ etsose, qa £ s la g - i- 
ts!ots laxa £ walase loqlwa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ftx £ edxa 10 
E walase xalaesa, qa £ s la golaxElas laxa dzEqwaxa dzEmsgE- 
mexxlases kunsasE £ we tlElsa. Wa, gil-mese £ wFlaxaxs lae dadEn- 
xEndxa le £ wa £ } T e, qa nELE £ nakulamaseqexs lae ax £ alilaq. Wa, la- 
£ mes xamasgEing-alileda sasgEma £ ye la L!ELlEbEdzo k" tek" laokwa. 
Wa, la £ me qusalaq. Wa, g'iPmese E wl £ laxs lae aEm la q!ots!awa 15 
kunekwe tlElsa la yaxa he" gwex - sa gEnk-asox neqwax £ wapa. 
Wa, la LlaiJaxostala. Wa, g-il £ mese £ \vl £ iaweda k - !Ek!aok!waxs lae 
fix £ edxa £ walase ioqlwaxs glts!amaeda £ walase k'ats!Eiiaq laxes 
lae ha £ nolilas laq. Wii, la dolts !odxa gilt!EXLala k*ats!Enaqa, 
qa £ s tseqes laxa kunekwe t!Elsa, qa £ s la tsets!alas laxa £ walase 20 
loqlwa. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae £ wllts!a laxa £ walase loqlwa. 
yixs lae £ wilg'ilts!aweda kunyats!aq. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
k - ag-alilaxa kunex u tsalaxa kunekwe tlEls £ walaa loqlwa, qa £ s la 
k-ag-alilas laxa £ wiidaele, qa halabales £ wudEx- £ Ida. Wa, la ax £ edxa 
le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s paqEymdes laq, qaxs gwaqtelaaq qlupstaleda qlwalo- 25 
bEse laq. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa ha £ yal £ a loElq !wa 



592 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann.ss 

27 After doing this, she takes medium-sized dishes [ and washes them 
out with water. When this has been done, | she piles them up. 
Then she takes her spoon basket, in order to | have it ready, and puts 

30 it down next to her seat. When she thinks that the || steamed 
viburnum-berries are cold enough, she sends her husband to invite 
whomever he | bkes among his friends, or, if he wishes | to invite 
(them), the members of his numaym. He invites them to | come and 
eat steamed crushed berries. When they | come in, the woman gets 

35 ready. She takes a || medium-sized dish from the pile, and she puts 
it down at the | place where she always sits; and she takes oil and | 
puts it down where she sits; and finally she takes the dish containing | 
the steamed crushed viburnum-berries and puts it down | just out- 

40 side of her seat. Then she takes a medium-sized || dish and puts it 
across the corner of the large dish in which the steamed | crushed 
viburnum-berries are. She takes a long-handled ladle, | dips it into 
the berries, and puts it into a medium-sized | dish. When it is half 
full, she puts it down; and | she does this with all the medium-sized 

45 dishes. When || the crushed steamed viburnum-berries are in all of 
them, she takes [ oil and pours it in. She does not put in very much 
oil. | When she has done so, she distributes the spoons among the | 
guests of her husband; and when every one has one, the woman her- 

50 self | places the medium-sized dishes before them. There is || one 

27 qa £ s aek - !e tsloxwtigidalaq yisa £ wape. Wa, gil £ mese gwabsxs 
lae maxogwalllaq. Wa, laxae ax £ edxes k - ayats!e, qa g - axes gvva- 
llla lax klwaelasas. Wa, g'iPmese kotaqe laEm £ wfidEx -£ Ides 

30 kunekwe ttelsaxs lae £ yalaqases hVwunEme, qa las Le £ lalaxes 
gwE £ yowe, qa £ s Le £ lalasE £ we laxes £ ne £ nEmokwe loxs £ nekae, qa £ s 
he Le £ lalasE £ wes £ nE £ memote. Wa, la £ mese Le £ lalax - da £ xuq, qa 
g-axes t!Elst!asxa qlwelkwe kunekwe t!Elsa. Wa, g'il £ mese g;"ix 
-'widaeLExs lae hex £ ida xwanal-'Ideda tstedaqe, qa £ s ax £ edexa 

35 ha £ yal £ a loqlwa laxes maxOlllase, qa £ s g'axe mEx £ iililas laxes 
hemEnelase k'.waelasa. Wa, laxae ax e edxa L!e £ na, qa-'s gaxes 
ha e nel lax k!waelasas. Wa, la alElxsdalaxs lae fix £ edxa kunex u ts!a- 
laxa qlwelkwe kunekwe t!Els £ vvalas loqlwa, qa £ s g-axe hang-alllas 
lax L!asalllases k!waelase. Wa, la ax e edxa £ nEmexLa laxa ha e yal e a 

40 loqlwa, qa £ s hangagEndes laxa £ walase loqlwa kunex u ts lalaxa 
qlwelkwe kiinek u tteisa. Wa, la ax £ edxa glltlExLala kTitslEnaqa, 
qa £ s tsex -£ Ides laxa kunekwe tlElsa, qa £ s la tseyosElas laxa hela 
loqlwa. Wa, g-il £ mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae k'agalilas. Wa, la 
''naxwaEin he ^vex -£ Idxa waokwe ha £ yal £ a loElq!wa. Wii, giPmese 

45 £ wl £ la la t!et!Elts!alaxa qlwellove kunekwe tlElsExs lae ax £ edxa 
LleMia. qa e s klttnqlEqes laq. Wa, la k'!es alaEin q!eqxa L!e £ na. 
Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ts !Ewanaesasa k - ak'Ets!Enaqe lax Le £ la- 
nEinases la £ wiinEme. Wa, g - ll £ mese £ w!lxtoxs lae k'aeseda tslE- 
daqasa ha £ yal £ a loElqlwa. Wa, la £ me yaeyudokwa bebEgwanEine 



boas] BECIPES 593 

dish for each three men. When she has put them down, | the guests 51 
at once take their spoons and begin to cat the | steamed viburnum- 
berries; and after they have eaten, they drink a very little | water 
to rinse their mouths. After doing this, | they go out; and now at 
last this is all about the eating ot || crushed steamed viburnum- 55 
berries. | 

Brittle Crabapples. — The time to pick crabapples | is when they 1 
get large, when they are. still green. When | the woman sees that 
the apples are getting large, she takes her | small basket and goes 
where good crabapples are, and picks them off. || She puts them into 5 
her small basket ; and when it is full, | she goes home. Then she 
calls her husband and her 1 children to come and sit down; and when 
they sit down, she | spreads a food-mat in front of them. | She takes 
the basket with crabapples and pours the apples on the || mat. Then 10 
they take hold of | the bunches of crabapples, one of each, and bite off 
the | crabapples from the stems and eat them. They | continue doing 
so, and only stop when they have | all been eaten. They do not eat oil 
with them, because there is juice inside. || Brittle crabapples are not 15 
given at a feast to many tribes, | for only the married couple and 
their children eat I them. That is all about this. I 



laxa e nal £ nEmexLa hela l5q!wa. Wii, g-ilmiese £ wIlg-alIlExs lae 50 
hex""ida'"ma Le £ lanEine dax s Idxes k-ak'Ets!Enaqe, qa-s £ y5s £ idexa 
kiinekwe qlweltaak" ttelsa. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae xaiJEx -£ rd 
nagek-ilaxa £ wape, qa £ s tslEWeiJExodayowe. Wii. gih'mese gwa- 
Iexs lae hoquwElsa. Wii, lawesLe gwal laxa t!Elst!asaxa kunekwe 
q!welk u ttelsa. Wa, laEm gwala. 55 

Brittle Crabapples. - XEmok" tsElx 11 , yixs he-mae tsElx £ wIdExdEinxa 1 
tsElxwaxs lac awawa, yixs he e mae ales lEnlEnxsEma. Wii, he £ maaxs 
laeda tslEdaqe doqwalaxa tsElxwaxs lE £ mae awawa. Wii, la ax £ edxes 
lalaxame, qa £ s la laxa egadiixa tsElxwe. Wii, la E mes ep!Exi>aq, 
qa £ s la eptslalas laxes lalaxame. Wii, g-il-mese qotlaxs gaxae 5 
nivnakwa laxes g-okwe. Wii, la £ me Le £ lalaxes la/wunEine LE £ wis 
sasEme, qa g'axes k!tis'"allla. Wii, guk"mese k!iis £ alIlExs lae fix £ ed- 
xa ha £ madzowe le £ wa £ ya, qa £ s la LEpdzamoUlas lax'da £ xuq. Wa, 
la ax £ edxes tsElwats!e lalaxama, qa £ s lii gugEdzotsa tsElxwe laxa 
LEbile tsElx'tsaxudzo le £ wa e ya. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese £ naxwa dax -£ Td- 10 
xa £ nal £ nEmxLa laxa lEnlEnxsEme tsElxwa, qa q!Ekalax £ Idexa 
tsElxwe laxes tsetsElwanowaxs lae xEinx £ wedEq. Wa, la £ mese 
hex'siiEm gwegilaqexs tsElx u tsaxwae. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae 
£ wi £ laq. Wii, la £ me hewaxa ts!Epas laxa L!e £ na, qaxs £ wabEts!ae. 
Wii, la e me k!es klweladzEm laxa qlenEme lelqwalai.a r ya xEmokwe 15 
tsElxwa, yixs lex - a £ maeda ha £ yasEqala LE'wis sasEme tsElx l 'tsax u xa 
xEmSkwe tsElxwa. Wii, laEmxae gwal hlxeq. 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 38 



594 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Intii.jsx 33 

Crabapples and Oil. — This is the same as | viburnum-berries and oil, 

2U about which I talked before, for you will || only have the same (de- 
scription). | 

Mashed Steamed Crabapples. — The | woman takes her small dish 
and her spoon, and she dips | some of the crabapples and water out of 
the box. Then she puts them into her small dish; and when it is | 

25 half full, she takes it and puts it down next to her || place. She takes 
her husband's stone hammer, and she pounds | the crabapples in the 
small dish; and when they are all broken up, she | puts away the 
stone hammer that she was using, and she | mashes them with both 
hands. When they arc all | mashed, she takes oil and pours it on, 

30 much of it; || and when this is done, she calls her husband and her 
children | to come and sit down; and as soon as the whole family has 
assembled, the | woman takes her spoons and gives one to each. | 
Then they all eat with their spoons; and | they eat the mashed crab- 

35 apples. They only stop || when they have been eaten. They never 
drink water after eating them. | That is all about it. | 

Salal-berries and Crabapples (Salal-berry cakes mixed with mashed ] 

crabapples). — The woman takes two dishes and | puts them down 

next to the place where she always sits. Then she takes | four cakes 

5 of salal-berries and puts them into one of the dishes. || As soon as 

she has finished doing so, she takes some water and pours it in. | 

18 Crabapples and Oil. — iJiikwe tsElxwa; yixs he £ maaxat! gwekwa 
idiikwe tlElsaxEn hlx -£ idaxat! gwagwex - s £ alasa, ylxs he £ meLaqos 

20 aEml HEgEltEwesoLe. 

Mashed Steamed Crabapples.— Q!wedzEk u q !olk u tsElxwa, ylxs a £ mae- 
da tstedaqe &x £ edxes lalogiime LE £ wes k - ats!Enaqc, qa £ s la tsex -£ Id 
laxes tsElx u staats!e, qa £ s la tsets!alas laxa hxlogume. Wa, g - il £ rnese 
nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae k'alaq, qa £ s lii klwagalil laxes hemEnelase 

25 k'.waelasa. Wa, lii ax £ edxa pElpElqases la £ wunEme, qa £ s lEsElgEii- 
dexa la tsElx u ts!alasa lalogiime. Wit, g - tl £ mese £ wI £ weLvsexs lae 
g-exaxes lEsElgayayowe pElpElqa. Wa, la helox £ wid la qlwesEl- 
gEntses £ wax - solts!ana £ ye e £ eyas5 laq. Wa, g'ibmese la alaklala 
la c wFwe1xsexs lae ax £ edxa L!e £ na, qa £ s k!iinq!Eqesa q!enEme laq. 

30 Wii, g-ibmese gwalExs lae Le £ lalaxes la e wunEme LE £ wis sasEine, 
qa g - axes k!us J alila. Wii, g-il £ mese gax sEnyanogwalllExs lae 
ax £ ededa tslEdacjaxes k'ak'EtslEnaqe, qa £ s tslEwanaeses liix - da £ xuq. 
Wii, hex £ ida £ mese £ naxwa £ yos £ itses kak-EtslEnaqe laq. Wa, la £ me 
tsELx u tsax £ wIdxa qlwedzEkwe tsElxwa. Wii, al £ mese gwalExs lae 

35 £ wl £ laq. Wa, la £ me hewiixa nagek'Elax £ wiipaxs lae gwala. Wa, 
laEinxae gwal laxeq. 
1 Salal-berries and Crabapples (T!Eqa miilaqEla LE £ wa qlwedzEkwe 
tsElxwa). — Wa, heEm ax £ etsosa tslEdaqa ma £ lEXLa loslqlwa, qa £ s 
g-axe mEx £ alilas laxes he £ mEnelase klwaelasa. Wii, lii ax £ edxa 
moxsa tlEqa, qa £ s la pax £ alts!odalas laxa mEmexLa loqlwa. Wa', 
5 gibmese gwalExs lae tsex £ Id laxa £ wape, qa £ s lii guqlEqas laq. 



boas] EECIPES 595 

Then she watches until they are just covered with water. Then she 6 
stops and | takes the spoon and the other dish, and takes it | to 
where she keeps the crabapples. She dips her spoon into the | crab- 
apples and puts them into the dish. When it is half full, || there is 10 
enough in it. Then she puts it down next to her seat. | Then she 
takes her husband's stone hammer and pounds | the crabapples; and 
when they are all pounded up, she puts away the stone hammer. | Then 
she takes the dish with salal-berries and mashes them with both | 
hands, the salal-berries which have been soaked. || When they are 1.5 
all in pieces, she takes the dish with the pounded crabapples and 
pours them into the dish with the mashed salal-berries. When they | 
are all in, she takes the oil and pours it on. After | doing so, she 
mashes them again with both hands, | so that they are thoroughly mixed. 
When they are mixed, she stops, and || calls whomever she likes to come 20 
to eat the mashed | crabapples mixed with dried salal-berries. When 
the guests | come and sit down, she gives them a food-mat and spreads 
it | in front of them. She takes the spoons and distributes | them 
among them. Finally she puts down in front of them the dish || 
with the salal-berries and crabapples mixed which she | puts down 25 
in front of her guests. Then they take the | goat-horn spoons, for 
this kind of food is eaten with | goat-horn spoons, and they all eat 

Wa, a £ mese doqwala, qa t let lEbidzowesexa e wapaxs hie gwala. Wa, 
la ax £ edxa katslEnaqe LE e wa £ nEmexLa loqlwa, qa e s la dalaqexs lae 
lax ha £ nelasases tsElx"staats!e. Wa, la tsex -£ Itses k'atslEiiaqe laxa 
tsElx"sta, qa £ s la ts.etslalas laxa loqlwa. Wa, g'ihniese nEgoyoxsda- 
laxs lae helats'.a. Wii, gaxe kag-aldas liixes heniEnelase klwae- 10 
lasa. Wa, la ax e edBX pElpElqases la £ wiin.Eme, qa e s lEsElgEndes 
laxa tsElx u sta. Wii, g-il £ mese e wPwe1x - sexs lae g - exaxa pElpElqe. 
Wa, la nex £ edxa tlEqatslala loqlwa, qa's q!\\ esElgEndeses nvaxsol- 
ts!ana £ ye e £ eyasowe laxa t!sqa la peqlugEllla. Wii, g-il £ mese 
e wrwElx'SExs lae a,x e edxa lEdzEkwe tsElx"ts!ala loqlwa, qa e s la 15 
guqasas laxa q IwedzEgwats !axa tlEqa loqlwa. Wa, g il £ mese 
£ widosExs lae ax £ edxa Lle'na, qa £ s lii guqlEqas laq. Wii, g-il £ mese 
gwalExs lae etled qlwesElgEntses £ wax - solts!ana £ ye e £ eyasowe laq 
qa alaklales lElga. Wa, giPmese lElgoxs lae gwala. Wii, hex £ i- 
da £ mese Le £ lalaxes gWE e ya qa g-axe mEinalaqg-Exa malaqEla (jlwe- 20 
dzEkwe tsElx u sta LE £ wa tlEqa. Wa, g-iPmese g-ax k!us e allle 
Le £ lanEmasexs lae ax £ edxa ha £ madzowe le e wa e ya, qa £ s lii LEpdza- 
molita laq. Wii, laxae ax £ edxa kiikEtslEnaqe, qa £ s lii tslEwanae- 
sas lax"da £ xiiq. Wii, lii alElxsdalaxs lae k ag illlaxa malaxts lalaxa 
malaqEla qlwedzEk" tsElx u sta LE £ wa tlEqa loqlwa, qa £ s lii kax- 25 
dzamolilas laxes Le £ laiiEme. Wii, hex £ ida ; mese E naxwa dax £ Idxes 
tslololaqe kakEtslEnaqa, qaxs he £ mae £ yosEhix gwexsdEinaseda 
tslololaqe k'atslEnaqa. Wii, liix'da £ x £ me £ nEin;ix £ id £ yos £ Itses 



596 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL L bth. ANN. 85 

30 with their | spoons. They suck out the juice; || and when the juice 
is out, they blow out the skins. | They continue doing so while they 
are eating it. When they have eaten it all, | they go out. They 
never drink water after eating, | and only rinse out the mouth with 
water, for the food sticks | to the inside of the mouth. They do not 

35 like to || drink water after eating this food, because the water causes 
heart-burn. | Therefore they are afraid to drink it. This is not | 
used when they invite many tribes, for it is only used by the husband 
and wife. | That is all about this. | 
1 Bunch-Berries. 1 — When (the basket) is full, 2 (the man) sends his 
young men | to call his tribe, for he is going to give a feast with the 
bunch-berries. Then | his wife takes her dishes and puts them down 
next to her seat, | also the spoons and the oil. As soon as she has 
5 finished, || she spreads down the mats for the guests to sit on when 
they come | in. When they are all in the house, the woman | tells 
the young men to go and put the berries into the dishes; | and when 
all the dishes are full of berries, she takes | oil and pours it in. After 

10 this lias been done, (the young men) distribute || the spoons among the 
guests; and when this is done, | they put the dishes with the berries 
one in front of each four men. | Alter they have, been put down, the 



kfik'EtslEnaqe laq. Wii, la £ me klumtalax £ wapagu £ yas. Wa, 

30 g il £ mese £ wl £ lawe £ wfipaga £ yasexs lae pox'odEx siiq !iisgEina £ yas. 

Wa, hex'sa £ mese gweg-ilaqexs ha £ mapaaq. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wi £ la- 

qexs lae hoqiiwElsa. Wa, la £ me hewaxa niigekilax £ wapa. Wii, 

lai.e km tslEweiJExotsa £ wape, qaxs alak'lalae k.'uta hemaoma- 

ts!ena £ yas laxEns awlL!Exawa £ yex. Wii, he £ mis k'leselas helqlala 

35 nax £ ideda ha £ mapax gwex'sdEmasexs nEweq !up !edae nagekiliixa 

£ wape. Wit, he £ mis lagilas k'ilEme. Wii, laEmxae kMes Le £ lii- 

£ layo laxa qlenEme lelqwalaLa £ ya, yixs lex - a £ maeda hayassk ala 

ilXEq. Wa, lasm gwal laxeq. 

i Bunch-Berries. 1 — Wii, 2 gil £ mese qotlaxs lae £ yalaciases ha £ yal £ a, 

qa las Le £ liilax g'okidotas. Wii, la £ me qEk'Ilalxa qEk'!aa,le. Wii, 

la gEnEmas ax £ edxes loElqlwe, qa g'iixes kax'hanel lax klwaelasas 

LE £ we kiikEtslEnaqe; wii, he £ misLes L!e £ na. Wii, gil £ mese gwaluxs 

5 lae LEp lalilElaxa leEl £ wa £ ye, qak!wadzEwesoltsa Le £ lanEme, qo gaxL 

hogwiLO. Wii, g11 £ mese g'ax £ wi £ laeLExs lae hex- £ ida £ ma tshidaqe 

ilxk'!alaxa ha £ yal £ a, qa las k!ats!alasa qEk!afde laxa loElq!we. 

Wii, g"il £ mese £ wi £ la qeqEx - ts!aleda loElqlwaxs lae ax £ etsE £ wetla 

L!e £ na, qa £ s la k!iinq!EgEm laq. Wii, glPmese gwala lae ts!Ewa- 

10 naedzEma kakEts!Eiiaqe liixa Le £ lanEme. Wii, gil £ mese gwfdExs 

lae k'axdzamolelEma qeqEX'ts!ala loElqlwe liixa maemokwe bebE- 

gwanEina. Wii, gil £ mese £ wIlg'alllExs lae hex -£ idaEm £ niixwa 

1 Chamaeperklineum unalaschkense (Ledb.) Rydb. 
' Continued from p. 221, line 27. 



boas J RECIPES 597 

guests | take their spoons and eat the berries; | and after having 
done so, they go out. There is only one || way of eating the bunch- 15 
berries; and they do not sing when | they are invited to this feast. 
That is all about this. | 

Gooseberries. — (The woman 1 puts [her basket with gooseberries] 
down on the floor;) and when a strong wind is blowing, she | spreads 
out her mat where the wind blows strongest. | She takes four pieces 
of firewood and puts them down crosswise under the edges || of the 20 
mat, so that it is like a nest inside. When this has been done, | she 
takes her basket with the gooseberries, puts it down | at the end 
whence the wind is blowing, at the end of the long side of the | 
billets around the mat. in this way; 2 and when the wind begins to 
blow hard, | she takes hold of each side of the large basket, || and 25 
poms out, not violently, the gooseberries so that | they come 
slowly out of the gooseberry basket when they are | falling into the 
nest which was made for cleaning them. The woman lifts | the 
basket up high; and the leaves are blown away by the wind, | and 
do not fall onto the mat on which they are || cleaned. Only the 30 
gooseberries fall down on it. | Now they are cleaned. As soon as 
this has been done, she goes and puts them back | into the large 

dax £ idxes kfik'EtslEnaqe, qa £ s qEx-qakax- £ Idexa qEk'laale. Wii, 13 
g-il £ mese £ wl £ laxes qExqakaxs lae hoqiiwElsa. Wii, £ nEmx -£ idala £ me 
gweg-ilasaxa qEklaiile. Wa, he £ misexs k"!esae di:n\Klag IIex 15 
qEx-qakaeda Le £ lanEme qaeda qEklaiile. Wii, la £ me gwal laxeq. 

Gooseberries. — Wii, giPmese laklwemasa yalaxs lae ax'edxes le- 
£ wa £ ye, qa £ s la LEplElsaq laxa yox u dEmala £ yasa yala. Wii, lii 
ax £ edxa motslaq lEqwa qa £ s xwaltse £ stales lax awaba £ yas ewEnxa- 
la £ yasa le £ wa £ ye, qa qElxasales otslawas. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs 20 
lae ax £ edxes tlEinwatsle niige £ walas lExa £ ya, qa £ s lii hanbElsas 
laxa gweba £ ye lax g'aya £ iiakiilasasa yala lax gfldagaena £ yasa 
x\valtse £ staakwe le £ wa £ ya, g - a gwiilega. 2 Wii, g"il £ mese lEk!utE- 
leda yaliixs lae dadanodxes t!Emwats!e niige £ walas lExa £ yaxs, 
lae k - !es eoPnakiilaxs lae gugE £ nakulaxes t lEinwats !e lExa £ ya qa 25 
ex' £ mes lalts!aleda tlEmxwale laxa t!Einwats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s lii 
ladzodala laxa c[Elxase £ lakwe kimdEdzo le £ wa £ ya lax dzoxwalaena- 
£ yasa ts!Eclac[axes t!Emwats!e lExa £ ya, qa yame £ stalayowes k'lamo- 
mas. Wa, laEm k- leas ladzodalasa klamomo laxa qElxase £ lakwe 
k-imdEdzo le £ wa £ ya. Wii, la £ me lexama tlEnixwale la ladzodiilaq. 30 
Wii, la £ me ek'lEgEkwa. Wii, g'il £ mese gwiilExs lae xwelaqa laax- 
tslots laxes tlEmwatsle niige £ walas lExa £ ya, qa £ s la oxLaeLElaq 

i Continued from p. 222, line 24. 

a That is, she places four small logs in a rectangle and presses the mat into the space so formed, the edges 
leaning against the logs. 



598 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I inn. ann 35 

33 basket. Then she carries it on her back | into the house. She goes 
and pours them into the large dish. As soon as ] she has finished, 

35 she picks more gooseberries, and || uses the same mat, and the canoe 
pole to strike them with. When | her basket is full, she carries | 
them home to her house. Again she puts down her mat | where the 
wind blows strongest, and she does the same as | before. When she 

40 has many gooseberries, she takes a || low-sided box which is made for 
this purpose. It is | two spans and two short | spans long, and two 

45 spans wide, | and one span | high. The woman takes this || low box and 
pours the | gooseberries into it. When it is nearly full, she stops pour- 
ing them in; | and when she has done so, she builds up a fire and puts | 
stones into it. When she thinks there are enough for her purpose, | 

50 she takes her tongs and puts them down by the side of the fire. || She 
takes a bucket and goes to draw water. When she | comes back, she 
pours the water into the small dish, and she | puts the small dish 
next to the fire. When all this | has been done, the stones on the 

55 fire are hot. | She takes her tongs, picks up the red-hot || stones, dips 
them into the small dish with water in it, | and, when the ashes that 



33 laxes g-okwe. Wit, la guxtslots laxa £ walase loq!wa. Wa, gil- 
£ mese gwfdExs hie xwelaqa tlEmxwaxa tbsmxwale. Wii, heEmxa 

35 &XElases le £ wa £ ye LE £ wa dzomegalaxs kwexaas. Wii, gil £ Emxaa- 
wise qot!e t!Emwats!as niige £ wiilas IexSxs g'axae oxLiilaq, qa £ s 
g-axe nii £ nakwa laxes g-okwe. Wii, laxae ax £ Elsaxes le £ wa £ ye lax 
yox u dEinala £ yasa yala. Wii, laEmxae a 1:111 he gweg-ilaqes gilx-de 
gweg-ilasa. Wii, g-il £ mese la qleiiEme tlEinxwaliisexs lae ax £ edxa 

40 kCitsEine nEqlEingilllEin wule qaeda dzeg-ikwe tdF.mxwala, ylxs 
ma £ lp!Enk'ae liixEns q!wiiq!\vax'ts!ana £ yex he £ mis bilbELawis £ Ida 
ts!Ex u ts!ana £ ye £ wasgEmg"Eg"aasas. Wa,lama £ lp!Eiik" ISxeiis q!wa- 
q!waxts!ana : yex, yix £ \vadzEgEg-aasas. Wa, lii £ nEmp!Enk'ustawe 
£ widasgEmasas laxEns q !waq Iwax'ts !ana s yex. Wii, heEin ax £ etsosa 

45 tslEdaqexes kiitsEm dzeg-atslexes tlEurxwale. Wii, lii giixtslotsa 
t!Emxwale lacp Wii, g'il £ mese Elaq qotlaxs lae gwfd gu(|as. 
Wii, g - !l £ mese gwalExs lae lEkjox'wIdxes lEgwIle, qa £ s xEx u LEndesa 
tlesEme laq. Wii, gil £ mese kotaq laEm helala liixes senataq, 
lae ax="ed.\es klipLalaa qa giixes kadEnwalisEX lEgwIlas. Wa, 

50 laxae &x £ edxes niigatsle, qa £ s lii tsex ,£ idEx £ wiipa. Wii, g - il £ mese 
g-ax aedaaqaxs lae giixtslotsa £ wiipe laxa lalogume, qa £ s la 
kanolisasa £ wabEts!ala liilogum laxes lEgwile. Wa, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae memEnltsEinx- £ ideda tlesEme xEx u Lalales laxa 
lEgwile. Wa, lii dax -£ Tdxes k'lipLalaa qa £ s k!ip!edes laxa x'Ix'ex- 

55 sEmiila t!esEma, qa £ s lii hapstEnts lax £ wabEts!iiwasa liilogiime. 
Wa, g-il £ mese la £ wl £ lawe k !wek lutsEmayaq guna £ yaxs lae k' !lp !e- 



boas I RECIPES 599 

stick on the stones come off, she | puts them into the gooseberries. 57 
She continues doing this with the other red-hot | stones. The 
stones are put in close together. When | this is finished, she takes a 
mat and spreads it over it, and || she leaves it this way some time. 60 
When the woman thinks that the stones are getting cool, | she takes 
oil the mat covering and puts it down. | Then she takes her tongs ami 
picks out the stones that have cooled off, | and she puts them down 
next to the fire. When they are all out, | she stirs the berry jam 
with a cedar stick. || If they are not boiled to pieces, she takes her 65 
tongs, | takes out more hot stones, dips | them into the small dish 
with water, and puts them in. She does not | take very many red- 
hot stones. When it begins to boil up, | she spreads a mat over it; 
and she does not leave it there long, || before she takes off the covering 70 
mat and puts it down. Then she | takes her tongs, picks out the 
stones from the | gooseberry jam, and puts them down next to the 
fire, | When the stones are all out, she takes a large dish and | puts it 
down next to the low-sided box. She takes a || long-handled ladle ■" 
and dips out the gooseberry jam and puts it into the | large dish. 
When it is full, she takes up the large dish of | gooseberry jam and 
puts it down at a cool place | to cool off quickly. When it is cold, 



qas laxa tlEmxwale. Wa, la hanal he gwegilaxa waokwe xIx'ex- 57 
sEmala tlesEma. Wii, la £ me niEmk'Ewakweda tlesEme. Wa, gil- 
e mese gwalExs lae &x £ edxa le £ wa £ ye, qa £ s naxuyindes liiq. Wa, la 
gael he gwaele. Wa, g'il £ mese kotcda tstedaqaq laEm k'ox^wl- 60 
deda tlesEinaxs lae axodxa le £ wa £ ye niixumiis qa £ s glg'alilesexs 
lae ax £ edxes k"!ipLalaa, qa £ s k'!ip!ldes laxa tlesEin la kox £ wida, 
qa's lii k' libEiiolisElas laxes lEgwile. Wa, gil'mese £ wi £ lostaxs 
lae xwetletsa k!wa £ xLawe laxes dzek - asE £ we tlEmxwala. Wii, 
g'ih'mese k'les xas £ idExs lae et!e<l dax -£ Idxes klipLalaa, qa e s 65 
et!eile k"!ip!lts laxa xixExsEmala tlesEma, qa £ s liixat! hfi,p- 
stEnts lax £ wabEts!awasa lalogiime. Wii, laxae k!ip!Ekilasa k'lese 
q!esgEm xix'ExsEmala t!esEm laq. Wii, gil'mese mEdElx £ wIdExs 
lae ax £ edxa le £ wa e ye, qa f s lii naxumts laq. Wii, k'!est!a gex -£ I- 
dExs lae xwelaq axodxa naxuya £ ye le £ wa £ ya, qa £ s gig - alllesexs lae 70 
dax -£ Idxes klipLalaa, qa £ s k!ip!ides laxa t!esEme la g-egexa dze- 
g-ikwe tlEinxwalii qa £ s liixat! klibEnolisElas laxes lEgwile. Wii, 
giPmese £ wI £ losteda t!esEmaxs lae ax £ edxa £ walase loq!vva, qa £ s la 
k'anolllas laxa kiitsEme dzegats!exa tlEmxwale. Wii, lii ax £ edxa 
gltlEXLiila tsexLa, qa £ s lii tsEydsasa dzegikwe tlEmxwale laxa 75 
£ walase loq!wa. Wa, g'ih'mese qotlaxs lae k - ag ililaxa d/.egix"ts!a- 
laxa tlEmxwale £ walas loqlwa, qa £ s la k'agalllas laxa £ wudaele, 
qa ha £ nakweles £ wuda £ stax ,£ ida. Wii, gil £ mese £ wuda £ stax ,£ IdExs lae 



600 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUIL [ETH. ANN. 35 

80 she | sends out her husband to invite his friends. He || might call his 
numaym, if the man wishes to give them the | gooseberry jam. As 
soon as they | all come in, the woman takes her small dishes, her | 
spoons, and her oil, and puts them down next to her seat. | Then 

85 she sends her husband to get the || gooseberry-jam dish and to put it 
next to her seat. | When her husband comes, she takes a wooden 
spoon, | dips it into the jam, and puts it into the | small dishes. 
When these are halt full, there is enough in them; and | when she has 

90 put some gooseberry jam into || the small dishes, she takes the oil and 
pours it on. She puts | much oil on. After this has been done, she 
gives a | spoon to each guest; and after this, one | dish with goose- 
berry jam is put down in front of | each three men. As soon as they 

95 have been put down, || (the guests) begin to eat the gooseberry j am. | 
When they have eaten all, they go out. They never drink | water 
after it. | 

Gooseberries are also eaten raw (and unripe) by the Indians. | They 
100 pick them off the gooseberry bushes, or they eat them || in the house. 
They never call their friends for this. | That is all about the goose- 
berries. I 



£ yfdaqases ta £ wunEme, qa las Le-lalaxes £ ne £ nEmokwe loxs he- 

80 £ maes E nE £ memote la Le £ laIasos, yix E nek*aeda bEgwanEme, qa £ s ha 
t lEmxwilag'Ilxa dzeg'tkwe tlEmxwala. Wii, gil-mese g'iix £ wl £ lae- 
i.f.xs lae hex' £ ida £ ma tslEdaqe ax e edxes laElogume LE £ wis kak'E- 
tslEnaqe LE £ wa Lle £ na, qa £ s g'iixe glg'alila laxes heiuKnclase klwae- 
lasa. Wa, lii £ viilaqaxes la £ wiinEme, qa las ax £ edxa dzeg - ix u ts!a- 

S5 laxa tlEmxwale £ walas loq!wa, qa £ s g'itxe kagalflas lax klwaela- 
sas. Wa, gil £ mese g'axe la £ wunEmasexs lae &x £ edxa kikayEme 
qa £ s teqes laxa dzEg'ikwe tlEmxwala, ga £ s lii tsEyosElas laxa laE- 
logume. Wa, gih'mese nEgoyoxsdalaxs lae helatsla. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese la £ wi £ la la t let !Emx u ts laleda t!Emx u t!awats!§Laxa dzeg'ikwe 

90 laElogumxs lae. ax £ edxa Llema, qa £ s klunqlEqes laq. Wa, la £ me 
q'.eqxa L!e £ na. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae tslEwanaesasa kak'E- 
tslEnaqe. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae kaxd/.aiuollhisa £ nal £ nE- 
mexLa t!Emx"t!awats!eLaxa dzeg'ikwe t lEmxwale hiElogiim laxa 
yaeyudukwe bebEgwanEina. Wii, gil £ mese £ wIlg - alIlExs lae he- 

95 x ,£ idaEm £ naxwa dze(lzegigux £ I(lxa dzegikwe t!Emxw 7 alii. Wii, 
g'il £ mese £ wi £ laxs lae hoquwElsa. Wit, la £ me hewaxa nagekilax 
£ wapa. 

Yixs k'!Elx"k!ax'aaxaeda baklumaxa tlEmxwale, yixs lae h&- 
£ maaxs5q laxa t!Emx"mE(lzEXEkula Loxs g'ax £ mae t!Emx u t!axuq 
100 laxes gokwe. Wa, lii k"!es Le £ lalas laxes £ ne £ nEmokwe. Wa, 
laEm gwegwalEin laxa t!Emxw T ale. 



boas] BECIPES 601 

Currants. — Currants are also only eaten | from the currant bushes. 1 
They do not give these at a feast to many | people or to their relatives, 
for there are not very many of | these. That is all about this. || 

Solomon's Seal. — This is the same thing. They only eat these off 5 
the plant when | they see them growing on a berry patch, for | 
sometimes the plants have many edible berries. | The tribes are also 
not invited for these, for there are not | many berries of this kind. 
They arc not put on the fire and || boiled. That is all about this. | 10 

Currants (Ilabaxsole). — HeEmxaeda habaxsole aEm ha £ maaxsoso £ 1 
laxa habaxsoleniEse. Wa, laEmxae k'!es Le s lalayo laxa qlenEme 
bebEgwanEma i.o'ma LeLELala, rjaxs k'lesae alaEm qleiiEme 
gwex'sdEmas. Wa, laEmxae gwal laq. 

TiEmts!. 1 — Wa, heEmxae gwegilasE r we, yixs a £ mae ha £ maaxso- 5 
sosa dox f waLEl;iqexs qlwaxae laxa t!Emts!EXEkula, qaxs a-mae 
helanokwa t!Emts!aniEse lax hamxLalaxes hamxLawa £ ve. Wii, 
laEmxae k'!es Le £ lalaj'o laxa lelqwalaLa e ye, cjaxs k'!esaaxat! 
q!enEme gwexsdEmas. Wii, laEmxae k'!es hanxLEntsE-'wa qa 
Llobats. Wii, laEm gwal laxeq. Ill 

1 Unifnlium dilatatum (Wood) HoweU. 



V. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 
Signs (a'qEn) 

Body Feelings as Signs. — Twitching of the Crown of iht Head. — 1 
When the crown of the head of a man twitches, | he knows that he will 
cut off his hair for his relative who | is to die; for that is the way the 
Indians do. As soon as a near | relative dies, and when he has been 
dead four days, || the hair is cut. | 5 

Twitching of the Nose. — When the nose of a man | twitches, he 
knows that he will blow his nose when he cries for a | relative who is 
going to die. | 

Twitching of the Upper Lip. — When the upper || lip [of our mouth] 10 
twitches (a man) knows that tears will run down | w T hen he cries for 
a relative who is going to die. | 

Twitching and Itching of the Cheek. — When the cheek | of a woman 
twitches or itches, she knows that she will scratch her face when she | 
cries for a relative who is going to die. || 

Heaving of the Stomach. — When the stomach of a man twitches, | 15 
the Indians call it "heaving" of the stomach, for the stomach will 
heave | when he is wailing for one who is going to die. | 

Wiping of the Eyes. — When the lower part of the thumb | of the 
hand of a man twitches, he knows that he will wipe his eyes || with the 20 
lower part of his thumb when he wails for a relative who is going to die. | 

MeUexlo,'. — Wa, he' £ maaxs niEta'e q!E'nxLii £ yasa bEgwa'nEme; 1 
wa, laE'm q!a'laqexs t!o'sasE £ weLes sE £ ya' qae's LeLELa'laxs 
lE r le'Le, qa gwe'gi £ lasasa ba'klumaxs g-i'Pmae 1e £ 16's ma'g"ile 
LeLELa'laxs, wa, gi'l £ mese mo'p lEnxwa's la lE-la'gules LeLELa'la, 
wii, la t!o's £ ItsE £ we sE £ ya's. 5 

Msde'lba. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e x'i'ndzasasa bEgwa'nEme; 
wa, laE'm qla'laxs lE'ntelxes x-I'ndzase qo qlwa'sal qae's LeLE- 
La'laxs le'Le 1e-1l. 

MEdExsta' e'h'.'odEXStes ssms. — Wii, he' e maaxs niEta'e e'k'!o- 
dExsta £ yasEns sE'msex; wa, laE'm q!a'lax wa £ na'kuleLes gwa'^sdo 10 
qo qlwa'sal qaes LeLELa'la qo 1e' £ 1l5. 

MeV.o's lo ld'x s os. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e loxs la'xae awo'- 
dza e yasa ts!Eda'qe; wa, la qla'laxs E'lwateLaxes go'guma £ ye qo 
qlwa'sal cpxes LeLELa'laxs lE £ le'L§. 

QE'mqEmlJc.'im. — Wa, he' f maaxs mEta'e tEk!a'sa bEgwa'nEine; 15 
wa, he'Em gwE^yasa ba'klume qE'mqEinlk" !im, yixs qELEla'e 
tEk'!ii'sa qlwa'sa qae'da lE £ 'lLe. 

De'dastodJc'Hm. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e o'xxa £ yasa qo £ mas 
a £ yasa'sa bEgwa'nEme; wii, la qla'laxs de £ sto'deLaxes gwa' £ sde, 
yis o'xLa £ yasases qo'ma qaxs q Iwa/saex. qaes LeLELa'liixs lE £ le'Le. 20 

603 



604 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ikth. ann. 35 

21 Tremor inter femina. — Cum raulieris alterutra pars vulvae salit | 
scit inf antem suum moriturura esse; [ hide enim exit; atque. vaginae 
foramen cum salit, eadem de causa salit. | 

25 Tremor penis. — Cum viri penis salit, || propter hoc scit suam uxorem 
morituram esse. | 

Twitching and Itching of the Feet. — When | the feet of a woman 
twitch and itch, she knows that she will be in a widow's house | on 
account of her husband when he dies, for she will sit still a long time 
in the | widow's house. Tins is the same with a man. || 

30 Tremor genus. — Cum viri genu salit, | scit amicam suam esse 
morituram; nam simul ac | noctu adest vir cum arnica, postquam | 
cum arnica concubuit, vir ad vulvam amicae genu applicat. | Salit 
igitur genu viri cum arnica est moritura. || 

35 Twitching of the Upper Arm. — When the shoulder joint of a woman 
twitches, I she knows that one of her children is going to die, because | 
her shoulder joint twitches, and that is the place where the child lies 
when it I sleeps with its mother, j] 

40 Twitching of tin Sides. When a woman's sides | twitch, she knows 
that she will lie sick in bed. | 

Twitching of the Whole Body. — When the whole body of a man 

21 MEdd'q. 1 — Wii,he' £ maaxs mEta'e £ wa'x - sanodzExsta e yas na £ xwa'sa 

tslEda'qe; wa, laE'm qla'laqexs lE-le'i.es xfino'kwe qaxs he' £ mae 

g-a'yowe, Lo £ me' a/waxsta £ yasa na'xwe': he'Emxaa gwe'lHalaglle. 

Mt;tsEgd'. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e me'mesasa bEgwamEme; wa, 

25 laE'm qla'laxs lE £ le'Les gEiiE'me la'xeq. 

MaE'md.Edzd'x'ses lo Id'lEXEdzo'x'ses. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e 
i.oxs la'xae g - ogogu £ yasa tslEda'qe; wa, laE'm qla'laxs aa'msIliLe 
qae's la' £ wunEmaxs lE £ ma'e 1e £ 1l, qaxs galei.e klwa'lal la'xa 
&a'msllats!e. He'Emxaa gwe'g'ileda bEgwa'nEme. 

30 Maemtk'ex'. — Wa, he /£ maaxs mEta'e o'kwiix'a £ yasa bEgwa'- 
nEme; wa, laK'm qla'laqexs Ie-Ic'lC's La'la, qaxs g - i'l £ mae la 
he'lona bEgwa'nEme la'xes i.a'laxa ga'nuLe; wii, g-i'l £ mes gwal 
iiExwa'la LE £ wes La'laxs la'e L!a'gwagi £ lela bEgwa'nEinaxes La'la. 
Wa, he' £ mes la £ gilasox mEtE'ns o'kwaxa £ yaxs leie'Le La'lasa 

35 bEgwa'nEme. 

MaEintscfya'pla. — Wii, he' £ maaxs mEta'e gwa' £ nasa tslEda'qe; 
wii, laE'm qla'laqexs lE £ la'e g'ii'yole lax sa'sEinas qaxs mEta'e 
gwa' £ nas a £ yasa's, qaxs he' £ mae kula'laatsa g - ina'nEme, yixs 
me'xae le £ w!s abE'mpe. 

40 MaE'mdEncfs. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e e' £ wanu'dza £ yasa ts!E- 
daqe; wii, la qla'laxs qE'lgwillLa tslEx-qla'l la'xes g - ae'lase. 

Mii/vak\'E'n niEt.'E'n. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e £ nii'xwe 6'klwi- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 605 

I witches, I he knows that one of his children will die, [ if he has many 
children. First, his arms twitch, || because he carries his child 45 
[there]; and afterwards his chest twitches, j for that is the place that 
his child lies when he carries it about; | afterwards the upper lip [of 
his mouth] twitches, for | tears run down when he cries; and then 
his | stomach twitches, for it heaves when he cries. Then he knows || 
by this that his child is going to die. | 50 

Twitching of the Eyelids. — When the eyelids 1 of a man | twitch, he 
knows that it is going to rain that day, for his eye is twitching, | 
and that is the place where the rain-water [when it rains] runs down. | 

Twitching offhi Small ofth Back. When the small || of the back 55 
(the part with which the hunter sits in the canoe) twitches, he knows 
there will be fine weather that | day. There will be no wind, and he 
will sit for a long time in his | little hunter's canoe paddling about. | 

Twitching of the Under-lip. — When the under-lip 2 of a | sea hunter 
twitches, he knows that he will eat all kinds of meat, for || the place 60 
where the fat of the meat goes down is twitching, j 

Twitching of Feet. — When the toes of the feet | of a man twitch, 
then a visitor will come, | for he will soon go to meet a visitor. | 

Twitching of the Neck. — When the neck of a man twitches, || he 65 
knows that his head will be cut off in war. I 



na £ yasa bEgwa'nEme; wa, la qla'laxs lE /£ lnokweLes sa'sEme. 4:-! 
ylxs qle'nEmae sa'sEmas. Wit, he'Em g - il niEtle'de 6'x u si £ ya'- 
p!a £ yas qaxs qtelEla'axes xiino'kwe. Wa, la nEXwa'g - ! niEtle'de 45 
o £ ba' £ yas, qaxs he' £ mae kula'laats xuno'kwasexs qlElEla'aq. Wa, la 
nExwa'glxs la'e e't!ed niEtle'de e'k!odExsta £ yas sE'msas, qaxs 
he'-mae wa'xaatsa gwa'-sdiixs la'e qlwa'sa. Wa, la e'tled niE- 
tle'de tEkla's, qaxs qE'mLElaaxs qlwa'sae. Wa, laE'm qla'LE- 
laqexs lE £ le'Les xuno'kwe lii'xeq. 50 

MEele'g'altd. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e e' £ wig - alta £ yasa bEgwa'- 
nEme, la q !a'laqexs yo'gwlLEns £ na'lax, qaxs mEta'e e' £ wig - alta £ ye, 
qaxs he' £ mae waa'tsa yo'giimesaxs la'e yo'gwa. 

MEtlE'xsd lo s k!we'k!waxsk'!im. — Wit, he' £ maaxs mEta'e k!we'- 
k!waxsk'!imii'sa ale'winoxwe; wa, laE'm cjla'laqexs ae'g'IseLa 55 
-'na'la. K - lea'seLe ya'laL. Wa, lill gexs k!wa'xsalal la'xes ale'- 
watsle xwa'xwaguma la'xes se' £ wina £ ye. 

MeV. exlo. 1 sxd. — Wa, he' £ maaxs mEta'e bEnk!o'dExstii'sa Sle'- 
winoxwe; wii, laE'm qla'laxs q!Ese'Laxa q!e'q!ats!o'mase, qaxs 
mEta'e wa'xa £ lasas tsE'nxwa £ yasa c[!e'q !ats!o'mase. 60 

MEtE'mx'ses. — Wii, he' £ maaxs mEta'e o'gumx - sidza £ yas g'6'g'o- 
gii £ yasa bEgwa'nEme; wa, laE'm qlaxElaqexs ba'gunseLe gii'x £ a- 
HsLa, qaxs a'ltsEmesE £ waeda ba'gunse. 

MeV.xo!. — Wii, he' £ maaxs mEta'e oxii'wa £ yasa bEgwa'nEme; wii, 
laE'm q!a'laxs q !ii'x' £ itsE £ weLasa wi'naLa. 65 

1 According to others, the upper eyelids. 2 According to others, the middle line of the chin. 



606 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



1 Cries of the Raven. — When it is desired that the owner of an after- 
birth should understand | the cries of the raven, the after-birth is 
put down | on the beach where the ravens peck at it. And when it 
5 is | pecked at by the ravens, || the man, when he is full grown, will 
understand the cries of the raven, for | the people of olden times 
considered it important that the raven came | to report about the ar- 
rival of warriors who came to make war upon the tribes. | Then they 
would come at once and ask one who understands the raven, tum- 
bling about | and crying. It is bad news when they are tumbling 
10 about || and feathers fall out. (Below) are the various cries | of the 
raven, which I learned from an old man of the Kwakiutl, | when 
they discussed about it in a feast, when I was a child | for when the 
ravens are crying, a man | whose after-birth has been eaten by ravens 
is sent out. 1 II 



1 Cries of the Raven. — Wa, gil £ mese £ nex - so qa £ s ayosElaeda ma- 
enokwasa maenaxa gwek - lalasasa gwa £ winaxs lae km axaledzEma 
maene laxa L!Eina £ ise, qa LEiil £ ItsE £ wesesa gwa £ wina. Wa, g iHrnese 
£ wi £ la LEnl £ Its5 £ sa gwa £ winiixs lae ayosEleda maenokwasexs lae 
5 nEXLaax' £ Id la bEgwanEina lax ogiiqi £ lalasas gwek' lalasasa gwa- 
e wina, yixs awilagilaeda g'ale bEgwaiiEmq, qaxs he e maeda gwa £ wina 
g - ax ts!Ek - !alElasa wlniixs g'axae gwasx'iilaxs wlneLaxa lelqwa- 
laLa £ ye. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese waxap!sE £ wa ayosEliixa gwa £ winiixs 
lelax'alae lalawiilaqula. Wa, la £ me £ yax"sa £ me tslEklfdEmasexs le- 
10 laxalae pleplElgilxullaxes ts!Elts!Elke. Wii, g'a £ mes oguqElala 
gwek"!iilatsa gwa e wine g'a laxEn hoLelaena £ yax q!ulsq!ulyax"d;isa 
Kwag'uleg'a, yixs qataplaaxs klwelae, yixg'in hemaolEk' allle 
ginanEme, yixs gwagiixalaeda gwa f wina. Wa, he £ mis la £ yala- 
gasxa ha £ maakwas maenasa gwa £ wina-. 

15 ga ga ga gad Warriors are coming to make an attack. 

gax gax gax .. ..Ravens will eat the bodies of people drowned 
by the capsizing of canoes. 

qlEdzo qlEdzo Hunters will bring much meat to feed the 

people. 

gaga ha hiigae A chief (or someone else) died. 

xagaq xagaq . . A woman is going to die. 

20 k' lEmax k' temaq It will be calm weather. 

sox sox sox r .It will be calm and sunshine. 

gfls gflx gus ... . There will be heavy rains. 

wax wax wax A stranger will arrive on a visit. 

xwo xwo xwo There will be a poor salmon run. 

25 x'ok" x'ok" . .When ravens ciy thus while lighting in the air, 

there will be bad news. 

' For the cries and their meanings see Indian text below. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 607 

The one whose after-birth has been eaten by the raven understands | 27 
this what I am talking about. There are only a few whose after- 
births have been eaten | by the raven. | 
Eating 

(He folds up the morsel, chews the end, and dips it into oil, and 1 
keeps on doing so while he is eating.) When he has nearly eaten all, 
he stops, for it is a bad sign | for a man to eat all that is given to him. | 

Picking Huckleberries 

As 1 soon as (the woman) has finished (picking the berries), she gets 
ready to | go and pick huckleberries when day comes, in the morn- 
ing; for || the ancient Indian said that it brings bad luck not to pick 5 
huckleberries at once into | a new basket when it has been finished. | 
Therefore the women immediately get ready to go | as soon as they 
finish the basket. | 

Customs Relating to Sealing 

When the flippers (of the seal) have been singed, (the man) strikes 
off with his || tongs the singed hair, so that it comes off in pieces, for 10 
the hunters do not | allow any one to scrape off the singed hair. It 

yilxwa gwa £ wina.-When a raven holds with its beak the end of a 26 
branch and hangs down, it means that a man's 
head will be. cut off in war. 
Wa, hastaEm ayodzEltsa maenokwas hamx ,£ ItsE e wasa gwa £ wi- 27 
nexg"in lak' gwagwex's £ alasa. Wa, lak' holala ha e maakwas maene 
yisa gwa £ wina. 

Eating 

Wa, g'il £ mese Elaq £ wi £ laxs lae gwala qaxs aEinsaeda £ wl £ laxa 1 
hag'Ila £ yaxs £ wI £ lasE £ wae yisa ha £ mape. 

Picking Huckleberries 

Wa, 1 gil £ mese gwalamasqexs lae hex £ idaEm xwanal £ Ida qa £ s la- 
lag'll k!ilal laxa kliladaxa gwadEnie, qo £ nax -£ ldElxa gaala, qaxs 
£ nekaeda g'ale bak!umqexs aEmsaax kMesae hex -£ idaEm la k - !il- 5 
ts!otsE s wa alomase k"!ilats!e lExiixs galaegwalamats6 £ sa k"!llex"daxa 
gwiidEme. Wii, he £ niis lag'ilasa tstedaqe hex-'idaEin xwanaHdExs 
g'iilae gwales k!ilats!eg"ila £ ye lExa £ ya. 2 

Customs Relating to Sealing 

Wa, 3 gil £ mese £ wl £ la ts!Enkwe gElq!ayaxs lae kwexEltsEmesa 
ts!esLala laxa la tstenkwa qa lawalesa ts!ax'mote qaxs k'lesae 10 
helq!aleda es £ Elewinoxwe k'exalaxa tslaxmote, aLa £ lae bome £ stala- 

■ Continued from p. 140, line 16. ^Continued on p. 209, line 3. "Continued from p. 152, line 24. 



608 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH.ANN.86 

12 is said that otherwise the seal would escape | from the hunter when- 
ever he goes out hunting. | Therefore they only knock it off with the 
tongs, so that the singed hair | comes off. 1 || 

15 (The 2 hunter) always pushes his( paddle) right over his fire, hecause 
he wishes | it to become very black; and also that no | young woman 
may step over it, and no young man, for they never do right; ] and 
also that a menstruating woman may not give bad luck to the hunter. | 
His canoe-box also hangs in the corner of the house. He also puts || 

20 just over the fire the two mats on which (hunter and steersman) sit; 
but he leaves | his harpoon-shaft in the hunting-canoe; and [ also 
the bladder-float is hung up at the same place where the canoe-box 
is. | 

Customs Relating to Porpoise-Hunting 

Blue-hellebore root and | peucedanum-seeds are kept in the canoe- 
box of the porpoise-hunter, and also back-sinew of the porpoise, which 

25 is dried || for tying up the spear if it should break. | Blue-hellebore 
root is put into the canoe-box, and the peucedanum-seeds, | in case 
that a sea-monster should come up in the night when they are 
spearing | porpoises. It is said that often the sea-monsters show 
themselves. Then | the hellebore-root is taken out and chewed, and 

30 spit || overboard on each side of the hunting-canoe, and | the same is 

12 laxa megwate LE £ wa k'!olot!asa alewinoxwaxs helayaaq. Wii, he- 
£ mis lag'ilas km kwexEltsEmesa tslesLala laq qa lawalatsa tslax - - 
mote. 1 

15 HeniEnala 2 Les-aLElod lax nEqostawases lEgwIle qaxs £ nekae 
qa £ s hemEnala £ mese q !wagwa £ nakiila. Wa, he £ mis qa k'leses gaxa- 
sosa eaiostagase tsledaqa LE £ wa ha £ yal £ a qaxs k' !esae nenagolkwlla. 
Wa, he £ mis q5 exEntalaxo qaxs aEinsae laxa es £ Elew!noxwe. Wa, 
laxae tegwlla odzaxs laxa onegwilasa g5kwe. Wa, laxae g - ala- 

20 LEleda k!wek!wa £ ye mal le,El J we laxa ekMa £ yasa lEgvvfie. Wa, laLa 
mastowas hex'siiEm gexsa alewasELEla xwaxwagiima. Wii, heEm- 
xaeda poxunse tegwit lax axasasa odzaxse. 

( istoms Relating to Porpoise Hunting 

Wa, )ie £ mis g - ets!a lax odzaxse g ildatsa alewinoxwa axsole LE £ wa 
qlExmene. Wa, he £ misa atlEmasa awlg"a £ yasa k'!olot!iixs lEmo- 

25 kwae qa £ s yil £ edayolaxes LEg'ikwe q5 Eh'edElaxo. Wii, he £ misa 
axsole yixs he £ mae lagults getsla, lax odzaxsas LE £ wa qlExmene 
qo q!axwas5laxsa £ yag"imaxa gan5Laxs nEguLayalae alexwaxa 
k'!olot!e. Wa, la £ lae qlunala qlaxwasosa £ yag'ime. Wa, he £ mis 
la ax £ wiilts lodaatsexa axsole qa £ s malex £ wideq qa £ s kwestales lax 

30 £ wax - sodg"iwa £ yases alewats!e xwaxwagiima. Wa, laxae heEm 

i Continued on p. 452, line 25. » Remark inserted on p. 175, line 9. 



BOAS J BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 609 

done with the peucedanum-se.eds. Then the sea-monster sinks at 31 
once, j when it smells the hellebore-root. Therefore it is kept in 
the box. | 

Customs Relating to Salmon-Fishing - 

Dog-Salmon. — (When the first dog-salmon (if the season has been 1 
caught, the wife of the fisherman goes to meet her husband when he 
comes home from fishing.) 

As 1 soon as he arrives at the beach, his wife goes to meet him; | and 
when she sees what has been caught by her husband, | she begins to 
pray to it. The woman says, as she is praying: | "O Supernatural- 
Ones! O, Swimmers! I thank you that || you are willing to come 5 
to us. Don't let your coming be bad, | for you come to be food for 
us. Therefore, | I beg you to protect me and the one who takes 
mercy on me, | that we may not die without cause, Swimmers!" 
Then 1 the woman herself | replies, "Yes," and goes up from the bank 
of the river. || 

As 2 soon as they finish cutting up the speared salmon, | the woman 10 
at once gathers the slime and everything | that comes from the 
salmon, and puts it into a basket, and pours | it into the water at 
the mouth of the river; for it is said that | the various kinds of 
salmon at once come to life when the intestines are put into the 
water at the || mouths of the rivers, and therefore they do this; and | 15 
they break off the intestines at the anal fin of the speared salmon 



gwex" £ ldxa q!Exmene qa £ s hex"ida £ maEl wiins £ ldeda £ yag'imaxs 31 
lae mesaLElaxa axsole. Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas g'etsia lax odzaxsas. 

Customs Relating to Salmon Fishing 

Dog-Salmon. — Wa, 1 gfl £ mese la'g-allsExs la'e gEiiE'mas la'lalaq. 1 
Wa, gi'Pmese do'x £ waLElax t!a't!aq!wan.Emases la' £ wunEmaxs la'e 
ts!E'lwax £ IdEq. Wa, laE'm £ ne'k - eda tsteda'qaxs la'e ts!E'lwaqa: 
''A'kasoL £ na £ nawalak u . A'kasoL me'niEyoxwan, ge'lakasdaxs 
sEX"ts!aaqas g'ax g'a'xEnu £ x u . Gwa'laxl £ y;l'kayes gaxena £ yos 5 
qaxs he £ maaqos ga'xelaxs go'lilaaqas g"a'xEnu £ x". Wa, he' £ mis 
qa £ s da'damaylLos ga'xEn LE e wu'n hawaxa'lotexwa wa'x £ ede cpx £ s 
k!e'saos wii'lalesEma mEyo'xwan." Wa 1 , la q!iilex's £ Em waxeda 
tstedaqaxs lae lasdesa. 

Wa, 2 he £ me'sexs g - i'l £ mae gwal xwa'LasE-'wa sEgune'taxs la'e 10 
he'x £ ida £ ma ts!Eda'qe q!ap!e'x-'ldxa kMe'le LE £ wa £ na'xwa 
g-ay6'l la'xa k - !o'tEla qa £ s lExts!o'des la'xa lExa' £ ye qa £ s le qEp- 
stE'nts la'xa o'x u siwa £ yasa wa, qaxs £ ne'x - sowae he'x -£ idaEm la 
q!ula'x -£ ldeda k!o'k!utElaxs la'e axsta'nowes ya'xyigile la'xa 
o'x u siwa £ yasa wl'wa. Wa, he' £ mis hi'g-ilas he gwe'g-ile. Wa, he'- 15 

i Continued from p. 303, line 13. 2 Continued from p. 304. 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 39 



610 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etii. ann.ss 

17 but | they cut off the intestines at the anal fin of salmon caught with 
a hook, for, if the intestines were broken off | from those caught 
with a hook, then the | fish-line of him who does so would always 

20 break. Therefore the woman takes care || in breaking it off. That 
is the end. ] 

Silver-Salmon. — Eyes and salmon-heads roasted | together with 
backbone and tail, in this manner: | ^ 

When they go trolling for silver- JS salmon, and when they 
first go out to | sea, as soon as a MW man has caught four 

25 silver-salmon, || his wife goes down /j| to meet him when he 
arrives at the beach of his | house. J| When she first sees 
what was caught by her husband, | 1 she prays to the silver- 
salmon; and after she has prayed, ) she picks up with her 
fingers the four silver-salmon and goes up with them and puts them 
down | on the beach in front of the house. Then she takes her fish- 

30 knife and || cuts the four silver-salmon; the head | and the tail are 
left on the backbone. Then she takes the | roasting-tongs and puts 
them up on the beach, where she is sitting. Then she takes | what 
she is going to roast and puts the salmon-tail and the backbone in | 

35 between the roasting-tongs. Then she pushes it down, so that || the 
ends of the tongs reach to the eyes | of the salmon-head. After she 

16 £ mesexs aLa'lasE £ wae ts !e'waga £ yasa sEgine'te. Wit, laLa t!6'sa- 
layEwe ts !e'waga £ yasa do'gwinete qaxs g'i'l £ maaEl aLo'yEwe ts!e'- 
waga £ yasa dS'gwinetaxs la'e heniEnalaEm el§' do'gwayasa ya'nE- 
maxa he gwe'x £ ItsE £ wa. Wa, he' £ mis la'gilaseda tsteda'qe ae'k-ila 

20 ELa'laq. Wa, laE'm g - wa'la. 

Silver-Salmon.-' XexF.xstowa'k u xa L!o'bEkwe he'x'tle s na' e nEm- 

p!Eng"ila LE £ wa xa'kladzo LE £ wa ts!a'sna £ yeg - a gwa'leg'a (Jig.). 

Wa, he' £ maaxsla'e do'kwasE £ wa dza £ wu'naxs gi'lg - aaLa £ yalae la'xa 

ao'wak'e. Wii, gl'l £ mese £ ya'iiEmeda bEgwanEmaxa mo'we dza- 

25 £ wuna, lae gEnEmas la'lalaqexs g'alae g - a'x £ alisa laxa L!Ema £ isases 
go'kwe. Wa, g"i'l £ mese do'x £ waLElax £ ya'nEmases la' £ wunEmaxs 
la'e ts!E'lwaqaxa dza £ wu'ne. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal tslE'lwaqaxs la'e 
gasx"ix ,£ Idxa mowe dza £ wuna qa £ s le lo'sdesElas qa £ s le k"!ix £ a'li- 
sElaq lax L !Eina £ isases go'kwe. Wa, la ax £ e'dxes xwa'Layowe qa £ s 

30 le xwa'1-idxa mo'we dza £ wii'na. Wit, laE'm axa'leda he'x - t!a £ ye 
LE £ wa ts!a'sna £ ye laxa xa'lcladzowe. Wa, la £ mese ax £ e'dxa Llo'p- 
sayowe qa £ s La'g'aliseq la'xes klwae'dzase. Wa, la £ me'se ax £ e'd- 
xes L!o'pasoLe qa £ s axo'des ts!a'sna £ yas LE £ wa xa'k'!adzowe lax 
awa'gawa £ yasa Llo'psayowe. Wa, la we'qwaxots qa les LleLlE'n- 

35 cjale o'ba £ yas £ wa'x - sanots!Exsta £ yasa Llo'psayowe la gegE £ j T a'gE- 
sasa he'x - t!a £ yasa dza £ wu'ne. Wa, g"i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e q!ap!e'- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 611 

lias done so, she gathers | the slime and throws it into the sea. As 37 
soon as | she comes up from the beach, she picks up the roasting- 
tongs with the eyes in them, that had been put over the fire, | for 
there are four of them, and she places them by the side of the lire of 
her house. || Then she watches them until the skin of the head is 40 
blackened; | and when it turns black, she takes it away and puts it | 
over the fire. Then her husband at once | invites his numaym to come 
and eat it, for he must take care | not to keep it over night in the 
house; for the first people said, that, if || the roasted eyes were kept 45 
over night in the house when | they are first caught, then the sdver- 
salmon would disappear from the sea. | Therefore the}' do in this way. 
As soon as the guests j come in, they sit down in the rear of the tire, j 
on the mat that has been spread out for them. When all || the guests 50 
are in, the woman takes a new food- | mat and spreads it in front of 
those to whom she is going to give to eat. Then she | takes down the 
four roasting-tongs with the eyes in them that had been over the fire 
and places them | before her guests. Then she takes the salmon out of 
the | roasting-tongs. After she has done so, she gives water || to 55 
them to drink; and after they finish drinking, then the one highest 
in rank | prays to what they are going to eat. He says: "O, 
friends! | thank you that we meet alive. We have lived until | this 
time when you came this year. Now we pray | you, Supernatural- 

x -£ ldxa k - !e'le qa e s le ts!E.xstE'ndEq la'xa dE'msxe. Wa, g"i'l- 37 
£ inese g'a'x £ wusdesExs la'e da'gilxLalaxa ido'ptslala xexExstowa- 
kwa, ylxs mo'tslaqae qa E s le La'nolisaq lax lEgwI'lases go'kwe. 
Wa, la £ me'se da'doqwllaq qa k!umE'lx -£ ldes Lle'sasa he'x't!a £ ye. 40 
Wa, gl'Pmese k!umE'lx -£ idExs la'e ax £ e'dEq qa £ s LeVaLE'lodes ' 
lii'xa e'k' !a £ yases lEgwi'le. Wa, la'xa he'x £ ida £ me la' £ wunEnias 
la Le' £ lalaxes £ nE £ me'mote qa ga'xes ha e ma'pEq qaxs ae'kilaaq 
xa £ mae'l la'xa g'o'kwe, ylxs £ ne'k'aeda g'a'le bEgwa'nEiuqexs 
g - i'l £ mela'xe xa £ mae'la Llo'bEkwe xexExstowak" la'xa g'o'kwaxs 45 
ga'loLanEmae la'laxe x - is £ I'dlaxa dza £ wii'ne la'xa ao'wake. 
Wa, he' £ mis la'g'ilas he gwe'x' £ ide. Wa, gl'Pmese g-ax 
ho'gwiLeda Le'dauEmaxs la'e k!us £ a'lll lax o'gwlwalllasa lE- 
gwi'le, la'xa la LEbe £ latsa le' £ wa £ ye qae. Wa, gi'l £ mese £ wi' £ lae- 
Leda Le' £ lanEmaxs la'eda tslEda'qe iix £ e'dxa E'ldzowe ha £ madzo 50 
le' £ wa £ ya qa £ s le LEpdzamo'lllas la'xes ha £ mg - i'lasoLe. Wa, la axa'- 
xodxa mo'tslaqe L!eL!opts!fda xexE.xstowa'kwa qa £ s le axdzamo'- 
lllas la'xes Le' £ lanEine. Wa, he' £ mis xik- !ax £ I'dEq qa lo'ltslawes 
la'xes Llo'psaj'owe. Wa, g-i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e tsa'x -£ itsa £ wa'pe 
laq qa na'x £ itsos. Wa, g-i'l £ mese gwal na'qaxs la'e naxsa'laga- 55 
£ yas tslE'lwaqaxes ha £ ma'Le. Wa, la £ ne'ka:" A'k'asoL £ ne £ nE- 
mo'k u , ge'lakas £ laxgins q!iila'gowe. Wa, g-a'x £ Emxa £ nu £ x u ga'x £ a- 
LEla la'xos g-a'xdEmaqaso'xda £ na'lax. Wa, la £ me'sEiiu £ x u hftwa'- 



612 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Listh.ann.85 

60 Ones, to protect us from danger, || that nothing evil may happen to 
us when we eat you, | Supernatural-Ones! for that is the reason why 
you come here, that we may catch you | for food. We know that 
only your | bodies are dead here, but your souls come to watch | over 

65 us when we are going to eat what you have given us || to eat now." 
Tims he says; and when he stops, he says, "Indeed !" 

As soon as he stops speaking, they begin to eat, and | his friends 
also eat. Then the man takes up | a bucket and goes to draw fresh 
water | to drink after they have eaten; and when he comes back, || 

70 he puts down the water that he has drawn, and waits for them to 
finish eating. | After they have eaten, the water is put in front of 
them, | and they drink. Then his wife [ picks up the pieces of bone 
and skin and puts them on the | food-mat; and when she has them 

75 all, she folds || up (the mat J and goes to throw the contents into the 
sea; and | the guests* only rub their hands together to dry off the fat 
from their hands, | for they are careful not to wash their bands, and 
not to | wipe their hands with cedar-bark. After they have done so, 
they go out. | 
Sockeye- Salmon. — The " name of the sun-dried salmon is also 

80 "sandy," || and "place of cohabitation." for it is caught in the upper 
part of the river; | therefore it is called "from the sandy ground," 

xElox'da £ xoL £ na £ na'walak" qa-s a' £ meLos da'damwil g'a'xEnu £ x u 

60 qanu'x" k'lea'sel £ ya'g'asLExg'anu £ x" la'i.Ek' hS, £ maag'5lL0L, £ na £ na- 
walak", qaxs he' £ maaq6s ga'xelda'.xwe qEnu £ x u ya'l'nakulaoL 
qEnu £ x" ha £ ma' £ ya. Wa, lanu £ x u qla'laEmxs a' £ maex le'x - aEm 1e- 
£ los 6'gwlda £ yex. Wa, la'i.ak" g - a'x £ Emg'as bebExu'neg - 6s xi'tsla- 
xilaxgamrx u la'LEk" hamx ,£ I'dExg'as g'a'xyogwllos <|Enu'x" la,'- 

65 k"!EsEla," 'ne'k'Exs la'e q!iile'x's £ Em wa'xa. 

Wa, gi'k'mese q!we'l £ idExs la'e hamx £ I'da. Wa, la'x - da £ xwe 
5'gwaqa hamx'*I'de E ne"nEmo'kwas. Wa, he'x' £ ida £ mese la k - !o'- 
qwallle'da bEgwa'nEinaxa na'gatsle qa £ s le tsax a'lta "wa'pa qa 
na'geg - eLES qo gwfd ha £ ma'pLo. Wa, g'i'l £ mese g - ax ae'daaqaxs 

70 la'e k'!o'x £ \valilases tsli'iiEine qa £ s e'sfileq qa gwii'les ha £ ma'pa. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese gwfd ha'ma'pExs la'e lia'nxdzamolllasa E wa'pe laq. 
Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mese na'x £ IdEX'da £ xwa. Wii, la'La gEiiE'mas ma'- 
mEnsgEmaxa xa'qe LE £ wa Llei.Ia 'smote qa £ s axdzo'dalls la'xa ha- 
£ madzowe' le' £ wa £ ye. Wa, g'i'l £ mese £ wI' £ ladzodamasEq, la'e k - !5'x- 

75 £ wiilllaq qa £ s le ka'stEndEq la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa, a' £ mese la 

ts!a'k"5deda khve'ldaxes e £ e £ yasowe qa lE'mxwaLEles ts!E'nts!Enx u - 

ts!ana £ yas qaxs ae'k'ilae ts!E'nts!Enkwa, loxs k'le'sae he'lq!olEin 

de'dEnkwasa k'a'dzEkwe. Wa, g'i'l £ mese gwa'lExs la'e ho'qiiwElsa. 

Sockeye-Salmon. — Wii, 1 le'xaa Le'gadeda ta'yalts lalas tslEgwa'te 

80 loxs qlo'bas xEla'sE £ wae qaxs ha'e g'a'yanEma £ nE'ldzasa wa; 
la'g'ilas Le'gadEs tslEgwa'te, yixs tslEkwa'e awi'nak'iisas nE'l- 

1 Continued from p. 353, line 52. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 613 

for the place at the upper part of the river is sandy; | and it is said S2 
that a woman was cutting old sockeye salmon when her | lover came 
and cohabited with her while she was cutting the salmon. | Then 
she was seen by her husband, and therefore he [| said that the sun- 85 
dried salmon should be called "place of cohabitation," and at once ] all 
the men named it that way. lie was trying to make his | wife 
ashamed by it. Now the sun-dried salmon always has the name of 
"place of cohabitation." | That is the end. 

Customs Relating to Fish-Traps 
As soon as the ends of the ribs (of the fish-trap) have been tied at l 
the place where the kelp-fish is to go in, | (the woman) tests it, (to 
see) whether it will be lucky or unlucky. | She puts it down by the 
side of the fire, | takes her fire-tongs, and takes up a not really big 
piece of || coal. She puts it into the fish-trap, puts down the | 5 
fire-tongs, and takes hold with her hands of each side of the | fish- 
trap. Then she shakes it up and down, so that the coal jumps up 
and down j in the trap. If it only crumbles and the glowing coal | 
goes out, the owner knows that the fish-trap will be lucky || and that 10 
the fish will not come out again the same way | as they went in; but 
if the coal jumps out again | through the way by which the kelp- 
fish go in, then the owner knows | that the trap will be unlucky. | In 

dzasa wa. Wa, lo'Hae xwa'Leda tslEdii'qaxa mElo'le; wii, g'a'x £ lae 82 
La'las q!o'p!edqexs he' £ mae a'les xwa'Laxes xwii'LasE-we. Wa, 
laEnvua'wise do'x £ waLEltses la' £ wfmEme. Wa, he' £ mis la £ g-ilas 
£ nex - qa Le'gadeses qlo'basa ta'yalts !ala. Wa, he'x" £ ida e mesa 85 
£ nii'xwa bEgwa'nEm Le'x £ edEs. Wa, laE'm hama'x'tslalaxes 
gEiiE'me la'xeq. Wa, he'mEniila'mesox la Le'gadoxda ta'yalts !a- 
liixs qlo'base. Wii, laE'mxaa la'ba. 

Customs Relating to Fish Traps 

Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwal malagExstE'iidsx g - a'poLasasa pEx - I'taxs 1 
la £ me gwa'naLEx gwe'x'sdEinLasa LEgE'me lo £ helaqe lo £ wa'naqe. 
Wa, la £ me'se ha'ng'alilas la'xa ma'ginwallsases lEgwI'le. Wa, la 
ax £ e'dxes ts!e'sLala qa £ s k'lipsE'mdes la'xa kMe'se a'laEm £ wa'lasto 
gu'lta. Wii, lii k - !ipts!o'ts la'xa LEgE'me. Wii, lii k'atlri'lilasa 5 
ts!e £ sLaliixs la'e te'tEgEnotses e £ e £ yasowe £ nEin lax £ wa'x - sana e vasa 
LEgE'me. Wa, la ya't!eda qa da'daqunequlesa gu'lta lax ots!a'- 
wasa LEgE'me. Wa, g'i'Pmese a'Ein ts'.Emx" £ i'deda gu'ltiixs loxs 
k!ilx £ I'dae, wa, laE'm q!a'LEleda axii'nokwaseqexs he'laqeLes 
LEgE'me. Wii, laE'm k!e'sLeda pExi'te xwe'laqal malts!a'lal 10 
la'xes g - ii'ts!alase laq. Wii, gi'l £ mesa gu'lta xwe'laqa £ nEx £ wul- 
ts!a' dEX £ wults!a' la'xa g'a'poLasasa pExu'te, wii, la £ me q !a'LE- 
leda axii'nokwaseqexs kle'seLe he'lac[Leda LEgE'me. Wii, lii 



614 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIHTL [eth.ann.bb 

most cases the women throw it away; but if the charcoal does not jump 
15 out, || they go back into the woods and | look for maple-*. 1 | . . . 

Customs Relating to Sea-Eggs 

As 2 soon as the (shells of the sea-eggs) are all in, the woman takes a 
large firebrand and | puts it on top of the empty shells. Then she 
goes and pours them out | outside of the house. The reason why 

20 they put the firebrand there is that || the spirits may not eat the 
refuse of the sea-eggs. | If they do not put a firebrand on top of it, 
it is said that the spirits | immediately go and eat it; and it is said 
that | he who ate what was in the empty shells eaten by the spirits 
would be immediately sick. | Therefore fire is put on top of them when 

25 they are poured out at night. When || they eat flat or large sea- 
eggs in the daytime, they do not put fire on top of them, | for it is 
done in the same way with large sea-eggs, for the | spirits like flat sea- 
eggs and large sea-eggs. | That is all about the flat sea-eggs. 

Beliefs Relating to the Devil-Fish 

The "bear of the rocks " is the largest kind of devil-fish. This | is not 
30 eaten by Indians. Sometimes they are nearly || three fathoms long 

q !una'la £ m§da tsteda'qe ts!Ex £ I'dEq. Wa'x - e k'les dEx £ wults!a/- 
15 weda gu'lta laq, wa he'x -£ ida £ mese la a'Le £ sta la'xa a'Lle qa £ s la 
a'lax sa'q!waEmsa.' . . 

Customs Relating to Sea Eggs 

Wii, 2 g'il £ mese £ w!lts!axs lae ax £ edxa gulta £ walastokwas qa £ s 
ank'iylndes laxa tsax'mote. Wa, la k'!oqiilllaq qa £ s la k'!:ulEs 
lax L!asana £ yases gokwe. Wa, heEm lElg'Tltsa gulta qa k'leses 

20 lada hayaillagase hamg'llqaxa tsax'motasa tsak'axa amdEma. 
Wax'e k'les lada gulta la ankiylndayoq laEm £ lawisa hayaillagase 
hex -£ idaEm la hamgllqaq. Wa, lalax £ lae hex- £ idaEmlax tslEX'qlE- 
x' £ lde tsax'modadas hamgilqasE £ wasa hayaillagase. Wit, hemies 
lagila ank'iyindaypwa gulta laqexs lae k' ladayoxa ganuLe. Wii, 

25 gil £ mese E nala tsuxdEinaxa amdEma, wa, lalcles ank'iylntsosa gulta 
qaxs hemaaxat! gweg - ilag - ila mEseqwe qaxs LomaaEl ax £ exsdeda 
haEyalilagasaxa amdEma LE-wa mEseqwe. 

Beliefs Relating to the Devil-Fish 

Xa LlaxLEyotsla, heEm £ walegesa £ naxwax tEq!wa; heEm 

k!es ha £ masa baklume. E nal £ nEmp lEnae halsElaEm k'les nExnE- 

30 qEla yudux u p!Enk' laxEns baLacje £ wasgEmasas g'agiLEla lax £ vvax's- 

i Continued in Publications of the Je™p North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 387. 
'After small sea eggs l:ove been eaten the shells are carried out ot the house. (Continued from p. 498, 
line 83.) 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 615 

across | the amis, and they are (very) thick. I have seen one | sucker 31 
one short span | across, and in the middle of the sucker is a piece just 
like a | round bone. The points of the middle of the suckers are 
sharp. || There are eight bones around the stomach, | and the arms 35 
also have a bone each. | Sometimes they make a mistake and cook 
a | small "bear of the rocks." When it is cooked, and they take off 
the loose skin, | when it is squeezed by those who are washing it, it 
gets || thin, because the water in it comes out, for there is nothing but 40 
water in the | "bear of the rocks." Then they throw it away, for | 
they are afraid to eat it, because it kills people and it is a sea- 
monster. | That is all about this. | 

Customs Relating to Canoe-Building 

In ' the morning, as soon as it is day, (the canoe-builder) rises for || 
he is alone in the house, because canoe-builders are not allowed to lie 45 
down | with their wives when building canoes. It is a saying of the 
first | people, that if a canoe-builder should lie down | with his wife, 
the tree from which he makes the canoe would be hollow. | Therefore 
he is not allowed to lie down with his wife. || 

As soon as this has been done, 2 he takes a piece of charcoal and 50 
paints | the face of a man on each side, in the middle of the | canoe, 



ba £ yas dzedzElEmas, wii lii LESLEkwa. Wa, Ieh doqiilaxa 31 
k!umt!Ena £ yas e nEmp!Enk - awlI laxEiis ts!Ex"ts!ana £ yaxsEns q!wa- 
q!wax'tsiina £ yex. Wa, lii hclostale k!umt!Ena £ yasexa he gwexs 
kilkllx'sEm xaqa. Wa, heEm eexbe 6ba £ yasa nExts!;\wasa 
k!umt!Eiia £ yas. Wii, lii malgunalts !aqe daplEnkas gawiis. Wa, 35 
laxae e naxwaEm exaleda dapbmk'e lax ewaxLa £ yas dzedzElEinasa 
L!axLEyots!a. Wii, la £ nal £ nEmp tena LexLeqtilll ha £ mex*sllasE £ wa 
ama £ ye L!ax - LEyots!a. Wii, giPmese Llopsxs lae lawoyowes lEp!E- 
na £ ye. Wii, gil-'mese q !wes £ etso £ sa tsloxwaqexs lae ts!Emx'Ida la 
wlheda, yixs lae lawayes c wapaga e ye qaxs a E mae £ wabEx'sa £ yeda 40 
L!iix'LEyots!a. Wii, a e mese la ts JEqEWElsdEm laxa g'Skwe qaxs 
kilE E mae ha £ mayaxs bExbakwae. Wii, he £ misex £ yagimae. Wii, 
laEm gwiil laxeq. 

Customs Relating to Canoe-Building 

Wii, gi'l-'mese 1 la £ na/x ,£ idxa gaa'laxs 1 la'e La'x £ wida, yixs 
£ nEmo'gwll £ mae qnxs k' !e £ saeda Le'Elq lenoxwe helqla'la ku £ lll 45 
LE £ wis gEnE'maxs Le'qaaxa xwa'kliina; yix wii'ldEmasa g'a'le 
bEgwa'nEma, yixs g - i'l £ melaxe ku'lx'kfdk'a hVxa Le'q lenoxwe 
LE E wis gEnE'me, wii, la/laxe kwa'kux u balaxe Le'qa £ yas xwa'kluna. 
Wii, he' £ mis la'g-ilas k - !es he'lqlala ku'lx'kuhVa LE £ wis gEnE'me. 

Wii, gi'l £ mese gwalExs 2 la'e ax £ e'dxa tslo'lna qa £ s k'!at!a'lEX- 50 
sesa goguma £ yasa bEgwanEme liixa £ wax - saneguxsasa nEgoya £ yasa 



' Continued from Publications of the Je^up North Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 3">6, line 2. 
'The pegging for adzing the sides of the canoe. (Continued fromibtd., p. 364, line 25.) 



616 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.anS.8B 

53 for the purpose of frightening the spirits, — ] the Indians mean the 
souls of dead canoe-builders — for it is said that if they did not ] paint 

55 the face of a man inside the canoe, || then the spirit would come to 
examine it as soon as the adzing of the canoe has been completed; | 
and lie would tell the canoe to split as soon as the | canoe-builder 
would spread it. When, however, it is painted inside with the face | 
of a man, the spirits will run away when they see the painting in it. || 

Customs Relating to Fern Eoots 

60 Only old women are allowed to dig fern roots. Young women | 
are not allowed to dig them, for the people of olden times | said 
that it would make them sick, if the young women should go to dig 
fern roots. | Therefore only old women are allowed to dig them. | 

Customs Relating to Currants 

Now they are told to eat the contents of the dishes. They do 
65 so. || because currants are never carried home when they are given 
by the owner, | for it brings bad luck when they are carried home, 
thus said the people of olden times. | 

Customs Relating to Cedar-Bark 

Even ' when the young cedar-tree is quite smooth, | they do not take 
all the cedar-bark, for the | people of olden times said that if they should 



52 xwa'kluna qa kilEinesesa hayalilagase, yixa bEx £ iina £ yasa la Ie-1 
Leq !enoxwayadzEwal gwE £ yosa baklume qaxs g'!l £ maaEl k'les 
k' !at lalExdzEma gogfima £ yasa bEgwanEine laxa xwfik!uniixs lae 

55 gwal ;iek !a k - !iniLasE £ wa. Wii, g*ax £ laeda hayalilagase xitslax'i- 
laq. Wa, la £ Iae axkMalaxa xwakliina qa hox £ wides qo la] lEpii'- 
solts Leqleno'kwas. Wii, gi'l e Em £ lawise k'!adExdzEk u sa goguma- 
E yasa bEgwFmEmaxs lae km heltsoxs lae dox £ waLElaxa k" ladExse laq. 

Customs Relating to Fern Roots 

Lex"ame sakweda laElk!wana £ yaxa sagiime, yixs k'lesae helqlo- 
60 lEma alostagase ts!rdaq la sakwaxa sagiime qaxs mek'aeda gildzEse 
bEgwaiiEmqexs £ ya f yax - dalag"ilae lax sakwasosa alostagase tslEdaqa. 
Wa, lie ; niis lagilas lex'aina laElk!wana £ ye sakwaxa sagiime. 

Customs Relating to Currants 

Wii, 1 la £ me axso £ , qa £ s £ wii £ wllaexes leloqfila. Wa, he £ mis g'wiile 

qaxs k"!ets!enoxwae modola qledzEdzEwaxs qleselaeda axnSgwadas 

65 qaxs aEinsaaEl laxox modolexs £ nek - aalaeda gilxdii bEgwanEma. 

Customs Relating to Cedar Bark 

Wa, 2 wax -£ mese £ naxwa ek'e ogwida £ yasa dzEs £ Eqwaxs lae 
k!ets!enox £ wllg'iLEloyowes tslaqEmse qaxs £ nek - aeda g - ale bE- 

'See p. 575, line 51. sContinue'l from p. 122. line 47. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 617 

peel off all the cedar-bark of a || young cedar-tree, the young cedar 70 
would die, and then another | cedar-tree near by would curse the 
bark-peeler, so that he would also die. Therefore | the bark- 
peelers never take all the bark off of a young tree. | 

Customs Relating to the Felling of Trees 
Now I will talk about him who will work at | porpoise-hunting 1 
The canoe-builder is first asked by the porpoise-hunter (of a | small ca- 
noe) to build a hunting-canoe. | The canoe-builder goes at once back 
into the woods to a place where|| the cedar for canoe-building is stand- 5 
ing, for each canoe-builder always has a straight cedar in the woods 
picked out for canoe-building. He just walks right there, | carrying 
his axe, going to the place where the cedar-tree is standing. | He looks 
for the place where the cedar will lie when it falls. | When he sees all 
the branches on the outer side of the cedar-tree, he || chops through 10 
the foot of the tree on the back of the cedar-tree; and as soon as he 
has chopped deep into it, | he takes four chips and throws | them 
behind the foot of the cedar-tree; and as he throws them, he says: | 
"O, supernatural one! now follow your supernatural power!" 

Then he takes another Chip, throws it, || and says as he is throwing 15 
it: "O, friend! now you see | your leader, who says that you shall 
turn your head and fall there also." | 



gwiiiiEniqexs g'il £ mae £ wTlgiLEloyoweda tsklqEinse lax ogwida £ yasa 68 
dzEs £ EC[\vaxs lae lE'leda dzEs £ Eqwe. Wa, laeda makililse 6gu £ la 
dzEs £ Eq" hanx^wldxa sEuq!enoxwe qa ogwaqes lE £ la. Wa, he £ mis 70 
lagilas k' !es £ wilg'iLEloyowe ts!aqEinsas yisa SEnq !enoxwe. 

Customs Relating to the Felling of Trees 

Wa, la-"niEn gwii'gwex - s £ iilal la'xa e'axalaxes ale'xwaeneLaxa l 
k!o'lot!e. Wii, he'Ein g'll axk" !ii'laso £ sa ale'wenoxwa Le'qleno- 
xwaxa xwa'xwagiim, qa Le'x £ edesex ale'watsla xwa'xwaguma. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ mesa Le'q!enoxwe la ii'Le £ sta hi'xa a'Lie lax Lii'dza- 
sases £ we'lsa we'lkwa qaxs £ na'xwa £ mae we'ldzadeda Le'Elq!eno- 5 
xwaxa e'k'ete welk u la'xa a.'L!e. Wit, a' £ mese he'x'dzenala la qa'- 
s £ ida dii'laxes so'bayowe qa f s lii lax La'dzasases we'lse we'lkwa. 
Wa, la do'qwalax gwe'xtox £ widaas La'sa we'lkwe qo t!a'x £ IdLo. 
Wa, gi'l £ mese do'qulaqexs e wl e lae L!a'sot!Ena £ yeda we'ltslanas. Wa, 
lii sEp!Exo'd a'Lot !Exa'wa £ yasa we'lkwe. Wii, g"i'l ; mese k!wiibEte 10 
so'pa £ yasexs la'e da'x -£ Idxa mo'sgEmstowe so'yapmuta qa £ s nEp!e'- 
desa £ nE'me lax a'Lot !Exawa £ yasa we'lkwe. Wii, lii £ negEtE £ we'xs la'e 
nEpa': "Wa £ nawalakwii', laE'ms liil lii'sgEmllxes £ na'walagumos." 

Wa, la e't!ed dii'x -£ idxa £ nE'me so'yapmuta qa £ s nEp!e'des. 
Wii, la'xae £ neg'EtEwe'xs la'e nEpa': "Wii, qastii', laE'ms do'qfi- 15 
laxes gwa'yi £ lalasos £ ne'k'exs he'Laqos gwe'xtox e wldLe laa'sas." 



618 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ANN. 85 

17 Then he takes another one and throws it; and as | he throws the 
third one in the same way, he says while throwing it: | " O, life-giver ! 

20 now you have seen which way your supernatural power went. || Now 
go the same way." As he says so, he takes the | last one and throws 
it back of the foot of the tree that he is chopping, | and he says as 
he is throwing it: "O, friend! now you will go I where your heart- 
wood goes. You will lie on your face at the same place." | After he 

25 has said so, he answers himself and says: "Yes, || I shall fall with my 
top there." After he has said so, he takes his ax and | chops again; 
and as soon as his chopping passes half | through the trunk of the 
tree, he goes to the opposite side and chops ; and he does not chop | 
deep into it when the tree, begins to crack; and it does not take long 
until | the cedar-tree falls backward. || 

Prayer of Cinquefoil-Digger ' 

1 After 2 they have finished (loading their canoe), they go aboard the 
travelling-canoe. | The man stands up in the stern of the canoe, 
because he steers it, and, | looking at his digging-house, ho prays to 
it and says, | praying and holding in his hand his steering-paddle 

5 while he is standing up, he says: || "Look upon my wife and me, and 



17 Wa, la e'tled da'x" £ Tdxa mEma'xs la'e nEp!ldEs. La'xaaxs 
nEba'sasesa la'Le yu'dux £ wedFt'ia. Wa, la'e meg'EtEwe'xs la'e iie- 
pa': " Wa, g-ilgildokwlla lar/ms do'qulax laa'sas dalalaxes ma'wala- 

20 k!wena £ ya; laE'm las lal lax laa'sas," £ nek'Exs la'e da'x -£ idxa 
K'lxLa'ye qa £ s nEp!e'des la'xaax a'Lot!Exa £ wa e yases sop.'cxotsEwe. 
Wa, la meg'EtF.we'xs la'e nEpa': "Wa, qasta', laE'ms las lal 
lax laa'sases do'maxdos; laE'm las IiexmVIslol lax laa'sas," e nex' 
lae'xs la'e qlule'x'sEin na'naxma £ ya. Wa, lii me'ka:" "Wa, 

25 he'EmLEu gwexto'x'widi.e," 6 nek"Exs la'e dax' £ Idxes sobayowe qa £ s 
sop!e'de e't!eda. Wii. gi'l £ mese la'kModele so'pa £ yasexs la'e 
la'k' !ot!Exoda qa £ s sEp IsdzE'iideq. Wa, k - !es £ mese k Iwii'bEte so'pa- 
£ yasexs la'e hetniElq!uga £ leda we'lkwe. K'le'st.'a ge'x ,£ IdExs la'e 
aLEtox £ \vid t!a'x r I(leda we'lkwe. 

Prayer of Cinquefoil-Digger 1 

1 Wa, g'fl £ mese gwalExs 2 lae hoguxs laxes ya £ yats!e xwakluna. Wa, 
lada bEgwanEme LaxLexa xwaklfina qaxs he £ mae LEnxLa £ ya. Wii, 
doqwalaxes ts!Ewedzats!ex - e g - okwa qa £ s ts!El £ waqeq. Wa, la f ne- 
k'Exs lae tslElwaqaq sEk!iigExtses LEnxxayayowe se £ wayowa. 

5 "Weg-a dSqwahll gaxEiiu'x" Logun gEiiEmk' qa £ s dadamayeLos 

i Sec also Addenda, p. 1318. 

"- This is done when husband and wife return from digging cinquefoil roots in their garden. Continued 
from p. 193, line 96. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 619 

protect | us, so that nothing may happen to us, friend! and | wish G 
that we may come back to live in you happily, | O house! when we 
come next year to dig cinquefoil. Good-bye!" | Thus he says, sits 
down in the stern of his travelling-canoe, and paddles; || and he must 10 
not turn his face to look at his house again. | He only turns his face 
back after | passing the point (that hides the house). 

Prayer to Young Cedar 

(The woman 1 who has found a young cedar) takes her adz and 
stands under the | young cedar-tree, and, looking upward to it, she 
prays, saying: || "Look at me, friend! I come to ask for your dress, | 15 
for you have come to take pity on us; for there is nothing for which 
you [ can not be used, because it is your way that there is nothing for 
which we | can not use you, for you are really willing to give us your 
dress. I | come to beg you for this, long-life maker, for I am going 
to make a basket for lily roots out of you. || I pray you, friend, not to 20 
feel angry with me on account of what I | am going to do to you; 
and I beg you, friend, to tell our | friends about what I ask of you. ] 
Take care, friend! Keep sickness away from me, so that I may not 
be killed by | sickness or in war, O friend!" | 

This is the prayer that is used by those who peel cedar-bark of 25 
young cedar-trees and I old cedar-trees. ' 

g'axEnu £ x" qEnu £ x" k' !ease £ yag'asa, qasta. Wa, he £ mis qa £ s Lale- 6 
laqEliiLos g - axEnu £ x u qEnu £ x u g'Sxel et!allL g - okumts !ag"aliL Iol 
g'okwii, lax et!edLa ts!ots!EyEnxi.i:x qwesEyEnxLa. Wa, halak'as- 
leIu ;" £ nek - Exs lae klwaxLEndxes ya/yatsle xwak!una qa £ s sex £ wlde. 
Wa, la £ me k*!es helqlala mEls^ida qa £ s dox £ wide et!edxes g - okwe. 10 
Wa, aldzala £ mese mElmElsi £ lalaxs lae t!Et!ag'6 LE £ wis g'okwaxs lae 
ha/yaqa laxa awllba £ ye. 

Prayer to Young Cedar 

Wa, la 1 ax £ ededa tstedaqaxes k'!iniLayowe qa £ s la LaxLElsaxa 
dzE £ sEqwaxs lae ek' !EgEniElsExs lae tslElwaqaq. Wa, la E nek - a: 
''Weg'a, doqwala g - axEn qastaxgin gaxe gets!a laxs k'omaqos 15 
qaxs he £ maaqos g'axele qa £ s waxaos g'axEnu r x", ylxs k'!easaaqos 
k"!es eg'asaxes g"axelaos bEX £ walesa, yixgamrx" k'easek 1 k - !es 
helEmx ; idaasos qaos alaqos aex'stots layowos k"omaqos. HedEn 
g'axel getsia, Iol g'ilgildokwllaxgin x'ogwats!eg'Ililg'5L. Wa, la- 
f mesEn aesayoLol qasta qa-s k - !eseLos 5dzEmg"aaLElatsgin gwala- 20 
gildzasLEX' 1;\l. Wa, la £ mesEn hawaxEloL cjasta qa-'s nelaosaxEns 
£ iie £ nEmokwaxg1n hanal £ meLEX' getslol laqo. Wa, qasta, wega 
3 T aL!aLEx; aEniLEs dadamEwIl giixEn qEnk'!ease gagoLEmalasa laxa 
ts!ets!axq!olEme LE £ wa dzedzax'lla. Wa, qasta!" 

Wa, heEm ts telwagayosa sEnqaxa dEnase laxa dzE £ sEqwe L6 £ ma 25 
we Ik we. 



1 Continued from p. 131, line 4. 



620 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [kth.AKN.8B 

Weather Charms 

1 I was walking along in Fort Rupert. I begged Ha e misk"i e nis | to 
tell mo about what he would when he wished the northwest wind to 
come. | He spoke at once, and said, "Listen, | that I may teach 
5 you!" Tims he said. "One time, when I | was going south to 
Victoria, we arrived at 0's £ F.q", and | the southeast wind began to 
blow strong. The wind lasted all day and all | night. Then I arose 
in the morning, and 1 saw that the | southeast wind was stdl blowing. 
I started our campfire; | and as soon as the fire blazed up, I went 

10 down to the [| beach, for the tide of the sea was half out. | Then I 
searched for small crabs underneath the stones, and | I found four 
crabs. I carried the four and | went up the beach. Then I took 
cedar-bark and split it into strips. I | took four strips and tied them 

15 to the right claws of the || crabs. As soon as I had tied the cedar- 
bark to the four crabs, | I took poles and drove them into the ground. 
Not | really upright were the poles, which were two fathoms (long) ; 
hut it was thus," | said Ha £ misk"i e nis (imitating on the ground with 
cedar-sticks what he said, | while he placed them down on the 

20 ground): The poles leaned over, and |] to the ends he hung the four 
crabs. "Then I watched them, | and as soon as I saw that the shells 
began to be red, I | took them down, and I untied the cedar-bark 

Weather Charms 

1 Qa' e nakulek" lax Tsa'xise. Wa, lEn hawa/xElax Ha' £ misk'i £ nese 
qa gwii'gwex"s £ ales lax gwe'gi £ lasasexs £ ne'k - ae qa dza'q !ux -£ i'des. 
Wa, he'x £ ida £ mes ya'q!eg - a £ la. Wii, la £ ne'ka: "We'ga, ho'Lelax 
qF.n q!a'q loiJa'mase Iol," £ nex\ "Wii, he' £ maaxgin la'olEk - 
5 : 'ni:'lkila la 'xa Tsla'mase. Wa, lanu : \" la'g'aa lftx< )'s £ Eqwe, la'e yu'x- 
£ wideda la/k'.wemase £ nu:la'sa. Wa, la SE'nbe ya'laxa £ na'la LE E wa 
ga'nuLe. Wa, lsn i.a'x-'wldxa gaa'la. Wa, Ieii do'qfilaqexs ya'- 
lax'sa £ maeda £ mEla'se. Wa, Ieii xa'xiq !Ex £ idaxF.iiu £ x u lEqluse'. 
Wa, giTmis x-I'qostaweda lEqlusa'xgln lek 1 lE'nts!esa, la'xa 

[o LlEma £ ise qaxs lE £ ma'6 naE'nxs £ ag'Ilaliseda x'S'tsIaxEleda di:'ms\e. 
Wa, lEn a'liixa a'm £ ama £ ye q !o' s matsa e' £ waa'ba e yasa t!e'sEme. Wa, 
Ieii q la'xa mo'sgEme qlo'masa. Wa, Ieu da'laxa mo'sgEme cjeo le 
la'sdesa. Wa, Ieii ax £ e'dxa dEna'se qEn dzEdzExs £ a'leq. Wii, Ieii 
ax £ e'dxa mo'ts!aqe qEn mo'x £ wides lax helk'!olts!ana q!e'q!Egimsa 

ie qlo'mase. Wii, giT'mesEn £ wl £ la m6'x u l)Entsa mo'sgEme qlo'miis 
la'xa dEna'se,, lek' ax £ e'dxa dzo'xume qEn de'x £ wulseq. Wa, lak'les 
a'laEm nEgEta'leda ma £ lp !E'nke la'xEns ba'LE.x dzo'xuma. " He't !a 
gwaleda," £ nek"e Ha, £ misk"i £ nese mEns £ Elsaxa l;!wa £ xLa £ we, £ ne'k - Exs 
la'e mo'gwaE'lsaq. Wa, la gwe'xtaleda dzo'xume laq. Wii, he' £ mis 

on la te'x u ba £ yaa'tseda mo'sgEme q!5'masa. "Wa, lEn q!a'q!a £ lii'laq. 
Wa, o"i'l £ mesEn do'qulaq la l !§'l !a'x £ wideda e5'sgEma £ yas, le'g'En 
axa'xodEq. Wii, Ieii qwe'lalaxa dEna'se lax q !e'q lEgimas. Wa, 



boas J BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 621 

from the claws. | I put them down, and I searched for four large 
clam-shells. | As soon as I found them, I took one of the || crabs and 25 
put it into (a clam-shell). Then I took the cedar-bark with which 
they had been hung up, \ and tied it around, so that the shell should 
not open. | Then I did so also to the next one, and I did so to the 
four | shells. As soon as I had finished tying the four clam-shells, | I 
went and carried them into the woods. || I searched for a hole in the 30 
bottom of a tree; and when I found a hole | in the bottom of a 
hemlock-tree, I put three shells | into it. Then I spoke to the last 
one, | and said, 'Warn your friends to call | strongly the northwest 
wind and the east wind, || else you will not go back to the beach, if 35 
you do not get | what has been planned for you and your friends.' 
Thus I said when | I put it down in the hole on the ground. Then I 
left them, went back, and bathed in the sea. | As soon as I had 
finished, I sat down on the beach, that | the wind might dry me." 
Thus he said. "As soon as I || began to be dry, I dressed, and I 40 
warmed myself by the | camp-fire. Now I waited for the northwest 
wind to blow | at noon." Thus he said. | 

I questioned Ha £ misk"i £ nis again; and I said to him, [ "Who, 
indeed, was the first to wish that this should be done to the crabs for || 
calling the northwest wind V Thus I said to him. | 45 

lEn &x £ E'lsaq. Wa, Ieh a'lex -£ idEX mo'sgEma awo' xa'laetsa g'a'- 23 
weqlanEm. Wa, g"i'l £ mesEn q!aq, wa, Ieii ax £ e'dxa £ nE'msgEme 
q'o'mas, qEn axts!o'de £ s laq. Wa, Ieii ax £ e'dxa te'kwala £ 3uix u das 25 
dEna'sa qEn yiltsE'mde £ s laq, qa lc!e'ses axsto'x £ wideda xa'laese. 
Wa, Ieii e'tledxa ma'k'ilaq. Wa, lEn £ wI /£ lahe gwe'x' £ Idxamd'sgEme 
xa'laesa. Wii, g'i'l £ mesEn gwala yae'ltsEmaxa m5'sgEme xa'laetsa 
g'5'weqIanEinaxs le'gin £ wl' £ la da'laq qEn le a'Le £ sta la'xa a'L!e. 
Wa, la £ mEn a/lax xuba/ga £ yasa Lax u Lo' £ se. Wii, lEn qlaxa xuba'- 30 
ga £ yasa la'xmEse. Wa, Ieii £ wl' £ la gibe'Lasa yu'dux u sEme xe'xa'- 
laes laq. Wa, lEn ya'q!Eg"a £ l la'xa £ nE'msgEme la E'lxia £ ya. Wa, 
Ieii £ ne'k"a: "We'gil la haya'L!o £ laLExos £ ne/nEmo'kwaqos, qa wa'- 
£ lEink - a £ meltso Le £ la'laLEx Dza'q Iwalanu'kwa, l5 £ Xa £ yo'lesanagii' ; 
a' Las kMeslax la/lax ae'daaqa'lax la'xa LlEma £ ise qaso wio'L 35 
la'xa se'nat!E'lsayoL, le £ wos £ ne £ iiEino'kwaq!os;" £ ne'k'EnLaxg - in 
lek' axbEtE'lsaq. Wii, g'a'xEii biis qEn le la £ sta' la'xa dE'msx'e. 
Wii, gi'l £ mesEn gwa'la, wii, Ieii k!wa'g'a £ lisa la'xa L!Ema £ ise qEn 
lE'mx £ unx -£ ida'masesa ya'la gii'xEn," £ ne'k'e. Wii, g1'l £ mesEn 
lE'mx £ unx £ ida, le'g'in q!o'xts!oda, qEn le tE'lts!ix' ! i'da la'xEn 40 
lEqlu'se. Wa, la'mEii o'la £ stala qn yu'x £ widesa dza'q Iwiixa la'La 
nEcui'laL," £ ne'k - c. 

Wii, Ieii wuLa' e'tledEx Ha' £ misk'i £ nese. Wii, Ieii £ ne'k'Eq; 
"A'ngwadzedii g'ti'lola £ nex - qa he £ s gwe'gilasE £ wa qlo'mase qa 
dzEdza'q!wa £ la'yuwe," £ ne'k'EnLaq. 45 



622 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth.ann.3s 

46 He replied at once, and said: | ''You know about all the Myth 
people, — all the different | quadrupeds, and all the different birds, 
and also all the | different crabs: they were all like men, and also the || 

50 trees and all the plants. Then war was made against the | south- 
east wind by the Myth people. 1 That was the place where | Great- 
Inventor questioned his younger brothers, and said: 'O younger 
brothers! | who, indeed, controls the weather among you?" Thus 

55 he said. "Immediately | a short man spoke, and said, || 'O Myth 
people! when you wish for the northwest wind in our | world', — thus 
said the Crab, for that was the name of the short | man, — ' then take 
four of the crabs that look just | like me, and take four long | pieces 

60 of cedar-bark, and tie the ends of the cedar-bark to the right || claws, 
and hang them right over your fire; | and as soon as their backs begin 
to be red, take them down, untie | the cedar-bark from the claws, 
and search for four | large clam-shells ; and put the crabs | into them, 

65 and tie them with the cedar-bark that was tied to the claws || of the 
crabs. Then when each crab is in | one shell, and after you have tied 
them, | go into the woods behind your houses, and search for a | hole 
in the bottom of a tree; and as soon as you find a hole in a | tree, put 



46 Wa, ke'x -£ ida £ mese na'nax £ ma £ ya. Wa, la £ ne'k - a: " £ ya, q!a'- 
LEla £ maaqosaxa £ na/xwax nfi'x £ ne £ misaxa £ naxwa oguqala gi'lg'a- 
omasa LE E wa £ na/xwa 6'guqala tse'ltslEklwa Lo £ mo'xda £ na'xwax 
6'guqala q !eq lo'masaxs £ na'xwa £ mayole' be'bEgwanEma Lo £ mo'xda 

50 Lax u Lo £ se £ x Lo £ mox £ na'xwax q!wa'sq!uxE'la. Wa, la wI'nasE £ we 
MEla'lanukwe yi'sa nu'x u ne e mise. Wa, he' £ mis la wuLa'ts K!we- 
k!waxa'wa £ yaxes ts!a'ts!a £ ya. Wa, la £ ne'k"a: ' £ ya, ts!a'ts!a £ ya, 
a'ngwadzes £ ne £ na'lanukwaq!os;' £ ne'x -£ lae. Wa, he'x' £ idaEm £ la'- 
wiseda ts!E'k!uxsde bEgwii'nEm ya'q!Eg - a £ la. Wa, la' £ lae £ ne'k - a: 

55' £ ya, nu'x u ne £ mis. He /£ maaqaso £ ne'xdax qa dza'q !ux £ IdesEns 
£ na'lax,' £ ne'x £ lae q!omase, qaxs he' £ mae Le'gEmsa ts!E'k!Qxsde 
bEgwa'nEma. 'Wa, las ax £ e'dxa mo'sgEme la'xEn £ nEma'x'ise 
LE £ WE'nLaxg - in q!o'masek\ Wii, las ax £ e'dxa mo'ts!aqe gi'lsgilt!a 
dEna'sa qa £ s mo'x £ waLElodaosas oba' £ yasa dEna'se lax helk' !ol- 

60 ts!ana £ ye cjlEgi'ms. Wa, las te'x £ wldEs lax nEqo'stases lEgwIlos. 
Wa, g'i'l £ mes L!a'x £ wlde awl'g - a £ yas, la'aqos axaxo'dEq qa £ s qwe'- 
Pldayosaxa dEna'se lax q!eq!Eg'i'mas. Wa, las a'lex ,£ Idxa mo's- 
gEme awa' xa'laetsa g'a'weqlaiiEme. Wa, las axtslo'tsa qloma'se 
laq qa £ s yiltsE'mdayosasa dEna'se, yi'xa yae'Lalax'de lax q!Egi'- 

65 masa q!oma'se. Wa, laE'm £ na'l £ nEmsgEmeda q !oma'se g'itsla' 
la'xa £ na'l £ nEinsgEme xa'laesa. Wa, g"i'l £ mets gwal yae'ltsEinaq, wa, 
la'LEs qa's £ IdEl lax a'Lana £ yases g'6'kwos qa £ s la'yos a'lax kwa'- 
waga £ yasa La'x u Lo £ se'. Wa, g - i'l £ mets q la'xa kwa'waga £ yasa 

See Boas and Hunt, Kwakiutl Texts C Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition [I.eyden], 
Vol. Ill, p. 350, Vol. X, p. 98; Boas, Kwakiutl Tales (Columbia University Contributions to Anthro- 
pology, Vol. II, pp. 227, 494. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 623 

three shells into it; and then || again take one shell and pray to it, 70 
and | say: "Now warn your friends to call | strongly the northwest 
wind and the east wind, | else you will not go back to the beach, if 
you do not get | what has been planned for yon and your friends." 
Thus you shall say to us. ' and you shall put the one into the hole. 75 
Then | leave them, and the northwest wind will come at once." 
Thus he said. | Therefore it is known by the later (generations of) 
people. 1 

I left Ha' £ miskr £ nis, and went into the house of | Kwa'gwa e no; 1 
I questioned him and said. "This is the reason why I walk about, | 
that I beg you to teach me the | strongest way of calling the north- 
west wind." Thus I said to him. He || replied at once, and said, | 5 
' ' Listen to me ! for it is good to know how t( > call the northwest wind , | 
even if the southeast wind is strongest. Whenever you are desirous 
to | go to Alert Bay. then go back to the woods and search for | a fern: 
and as soon as you find it, dig out four || roots of fern-plants, and take 10 
care that you do not break off | one of them from the leafy stem. As 
soon as you have the | four roots, carry them home: and when you | 
enter your house, put the fern down. Then take | twenty dentalia 

La'x u Lo £ se' la'aqos axbEtE'ndxa yu'dux u sEme xa'laesa. Wa, las 
e'tled ax £ e'dxa £ UE'msgEme xa'laesa qa £ s ts!E'lwaqaosaq. Wii, las 7(1 
-ne'k-a: "Wa'g"tl la haya'L!o £ laLEx6s, £ ne £ nEmo'kwaqos, qa wa'- 
-lEmka £ meltso Le' £ lalaLEx Dza'q Iwalanu'kwa lo £ Xa £ yo'lisanaga, 
ii'Las k' !eslax la/lax ae'daaqalax la'xa L!Ema £ ise qaso wio'L la'xa 
se'natlElsiiyoL, le £ wos £ ne £ iiEm5'kwaq !os," £ ne'x - LEs g"a'xEnu £ x u .' 
Wa, las axbEtE'ndxa £ nE'msgEme. Wa, las bas. Wa, he'x -£ i- 75 
daEmlwise dza'q !wax £ IdEL," £ ne'x £ lae. 

Wa, he'Em lii'glltsox q!al yiso'xda a'lex bEgwa'iiEma. 



Wa, lEn bas Ha' £ miski £ nese qEn le lae'L lax go'kwas Kwa'- 1 
gwa £ no. Wa, Ieii wuLa'q, wii, Ieh £ ne'k - Eq: " He'dEn qa'ts!ena £ ye 
qa £ s waxa'os q!a'q!oL!amas ga'xEtiLasa dzEdza'q!wa £ laxa a'le 
La'k!wemasa lax Le' £ lalax dza'qlwa ya'la," £ ne'kEiiLax. Wa, 
he'x -£ ida £ mes na'nax £ me g-a'xEn. Wa, la £ ne'ka: "W r e'g'a5 
lio'Lela ga'xEii qaxs e'k'aeda qla'LElaxa Le' £ lalaxa dza'qlwalanu- 
kwe wa'x ,£ mae La'klwemaseda niEla'se ya'la, yixs £ ne'kaa'qos qa £ s 
la'os lax £ yEli'se. Wa, las a'Le £ sta la'xa a'L!e. Wa, las a'lex £ Id- 
xa sa'laedana. Wii, g'i'l £ mets q!aq, wa, las £ la'p!Eqodxa mo'tslu- 
qlEXLa la'xa sa'laedana. Wa, las ae'kila qa klea'ses ko'x £ wide 10 
£ nE'mts!aqa lax ma'ma £ map!eqas. Wa, gi'l £ mets - r wI' £ loqamasxa 
mo £ xxa', wa, las da'laq qas la'os na' £ nakwa. W T a, g'i'Fmets lae'L 
la'xos go'kwax, wa, las ax £ a'lilxa sa'laedana. Wa, las ax £ e'dxa 



624 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. an.n. 35 

15 and some red ochre, and take || also four split pine-sticks three | of 
our fathoms in length; then sharpen the ends, and take the fern | and 
put it upside down; then push the ends of the sharpened | pine- 
sticks among the leafy stems; | then, while it is still upside down, 

2(1 take five dentalia, and || put two dentalia on the right-hand side of 
the fern-root, | and take two more dentalia and put them | on the left 
side of the fern-root, and then take | one dentalium shell and put it 
on its nose; | and tie them all on; and as soon as you finish, take || 

25 red paint and cover the root of the fern, | and place it by the side 
of the fire of your house or on the | south side of your fire. Then 
speak, and | say: 

'Don't put me too near the fire, else there will be too much in 
your world! | Northwest Wind, East Wind!' 

30 "Thus you shall say." Thus said || old Kwa'gwa £ no. "As soon 
as the fern gets warm, | the northwest wind will at once begin." | 

Then I questioned him, and said to him, "Let me ask you | who 
invented it?" I said to him. | 

35 Immediately he began to laugh, and said: "It is not that || this has 
been recently invented, what I told you. Listen ! and I will | tell 
you the story about the one who first invented what I told you. | 

ma £ ltsEmg - usta aLE'la LE E wa gwEgu'myime. Wii, las e't!ed ax £ e'd- 

15 xa mo'ts!aqe xok u xEX u mEsa', yfi'dux u p!Enk'e £ wii'sgEmasas 
la'xEns ba'Lax. Wa, las k"!a'k'!ox u bE'ndEqwe, las ax £ e'dxa sa'lae- 
dana. Wii, la e'k" !axsda'laxs la'aqos k - !a'q !iiqaseda 6'ba £ yasa k - !ax u - 
baa'kwe xEx u mEs lax a'waga £ yas mii'ma £ map!eqas. Wit, laE'm 
ek'!axsda,La. Wit, IsI'les ax £ e'dxa ssk* !a'ts !aqe iiLE'la, qa £ s ax £ ii'- 

20 LElodayosasa ma £ lts!a'qe aLE'la lax he'lk" !otEma £ yasa sa'laedana. 
Wii, las e't!ed ax £ e'dxa ma £ lts!a'qe aLE'la qa £ s ax £ a'LElodaosa 
lax gEm £ xa'nulEma'yasa sa'laedana. Wii, las e't!ed iix £ e'dxa 
£ nE'mts!aqe aLE'la qa £ s ax £ a'LElodaosas lax x"i'ndzasas. Wa, 
£ nfixwa £ ma yil £ a'LElodEs. Wii, g'i'Pmets gwala, wa, las &x £ e'dxa 

25 gwEgii'myime qa £ s qopsE'mdes £ na'xwa lax L!o'p!Ekasa sa'lae- 
dana. Wii, las Lii'nolisas lax lEgwI'lases g'o'kwos; £ wl'"la la'xa 
£ na'laqEiiwa £ Usases lEgwi'l5s. Wii, las ya'q!eg'a £ la. Wa, las 
£ ne'ka: 'Gwii'lax'in La'tsalae', sVlox xE'nlt!Eqa la'xos £ na'liiqose', 
Dza'q!walanukwai', Xa £ yolisiixtayai' ; ' £ ne'x"LEs," £ ne'k"eda q!u'l- 

30 £ yakwe Kwii'gwa £ no. "Wii, g"i'l £ Emlwise ts!E'lx £ wIdeda sa'laedana, 
le'Las he'x ,£ idaEm dzit'q!ux ,£ IdELa ya'la." 

Wa, Ieii wuLa'q, wa, Ieii £ nek'Eq: "Wii'Entsosen wulo'l. Wa, 
a'ngwasox k!we'xa £ ya?" £ ne'k'EULaq. 

Wii, hex £ ida £ mes da'l £ eda. Wii, la £ ne'k'a: "KMe'saiixs al £ E'm 

35 k!we'xa £ ya yixEn lax wa'ldEin Iol. Wa, we'g - il la ho'Lela qEn 
no's £ Idag - i qa £ s, yls g'ii'lola k!we £ nux u sEn wa/ldEmaqoL. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 625 

"When the Myth people went to make war against Southeast- 37 
Wind, | then Great-Inventor questioned his younger brothers, and | 
said: 'Who among you controls the weather?' Thus he said. || Im- 40 
mediately a short man spoke, | and said, 'O Myth people! whenever 
you wish | for a northwest wind in our world,' — thus said the short | 
man, the Crab — 'then take four of my | fellow-crabs and hang them 
up over the fire of || your house; and as soon as our backs begin to be 45 
red, | take us down and put us into four | large clam-shells, and hide 
us in | holes of trees,' thus he said — 'and if I do not make the | 
northwest wind in our world, then take one || of the crabs again out 50 
of the hole of the tree and pray to it; | and as soon as you finish 
praying to it, put it into the | place where you took it from.' Thus 
said the Crab. | 

"As soon as the Crab had finished speaking, one (person) who had | 
hair over his face and red ochre on his face also spoke. He had two || 
dentalia on each side in his ears, and he had one dentalium shell in 55 
his nose. | He said: 'O chief, Great-Inventor! | I am the fern, and I 
control the weather. If | we go to make war on Southeast- Wind, 
take me | just as I am dressed now, and three of my || tribe here; 60 



Wii, he' £ maalaxs la'e wl'neda nu'x u ne £ mise lax MEla'lanukwe. 37 
Wit, la' £ lae K!wek!waxii'wa £ ye wuLa'xes ts!a'ts!a £ ya. Wa, la /£ lae 
£ ne'k*a: ,£ ya, ts!a'ts!a £ ye, a/ngwadzes £ ne £ na'lanukwaq !os ? ' £ ne'x -£ lae. 
Wa, l,e'x -£ idaEm £ la'wise ts!E'k!iixsde' bEgwa'iiEm ya'q!Eg - a £ la. 40 
Wa, la' £ lae £ ne'k'a: ' £ ya, nu'x u ne £ mis, he' £ maaxs £ ne'kela'xaqos 
qa dza'q!wax -£ idelaxsEns £ na'lax,' £ ne'x -£ laeda ts!E'k!iixsde' bE- 
gwa'nEma, yix q!o'miise. 'Wii, la'laxs ax £ e'dlax mo'sgEina la'xEn 
qio'swutex, wii, la'laxs te'x"stodlax gaxEnu'x" la'xa lEgwi'laxsos 
g'5'kwaq!os; wa, g'i'l £ mesEk - L!a'x ; "wldganu £ x u awl'g'ik - , wii, las 45 
iixa'xod g'a'xEnu £ x u qas axts!o'daos g - a'xEnu £ x u la'xa mo'sgEme 
awo' xa'laetsa ga'weq!anEme. Wii, las q!u £ la'l £ Id g'axEnu £ x u la'xa 
kwa'waga £ yasa Lax u L5'se,' £ ne'x £ lae. Wii, g il £ mesEn we' £ stamas qa 
dza'q!ux u£ idesEns £ nii'lax, wa, las e't!ed la ax £ e'dxa £ nE'msgEme q !o'- 
mas la'xa kwa'waga £ yasa Lax ll L6' £ se. Wa, las ts!E'lwaqa. Wa, 50 
gi'l £ mets gw;"d tslE'lwaqaq, wii, las e't!ed axbEtE'ndEq la'xes 
g"a'yanE £ masosaq," £ ne'x" £ lae q!omii'se. 

Wa, la' £ lae gwal q!ayo'le q !omii'se, la'e o'gwaqa ya'q!Eg'a £ leda 
sE £ ya'ts!a mEgwogE'mxa gwogu'myime. Wii, la' £ lae mae'maleda 
aLE'la lax e wa'xsodata' £ ye jjlEsplEyo's; wii, la' £ lae ki'dzelba'liixa 55 
£ nE'mts!aqe aLE'la. Wii, l;i' £ lae £ ne'k'a: £ ya, g'i'game £ , K!wek!waxii'- 
we, no'gwaEm sa'laedana. Wa, Ieu £ ne £ na'lanu'kwa. Wii, he' £ maa 
qE'nso lal winaLex MEla'lanukwe. Wii, ITi'les a'Em ax £ e'dEL g'ii'xEii 
la'xg'in lak" gwa'laii'sa. Wii, he' £ mise yu'dukwa ga'yuL la'xEn 
go'kulotex. Wa, las q !wa'nolisEn lax £ nii'laqEnwa £ lisases lEgwi'los. qq 
750;i2— 21— 35 eth— pt 1 40 



626 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ank.m 

61 and place me on the south side of the fire in your house, | and say, 
"Don't put me too near the fire, else there will be too much in | 
your world ! Northwest Wmd ! East Wind !" Thus you shall say. ' " 
"Thus said the | Fern to Great-Inventor. | 

65 "As soon as he stopped speaking, some slow || young man also 
spoke, and said: 'O | Myth people! listen to me! I am Snail. | 
When you are going to make war on Southeast- Wind, and when | the 
southeast wind is blowing strong, and when it is raining, then I am 
the only one who has a way of | calming the southeast wind, and I 

70 also have a way of || stopping the rain.' Thus said the Snail to 
Great-Inventor. | 'Whenever the rain falls with the southeast wind, 
you shall take me | and three of my tribe and put us by | the south 
side of the fire in your house; and as soon as we | put out our tongues, 

75 you shall sing; and this is what you shall say: || "Listen to me, Clear- 
Sky! Look at | me! I put out my tongue; I sweep off with my 
tongue from you the | clouds, Northwest-Wind, East-Wind, Clear- 
Sky!" | Thus you shall say.' 
"Thus he said. 

80 "This is imitated by later (generations of) man. Then || Great- 
Inventor felt glad on account of the words of the Snail. | 

"Then Land-Otter spoke also, and said, | 'O Myth people! turn 
your face, that I may also | tell you what I am to you. When you 

61 Wii, las me'ka: "Gwa'lax'in La'tsalai', a'Lox xEnlt!Eqa la'xos £ na'- 
laqose', Dza'qiwalanukwai', Xa £ yolisaxtayai';" me'x'LEs,' £ ne'x'- 
£ lae sa'laedana lax K!wek!waxa/wa £ ye. 

Wa, gi'l £ Ein £ la'wise q!we'l £ Ida, la'e 6'gwaqa ya'q!Eg'a £ iedaawi'na- 

65 gEmala e'x'sSx" heTa bEgwa'nEina. Wa, la' £ lae me'ka: i£ ya, 
nux u ne £ misai', we'g'il ho'Lelal g - a'xEn. No'gwaEm q!wEa'ts!Eqa. 
Wa, he' £ maa qaso lal wi'naLEx MEla'lanukwe, wa, la'Le La'k!we- 
masLeda mEla'se LE £ wa yu'gwa, wa, lEn lex'aEm gwe'x' £ idaasnux u 
q!5'x £ wida'masxa mEla'se. Wii, la'xaEn gwe'x -£ idaasnux u£ Em ts!e- 

70 x £ idamasxa yu'gwa,' £ ne'x -£ lae q!wEa'ts!Eqax K!wek!waxa'wa £ ye. 
Wa, he' £ maa qo yu'gwaqElaLa mEla'se, wa, IS/les ax £ e'dEL g'a'xEn 
lo £ yu'dukwa g'a'yol la'xEn g'o'killotex. Wa, las axEno'lisa 
g - a'xEnu £ x u la'xa £ na'lana' £ yases lEgwT'los. Wa, gi'l £ Emlw!sEnu £ x u 
Elx £ E'lgwis £ I'dEL, wa, la'LEs dE'nx' £ idL6L. Wa, he'Ems waldEmLa: 

75 'We'g'il la ho'LelaL g'a'xEn, Q!o'xulIsaxtayai'. We'ga d5'qwala 
g'a'xEn. La £ mEn E'lx £ Elgwi'sa, xe'kwasgin k"!ElE'mk - Iol, a'n £ an- 
wega'; Dza'qiwalanukwai', Xa £ yolisaxtayai', Q!5xulisaxtayai',' 
ne'x'LEs," £ ne'x -£ lae. 

Wa, ytl' £ niis la ha'yig-isosoxda a'lex bEgwa'nEma. Wa, la' £ lae 

80 e'x' £ ide na'qa £ yas K!wek!waxa'wa £ ye qa wa'ldEmas q!wEa'ts!Eqe. 

Wa, la' £ lae e't!ed ya'q!Eg - a £ le Xu'mta £ la. Wii, la' £ lae e ne'k - a: 

" £ ya, nu'x u nemisai', we'g'il la'g-a gwa'sgEinx' £ IdEx qEn e'talisgin 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS G27 

go to make war on | Southeast-Wind because it never becomes 
calm, as soon as you start, || four men shall come into my house. | 85 
Then they shall pick up the soil from the floor of my house, and they 
shall | cany it, and shall throw the soil from the floor of my house 
into the | sea; and the last one shall say, 

"O Northwest-Wind! | come and blow against Southeast- Wind ! " 
'And || immediately the northwest wind will come, and it will 90 
blow one | day; then it will become calm, and it will be calm for | four 
days; and that will be the time when you shall start; | and when you 
wish the northwest wind to continue to blow, then | all the four men 
shall call to Northwest- Wind; || and their leader shall say, before he 95 
throws the | soil from the floor of myhouse into the water: "I call you, 
Northwest-Wind, that | you may come and help me, and blow me to the 
place where I am going. Forfour days | you shall do so." Thus you 
shall say. Then Northwest-Wind will blow for four days. | That is 
it.' Thus said Land-Otter to Great Inventor, || and the later (gene- 100 
rations of) men do so for that reason. | As soon as the southeast wind 
is strong, when I am going southward and | I find an otter-slide, I 
pick up the | soil from the ground with both hands. I turn round | 
to the right and throw it into the water, praying with the || words of 5 



gwe'x'sdEmk' la'xda £ xoL. Wa, he' s maa qaso 1&l wI'naLEx Me- 83 
la'lanukwe qaxs k'lesae q!o'x £ wklae'noxwa. Wa, g'iT'EnilwIts ale'- 
xwaLoL, wa, g'a'xLe mo'x u La be'bEgwanEin lae'L la'xEn g'6'kwe. 85 
Wa, la'Le k'!a/x" £ IdEL hlx dzExdzEgwi'lasEn go'kwex. Wa, la'Le 
gS'xsEmeLEqe. Wa, la'Le gd'xstEiidElxa dzExdzEgwI'ldase la'xa 
dE'msx'e. Wa, la me'k'eda £ nEmo'kwe E'lxLa £ ya: 'Wa, Dza'- 
q!walanukwai', ge'las ya'yalaxg'a MEla'lanukuk' !' Wa, he'x ,£ i- 
daEmlwise g'iixLe Dzaq Iwalanukwe. We, laLe mEmxsaEml 90 
E na'laLe ya'laxdEiiiLa £ se. Wa, la'Le q!o'x £ w!dEL. Wa, la'Le 
m5'p !Enxwa e sLe q !sq lo'giisL. Wii, he' £ mits lal ale'x £ widaasda £ x u i.os. 
Wa, he' £ maa qaso £ iiex - l qa dzEdza'q'QsIltsoxda £ na'lax. Wa, 
la'Le f na'xwaEml Le' e lalaLa mo'kwe be'bEgwanEm lax Dza'q Iwa- 
lanukwe. Wa, laLe £ nexxa g - alaba £ ye, yixs k'!es £ mae go'xstEndxa 95 
dzExdzagwi'lasEn g'o'kwe: ' Le' £ lalEnLoL, Dza'qbvalanukwai', qa £ s 
g'a'xaos wa'x £ ed g - a'xEn yo'x £ w!dEn la'xEn lalai'. Mae'm5p!ena)a- 
ga'Emlts;' mexxe. 'Wa, la,Le mop!Enxwa £ sL £ nalas dzEdza'q!usL. 
Wa, he £ meq,' £ ne'x ,£ lae Xu'mta £ la, lax K!wek!waxa'wa £ ye. 

Wa,he' £ mis la'gilasox la he gwe'g-iloxda a'lex bEgwa'nEm. 100 
G'il £ mae La'k!wemas mEla'sa, yl'xgln la'laek' la'xa mE'ldze, wa, 
gi'l £ mesEn he'laxa xu'mdase, wa, he'x £ ida £ mesEn go'x £ w!dxa 
dzExdzEq!u'sas, yi'sEn £ wa'x'solts!ana. Wa, Ieh xi'lpled he'lk'!o- 
we £ sta xllpleda qEn k!a £ stE'ndes. Wa, la £ niEn tslE'lwaqas wa'l- 
dEmas Xu'mta £ la. Wa, lEn he'Em k - !a £ stE'ndxEn go'xEk", lax 5 



628 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ikth. ann. 85 

5 Land-Otter. Then I throw into the water what I am carrying | 
northward from the otter-slide; and while I am carrying the soil | 
from the otter-slide, my crew beat time on the side of our canoe, | 
and they say, 'Don't treat roughly our charm, else our world will be 

10 too rough.' | Then I turn round and throw it into the water; || and as 
soon as I throw it into the water, I say, T call you, "Northwest- 
Wind, | that you may come and help me, and blow me to the place 
where I am going. | For four days you shall do so.'| 

"And as soon as I have done so four times,] go aboard my | canoe, 

1 5 and we take our paddles, and I tell || my crew to go on and be ready, 
and I tell them to go ahead and | paddle together, and four times we 
pull our paddles through the water; | and we all begin to paddle; 
and I say, | 'Let us paddle away from the northwest, for it is already 
coming behind us.' | This I say when I paddle with my crew. ]| 

20 That is theend of the fourwaysof calling the Northwest- Wind. | The 
first one is the crab, when it is hung over | the fire and hidden in the 
holes of trees; | and, again, the fern, when four - of them are taken 

25 and | painted with red ochre, and dentalia are taken for its || ears 
and its nose, and they push into the lower end a | sharp split pine- 
stick and place it by the side of the fire; | and, again, a snail, when 

6 gwa'daiisa xu'mdase. Wii, he' £ maaxg'in lek" go'xiilaxa dzExdzE- 
gwa'sasa xu'mdase; lii'En le'Elote t!E'msagEndxEnu £ x u ya £ yats!e. 
Wa, la £ ne'k"a: 'Gwa'laa'lElesaxwa £ na'walakwex a'Lox a'lElesEns 
£ na'lax.' Wa, he' £ misEn la xilplldaase qEn k'!a £ stE'ndeq. Wa, 

10 gi'l £ mesEn k' !a £ stE'ndEq le'gin £ ne'k - a: 'Le' £ lalEiiLoL Dza'qlwala- 
nukwai', qas g'a'xaos wa'x £ ed g'a'xEn yo'x £ wIdEn la'xEn lalai'. 
Mae'mop lEnalaga'Emlts.' 

Wa, gl'FmesEn mo'ptena he gwe'x -£ Ide le'gin la'xsa la'xEn 
ya' £ yats!e. Wii, lanu £ x u da'x -£ idxEnu £ x u se'sE £ wayowe qEn wa'xe- 

15 xEn le'Elote qa gwa'lales. Wa, lEn wa'xaq qa £ nEma'x £ Ides se'x- 
£ wlda. Wa, lanu £ x u k'IdzELa' £ yalasEnu £ x u se'sE £ wayo, mo'plEna 
he gwe'x ,£ ideda. Wa, lanu £ x u se'x £ wlda. Wa, Ieu £ ne'k"a: "We'g'a 
se'xasux Dza'q !waianukwex qaxs g'a'x £ maex la'xEns E'lxLa £ yex," 
£ ne'kEiiLaxgin lek - se'x £ wlda LE £ wun le'Elote. 

20 Wa, laEm gwa'l la'xexda mo'x £ widala dzEdza'q Iwalaya. Wii, 
he' £ meda g'a'laba £ yaseda q!oma'se, yixs la'e tex u st5 £ yo la'xa 
lEgwI'le, qa £ s le q !u £ la'l £ idaya lax kwa'waga £ yasa Lax u L5' £ se. 
Wa, la edeLE'le sa'laedanaxs la'e ax £ e'tsE £ weda mo'we qa £ s 
gu'ms £ ItsE £ wesa gugu'myime. Wa, la ax £ e'dayuweda aLE'la lax 

25 p!ep!aspa £ ya's LE £ wis x'ix'E'ndzase. Wa, la L!eL!E'nq!Exsdiilaxa 
ee'x'baa'kwe xok u xEx u mEsa' qa £ s La'nolidzEme la'xa lEgwi'le. 
Wii, la e'dELEleda qlwEa'dzEqe yixs ax £ e'tsE £ waeda mo'we qa £ s 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 629 

four are taken and | placed by the side of the fire to stop the south- 28 
east wind and rain; | and the soil of the otter-slide when it is thrown 
into the water || on the north side of the otter-slide. These are the 30 
four ways. | 

This is another means of calling Northwest-Wind — a piece of 1 
kelp, | which is taken fresh from the sea. Now, when we | are again 
paddling along, when it is calm and it is a hot day in summer, | as 
soon as we see kelp floating on the water, we \\ go towards it and pick 5 
out a large piece of kelp, and the one who is to use it measures it off. | 
It is more than half a fathom long. Then he | rises in our canoe and 
turns his face northward. | He puts one end of the piece of kelp to his 
mouth; and he shouts loud | through the inside of the tubular kelp: || 

"I call you, North west- Wind, wo! | 10 

"Come, Northwest- Wind, wo! | 

"Come quickly, Northwest- Wind ! | 

"I come to call you again, wo!" | 

Every time he says "wo" he turns round to the right and he || puts 1 5 
the end of the tube of kelp into the sea; ami bubbles come up, | 
because he says with a long breath, "W T o!" as he turns round. As 
soon as his | breath nearly gives out, he turns his face again, and 



axE'nolidzEina'e la'xa lEgwi'le qa gwa'les mEla'sa LE £ wa yu'gwa 28 
Wii, he' £ mesa dzExdzEq!wa'sa xii'mdase, yixs la'e k!a £ sta/na 
la'xa gwa £ laa'sa xii'mdase. Wa, laE'm mo'x £ widala. 30 



Wa, he' £ mis £ nEm LE ,£ lala £ yuxa dza'q Iwalanukweda £ wa' £ wade, i 
yixa' a'lomase ga'yol la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa, he'Einxaaxganu-x u 
seyu £ na'kulek" la'xa qlo'qula, yixs tsls'lqwaeda ma'laxa he'Enxe. 
Wa, g - il £ mesEnu £ x" do'qulaxa £ mE'lxala e wa' e wade. Wa, lanirx" 
gwii/'sta laq qEnu'x" ax £ e'dexa £ wa'lase £ wa' £ wade. Wa, la £ mE'ns- 5 
£ ideda aa'xsilaLaq. Wa, la haya'xk" !ot tebo'da. Wa, la La'x'wa- 
lExsa laxEnu £ x u ya' e yats!e qas gwe'gEmaLe la'xa gwa' £ nakwe. 
Wii, la ax £ a'LElotsa £ wa' £ wade la'xes sE'mse. Wa, laha'sElalax u sa'la 
lax k\va,'ko £ ga £ yasa £ wa' £ wade: 

"Le' £ lalEiiLoL Dza'q Iwalanukwa, wo! 10 

" E'tse-'stEimoL Dza'q Iwalanukwa, wo! 

"Ge'lag'a Dza'q iwalanukwa, wo! 

"A'lEle'lla Dza'q !walanuk", ga'x £ mEn e'tse £ stoLa, wo!" 

G-i'lnaxwaEm £ ne'k - a "wo", la'e xi'lpleda helk!owe £ sta qa £ s 
axE'nses 6'ba £ yasa £ wa' £ wade la'xa dE'msx'e. Wa, la mEdE'lqiila 15 
qaxs g-i'ldesae £ ne'k-Exs la'e xi'lp!eda "wo." Wa, gi'h'mes wu'lbe 
ha'sa £ yasexs la'e e't!ed gwe'gEmx £ id qas gwe'bax ,£ idesa £ wa' £ wade 



630 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [mth. ANN. 8b 

18 turns the end of the tube of kelp | towards the north, and he shouts 
again loud; and as soon as | he arrives at the "wo," he turns as long 

20 as his breath lasts, and || he puts the end into the sea. When his 
breath is at an end | he rises again and turns to the north. | After he 
has cried "wo" four times, he lets the piece of kelp sink into the 
water. | Then he takes his paddle and paddles. | He says: "Go on, 

25 paddle! for the one who has been invited is coming." || Then they 
paddle. This belongs to the Kwag'ul. 



1 This is also a means of calling Northwest-Wind of the Koskimo — 
four | star-fishes. When the southeast wind is blowing, and | they 
wish it to turn into a northwest wind, a man | goes down to the beach 
5 at low tide | and searches for four star-fishes ; and || as soon as he finds 
these star-fishes, he takes them from the beach | and puts them down 
by the side of the fire at the house. Then he takes red ochre | and 
daubs the four star-fishes all over with it. | As soon as this has been 
done, he takes cedar-bark and splits it; | then he takes four strips; 
10 then he takes one of the || star-fishes and ties a cedar-bark strip to the 
end of one of its arms. Now it is | hanging right over the fire. 

And he does the same to the | others. As soon as he finishes hang- 
ing them over | the fire, so that they may be smoked by the smoke, 

18 la'xa gwa £ nakwe. Wa, la e'tled £ la'q!ug'a £ la ha'sEla. Wa, g'f'l- 
£ mes la'g - aa lax "wo," la'e x i'lp!edEx £ wa'sgE £ masases ha/sa £ ye qa £ _ 

20 metstE'ndes 6'ba £ yas la'xa dE'msxe. Wa, g'iTmes la'be ha'sa- 
£ yas la'e e'ted La'x £ wld qa £ s e'tlede gwe'gEmx -£ Id la'xa gwa' £ na- 
kwe. Wii, g'i'Pmes mo'plEna la'e £ ne'k - a "wo" qa £ s we'gunsesa 
£ wa' £ wade. Wa, la da'x -£ Idxes se £ 'wayowe qa £ s se'x £ wlde. Wa, la 
£ ne'k'a: "We'g'a se'x £ wIdEx qaxs g - a'x £ maEn Le' £ lanEmex," £ ne' 

25 k'Exs la'e £ wl' £ la se'x £ wlda. QEsE'mxaexa Kwa'g'ule. 



1 G'a'Em o'gwaqa dzEdza'qlwala'yusa Go'sgumuxwe, g'a'da mo's- 
gEmk - ga'dzEqa. Wa, he' £ maexs mEla'sae, wa, la wa'laqela qa 
dza'q!ux -£ Ides. Wa, g'il £ mes x'a'ts!aesa la'e lE'ndzeseda bEgwa,'- 
nEme la'xa i.!Ema £ ise qa £ s a'lex -£ idexa mo'sgEme ga'dzEqa. Wii, 

5 g-iTmes q!axa ga'dzEqe la'e da'laq qa £ s le la'sdesa la'xa L!Ema £ ise 
qa £ s le ax £ a'lllas lax 6'na £ lisases lEgwI'le. Wa, la &x £ e'dxa gugu'm- 
yime qa £ s qupsE'mdalis ha'mElxsE'mdEs la'xa mo'sgEme ga'dzE- 
qa. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'la la'e ax £ e'dxa dEna'se qa £ s dzEx £ e'deq. 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxa mo'tslaqe laq. Wa, la ax £ S'dxa £ nE'msgEme la'xa 
10 ga'dzEqe qa £ s yil £ e'desa dEna'se, lii'x o'balts!ana £ yas. Wa, laE'mk - 
te'kwala lax nEqo'stasa lEgwI'le. Wa, la e'tled he gwe'x ,£ ldxa 
waS'kwe. Wa, gi'l £ mese gwa'texs la'e te'x £ waLElots la'xa nEqo'- 
sta £ wases lEgwI'le qa kwa'x - asE £ wesesa kwaxl'la. Wa, g - i'l £ mese 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 631 

and when | they are dry, the man says, "0 friends! || take care! I 15 
pray you, Owner-of-the-Weather, | to make your weather right, 
Owner-of-the-Weather ! O | Supernatural-One ! make your weather 
right and call | Northwest-Wind and East-Wind and Clear-Weather- 
Above." — "Yes," | says the man who himself gives answer. || He 20 
pretends that the star-fish says this. Then the man says, | "Don't 
let me be too near the fire! Don't let me be too near the fire, else 
your | weather will be too good. Don't let me be too near the fire, 
else your weather will be good forever." | Thus he says. | 

As soon as he stops speaking, he breaks off the cedar-strings || 
which hold the four star-fish, and he carries them into the woods 25 
and | hides them under the stump of a tree. Then he leaves them. | 

Some people say that he takes them back to the beach, | to the 
place where he took them from. | 



This is also one way of calling the wind, and it is | a way of making l 
it calm, for all the winds, wherever they come from — | the north- 
west wind, and the northeast wind, and the south wind, and the 
southeast wind — | even when they are strong. || 

Whenever we go far away and a mother of twins sits in the canoe, | 5 
or even if it is a man (a father of twins) , | as soon as there is no wind — 



lE'mlEmx"sEmx £ idExs la'eda bEgwa'nEme £ ne'k - a: "Wa, £ ne £ nE- 
mokwa'! We'ga ya'iJaLEx; la £ mEii hawa'xElaLOL £ ne £ na'lanukwa' 15 
qa we'g'aos wax he'li £ lalaxs £ na'laqos, mema'lanukwa' ; yuL, na £ na- 
walakwa'. We'g'il la he'li-lalaLExs ma'liiqos qa £ s Le' £ lalaosax Dza'- 
q!walanukwaa', Xa'yolisaxtayaa', QJoxulIsaxtayaii'." — "Wa," £ ne'- 
k'Exs la'e q!ule'x"s £ Em na'nax £ ma £ eda bEgwa'nEme. Wa, laE'm 
he'bolaya'q!Ent!aledaga'dzEqe. Wa, la'xae £ ne'k'eda bEgwa'nEme: 20 
"Gwa'laxin La'tsalai'. Gwa'laxin La'tsalai', a'Lox ha'k"Enos £ na'- 
laqos. Gwa'lax'in La'tsalai', E'lox xE'nlt !EqElesos £ na'laqos," 
£ ne'x - -lae. 

Wa, g"i'l s mese q !we'l £ IdExs la'e aLE'maxodxa dEna'se, yix te- 
gwe'lEmasa mo'we ga'dzEqa qa £ s le a'Le £ stas la'xa a'L!e qa £ s le 25 
qiula'Labolsas lax awa'ga £ yasa ts!Ekume'Le. Wa, gi'x £ Em bas. 

Wa, la £ ne'keda wao'kwaqexs lE £ ma'e ae'daaqas la'xa L!Ema £ - 
ise la'xes ga'yanEmasaq. 

Wa, g'aE'mxaeg'a'da £ nE'mx -£ Idalak' Le' £ lalayu la'xa ya'la loxs 1 
gwe'x -£ ldaasnukwae q !6'x £ wlda'masxa £ na'xwa qa £ s ga'yolasa 
ya'laxa dza'q!wa LE £ wa xa'yoLe LE £ wa yu'xdala LE £ wa mEla'se, 
yixs wa'x -£ mae La'k!wemasa. 

Wa, he' £ maexg-anu £ x u le'LEk' la'xa qwe'sala, yixs k!wa'xsalaeda 5 
yikwi' £ layag'uL, ylxa ts!Eda'qe; wa, wa'x- £ mese he't!eda bEgwa'- 



632 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.AMM.8S 

S what is referred to by the Indians as "calm"- | then the mother 
of twins turns her face | to the north, if they are going south; and 

10 she raises her || right hand, and she turns her hands around toward 
the | south; and she says, "I call you, Northwest-Wind!" | She 
does so four times. Then she says, "Paddle away from the | north- 
west wind!" And the man also does the same. | 

15 When it is foggy, the mother of twins takes her hat || and lifts it, 
and she holds it in her right hand, and | she does thus: she brings 
it down flat to her stomach. | She does so four times as she calls the 
fog to | get all inside her stomach; and when a man, a father of 
twins goes hunting | and it is foggy, then he takes his hat and || 

20 draws it four times through the fog, and puts it down behind | the 
place where he is sitting in the bow of the canoe. Then | all the fog 
is inside the hat; and when the hunter has no | hat, he catches the 
fog in his blanket | and hides it in his stomach. Four times he || 

25 does so; and four times also the woman, the mother of twins, | does 
so with her blanket. When she goes clam-digging, | then she also 
takes her blanket and with it catches the fog. | Four times she 
catches it in her blanket. Some | Indians say that the fog is all 

30 gone into the || womb of the mother of twins. | 

7 nEme. Wii, gi'Pmes k'leya/s ya'la, yixa gwE £ ya'sa ba'klume g'a'- 
maqala; wa, le'da tslEda'q, yi'xa yikwI' £ layag'UL gwe'gEmx -£ Id 
la'xa gwii' £ nakwe, ylxs lalaa'e la'xa £ nE'ldze. Wa, la e'k - !e £ staxes 

10 he'lk - lots lima qa £ s xF.'lpIkleses a £ yasowe' gwayo'LElaa la'xa 

£ nE'ldze. Wa, la £ ne'k'a: "Le' £ lalEnLoL, Dza'q Iwalanukwe." Wa, 

la mo'plEna he' gwe'x -£ ide, la'e £ ne'ka: "We'gll la se'xaltsux 

Dza'q Iwalanukwex!" Wii, hei'Emxaa'wis gwe'g'ileda bEgwa'nEme. 

Wa, g'l'l £ mese pE'lxEla la'eda yikwi' £ layag'UL ax £ e'dxes LEtE'ml 

15 qas ae'k' !e £ stes. Wii, laE'm da'lases he'lk!ots!ana la.q. Wii, la 
he gwe'leda LEtE'ml qa £ s g'a'xe qapii'LElots la'xes tEk'Ie'. Wii, 
la mo'plEna he gwe'x-'Ide. Wa, laE'm Le' £ lalaxa pE'lxEla qa 
ga'xes £ wI /£ laeL, lax tEk'Ie's; loxs ha'naLa'eda bEgwa'nEin yikwl'- 
£ layag"uLa, wa, g1'l £ mes pE'lxEla, la'e ax £ e'dxes LEtE'ml qa £ s mo'- 

20 plEne xE'lplldEs la'xa pE'lxEla qa £ s qapaLa'xse lax k!wa'abe- 
Laxsa klwaxdza'sas la'xa a'glwa £ yasa xwa'kluna. Wa, laEm £ lae 
£ wllts!a'weda pE'lxEla la'xa LEtE'mle. Wii, g'i'l £ mese k - lea's le- 
tE'mleda ha'nL lenoxwe, la'e mo'qwases £ nEx £ una' £ ye la'xa pE'lxEla. 
Wii, latla qlula'Hts la'xes tEkMe'. Wa, la mo'plEna he gwe'- 

25 x -£ Ide. Wa, he'Emxaii'wise gwe'g'ileda tslEda'qe, yi'xa yikwi' £ la- 
yag'ULyises £ nEx £ una' £ ye, yixs la'e dze'k'axag'a'weqlanEme. Wii, 
laE'mxaa ax £ e'dxes £ nEx £ una' £ ye qa £ s m5'qwes la'xa pE'lxEla. Wii, 
laE'mxaa mo'p !Ena mo'xgwaedzEntses £ nEX £ una' £ ye, wa, laE'm £ ne'- 
k - eda wao'kwe ba'klumqexs la'e £ wl' £ la la'ts!Eweda pE'lxEla lax 

30 ba'tslesa yikwi' £ layag - uLe. Wii, laE'm gwa'ta. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 633 

When an Indian wishes for snow, | twin-children are called; and 31 
some eagle-down is taken, J and the down is put on the heads of the 
twins. | Then the man who wishes to have snow begins to speak, || 
and says, "O friends ! | I beg of you that you call down the snow, for 35 
I | have put on you the down, on your heads, the down of our winter 
dance. | These are snowflakes at the place where you come from, | 
supernatural ones." || 

Sometimes the twin-children begin at once | to cry, for they think 40 
it is only done to make fun of I them. That is all about this. 



When the Indians wish for rain, | twin-children are called; and 1 
perch-oil, | which is kept in small kelp bottles, is taken, and is put 
on the hands; | then the hands are rubbed together, so that they get 
greasy. || Then it is put with the right hand on the left-hand side of 5 
the face of the | twin-child, and with the left hand on the | right- 
hand side of the head of the twin-child; for, indeed, | the twin-children 
and the person who has invited them sit opposite each other. This is 
done four times | to each of them. The person who invited the twin- 
children || speaks while he is putting the | hair-oil on the twins, and 10 

Wa, gi'Pmes wa'laqEleda ba'klumaq, k!we's £ ida, la'e Le' £ lalasE- 31 
£ weda yikwI' £ lEme gl'nginanEma qa £ s ax £ e'tsE £ weda qs'inxwasa 
kwe'kwe qa £ s qE'mx £ wIdayuwe lax x'ex'6'msasa yikwi' £ lEme l!6- 
L!a'L!ayats!a £ ye. Wa, la £ mes ya'q!Eg"a £ leda bEgwanEine, yi'xa 
wa'iaqela qa k!we's £ Ides. Wa, la £ ne'k - a: " Wa, £ ne £ nEmo'kwe, 35 
la £ me hawa'xElaLOL qa £ s we'glLds Le'LaxodElxa na' £ ya, qaxgin 
la £ me'k' qE'mx £ wItsoxda qE'mxwexsanu £ x u ts!e'ts!eq!ena £ ye laxs 
x'ex - 5'msaq5s. Wa, la'Lox klwe'smis la'xes g'a'yanakiilasaos, 
nana'walakwe." 

Wa, la £ na'l £ nEmp!Eneda yikwI' £ lEme L!e!La'L!ayadza £ ye ho'x' £ i- 40 
daEm q!we'g - a £ la qaxs £ ne'kae a'Em aE'mlala £ ya, yi'sa he gwe'- 
x -£ uleq. Wa, laE'm gwa'lecj. 

Wa, g-fl £ mes walaqEleda ba'klumaq yu'gwa, la'e L§' £ lalasE £ weda 1 
yikwI' £ lEme L!e'L!aL!ayadza £ ya. Wa, la ax £ e'tsE £ weda dze'klwise, 
yixs g - its!ae laxa am : ama £ ye £ wa £ wade. Wii, la xl'x - ts!anEndaya. 
Wa, la dza'kulayiiweda e £ e £ yaso' qa £ nEma'x £ Ides q lE'lq lElsala. Wa, 
la Lax £ wldayuweda helk!ots!ana £ ye lax gEmxEiiuLEma £ yasa l!S.- 5 
l !ayadza £ ye. Wa, la Lax £ widayuweda gEmk- lots !ana £ ye lax helk - !odE- 
nQLEma £ yasa yikwI £ lEme L!ax!ayadze, qaLaxs k-i'mk-aqugEmlllaeda 
yikwi' £ lEine L!e'L!ai.!ayadze £ i,E £ wa Le' £ lanEmeq. Wa, la mo'plEna 
he gwe'x -£ IdEnaxwaq la'qexs £ na'l £ nEino'kwae. Wa, la ya'q!Ent!a- 
ta £ yeda Le £ lanEmexa yikwi £ lEine L!e'L!aL!ayailza £ ya, lae Latle'tsa 10 
dze'klwise la'xa yIkwi' £ lEme L!e'L!aiJayadza £ ya. Wii, la £ ne'k - a: 



634 ETriNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTI. I cth. ans. ss 

12 says, | "O Supernatural-Ones! you say that you ran control the 
weather. Let | your world be all wet; for therefore I oil your | 

15 heads, that it may begin to rain, and that the || rivers may rise, for 
we are waiting for the salmon to jump in the | mouth of the river." | 
As soon as the one who has invited them stops speaking, | the twins 
will sometimes cry, | and they go out of the house and tell their | 
parents about it. || 

20 When an Indian wishes for good weather, he | calls twin children; 
and as soon as the | twins come into his house, the person who 
invites them | spreads a new mat in the rear of the house. | He takes 

25 a cooking-box and pours water into it, and he II picks up four red- 
hot stones and puts them J into the water in the cooking-box. As 
soon as the water is lukewarm, | the one who invited the twins calls 
them | to sit down at each side of the cooking-box, and the | man 

30 calls his wife to wash their faces. || Immediately the woman sils 
down between them. | She takes the head of the one first born and 
washes his head; and when she finishes, she takes | soft, shredded 
cedar-bark and wipes off the head of the twin-child ; | and as soon as 

35 she finishes wiping the head of the twin-child, || the woman takes 



12 "Wa, nana'walakwe, £ ne'kaa'qos mema'lanukwa. We'g'ax'ox 
g - a'xsta £ yos ma'leqos qaxgln he' £ mek - la'g'ila La'datodxos 
x'ex'6'msaqos qa we'g'rltsox yfi'gwax -£ idEL, qa pa'Hdeltsa 

15 wa'x - a qanu £ x u na'metsE £ wa g'a'xex mana'la k'!o'tEla la'xwa 
5'x u siwa £ yaxsa wax." Wa, g - i'l £ Em £ la'wise q!we'l £ Id ya'q!Ent!a- 
leda Le' £ lanEmeq la'e £ na'l £ nEmp!Ena q!we'g'a £ le yikwI' £ lEme Lle'tfS- 
L!ayadza £ ya qa £ s le ho'quwElsa la'xa g'o'kwe loxs la'e ne'laxes 
g*I'g'aolnukwe. 

20 Wii, g'i'Pmes wa'laqEleda ba'klumaq ae'g'Jseda £ na'la, la'e Le'- 
£ lalaxa yikwi' £ lEme L!e'L!aL!ayadza e ya. Wa, g'i'l £ mese g'a'xeda 
yikwI' £ lEine L!e'L!aL!a £ yadze ho'gwiL la'xa g"5'kwe, la'eda Le' £ lanE- 
meq LEp!a'lIlxa alo'mase le' £ wa £ ya la'xa o'gwiwalllases g'o'kwe- 
Wa, la ax £ e'dxa q!o'lats!e qa £ s guxtslo'desa £ wa'pe laq. Wa, la 

25 k"!ip!e'dxa mo'sgEme x - I'x ixsEmala tle'sEma qa £ s kMipstE'ndes 
la'xa £ wa'pe q!o'ts!axa q!o'lats!e. Wa, g'i'l £ mese kux"stax £ I'deda 
£ wa'pe, la'eda Le' £ lanEmexa yikwl' £ lEme L!e'L!aL!ayadze Le' £ hllaq 
qa les k!&s £ a'lll lax £ wa'x - s5tga £ yasa q!o'lats!e. Wa, le'da 
bEgwa'nEme Le' £ lalaxes gEnE'me qa les ts!o'ts!oxtimx" £ idEq. Wa, 

30 he' £ x' £ ida £ mese le'da tslEda'qe qa £ s le k!wa'k!wago'dEq. Wa, 
le'da tslEda'qe da'x -£ IdEx x'o'msasa g'a'le ma'yuLEmses abE'mpe, 
wa, la kw T a's £ IdEx x'6'msas. Wa, g'il £ mese gwa'la la'e ax £ e'dxa 
qlo'yaakwe k'a'dzEkwa qa £ s da'sgEmdes lax x'o'msasa yikwi' £ lEme 
l !a'L !ayadze £ . Wa, glomes gwal dadasgEmax x'omsasa yIyEkwi £ lEme 

35 n!eL!a,L!ayadza £ ya la'e ax £ e'deda tslEda'qaxa ya'sEkwe qa £ s 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 635 

tallow and | smears it on the faces of the two twin-children. | Then 36 
she takes red ocher and brings it three times toward the | face of the 
one, and the fourth time she paints his | face and head; and when 
she finishes the one, she || calls the other one, and she does the same 40 
to him; and as soon | as she finishes, the woman sends the twin- 
child to | sit by the side of his brother, and the woman puts away | 
her cooking-box, the tallow, and the paint-bag of dressed skin. | 
As soon as this has been done, she sits down and she calls her || hus- 45 
band, and she tells her husband to go on and to | pray to the twin- 
children. Immediately | the man arises and sits down in front of 
the | twin-children; and he begins to speak, and says: | "Listen to 
me, you Supernatural-Ones! for this is the reason why I || invited 50 
you, that you may work your supernatural power and make good 
weather | in your world. Supernatural-Ones, let your world become 
summer, | salmon ! ' And thus I pay you with tallow on | your 
faces, and red ocher, and also these | four eagle-tails." Thus he 
says, and he arises || and puts four eagle-feathers on the head of each 55 
of the | children. Then the twins only look downhearted. | That is 
all. I 



dzadzak-ams lax gegoguma £ yasa ma £ lo'kwe yeyikwI' £ lEma. Wa, 36 
la ax £ e'dxa gWEgu'myime qa £ s yfi'dux"p!Enenux £ wIts lax go'- 
guma £ yasa £ nEmo'kwe. Wa, la mo'plEnaxs la'e gu'ms £ idEx go'- 
gurna £ ya lo £ x'o'msas. Wa, la gwa'la la'xa £ nEmo'kwe la'e e'tled 
Le' £ lalaxa £ nEmo'kwe. Wa, he'Einxaa'wise gwe'x £ IdEq. Wa, g'i'l- 40 
£ mese gwa'le la'e £ ya'laqeda tsteda'qe la'xa L!ii'i.!ayadza £ ye qa les 
k!wa'k!wagogul!l LE £ wis £ nE'mw5te. Wa, le'da tslEda'qe g'e'xa- 
xes q!olats!e LE £ wa ya'sEkwe le £ w!s wadEx"sEme gfl'myatsle. 
Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'la g'a'xae klwa'g'alila. Wa, la Le' £ lrdaxes 
la' £ wiinEme. Wa, la £ me'se wa'xaxes la' £ wunEme qa we'g'is 45 
ts!E'lwaqaxa yeyikwI' £ lEme L!e'L!aL!ayadza £ ya. Wa, he'x £ ida- 
£ meseda bEgwa'iiEme La'x £ iilll qa £ s le k!wa'g - alll lax nEqEma'lilasa 
ye'ytkwi J lEineL!e'L!aL!ayadza £ ya. Wa, laya'q!Eg - a £ la. Wa,la e ne'k - a: 
" We'g - il la ho'LelaL g-a'xEn, yilL £ na £ na'walak u . He'dEn lag'ila 
Le' £ lalax"da £ x5L qas we'g'iLos £ ne £ nawfilax u selaL qa ae'k - !Es £ ida- 50 
g'iltsos £ na'lacios, £ ne-'na'walakwe. We'g p ax"oxhe'EnxESLo £ na'laq6s 
me £ ma'sile. Wii, yu' £ mesEn ayax"da £ xoLo'xda ya'sakwex la 
axame'x - da £ xoL LE £ wo'xda gwEgu'myimex. Wii, g'a £ me'seg , a'd:i 
mae'mots!aqEk - ts!E'lk!Exsdesa kwe'kwe," £ ne'x' £ laexsla'e La'x £ ulil 
qa £ s le La'saLal5tsa mae'mots!aqe ts!E'lts!Elk*, lax x'ex'o'msasa 55 
g-i'nginanEme. Wii, hiE'm £ lae ii'Em xu'ls £ Ideda ma £ lo'kwe L!e'- 
L!aL!ayadza £ ya. Wa, laE'm la'ba. 

1 Twins are considered to be salmon. 



63(3 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. as 

1 When there is no rain in the world | and the risers are low and the 
salmon can not ascend the rivers | because they are very dry, and 
we wait in vain | for the salmon to ascend the rivers; then, when we II 
5 get tired waiting for rain to come, we see that | the bodies of the 
salmon turn black. Then we take castorium | (of the beaver) and 
we give it to a virgin | to dip four times into the river, for four days 

10 in the morning. | And the virgin is instructed what to say || every 
time she dips the castorium into the river. She says: | "Let your 
weather come, Weather-Owner! This one who — | calls you, South- 
west-Wind, and Southeast-Wind. Now | you will come and bring 
rain, Rain-Wind and Hail-Wind. I Rain, rain, flood." Thus says 

15 the virgin every time, || after she has dipped the castorium into the 
river. | Sometimes it will rain at once at night, | when the castorium 
is used. | Sometimes it may not rain for four days, | for this is a 

20 strong rain-caller of the Indians. || And there is one next to cas- 
torium. | 

Now you will listen (to it). Another one is blue hellebore. | 
When there is no castorium, | dried blue hellebore is taken and put 



1 Wii, g'i'l £ Em he'niEnala tslEtsle'xasEns e na'lax, wa, la he'x -£ i- 
daEm ko'l £ Ideda wi'wa; wii, la k'leo's gwe'x £ idaas tslE'lx/eda 
k"!o'k!utEla qaxs Lo'mae la lalE'mxwasa; wa lanu £ x u wuPe'iii 
nEme'sa la'xa kMo'tEla qa tslE'lx -£ Ides; wa, g'i'l £ mesEnu £ x u ya/- 
5 yaex -£ ida e'sEla qa yii'gwax' £ Ides Loxgwanu £ x u lek - doqulaqexs 
la'e ts!o'ts!aL £ Enx' £ ideda k'!5'talexganu £ x u lek - ax £ e'dxa gwa'ya- 
£ lats!esa tsla'we, qanu £ x u tsla'wes la'xa klEya'la tslEda'qa qa 
les mo'plEna hapEnsaq la'xa waxa gegaa'lasa m5'xsa f na'la. 
Wii, la Le'xsEX' £ ItsE ; we'da klEya'la tslEda'qa qa wa'ldEmsexs 

10 la'naxwae gwal hapEnaxa gwa'j'a £ lats !esa tsla'we. Wa, la e ne'k'a: 
" We'g'illax'os £ na'leqos £ ne £ nalanukwex. G'adeg'a he'lEmx'stasilak - 
Le' £ lal6L Lla'sbalanukwe, le £ wox MEla'lanukwex. Wii, laE'ms 
g - axL yu'x £ wldLEsa Yu'gwalanukwax, LE e wa TsE'lxtsElxalig'E £ ya. 
Yu'gwas, yu'gwas wamo," £ ne'xnaxweda kMEya'la tslEda'qa la'e 

15 gwal mo'plEna hapEnsa la'xa wa, yi'xa gwa'ya £ lats!esa tsla'we. 
Wii, £ nii'l £ nEmp lEna la'e he'x -£ idaEm yu'gwax -£ idxa la ga'nul 5 !- 
dayas gi'lx'dEmas ax £ e'tsE £ weda gAva'ya £ lats!esa tsla'we. Wii, 
la' £ lae £ na'l £ nEmplEna la'laa lax mo'plEnxwa £ se £ na'les k'les 
yu'gwax" £ ida, qaxs g - a' £ mae la'klwemas ya'yuk!wa £ layusoxda ba'- 

20 klumex, LE £ wa ma'kulaLaqEk' liixg'a'da gwa'ya £ lats!eg'asa tsla'we. 

Wii, la £ mets ho'LelaL. Wii, he' £ mis £ nE'mx ,£ idaLeda a'xsole. 

Wa, g'i'l £ Em k" lea's gwa'yoLasxa gwa'ya £ lats!esa tsla'we, la'e 

ax £ e'tsE £ weda a'xsolexs lE'mxwae qa £ s le axsta'no lii'xa wa. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 637 

into the river. | Then the man who throws it into the river speaks, || 25 
and says, * * * (manuscript incomplete). | 

Blue 'sea-eggs are not eaten until after | they have been four days 
in the house; for | the ancient people said that if they should eat 
them at once, | there would be bad weather, and southeast wind 
woidd blow. || for it is said the blue sea-eggs are the grandfather of 30 
the southeast wind. Therefore | they are not immediately eaten. | 

HUNTING TABOOS 

I have been asked by you about notices set up by a hunter, | that i 
his wife may know which way he has gone | into the woods, or when 
he goes paddling, for the hunter does not let Ids | wife know for some 
time winch way he intends to go because all the women || talk to the 5 
other women which way their husbands are going, if they are told 
by their husbands | the way they will go. It is heard by| the game 
of the hunters, — the animals, — what their wives say, | and therefore 
the animals are shy and are in vain hunted by the | hunters. || 

If the wife of the hunter is experienced, she will sit in the house 10 
watching ] her husband when he is getting ready, and she never asks | 
where he is going. A little while after the hunter, her husband, has 
gone out | the woman arises and goes to the beach to ease herself. | 

Wii, la ya'q!Eg - a £ leda bEgwa'nEme, yi'xa la axstE'ndEq lfi'xa wa 
Wa, la £ mes £ ne'k"a, . . . (manuscript incomplete). 25 

Wii, 1 laxae k"!ets!enox u hex £ id tsax -£ ulExa lEwa yixs al £ mae. 
tsax -£ idqexs lae mop !Enxwa £ se maliis axel laxa g - 6kwe, qaxs £ ne- 
k'aeda g - ale DEgwanEmqexs gil'melaxe hex ,£ idaEinlax tsax* s IdEq 
lalax £ lae hex £ idaEm lax E yi £ yag - Es laxa mala loxs lelax niEmlE- 
g'i £ lala qaxs he £ maEl gagEmpsa Mslalanukwa lEwa. Wa, he £ mis 30 
lagilas k'!es hex -£ Id tsax -£ itsE £ wa. 

Hunting Taboos 

Wa, g'a £ mets £ nEin wuLasEwoseg'a mamalt !ek - !a £ yasa han £ EiiL!e- l 
noxwe qa q lalag'ilts gEiiEmasex gwagwaagasas lo £ he gwagwaaqeda 
aL!e lo £ la sex £ wida, qaxs k - !esaeda han £ £nL !enoxwe helq!alaxes 
gEiiEine gEyol q'filax gwagwaagasLas qaeda maxwa ts'.edaqa yixs 
lae gwagwex's-Tda qaes ts!edax £ wiite lax laasLases la £ wunEme, yixs 5 
nelasE £ waases la £ wunEmases laasi.a. Wa, heEm £ lawis wuLEltsa 
hanaL !asE £ wasa hani, lenoxweda gilg'aomase waldEmas gEnEmas. 
Wii, heEm £ lawis lag'ilas hawInalEleda gilgadmase wax - hanflidasSsa 
hanxlenoxwe. 

Wax'eda egilwate gEiiEmsa haniJenoxwe la km k'.wael doqwa- 10 
laxes laxes la £ wiinEmaxs lae xwanalEla. Wa, la £ me hewaxa wuLax 
laasLas. Wa, gil £ mese la gagiila lawElse haniJenoxwe la'wunEms 
lae Lax £ uldeda ts'.Edaqe qa £ s la k - !Ex -£ alisa laxa LlEma £ ise. Wa, 



> Continued from p. 499, line 15. 



638 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL | inn ann 35 

15 After this she goes up the beach, not going fast as she goes up || and 
she enters her house and sits down on the floor, and she keeps quiet, | 
and eats a little food. She never eats enough to be satiated, but eats a 
little food. It is said that ) the animals hunted by the husband of the 
hunter's wife do the | same way as she does, and the animals do not run 

20 about when they go about looking for || food, and the animals do not 
eat enough to be satiated. | 

If a sea-hunter hunts sea-otters and fur-seal, | the hunter's wife (that 
is the wife of the hunter) always | lies down in her bed covered with a 
new mat. | The reason why the hunter's wife does this is that the sea- 

25 olter and the || fur-seal may be asleep when they are hunted by the 
husband of the hunter's wife. | 

The beloved wives of the land-hunters and sea-hunters do | what I 
have said, because, indeed, the land-hunter and | the sea-hunter get 
their game easily if their wives sit at home well. | 
If the wife of the land-hunter and of the sea-hunter is not experi- 

30 enced, || when she is a young woman who walks about all the time, 
she is not told by her husband | which way he goes hunting. She 
is generally | driven away by the hunter her husband when he comes 
home; for then he does not | get any game, which is hunted in vain, 
and the hunter is ashamed; | therefore he sends his wife away when | 
he comes home to his house. II 



g'il £ mese gwala lae lasdes laxa i.lEnmTse k!es yayanaxs lasdesiolae 

15 qa £ s la laeL laxes g'okwe qa £ s lii k'.wag'alela. Wa, la nEnxwaakwa- 
lat'.exs lae hamx ; idaxa holale hesha £ ma £ ya. Wa, laEm hewaxa 
pol £ ida, qaxs holalaes hamx' £ itsE £ we. Wa, heEm £ lawise gweg'ileda 
g'ilg'admase hanaL'.asos la £ wuiiEma hanLlaxsEme tslEdaqe gwayi- 
£ liilasas. Wii, la £ meda g'ilg'aomase k'!es awali £ lalaxs lae ala qa £ s 

20 ha £ rna £ ya. Wa, la k'!es p5l £ ida yixa gilg'aSmase. 

Wax'I he alexwasosa ale £ winoxwa q'.asa LE £ wa xa £ wa, wii leda 
ale £ waxsEme tslEdaq, yix gEnEmasa ale £ winoxwe aEm hemEnel 
k(i £ ld laxes ku £ lelase LEiisamalila ts!Exase le £ we £ laq. Wa, heEm 
lag'ilas he gweg'ileda ale £ waxseme tslEtlaqa, qa mexesa q!asa LE £ wa 

25 xa £ wa, yixs lae alexwas5s la £ wunEmasa ale £ waxsEme tslEdaqa. 

Wa, has £ taEm laxula gEnEmsa hanL'.enoxwe LE £ wa ale £ winoxwa 
he gweg'ilEn la waldEma cjaxs ala £ mae holEmaleda haniJenoxwe 
LE £ wa alewinoxwaxs qlalaaq aek'iles gEnEmaxs amlexwae. 

WaxI yiigilwateda gEnEmasa haniJenoxwe LE £ wa ale £ winoxwe 

30 yixs alo £ stagasaexa qayElkwe, wa, he£m k"!es nelasoses la £ wunEine 
lax gwagwaag'asasexs hanaL!eLe. Wa, heEm q!unala hex" £ idaEm 
k'ayasoses haniJenoxwe Ia £ wuuEmxs g'axae na £ nakwa, yixs k'!ea- 
sae yanEma laxes wax'i hanaL!asE £ wa. Wa, la maxts!eda haiiLle- 
nox u lagilas k'ayaxes gEUEinaxs g'axae na £ nakwa laxes g'okwe. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 639 

I have forgotten that an expert hunter's wife does not lie down 35 
with the hunter her husband. | When her husband gets ready, he tells 
his wife | to go bathing in the river near by; and when they arrive 
at the river, the hunter goes ahead of his wife back into the woods, || 
where they lie down and cohabit. After this they come out of the 40 
woods at the mouth of the river, and | both take off their blankets, | 
the hunter and| the hunter's wife. Then at the same time they step 
into the water, with | the right foot, and they step into the water at the 
same time with the || left foot, and they sit down | in the water at the 45 
same time. And both at the same time spriukle water over th e | right 
side of the body; and after they have sprinkled themselves four times, | 
they also sprinkle the left side of the body; | and finally they wash the 
whole body. After || they have done so, they come out of the water at 50 
the same time, and for a little while they sit on the ground ; | and when 
they are dry, the hunter puts on | his blanket and goes away leaving his | 
wife, and the hunter | goes straight to his house. He takes his weapons, | 
puts them into his hunting-canoe, and paddles || away to the place 55 
where he is going to hunt. Then his wife remains sitting on the bank 
of the | river; and not long after her husband has left her, she arises 
slowly | and goes slowly back and | enters her house. She does not go 

HexoLEn L'.Eleweso laxa egilwate haiiLlenoxwaxsEm tstedaqa, 35 
yixs k'!esae kulkiilk'a LE £ wis hanL'.enoxwe la £ wunEina. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese xwanaMde la £ wunEnias lae axk - !aleda kanLlenoxwaxes gE- 
liEma qa £ s le la £ sta laxa waxs nExwalae. Wa, g'il £ mese lag'aa 
laxa wa, lae g - alag'iwa £ yeda hanLlenoxwases gEnEmaxs lae iiLe £ sta 
laxa aL!e £ qa £ s kulEmg'aElse qa £ s £ nExwalax ,£ idEx - da £ xwe. Wa, 40 
g'il £ mese gwala lae hox £ wult!a qa £ s le lax 6x u siwa £ yasa wa qa £ s 
£ nEmax' £ ide xEnx -£ Idaxes £ naEnx £ una £ yeda hanL'enoxwe LE £ wis 
haiiL'.enoxwaxsEme gEnEina. Wa, la £ nEmax' £ idaxat ! t!ep £ stases 
lielk'!6tsldza £ ye laxa £ wape. Wa, laxae £ nEmax ,£ idaxat! tlepstases 
gEmxots!dza £ ye laxa £ wape. Wa, laxae £ nEmax -£ idaxat ! k!wa £ sta 45 
laxa £ wape. Wa, laxae £ nEmax £ IdExs lae xos £ Itsa £ wape laxes 
helk' !6t !Ena £ yases ok!wina £ ye. Wa, g'll £ mese mop!Ena xos £ itsa 
£ wape laq lae mdp'.Ena xos £ idaxaaxes gEinxot !Ena £ yases ok'.wina- 
£ ye. Wa, lawisLe guset!edxes 6k!wina £ ye laxeq. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwala lae £ nEmax £ idaxat ! la £ sta laxa £ wape qa £ s yawas £ ide k!Q- 50 
s £ Elsa. Wa, gil £ mese lEmx £ unx -£ Ida lae £ nEx £ tindeda hanLleno- 
xwases £ nEx £ flna £ ye. Wa, la qas £ ida bases gEnEme. Wa, la 
he £ nakula £ ma hfinL!enoxwe laxes g'okwe qa £ s ax £ edexes gwelgwa £ la 
qa £ s mSxses laxes hanaL!aats!e xwaxwaguma. Wa, la £ me sex £ wida 
qa £ s la laxes hanaLlaasLe. Wa, la £ me km klwase gEnEmas laxa 55 
wa. Wa, het!e la gala la £ wunEmas bas lae k - !es ealtselaxs lae l5x- 
£ wElsa qa £ s k'lese yayanaxs lae qa £ nakulaxs lae na £ nakwa qa £ s la 



640 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

quickly, and she sits down | and sits still without moving, and she only 

GO eats a little. || She does not allow herself to eat much, so that | what is 
hunted by her husband may do the same. This is called by the 
people of olden times | ts!Egwelk a ("made short inside"), when she 
does this purifying herself. Some hunters never lie down with their 
wives. 

05 When he cohabits with another woman every fourth || day and when 
it is known by the wife of the hunter that her husband has a sweetheart | 
and she is expert at purifying herself on behalf of the hunter, | the 
hunter's wife gives a blanket | to the woman, the sweetheart of the 
hunter her husband, so that it may not | remain a secret that the 

70 woman and the husband of the || hunter's wife are sweethearts. Gen- 
erally the husband of the | woman knows that she has a hunter for her 
sweetheart, but he does not become | jealous because he takes the 
blankets that are given to his wife. | Sometimes forty, or even a hun- 
dred, blankets are given | by the hunter's wife to the husband of the one 

75 who is the sweetheart of the || hunter her husband, and then the whole 
tribe know that the hunter and the woman | are sweethearts. 

And this is the reason why the hunter does this. He does not lie 
with his wife, and his sweetheart does not lie down with her hus- 

80 band; and after four days the hunter comes || and lies down with his 



58 laeL laxes g'okwe k'lesxat! yineLa. Wa, la k'.wagalila. Wa, 
a £ mise la sEldela kMes yawLx'Ela ogii £ la laqexs a £ niae hemEnel xaL!a 

60 ha £ mapa laxes k'letslena^ye heiq!ala qiek'hesa qa has gweg'ile 
hanaiJ.asF/was hVwunEinas. Wii, heEm Legad liixa g'ale bEgwa- 
nEms ts!Egwelk u xa he gweg'ila q leqale. Wax'eda waokwe hanEiuJe- 
noxwa IS hewaxa kule £ lenox u LE £ wis gEnEme. 

Wa, la 6gu £ laEm ts!Edaqe lanaxwa nExwalaso £ sexa maemoplEn- 

65 xwa £ se £ nala, yix q!al £ mas gEnEmasa hant lenoxweqexs Lalases 
la £ wunEinexa egilwate lax qleqEla qaeda hanrlenoxwe. Wa, 
he £ misa haiiL!enoxwaxsEme gEnEmsa hanLlenoxwe ts!asa p!e1xe- 
lasgEme laxa ts'.Edaqe, Lalases hanLlenoxwe la £ wunEme, qa k'.eses 
t!at!aayaala laxes waLalaena £ ya ts!Eclaqe lo £ la £ wiinEmasa hanLle- 

70 noxwaxsEme ts'.Edaqa. Wa, la q!unala q!ala £ me la £ wunEmasa 
tslEdaqaxs La £ lanokwaes gEnEmasa hanLlenoxwe. Wa, la k'les 
babala qaxs he £ mae ax £ edxa p'.ElxElasgEnie tslEwex qaes gEnE- 
mexa £ nal £ nEmp'.Ena mox u sokwa loxs lakMEndaeda p '.ElxElasgEme 
tslEwesa gEnEmasa hanLlenoxwe lax la £ wunEmas Lalases hanLle- 

75 noxwe la £ wunEme. Wa, la £ naxwa £ me g"oktilotasa hanLlenoxwe 
q'.alaqexs wS,Lilae. 

Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas he gweg'ileda hanLlenoxwe, yixs k - !esae 
kulkulk'a LE £ wis gEnEme. Wa, laxae Lalas k - !es ktUkulk'a LE £ wis 
la £ wunEme. Wa, g - il £ mese mop!Enxwa £ se £ nalas g'axaeda haniJe- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 641 

sweetheart. At once he cohabits with his sweetheart. In the morn- 80 
ing, when daylight comes, the | hunter and his sweetheart arise at 
the same time and go down | to the beach and go into the sea-water 
and | bathe at the same time. They dive four times and stay under 
water a long time: and after || diving they rub their bodies. After | 85 
that both come out of the salt water at the same time and sit down on 
the | beach; and after their bodies are dry, they | put on their blankets 
at the same time, and both | arise at the same time on the beach, and 
the hunter goes to his || house, and his sweetheart goes to her own 90 
house, and they both do not | go quickly as they are walking. | 

The wife of the hunter always gives | food to her husband's sweet- 
heart, and she always eats only a little. | The wife of the hunter does 
not observe any taboos. This is called || g'ildel.k' 1 ("made long inside"), 95 
when a man does this with another woman. | The hunters who do this 
are those whose wives are foolish | walking about and talking, and 
going after men, ami who do not know | the taboos to be observed by 
a hunter's wife. | 

The hunter only tells his wife not || to touch his bed when he goes 100 
hunting in the woods, or when he goes paddling. | This is the end of 
what is being done by the | hunter's wife. | 

noxwe kulx £ Id laxes Lala. Wa, la hex £ idaEm nExwalaxes Lalaxa 80 
haiiL'.enoxwe. Wii, k!es-mese £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs lae Lax £ wideda 
haiiL'.enoxwe £ nEmax' £ Ida LE-"wis Laleda ts!Edaqe qa £ s lit lEntsles 
laxa L'.Ema £ ise. Wit, hoxsta laxa dEmsxe E wapa qa £ s £ nEniax -£ ide 
das £ ida. Wa, lamoplEna das £ ida gegEyEnsEla. Wa, gil £ mese gwa} 
dasa lae guset !eda laxes ok!wina £ ye. Wa, gilmiese gwala lae 85 
£ nEmax ,£ id hox £ wiista laxa dEmsxe £ wapa qa £ s le k!us £ alis laxa 
L'.Ema £ ise. Wii, gihmese lEmx £ unx" £ ide ok!wina £ yas lae £ nEinax -£ - 
idExs lae £ nExiintses £ naEnx £ Ona £ ye. Wa, la mF.max-idExs lae 
LiixHdes liixa LlEma £ isaxs lae na £ nakweda haiiL'.enoxwe laxes 
g"okwe. Wa, la Lalas niimak" laxes hEsaq g'okwa laxes k!ets!e-90 
na £ ye yaya £ naxs qa £ nakfilae £ nEmala. 

Wii, la £ me gEnEinasa haiiL'.enoxwe hemEnalaEin LlawEntasa 
he £ maomase lax Laliises la ; "wunKme qa hemEnel £ Em xaL'.a ha £ miis. 
Wii, laLa k - !eas aek'ilasosa gEnEmasa haiiL'.enoxwe. Wii, heEin 
LegadEs g'ildelk", yixa he gweg"ila LE £ wa ogu £ la tslsdaqa. Wii, 95 
heEin he gweg'ileda haiiL!enoxwe yixs liEnoiaes gEUEinasxa tslEda- 
qaxs qayElkwae loxs k'atlalae loxs Llasgasaexa k" lease q!al lax 
aek'ilasE £ wasa haiiL'.enoxwaxsEm tslEdaqa. 

Wii, lex - a £ mes waldEmsa hanL'.enoxwaxes gEiiEine qa k'!eses 
i.abalax ku £ le £ lasas, yixs lae hanaLla laxa aide loxs sex £ widaeda 100 
haiiL!enoxwe. Wii, laEin laba lax gwa £ yilalasasa gEnEmasa 
hfiiiLlenoxwe. 

75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt I 41 



642 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. ss 

Now I will talk about the notice for the | wife of the hunter, which 

5 way the hunter her husband goes, || for the bed of the hunter is not 

near the bed of his | wife, and generally the hunter hardly speaks | to 

his wife. When the hunter dreams | that he is making love to a living 

woman, and when he dreams that he cohabits | with the living woman 

10 to whom he makes love, he immediately arises out of his || bed and 
quietlv goes, takes his powder-box | and his gun and the mat which 
serves as his seat and his paddle, and | he goes quietly out of the door 
of the house. | 

As soon as he goes out of the house, he puts a mark on the | ground 

15 with the tip of his hunting-paddle. j| The mark runs in the way in 
which he goes out paddling; and when | his wife arises and sees that 
her husband is not in Ins bed, | the woman knows at once that her 
husband had a good dream | for hunting. She goes out of the door of 
the house | and looks at the ground. There she sees her husband's 

20 mark, || and then she knows which way he has gone. | 

As soon as she knows which way he has gone, she goes back | into 
her house, not fast , and sits down, and she takes some food ] and cats it , 
and she chews for a long time what she is eating, | and she swallows it 

25 in very small pieces; that is, if || the hunter's wife is an experienced 
woman. She does not stop eating until her | cheeks ache. | 

3 Wa, la- r mesi',n gwagwex - s £ alal laxa mamalt !ek' !a qaeda gE- 
nEinasa hanLlenoxwe lax la gwagwaagasases hanLlenoxwe la £ \vii- 
5 nEina, yixs k"!esae Lalallle kii £ le £ lasasa hanLlenoxwe lax ku £ le £ lasases 
gEiiEine. Wa, la qlunala k'!es alai:in yaeq'.Eg - a £ leda hanLlenoxwe 
LE £ wis gEiiF.me. Wii, he £ mesexs g"il £ maeda hanLlenoxwe mexEla 
L'.Etaxa <j!ula tslEdaqa. Wii, g'il £ mesa hanLlenoxwe mexal a aExwa- 
laxes ].!i:tasi: £ we q!ula tslEdaqa, lii hex -£ idaF.m Lax £ ulll laxes 

10 ku £ le £ lase qa £ s sEltalexs lae dax ,£ Idxes hanhanlk - edzats!e g'lldasa 
i.i: £ wis hanLEme LE e wis k!wa £ ye le £ wa £ } r a LE £ wis se £ wayowe. Wii, lii 
sEltalaxs lae lawEls lax t!Exiliises g'okwe. 

Wa, gil : mese lawnls lax i.!asaiia £ vases g'okwe lae xiitlElsaxa 
awinakliise yis gexta £ yases hanaL'.ax'sa £ yase se £ wayix. Wii, la £ jne 

15 gwebale xulta £ yas lax gwagwaagasas lae sex £ wida. Wa, gihmese 
Lax £ wide gEnEmas lae dox £ waLElaxes la £ wunEmaxs k'!easae kmilla. 
Wa, hex £ ida £ mesa ts'.Ediiqe q!al £ aLElaxes la £ wunEinaxs mexalaasa 
eke laxes hanL!eno £ xwena £ ye. Wii, lii lawEls laxa tlEx'ilases gokwe 
qa £ s dox £ \videxa awinakluse. Wii, lii dox £ waLElaxa xulta £ yases 

20 la £ wiinEme. Wa, la £ me q'.ahai.Elax gwagwaagasas laxeq. 

Wii, gihmese q'.astax gwagwaagasas lae asm xwelaqa la laeL 
laxes gok u k-'.es yaya £ na qa e s lii klwag-alila qa £ s ax £ edexa hemao- 
mase qa £ s hamx £ Ideq. Wii, la £ me gegEg'ilil malekwaxes ha £ ma £ ye 
qa £ s nEx £ wideqexs lae ala la ani £ Kmayasta yixs eg'ilwataeda gE- 

25 nEmasa hanLlenoxwe Wii, al £ mese gwal ha £ miipExs lae ts!ets!E- 
nEmyax -£ Ida. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 643 

When the front of the house is stone | at the place where the hunter 27 
sits and when he dreams of making love to the wife of | another man, 
he has no way of letting his wife know that he goes out || hunting on 30 
account of his favorable dream, for he immediately arises and goes | 
out in his canoe. When he goes out of the house, he takes | a long split 
piece of cedar-wood and places it on the ground, the end near | the 
door of the house pointing down to the beach, and the lower end | is 
pointing south; and when the hunter goes straight out from his || 
house, then he puts the cedar-stick on the rock (pointing away from 35 
the door) ; and when he | goes north, he lavs the cedar-stick (pointing 
north); and when | he goes back into the woods, he puts the cedar- 
stick pointing backward at ] one side of his house. | 

In the same way are the marks which he puts on the | ground about 
which I talked first. || 

This is onl\' done by the hunter when he dreams of making love to 40 
a | living woman. When he dreams of making love to a dead woman, | 
he knows that he will not cat ch any animal. This is the same | dream 
for the hunter and trapper; for when | the trapper dreams of making 
love to a living woman, || he knows that st mething will be in his trap, 45 
and he at once goes to |look at his trap to take out what is caught in it : 
and when the | trapper dreams of making love to a dead woman, he 

Wii, g'il £ mese t!edzEk!wa Lkisana-yasa g'okwasa hanL!enoxwe 27 
axes hanaiJaedzase. Wii, glb'mese mexEla nExwalaxa gEnEmaxa 
ogu £ la bEgwanF.nia, wit, lii k* !e&s gwex ,£ idaas nelaxes gEnEmax laxe 
hanar.lal qaes ek'e mexa £ ya qaxs a £ mae hex £ idaEm i.ax-ullla qa £ s lii 30 
alex £ wida. Wii, g'ibmese lalawultsla laxes g'okwaxs lac diigilxLa- 
laxa g'ilt'.a xok u k!wa £ xi>a £ wa qa-s kat '.Elses oba £ yas lax max'sta- 
-lasas t!EX"flases g'okwe, gwebala laxa L,!Ema £ ise, la gwiigwebala 
laxa £ nEldze. Wii, g'il £ mese laLa hanLlenoxwe laxa nEqawilases 
g'okwe la k'atlalotsa k!wa £ xxa £ we laxa gwalaasa. 1 Wii, g - il £ mese 35 
gwagwaaqa laxa gwanakwe lae k'atlalotsa k!wa £ xLa £ we. Wii, gil- 
£ mese aai.aacpi laxa ai.'.e lae k'atlalotsa k!wa £ xEa £ we iiLEbiila lax 
apsanii'yases gokwe. Wii, heEmxaavvise gwala xulta £ yas laxa 
awlnak'.use liixEii g - ilx'de gwagwexs ; illasa. 

Wii, lex'aEm he gweg'ilatsa hanLlenoxwe yixs mexElae nExwalaxa 40 
q'.ula ts!Eclaqa. Wii, g'ib'mese mexi-:la nExwalaxa la 1e £ 1 tsEdaqa, 
wii, lii q!a,LElaxs k'leasaLe yanEins laxa g'llg'aomas, yixs ; i\Kinax'is- 
£ mae mexayasa haniJenoxwe LE £ wa k!Elk'.Elk'!enoxwe, yixs g41- 
£ maeda k - '.Elk'Elk - !en5xwe mexnla nExwalaxa q'.iila ts'.Edaqa lae 
q!aEElaqe laEm nuitslawes k - '.Elg'ayo. Wii, hex -£ ida £ mese la do- 45 
qwaxa k'lElg'ayowe qa £ s k'.iilsex matslawas. Wa, gil £ mese k" !e1- 
k"!Elk - !enoxwe mexEla nExwalaxa lE £ le ts'.Edaqa; wa, lii qlaLE- 

1 Straight down to beach. 



644 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

48 knows | that his trap did not catch anything, and that his trap is 
broken by a large animal. | That is the end. || 

Means of Having Children 

1 [We will talk about the means of making a woman have children. | 
There was TlatlEndzid, who had been married eight | winters to his 
wife, and his wife had never been pregnant; | and this is what he 
5 said: — ] Now, I have been married eight || winters to my wife, and she 
has never been pregnant. | I am sorry; for that was the reason | I 
married, that I might have children. Then I went to the Koskimo, | 
and I told the old man Qwa £ x'iladze that I | felt badly because my 

10 wife had not been pregnant in eight || winters. Then Qwa £ x'iladze 
laughed. He | said: ' "O my dear! listen to me, and I | will inform 
you. Just listen ! When I first | married Born-to-be-given-Pres- 

15 ents-First, she | got no child, and I had her for my wife four winters. || 
Then I was really sick at heart. | I invited the experts in medicine 
of the first Koskimo; | and I spoke, and said, 'O you experts in 
medicine among the | Koskimo, listen to me ! I pray you, have 
mercy on me, | and treat my wife so that she may have chddren.' 

20 Thus I said to || those experts in medicine among the Koskimo. 

48 laxes k'!Elgayaxs wEyoLae loxs Llenkwaasa £ walase g'ilg'aomases 
kMfilgayowe. Wa, laEm laba. 

Means of Having Children 

1 [Gwa'gwex"s £ alaLEns lil'xa ba'wek!ul £ yo qa bEwe'x £ w!desa ts!E- 
da'qe. Wa, he' £ mae Tlfi't tents !lde, yixs la'e ma £ lgii £ na'l £ Enxelaxa 
ts!E £ wii'nxe gEg - a'tses . gEnE'me. Wii, la hewa'xa bEwe'x £ wkla. 
Wa, g - a £ mes wa'ldEmseg'a:] He' £ maaxgin le'g - in la ma £ lgu £ na'- 
5 l e Enxelaxa ts!E-wu'nxe gEg'a'tsEn la gEiiE'ma. Wa, la hewa'xa 
bEwe'x £ wida. Wa, la tslEX'ilEn na'qa £ ye qaxgln he' £ meq la'g'Ila 
gEga'dEx £ ld qEii xii'ngwadEx ,£ Ide. Wa, lEn la'xa Go'sgimoxwe. 
Wii, lEn ne'laxa q!u'l £ yakwe Qwa £ x - Iladze, yisEn na'qa £ yaxs 
£ \a'xsE £ mae qaE'n gEiiE'maxs k'le'sae bEwe'x £ wIdxa la ma £ lgu- 

01 £ na'l £ Enx ts!E £ wii'nxa. Wa, la dal-Tde Qwa £ xl'ladze. Wa, la 
£ ne'ka:' " £ ya, a'dats, we'g'ak'a'sLEla hoLe'laL g"a'xEii, qEn ts!e- 
k'!a'l : i:lakasa<"ii,. AVe'i.i:la hu'LelakasLoL. Wa, he'k'as £ maexg"in 
la'kasaek' gEgadkatsox G'a'laxaa'kwe. £ lakwex. Wa, la'k'asono 
k'le'as qE'lxela; wii, la'kasEn mo'x-'iinxelaxe ts!E £ wE'nxe gEg'a'd- 

15 katsono; wii, lii'k'ase a'lak" !alak"as ts!Exi'lEn na'qek'ase. Wii, 
la'kasEn Le'laxe wi £ wa'no-ienoxwase g'i'lk'asdii Go'sgimoxwa. 
Wii, Ieu do't!Eg - a £ la. We, lak'asEn £ nex - a: 'ya, wPwano £ lenoxs Gos- 
g - imox u . Wi'k'asLEla ho'LelaLOL a'sa £ yoLEiiLoL qak'a'sos wa £ xa'os 
wa'nol £ idk - asxEn gEiiE'mk'asex qa qETxele £ sox,' £ ne'x-k - asEnLax 

20 wI £ wa'no £ lenoxwase Go'sg'imoxwe. Wa, lii'k-aslaene d6't!Eg - a £ te 

1 The following is spoken in Koskimo dialect. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 645 

Then one of them spoke, | and said 'O Chief Qwa e x 'lladze ! | let 21 
Born-to-be-given-Presents-First go out of the house, else | she will 
hear what we are talking about here.' Then | Born-to-be-given - 
Presents-First was driven out. || 

"As soon as she had gone out, the expert in medicine spoke, | and 25 
said, '0 chief! go and | send the little children to search for one | 
male lizard and also for one female | lizard. They shall be husband 
and wife; and as soon as |] they have brought them, you must take 30 
them and put them together, chest to chest, j and tie them together 
in that way, while [ they are still alive. Then tie them on the right 
side of your | waist, and let them be there thus for four days. | 
Then untie them and || take some food;' and I chewed it. | 35 

"Then I took the fore-feet of one of the lizards | and put them into 
the food, and I chewed it again, \ and then T put it down on the 
floor of the house; and then I also | took the hind-feet of the lizard || 
and put them into what had been chewed. Then | I put it down on 40 
the floor of the house. Then I did the same with each one. | Then I 
took it up, and 1 took the fore-feet, | both of them; and I chewed 
them together | with the food, and I put it down on the floor of the 



E nEmo'x\ve. Wa, la'k - as £ laene £ ne'x - a: ' £ ya g I'gamia, Qwa'xi'ladze, 21 
wi'g'ELElax'Sno la'wElsk'asLox G'a'laxaa'kwe'lakwax. n'rakasono 
wuLEla' la'xEns d6'dEt!alagililEmk - a'sax.' Wa, la'k - as £ laene k - a'- 
£ yasokwase G'a'laxaa'kwe-'laxwe. 

"Wa, g - i'l £ Em £ laene la'wEls la'k'ase do't!Eg'a £ lk"ase wii'no £ laeno- 25 
xwe. Wa, la'k - as-"laene £ ne'x - a: ' ya, g'I'ga £ ma, wi'k"asLEla £ ya'- 
lax £ idk - asLEse g*l'ng"lna'iiEmk - asbedza e wa qa la'k"asese £ a/lax £ nE'm- 
k"asa wI'sEin gwa'lasa. Wa, he'kas £ mesene £ nE'mk"asa tsteda'x 
gwa'lasa. La'k'asLene ha'vasEk alaL. Wa, gi'lkas £ Einlxaene 
g'a'xk'asL qaka'sLEsono ax'e'dkasLEqene qak'a'ts ha'qodkasao- 30 
saq. Wa, la'k'asLaxaas ya'LodkasLEqene qaxs he'kas'maene 
a'lek'as q!ula'. Wii, la'k'ats yi'h'aLElo'ts la'k'asxos he'lk" lodEno- 
dza £ yex qEna'sa. Wa, la'kasLExae mo'p!Eiixwa £ sk"asLe £ na'las 
he gwa'laLene. Wii, la'k - asLaxaas qwe'l £ idk - asLaqene. Wa, la'k'ats 
ax £ e'dk - asxe ma'^maleklwemak'ase,' qaka £ sEii ma'lex-widaex. 35 

" Wa, la'k'asEn ax £ edk - asxe ma £ le' a £ yaso'kwatse gvva'lase qaka'- 
sEn a'x £ Eqes la'k - asxe ma' e malek!wema qak'a'sEn e'tlede ma'le- 
x £ wldk-asqene. Wii, la'k'asxaEn ax £ a'lllaqene. Wii, la'k'asxatlEn 
e'tled ax £ e'dk - asxe ma £ le' go'g - Egu £ yo'se gwa'lase qak-fi'sEii 
e't'.ede a'x £ Eqiis la'k'asxEn la'kase ma'lekwasokwa'sa. Wa, la'k'a- 40 
sEn ax £ a'lilak-asaq. Wii, la'k'asxat!En he gwe'x £ Idk-asxe £ iiE'me. 
Wa, laE'mxatlEn ax^'e'dk^asqene qak"i,'sEn ax £ e'dk"asex a ; vaso'- 
kwasas, yik-a'sxe ma £ le'. Wii., la'k'asEii e'tled ma'lex e widqene 
Lokwa'se ma' £ malek!wema. Wii, la'k-as £ EmxaEii ax £ a'lllaqene. 



646 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



45 house. II Then 1 took the hind-feet of the other one, | and I chewed 
them also with the food. | Now I had finished four mouthfuls. | 
Now they were on the floor of the house. Then I called my wife, 
and I | asked her to eat what had been chewed; and she chewed it 

50 and || she ate it up. Deinde | in cubiculum vocavi uxorem meam. 
Deinde nos in lecto collocavimus. | Ego iacui ei in dextra parte et 

55 cum ea concubui. Postquam | perfeci, non sivi || uxorem meam se 
illo die commovere et sivi cam femina illo die distinere | el supinam 
ilia nocte recumbere. Menstruare quidem modo destiterat. I Num- 
quain rursus menstruavit. Turn | facta est praegrians. Then she 
had a little boy. | She first had a child when I had been married || 

60 five winters to my wife; | and now I had this child, Midiicd." 
Thus said the chief, | speaking the Koskimo language. | 

At once I went home, and I was already looking for | lizards on 

65 the trail of Gwadze. T found two — a || female and a male lizard. 
At once | I tied them together, chest to chest, and I tied them to my 
licit | and put it around my waist, and I kept them on my right 
side. | I went home to Newettee. I arrived there where | I had left 
my wife. For two days I kept the lizards || on my waist. Statim 

45 Wii, la'k'asEn ax £ e'dk'asEx a £ lEmxLa' £ ya g'6'g'Egu £ yo'se ! nE'me 
cpika'sEn e'tlede ma'lex £ wldqene Lokvva'se ma' £ malek!wema. Wa, 
la'k'as gwa'la, la'k'as £ Emxaene mo'sgEme ma'lex u sE £ makwe la'k'as 
axe'lkasa. Wa, la'k'asEn. Lel-a'lIlxEn gEiiE'me. Wa, la'k'asEn 
axk' la'lak'asqene qak'.a'saes ma'lex £ widxe ma'leg'ikwe. Wa, la' 

50 k'asene ma'lex £ widk'asqene. Wa, la'kasene £ wllq tesaqene. Wa, 
la'k'asEn i.e'ltslalilakasxEn gEiiE'me. Wa, la'kasEiui'x" kiVlx' £ Id- 
k'as LE £ we'ne. Wa, he'k'asEn kii'Lv-'klkase be'lk!otaga'wa £ lIla- 
sEn gEiiE'me. Wa, la'kasEinr'x" gEX £ wi'da. Wa, g - I'lk - as e mesEn 
gwa'lk'as gExwa' LE £ we'ne; wa, la'k'asEn k'!e' £ yas £ nex - qa 

55 Le'kidilesEn gEnE'maxe Mia'la qa o'kwas £ mesene sE'nba £ yfla'laxe 
£ na'la tle'g'Il le £ w§ ne'g'ikwe, yi'xe he'kas £ maene a'lekas gwal 
k!a £ le. Wa, la'kas he'heka e'tled k'!al £ e'da. Wa, la'k"as £ mene 
qElxk"!ae's £ Idk - asa. Wa, la'k"as £ mene qE'lxelax -£ Id, yika'tse ba'ba- 
giimc. Wa, a'lkas qE'lxadEx £ idk'asg'anu £ x u la'k'asaex' sEk'la' 

CO x £ Enxelaxe ts!E £ wu'nxe ga'lcala Lokwa'sEn geiiE'mk'asex. Wii, 
la'k'as £ maeg'in qE'lxadkatsox ME'inedex," £ ne'k"eda g'i'gama £ ye 
la'xes go'ts!alaena £ ye. 1 

Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mesEn gax na' £ nakwa. Wa, gvva'lEla £ mesEn a'laxa 
gwa'lase la'xat!rx i'liis GwadzE £ ye'. Wa, Ieu qla'xa ma £ le', £ nE'ma 

65 ts!Eda'qe, £ nE'ma bEgwa'nEme la'xa gwa'lase. Wa, he'x £ ida £ me- 
sEn hfi'qodEq qEn ya'Lodeq. Wa, Ieii yil £ E'hts la'xEii wuse'gano, 
Ieii wuse'x" £ Its. W&, laE'm axa'la la'xEii he'lk" !odEnodza £ ye. Wa 
Ieii na' £ nakwa lax Xu'mdasbe. Wa, la £ mEn hx'g'aa laq, ylxs 
a'mlexwaEn gEiiE'me laq. Wa, la ma £ lp !E'nxwa £ se £ na'lasa gwa'- 

i The following is again Kw agul dialect. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 647 

voluit | uxor mea ut secum luderem. Deinde earn rogavi, ct | "Quan- 70 
do,'' inquam, "menstrua visti V sciebam enim cam turn menstruare. | 
"Menstruo," inquit, "quattuor iam dies." Deindo, | statui cum ea 
ilia nocte non coire. || Cum uxor mecum ludere conaretur, | iratum 75 
me simulavi. Deindo duas noctes dormii. | When the lizards had 
been on my waist four days, j I took a biscuit and chewed it- 
and I took the | lizard and cut off the fore-legs of the one, the 
male. || Then I put thorn in with what 1 had in my mouth and SO 
chewed thorn. When I | had done so, T put it (what I had 
chewed) down on the floor of the house, and I again took a biscuit | 
and bit off a piece; and I cut off the hind-feet | of the lizard and put 
them in with what 1 was chewing. When | I had finished, I bit off 
again a piece of biscuit; and I cut off || the fore-feet of the female 85 
lizard, and I chewed them with the biscuit, | and I put (what I had 
chewed) down on the floor of the house. Then 1 bit off another 
piece of | biscuit, and I cut off the hind-feet of the lizard and | put 
them in with the biscuit I was chewing. Now there were therefore | 
four piles of chewed biscuit on the floor. || 

Then I called my wife to come to the place where I was sitting. | 90 
She came at once. I put my arm around her, and f gave her | one 
of the pieces of biscuit. I told her to eat it. | She ate at once the 

la.se axa'la la'xEn qEna'se. Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mesEn gEnE'me £ nex - 70 
qEinr'x" ama'lox £ w!de. Wa, Ieii wui.a'q; wa, Ieh '"ne'k'a: " We'- 
laqwas e'xEnte," qa £ xg"in q!a'LEla £ meg"aqexs e'xEntae. Wa, la 
6 ne'k - Exs la'e mo'p!Enxwa £ sa £ na'las la e'xEnta. Wa, Ieii lii- 
klwe'masa'masxEn na'qa £ ye qEii k - !e'se nEXwa'lax -£ Id LE £ we'xa ga.'- 
nuLe. Wa, wa'x l£ mesEn gEnE'me aE'mtq !En £ wa g'a'xEn; a' £ mesEn 75 
la'wisbolaq. Wa, he'tlEn la ma £ tp!E'nxwa £ s he. 'la me'xe. Wa, 
laE'm mo'p!Enxwa : 'so ma'lasa gwa'lase axa'la la'xgin qEna'sik"; 
wa, Ieii ax £ e'dxa bi'sgito qEn ma'lex £ wldeq. Wa, Ieu ax £ e'dxa 
gwa'lase qEn tlo'sodex e £ e' £ yasa'sa £ nE'mexa wI'sEme. \Va, Ieu 
a'x £ Eqas la'xEn la lia'uisgEinesE-wa qEn ma'lex £ wideq. Wa, lEn 8f) 
gvval ma'lekwaq; wa, Ieu ax £ a'lilaq. Wa, lEn e'tled ax £ e-dxa bi's- 
g'ite qEn e'tlede qE'mx £ wid laq. Wa, Ieii tlo'sodEX go'g r.giV 
£ yasa gwa'lase qEn a'x £ Eqes la'xEn la ma'lekwasE £ wa. Wa, la'xae 
gwa'la; wa, Ieu e'tled q!E'mx £ widxa bi'sg'ite. Wa, la'xaEn t!o's5- 
dEx e'"o-yasa'sa tslEda'qe gwa'lasa cjeii ma'lex £ wldeq i.E £ wa bl's- 85 
g-ite. Wa, Ieii e'tled ax-'a'lllaq. Wii, Ieii e'tled q!E'mx £ widxa 
bi'sg'ite. Wa, laxaEii tlo'sodEX g'6'g'Egu £ yasa gwa'lase qEna'x £ E- 
qes la'xEn la ma'lekwasE £ wa bi'sg'ita. Wa, laE'm E wl' £ la. LaEin 
mosgEma £ niEx u mEgwT'le ma'leg'Ek" bi'sg'ita. 

Wa, Ieii Le' £ lalaxEn gEnE'me qa gTi'xes la'xEn klwae'lase. !Ml 
Wii, he'x -£ ida £ mese g-fi'xa. Wa, Ieii k-!ip!Exo'dEq. Wa, Ieii tsla'sa 
£ nE'msgEme laq. Wa, lEn £ ne'k'a: 'Hamx -£ I'dasxwa bisg'ite'x.' 
Wa, he'x ,£ ida £ mese £ wl £ la hamx' £ i'dqexs mo'sgEmae. Wa, Ieu Lei- 



648 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

95 four pieces. Then | I called her into my room || and barred the door. 

Peccavi, | nam uxori in sinistra parte me posui. Deinde | cum uxori 

mea concuhui. After I had done so, I spoke | and said, "O my 

dear! don't wish to move about this | day and night; just lie on 

100 your back with legs extended." Thus said I || to my wife. | 

Then she obeyed me; and my wife said that she | guessed that I 
was treating her with medicine, thai she might have a child. | Pos- 
tea menstrua | uxoris meae desl ilerunt. Praegnans erat e< puellam 
5 peperit. |.Etenim in sinistra parte jacebam dum cum uxore || con- 
cumbeham. Quare infans erat puella. Now 1 | had a child; and I 
believe in the medicine, for my wife never | had had a child for 
eight winters. 1 | gave her the medicine and she was pregnant at 
10 once and when | we had been married nine winters we || had a 
daughter. | 

The girl was four months old when my wife was pregnant again, | 
and she had another girl. | Now we have been married sixteen 
winters, I and my wife, | and we have four children, all girls. Eight [| 
15 winters we had no children. Now foi eight winters we have had | 
children. The only reason why I am sick at heart is that the children 
are all | girls, for there is no boy. [Thus said | T 1st lEndzid of the 
Seaward-Dwellers.] | 

ts!aleLaq la'xEn g"ae'lase. Wii, g11 £ mesEnu £ x" la liitsla'llla; le'- 
95 gin LEne'x" £ Id\a tlexi'lasEn g'ae'lase. Wii, la £ mEii Le'xLeqfdlla, 
qaxg"in hek' kii'lx -£ idaa'se gEmxa'gawalllasEn gEnE'me. Wa, lEn 
iiExwa'lax' £ Id le £ weii gEiiEme. Wa,lEngwala. Wa, lEnyiiq!Ega £ la. 
Wa, Ieii me'k'a: " £ ya, a'de, gwa'la £ nex - cpis yii' £ wixildeL6sxwa 
iialaLex LF/wa ganuLex. A'EmLEs tle'g'llLoL £ yila'laL," me'k'En- 
100 naxEn gEnE'me. 

Wa, la na'nageg-I ga'xEn. Wa, la me'k'En gEiiE'maxs lE £ ma'e 
ko'tEn laEin pEta'q qa bEwe'x £ wkles. Wit, la £ me gwal e'xEntEii 
gEnE'me la'xeq. Wit, la £ me bEwe'x £ w!da. Wa, la £ ma' £ yol £ Itsa 
ts!a'ts!EdagEme. Qii'Laxgln gEmxagawa £ l!leg - axg'in lek' nExwa'- 
5 lax -£ Id LE £ wE'n gEnE'me, la'gilas ts la'ts lEdagEme. Wii, la £ mE'n 
xu'ngwadEx £ Ida. Wii, la £ niEn o'ci!iis £ Idxa pEta' qaxg'in hewa'xek* 
dewc'x \vi<liimasxEn gEnE'maxa ma £ lgu £ na'l £ Enxe ts!E £ wu'nxa. Wa, 
lEn patle'dsq; lii he'x -£ idaEm bEwe'x £ w!da. Wa, Ieu na' £ nEma- 
x £ Enxelaxa ts!E £ wu'nxe ha'yasEkalaxgin la'g - anu £ x u xu'ngwa- 
10 dEx £ itse ts la'ts lEdagEme. 

Wa, he' £ mis a'le' £ s mo'sgEinekileda ts la'ts !E<lagEmaxs la'e e't!e- 
(Ieii gEnE'me bEwe'x £ wkla. Wii, laE'mxae ts la'ts lEdagEina. Wa, 
l;i'nu £ x" c[!aLlax £ E'nxagogwIlaxa tslE £ wii'nxe gak'a'ia le-'weh gE- 
nE'me. Wii, la mo'kiin sa'sEine tsle'daxsii. Ma £ lgu £ na'l £ Enxa tslE- 
15 Hvu'nxe k - lea's sa'sEma. Wii, lanu £ x u ma £ lgii £ na'l £ Enxa tslE £ wu'nxe 
la sii'sEmnokwa. Wii, le'x - a £ mes tslEnE'msEn na'qa £ yaxs £ na'xwa- 
£ mae tsle'daqEn sa'sEine, yixs klea'sae ba'baguma. [ £ ne'k - e Tla'- 
t lEnts ledasa l la'L lasiqwala.] 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 649 

Birth 

The woman has not had a husband for a long time, when she is 1 
with child; | and when she thinks that she is with child, both of 
them at once | are careful. | 

Her husband takes nothing that he sees || that is hurt by a man, 5 
or a bird with blood on its head, or | a seal with blood on its head 
or with singed hair. He and | his wife take a little of it, and hide 
it at a dry place under j a cedar-tree. They leave it there until the 
child of the woman is born, j I have forgotten this. When he first 
wipes off with soft || shredded cedar-bark the blood of whatever be 10 
sees, he carries it to his house; | and when his wife is lying down, he 
asks her to sit upon the floor; | and when she sits there, the man 
begins at the back of his wife's head, | holding the bloody cedar- 
bark, and passes it down | her back; and as he is passing down the 
cedar-bark, he says, || "This would 'happen to you." He does this 15 
four times, | passing the bloody cedar-bark down her back, and says 
four times, "This | would happen to you" (he means to the child 
that she is bearing); and when | this is done, he goes and hides it 
at a dry place under a cedar-tree. | 

The man also takes the tail of a deer, and [| the ends of the four 20 
arms of an octopus, and the tip of the tail of a snake, | and the feet of 

Birth 

Wa, k'!est!a gala liiwadeda tstedaqaxs lae bEwex-wida. Wa, 1 
gil'mese oq!us £ Id laEm bEwex £ w!deda tstedaqaxs lae hex £ idaEm 
£ naxwa aek'ila. 

Wa, laEm leleas k'!es ax^etsosa la'wiinEme laxes dox £ waLEle laxa 
yilkwa £ yasa bEgwanEine LE £ wa Elkumala fcs!ek!wa; wa, liemiisa 5 
megwate Elkumala loxs ts!Ex - asEwae. Wa, ha-staEm ax £ edaatse 
LE'"wis gEiiEme, yixa la e wuiiEme, qa £ s lii qliilahclsaq laxa lEinwa- 
ga £ ya welkwe. Wa, la £ me hex'sal gwesLe lalaal lax miiyoldEmLasa 
tstedaqe. Wa, hexoLEn LlElewesoxs g'IPmae dex" £ Itsa qloyaakwe 
k'adzEkwa lax Elkwases dogidaxs gaxae dalaq laxes gokwe. Wa, 10 
g - il £ mese qElgwile gEUEmasExs lae axkMalaq qa klwag'aliles. Wa, 
g-il £ mese klwaelExs laeda bEgwanEine g-jiglLEla lax 5xLaata £ yases 
gEiiEme daxsgEmexa El £ Elkula k'adzEkwa, qa £ s lanaxwe haxEla 
lax odzoxsdE £ yases gEiiEme. Wii, la £ me e neg"EtEwexs lae nasa 
k"adzEkwe; "YuEms heyolaxsdox." Wa, la £ me mSplEna nox n no- 15 
kwasa El £ Elkida k'adzEkwa. Wii, laxae moplEna Miek'a: "YuEms 
heyolaxsdox," laxa boxwa £ yas gEnEmas nox u sos. A\':i, gil £ mese 
gwfdExs lae qlulalElsaq lax lEm £ waga £ yasa welkwe. 

Wii, he £ mis iixsosa bEgwanEme dayoxsda £ yasa gewase, LE £ wa 
mowe dzedzElEinxsidzesa t!Eqwa, LE £ wa 6ba £ yas oxsda £ yasa se- 20 



(550 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I imi. ANN. 3S 

22 a toad. All these he keeps; | and he passes them over his wife when 
she gives birth to the child. | 

And when his wife has been with child for nine months, the man | 

25 walks continually. He goes into the house II not fast ; but when he 
goes out, he jumps | out. | 

And when his wife feels that she is going to give birth to the child, 
he asks | an old woman to act as midwife for her and to take care of 

30 her . | And when the old woman comes, she at once asks || the woman 
to lie on her back, knees up, with spread legs. | When she does so, 
the old woman feels of her | abdomen [to ascertain] the position 
of the child. She takes | perch-oil and rubs her hands with much 
of it, and she rubs over | the abdomen of the woman from below 

35 the breastbone || to the groins. After she has done so she sits still [ 
and waits. The man meanwhile is running about quickly. | He 
goes very slowly when he enters a j house, and he is very fast when 
he comes out. Now the old | woman takes the ends of the tentacles 

40 of the octopus and the II deer-tail and the snake-tail and the toad- 
feet, | and also four chitons; and she takes four | shells of (medium- 
sized) clams, and puts them down next to the fire. | First she takes the 
tongs and picks up the deer-tail | and puts it on the fire. When the 

2 I Ikiuc; wii, he £ misa g'og'Egiiyasa wuq'.iise. Wii, he £ staEin axelax u se, 
qa £ s noyoLexes gEiiEme qo mayoHdLo. 

Wa, giPmese helogwile gEUEinasexs lae hemEnala £ meda bEgwa- 
nEme la yax - i £ lala qasa. Wa, g'il £ mese laeL laxa g'dkwaxs lae 

25 k' !es yineLExs lae laei.a. Wa, g'il £ mese g'axawulsExs lae dzElx'E- 
wElsa. 

Wii, gil £ mese p !ep lExwele gEnEmasexs lae sixk' lalaxa mamayfd- 
tsllaenoxwe q lulyax" tslEilaqa qa las mamayultsllax gEnEmas. 
Wa, g'il £ mese lada qlulyakwe tslEdaqExs lae hex £ idaEin axk - !alaxa 

30 ts!Edaqe qa t!ex lf aliles k'losala; wa, he £ mis qa £ yilales. Wa, g'il- 
Emese he gwaeleda tslEclaqaxs lae p!ex £ wideda qlulyakwe ts!E(hlqex 
tEk'Ias lax gwaedzasasa glnanEme. Wa, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsexa 
dzeklwise, qa £ s qlfilqlEltslanEndesa qlenEine, qa £ s la LExultsEmes 
lax tEk'lasa ts'.Edaqe g'ayabala lax bEnba £ yas LlEmaklubanas 

35 lag'aa lax na £ xwas. Wa. g'il £ mese gwalExs lae sElt!alila. Wa, 
la £ me olastogwalila. Wa, laEniLeda bEgwanEine alax £ id la yax'i- 
£ lalaxs qflsae. Wa, la £ me Lomax -£ Id laLal sEltalaxs lae laeL laxa 
g'okwe, qa £ s altlEqElexs g'iixae etEwulsa. Wa, la £ meda qlulya- 
kwe ts!Edaq ax £ edxa dzedzElEms!dza £ yasa tEqlwa LE £ wa doyoxs- 
da £ yasa gewase, LE £ wa 6xsdE £ yasa selEme, LE £ wa g"6g - lguyowasa 

40 wiiqlase, wa, he £ misa mosgEine qlaniisa. Wa, la ax £ edxa mowex- 
La xftlaetsa g'aweqlaiiEme qa £ s mExEnolisEles laxa lEgwlle. Wa, 
he £ mis gil ax £ etsoseda tsIesLala qa £ s k*!ip!edes lilxa doyoxsda- 
£ yasa gewase, qa £ s aaxLales laxes lEgwlle. Wa, gil £ mese ts!Ex -£ I- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS I',,")] 

hair begins to burn, || she puts the burnt hair into one of the j clam- 
shells. When she thinks it is enough, she passes the | deer-tail up 
and down the back of the woman, who is sitting up. | She does this 
four times; and she says four times, | "This would happen to you;" 
and after she has done so, she throws it into the || fire. She does this 50 
with all the other things; and when they | all have been burnt to a 
crisp, she pours some water on the remains of the deer-tail, j After 
doing this, she stirs it, and then she lets | the woman drink it. Then 
she takes the burnt tentacles | of the octopus and pours some wat cl- 
over them, stirs them, [| and gives it to the woman and lets her drink 55 
it. | 

Then she takes some perch-oil, pours a little of it on the | burnt 
snake-tail, and she does the same with the | burnt toad-feet. She 
stirs it, so that it forms a paste, | and rubs it on the stomach of the 
woman, first the || snake and then the toad, so that her stomach is 60 
blackened. | When this is done, she takes water and pours it on the I 
burnt chiton, and stirs it until it is watery. When [ the birth- 
pains come often, the old | woman takes the chiton water and gives 
it to the woman to drink; || and after drinking all of this, she waits to 65 
see what is going to happen. When | the pains come in quick 
succession, | the old woman pulls up her petticoat and places her 



deda hfibEsas lae axtslalas tslax'motas habEsas laxa £ nEinexi,a 15 
xalaesa. Wa, g'il £ mese k'otaq laEm helaxs lae nox £ \v!tsa tslax - - 
mote doyoxsdesa gewase lax awlg'a £ yasa tslEdaqaxs klwaelae. 
Wa, laEinxae moplEnaxs naas. Wa, laxae mdplEna mek'a: "Yu- 
Ems heyolaxsdSx." Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae tslEXLEndEq laxes 
lEgwile. Wii, la he £ staEm gwex" £ ldxa waokwe. Wa, g'il £ mese Mia- 50 
xwa la tslolkiixs lae guqlEqasa £ wape laxa ts!5ts!almote doyoxs- 
desa gewase. Wii, gil £ mese gwal xwetaqexs lae naqamats laxa 
tslEdaqe. Wa, la £ me etled ax £ edxa tslotslahnotasa dzedzElEmbal- 
ts!ana £ yasa tEq!wa, cpi^s guq!Eqesa £ wa.pe laq. Wii, laxae xwetle- 
dEq. Wii, laxae ts!as laxa tslEdaqe, qa nax £ kleseq. 55 

Wii, lii ax £ ed laxa dzeklwise, qa e s xaLlaqe guqlEqas lax ts!o- 
tslalmotas 5xsdE £ yasa selEme. Wii, laxae heEm gwex" £ ldxa 
ts!ots!almotas g'og'Egiiyasa wuqliise. Wa, la xwetledEq qa. gEn- 
k'es. Wii, lii dzEx'sEmts lax tEk'lasa tslEdaqe. HeEm g'aleda 
selEme. Wii, lii mak'ileda wflqlasaq. Wii, a £ mis la tslole tEk!iis. (in 
Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa £ wape qa £ s guqlEqes lax ts!6- 
tslalmotasa qlaniise. Wii, lii xwetledEq qa £ wapales. Wii. gil- 
£ mese nEnxwaakiile sex"sex"aena £ yasa ginanEmaxs laeda qlulyakwe 
tslEdiiq fix £ edxa q!ana £ stala £ wapa qa £ s naqamases laxa tslEdaqe. 
Wii, gil £ mese £ wl £ la nax £ Idqexs lae etled olastogwallla. Wa, g*il- 65 
£ mese Lomax' £ Id la nEiixwaakule sex - sex*aena £ yasa g'inanF.maxs lae 
nexostodeda qlulyakwe tslEdaqxes saxsda £ ye, qa £ s [dzexwalllexs 



652 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.ss 

68 legs I on the floor as she sits down. She takes much soft shredded 
cedar-bark and | places it between her knees; and after this has 

70 been done, || she calls the woman to sit on her knees. | The woman 
has her legs outside of the thighs of the old | woman, and the old 
woman puts her arms around her. The | old woman puts her arms 
around the waist of the woman; and when the child is about to be 

75 born, | the old woman blows down each side of the neck || of the 
woman; and after the child has been born, she tries to get the | 
afterbirth; and when it does not come quickly, she takes a small 
dish | and places it in front of the woman, and she puts her finger 
down her throat | until she vomits. Then the afterbirth comes out. | 

80 Then the woman moves away, and they call her husband. || As soon 
as he comes, they take a knife, and twisted cotton thread | with 
which they tie the umbilical cord of the child. | After this has been 
done, they cut it off; and when it is <>lf, they take a washtub | and 
pour it half full of water. Then the old | woman puts her left foot 

85 into it, and || she places the child on it so that it sits on the instep, | 
while she is holding it with her left hand. She washes it with the 
right hand; | and when this is -done, she takes soft shredded cedar- 
bark | and wipes the child's body with it. After this is done, she 
takes red ocher | and puts a little in its mouth in order to make its 



68 k!waelae. Wa, la ax £ edxa qlenEme q!oyaak u k'SdzEkwa, qa £ s 
ax £ oliles liix awagawa £ yases okwiix'a £ ye. Wii, g'il £ mese gwiil £ ali- 

70 Iexs lae Le £ lalaxa tstedaqe, qa liis k!wak - ax - eq. Wa, la £ ine Lle- 
L!asot!Ena £ ye g'og'Eguyawasa tstedaqe lax ewanolg - a £ yasa q!iilya- 
kwe ts!Edaqa. Wa, la £ me k ip!Exiiwa £ yeda tslEdaqaq. Wa, lada 
qiulyakwe tslEdaq k'iboyEwexa tslEdaqe. Wii, g'il £ mcse sex -£ ideda 
g'inanEmaxs lae poxwots!odeda qiulyakwe tslEdaqEx £ wax - sanolxa- 

75 wa £ yasa tstedaqe. Wa, g"il £ mese lawayeda glnaiiEmaxs lae laloLlaxa 
maene. Wa, gil £ mes§ k - !es gEyol g'axExs lae ax £ etsE £ weda lalogume, 
qa £ s la k'figEmlllas laxa ts lEdaqe. Wii, lii gElx £ witses q Iwiiq Iwax'ts !a- 
na £ ye. Wii, g'Il £ mese hox £ widExs lae lawiiyeda maene. Wii, g'il £ mese 
lawaxs lae Lequlilxa tslEdiicje. Wa, la £ me Le £ lalasE £ we la £ wunEmas. 

80 Wii, gil £ mese g - axExs lae ax £ edxa k - lavvayowe LE £ wa mEdEkwe yawa- 
bEdzowa. Wii, he £ mis la yIl £ Idxats!EyoxLa £ yasaginanEme. Wa,g"il- 
'mese gwfdExs lae t!5ts!EdEq. Wa, g'il £ mese lawaxs lae ax £ edxa ts!a- 
ts !e, qa £ s guxts !5desa k'oxsta £ wiip laq. Wa, la £ me dzex u steda q !iilya- 
kwe tslEdiixses gEmxoltsidza £ ye g'oguyo laq. Wa, he £ mis la 

85 q !El £ aLElodaatsesa ginanEme, qa klwales lax awlg'altsldza £ yasexs 
lae dalases gEmxolts!ana £ ye liiqexs lae kwasases helk!ots!ana £ ye 
laq. Wii, g - il £ mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa qloyaakwe k'adzEkwa, 
qa £ s deg - it!edes laq. Wii, g'iPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa gugum- 
yime, qa £ s tobEnses laq, qa halabales k'!ix ,£ itsa £ yax"same g - aes 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 653 

bowels move, so that the bad things || in the belly of the child come 90 
out; and when this is done, she puts an | old blanket around the 
child. Now, if it is a boy, it is called Tsaxis, | because it is born 
at Tsaxis, and that name is given to him. ) 

When the child is ten months old, straps are put on him. Then 
his father invites | his tribe, and all the men go into his house. || ■ 
They sit down and watch the singeing of the hair of the child; for 95 
they put | a comb under the hair of the child, take dried split cedar- 
wood, | and light the end in the fire. With these | they singe off the 
hair of the child. Wlien it is all off, | they take the knee-straps of 
skin and put them around the knees, || and the ankle-straps of skin 100 
arc put around the ankles, and | the arm-straps are put on and the 
wrist-straps. When this is done, | they put red ocher on the child's 
head; and after this is done, they | put a silk handkerchief around the 
head. Then all the | men paint themselves with ocher; and after all 
this is done, II the father gives a silk handkerchief to each | man. 5 
After the father has given a silk handkerchief to them, he | says, 
" This is given by my child Deyad." He is no longer called | Tsaxis. | 

I have forgotten about the afterbirth of the child, which is kept in 
the house for || four days. Then the man takes | yew-wood and cuts 10 
one end of it so that it is sharp like | a needle. It is four finger- 
lax tEkMasa g'inanEme. Wa, g'il £ mese gwala lae q lEiiepsEmtsa 90 
p !Elp telxamadzEse laq. Wa, la £ me LegadEs Tsaxise yixs babagu- 
mae, qaxs hae mayuLEine Tsaxise. Wa, la £ me yala LeqElasos. 

Wa, lii helogwllaxs lae kunxwedEkwa, yixs lae Le £ lales ompaxes 
g - okulote, qa las e wI e laeL lax gokwasxa bEgwanEmx"sa. Wa, la £ me 
£ naxwa k!usemllxa la ts LEX'iltsEmdEX sE £ yas, yixs axabayaeda 95 
xEgEinax sE £ yasa g'lnanEmaxs lae ax £ etsE £ wa lEnixwa xok 11 k!wa £ x- 
Lawa. Wa, la £ mese mex'bEntso £ laxa lEgwIle. Wa, hemiis la 
tslEX'EltsEmdayox sE'yiisa g'inanEme. Wa, g - ll £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae 
&x e etsE e weda qeqEX'p !eg - a £ ye k!uts!a, qa £ s qeqEX"p legindayowe laq. 
Wa, laxae qeqEx'sIdzEntsosa k lilts !e qeqExsidza £ ya, LE £ wa qe- 100 
c[Ex'SEyap !a £ ye, LE £ wa qeqEx'ts!ana £ ye. Wii, g"Il £ mese gwalExs lae 
qobEltsEintsE £ we x"omsasesa giimse. Wa, gIFmese gwalExs lae 
c[Ex-imtsosa silk'e lalaxwiwa e ya. Wa, g'ih'mese gwalExs lae £ naxwa 
gums £ ideda £ naxwa bebEgwanEma. Wii, gil'mese £ naxwa gwalExs 
lae ompase yax £ wltsa £ nalmEme silk- lalaxwiwe 6 laxa maxwa 5 
bebEgwanEma. Wa, glHmese £ wllxtosa silk'e laElalaxw!wa £ yaxs lae 
£ nekeda ompe: " Hasdoxwa DeyadexEu xunokwex. La £ mox gwal 
TsaxisLa. ' ' 

HexoLEn LElewesE £ wa maenasa ginanEine yixs g - il £ mae mop !eii- 
xwa £ se £ nalas axel laxa g'okwaxs laeda bEgwanEme ax £ edxa 10 
LlEmqle qa £ s k'!ax £ widex apsba e ya qa exbes, qa yuwes gwex'sa 



654 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ass. ss 

widths I long. When he finishes what he is making, he takes 
twisted | sinew of the black bear and the afterbirth, in the evening, 

15 and he pushes || the point of the yew peg into its hollow end, where 
the | umbilical cord has been cut off. When it is three | finger- 
widths in, he takes the | twisted sinew and ties it on. He ties the 
• end of the | afterbirth around the cud of the thing that has been 

20 pushed in and that is like a needle of yew-wood in || the hollow 
end of the afterbirth. He ties it as firmly as possible, | and it is 

in this way: | r - 

When this is ~~ x X done, he takes an old mat and | wraps 

it around it. J J Late at night, when everybody is 

asleep | in the — village, the man himself takes the 

25 clam-digging stick || and the afterbirth that has been tied up, and 
he digs a hole at a place where | all the men walk on the street, 
lie | just wishes the old mat containing the afterbirth to fit into 
the j hole that he digs, and he puts it into it. He wants it to be 

30 one span | deep under the surface of the soil. || Then he covers it up 
and levels down the | soil. He takes a bucket with water and pours 
it | over it, so that it can not be seen that the soil has been moved. 
When this has been done, I he goes home. I . . . 



12 qlEnayowe. Wa, lit moduli laxEiis q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, yix 
e wasgEinasas. Wa, gilmiese gwale axa £ yasexs lae ax £ edxa mEdE- 
kwe atlEmsa L!a £ ye LE £ wa maenexa la dzaqwa. Wa, la leiile- 

15q!Eqas ex'ba £ yasa LlEmqle lax kwax u ba £ yas g - ax - saasas t!ots!En- 
da £ ye laxa ts !EyoxLa £ ye. Wa, gil £ niese la yudux u dEn laxEiis 
q!\vaq!wax - ts!ana £ yex yixa lalaeltsa LlEmqlaxs lae ax £ edxa medE- 
kwe atlsma qa yil £ aLElodes. Wa, la £ me yaLots lax oba £ yasa 
maenaxs lae LlEiigeLEle 6ba c yasa he gwex's q!Ena £ yo LlEmqla lax 

20 lolp!EgE £ yasa maene. Wa, lamie lalak!Qt!aqexs lae yil £ aLElodEq 
g-S gwaleg-a {fig.). 

\Y;i. giPmese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa k' !ak' lobana, qa £ s qlEnep- 
sF.mdi's laq. Wa, gil'mese gala la ganoLExs lae £ naxwa mex £ e- 
deda g'okulaxs lae xaniax £ Ida £ meda bEgwaiiEme ax £ edxa k'!ilakwe 

25 LE £ wa qlEuepsEmala maenaxs lae qas £ ida, qa £ s la £ lap!lda laxa 
hemEnala e me qayatsa £ naxwa bebEgwanEmaxa t!Exila. Wa, la £ me 
ukiii E nex" qa heldzEqElesa k' !ak' lobanasgEinala maene laxes 
E lapa £ yaxs lae axbEtEiits laq. Wa, la £ me km £ nex' qa £ iiEinp!En- 
g'lkElIsexa d/.Eqwa laxEns q!\vac[ !waxts!ana £ yex ylx £ walabEtEl- 

30 dzasas; yixs lae dzEmegEudEq. Wa, giPmese la £ nEinakileda 
dzEqwiixs lae ax £ edxa e wabEts!ala nagatsla, qaxs la guqElsElas 
laq qa k' !eses awulx'Es yawenkwa dzEqwa. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs, 
g'axae na £ nakwa laxes g'okwe. . . 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 655 

Now I will talk about the woman, the wife of || the man, when she 35 
gives birth to her child. Then the man heats | some water; and 
when it is hot, he | puts a little oil into it, and gives it in a spoon to 
his wife. j He puts in front of her the hot water and the oil, and | his 
wife continues to drink it, || that the two "pillows" and the blood of 40 
the womb may come off. | Much soft cedar-bark is also given by the 
man to his wife | to sit on, and when it is soaked with blood | he 
changes it. Then he puts the bloody cedar-bark | into a basket. 
When the "pillows" come out and || the blood, and the child is 45 
four days old, | the man washes his wife in hot water, and she wipes 
her body with | soft shredded cedar-bark: and after doing so, | she 
throws the cedar-bark that had been used as a towel on the other | 
cedar-bark in the basket. Then the man goes up to the || rear of the 50 
hcuse, and hangs up behind the post the basket with the cedar- 
bark. I There he leaves it to dry. After this has been done, | he 
cuts off the hair of his wife down to her neck. | When the umbilical 
cord comes off from the child, and he wishes | the child to become 
rich, he ties up the cord and puts it || into a box in which he keeps 55 
his expensive copper. Therefore | the child will be able to obtain 
coppers easily when he becomes really a man. | That is all about 
this. I 

Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwex - s £ fdal laxa tstedaqe, yix gEiiEmasa 35 
bEgwanEmaxs lae mayuHda. Wa, la £ me ts!Elx u stagileda bEgwa- 
nEmaxa -wape. Wa, g - il £ mese ts!Elx u stax -£ Ideda £ wapaxs lae 
xai. lastEiitsa L!e £ na laq. Wa, lii tslasa k'atslEnaqe laxes gEHEme. 
Wa, la hangEmlllasa 6 wabEts lalaxa ts!Elx u sta LE e wa L!e £ na. Wa, 
la £ me hemEnalag*ilil £ me gEnEmas £ yosaq, qa halabales lawakillsa 40 
maltsEme qex'qEnolitsa ginanEme LE-'wa Elkwa lax batslas. Wa, 
ke £ mis la q !enEm ts lEwesa bEgwaiiEmaxes gEiiEma q !enEme cj !o- 
yaax" k"adzEk\va qa klwaxLawesos. Wa, g'ih'mese LEX £ Itsa Elkwaxs 
lae Llayoq. Wii, lanaxwe lExtslots laxa lExa e yeda El e Elkiila k'adzE- 
kwa. Wa, g'il £ mese lawiyeda qex'qEnolisasa g'inanEme LE E wa 45 
Elkwaxs lae mop !Enxwa £ se e nalasa ginanEmaxs lae ts!Elqwet!ede 
gEiiEmasa bEgwanEme laxa ts!Elx u sta e wapa. Wa, la deg - it!itsa 
qloyaakwe k - adzEkwa laxes ok!wina £ ye. Wa, g'll £ mese gwatexs 
lae lExtsloyEwe deg"idanas kiidzEk" laxa okuya £ yasa El e Elkiila 
k*adzEk u lExtsla laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, leda bEgwanEme lag'osta lax 50 
ogwiwalllases g'okwe, qa £ s la tex ll£ waLElotsa k'adzEgwats!e liix 
awap!a £ yasa Lame. Wa, la £ me lEmxwaq. Wa. g - il e mese gwabsxs 
lae tsEx -£ idEx sE £ yases gEiiEine, qa tsetsEg inolxawakwes. Wa, 
la £ me lawaye ts!EyoxLa £ yas xiinokwas. Wa, g - il £ mese £ nex - qa 
q!eq lades lae yiltslEmdEq laxa ts!EyoxLa £ ve qa £ s la g'itslots 55 
laxa g'ildase g'ltslEwatses la £ xula L!aqwa. Wa, he £ mis lagilas 
holEmale xunokwiixa Llaqwaxs lae alax ,£ ld la bEgwanEma. Wa, 
la £ me gwalwisLa laxeq. 



656 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 86 

Treatment of Infants 

1 Washing the New-Born Child. — When the child is born, | it is 
taken out of the hole by the midwife, who cuts | the navel-string 
after she has tied the end with twisted yellow cedar-bark. She | 
5 takes a wash-basin and pours cold water into it. She || puts four 
stones, not very large, into the fire. Then the woman takes | well- 
rubbed yellow cedar-bark, and with it she wipes the body of the 
child, | so that what the midwife calls the "tallow" of the body of 
the child | that is just born comes off; and after she has wiped the 
body of the child, she takes | a pair of tongs and picks up one of the 

10 red-hot stones; and || the midwife speaks to the red-hot stone, and | 
says: "I pray to you, Supernatural-One, to give to our darling | the 
power to withstand sickness." | 

And after she has finished her speech, she puts (the red-hot stone) | 

15 into the wash-basin of the child. Then she takes another || red-hot 
stone, speaks to it also, and | says, as she holds the child in the left 
hand, and | the tongs in the right hand: "I pray to you, Super- 
natural-One, | that the curses of those who are jealous | of the 
name of his father may not harm him." || 

20 And after her speech is at an end, she puts (the stone) into the same 
place where she put down the first one | she prayed to. Then she 

Treatment of Infants 

1 Washing the New-Born Child. — He £ mexs galae mayol £ idayoweda gi- 
nfuiEnie, wii, lii q'.ElElelEmsa mamayoltslla tslEdaqa qa £ s t!ots!Eiidex 
tsh'.yuxi.a-yasexs lae gwal yiLoyodEq visa medEkwe dexwa, wa, la 
a £ x e edxa kwadzatsle qa £ s guxts!odesa £ wiipe wflda £ sta laq. Wii, lii 
.") mdsgEma k'les awa t lesEm axxala laxa lrcgwile. Wii, la £ me ax £ ededa 
ts'.Edaqaxa aek" laakwe qloyaak" dexwa qa £ s deg'ites laxa g inanEme 
cja e wi £ lawesa gwE £ yasa mamayoltslla yasEx £ unesa ginaiiEmaxs g'alae 
mayoLEma. Wii, g'ihmese gwal deg"itaxa ginaiiEmaxs, lae ftx £ edxa 
tslesLfila qa £ s k!i])!ldes laxa xTxsEmala tlesEma. Wii, la yaq!E- 

10 g'a £ leda mamayoltslla tslEdaq laxa x'lxsEmala t!esEina. Wa, la 
£ nek - a: " Wii, la £ mEn hawaxEloL nawalak" qa £ s lasaosases k"!ets!e- 
na £ yos labEdEx u sa ts!ets!ax'q!olEme laxg'anu £ x u wawalkinek - ." 

Wii, gih'mese qlulbe waldEmas lae k'lipstEnts laxa la qlotsla £ wap 
laxa kwadzatsleLaxa g'lnanEme. Wa, la et!ed k - lipsEmdxa £ nEms- 

15 gEme xixsEmala t lesEma. Wa, liixae edzaqwa yacj!Eg"a £ la. Wa, 
laxae £ nek"a laxes q!Elk'!EqElaena-'vaxa ginanEme. Wii, la dalases 
helk"!olts!ana £ ye laxa ts!esULla: " Wii, la-niKii hawaxEloL nawalak" 
qa £ s lasaosases k'!ets!ena £ yos labEdEx u sa hangwa £ yasa odzEgEme- 
qElas LegEmas ompasEk"." 

20 Wii, gih'mese qlulbe wiildEmas lae k"!ipstEnts laxa laasasa g'ilx'de 
ts!Elwaqaso £ s. Wii, la et!ed k'lip'.Idxa £ nEinsgEme x'lxsEmala 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 657 

takes with her tongs another red-hot | stone. She speaks, and says: 22 
"Now I | pray to you, Supernatural-One, to protect our darling, 
that | no trouble may befall him as he is growing |[ up." | 25 

When her speech is at an end, she puts the stone where she put the | 
former ones, and she takes with her tongs the (last) | red-hot stone, 
speaks, and says: "Now, I | pray to you, Supernatural-One, to give 
to our darling that he may grow up without trouble, ]| and that he 30 
may never be weakly. " 

As soon as her speech is at an end. she puts the stone into the water 
in the | dish basin in which she is going to wash the child. She 
feels of the water to ascertain ] whether it is warm; and when its 
temperature is right, j she takes out the four stones and puts them 
down. || Then she puts her left foot into the water in the basin, | 35 
and lets the child sit on the instep of her foot. | She takes well- 
rubbed yellow cedar-bark and | puts it into the water, and washes 
the child with it, so that all the "tallow" of the body may come off | 
and the blood. When this has been done, she wipes the body with 
soft yellow T || cedar-bark. | 40 

Forming the Head of the Child. — When the body of the child is 
dry, | she takes a kelp bottle containing oil of silver-perch, | opens 
the end, and pours some oil into her right hand. She | rubs it 

tlesEma. Wii, laxae yaq!Eg"a £ la. Wa, laxae £ nek - a: "Wii, lamiEn 22 
hawaxEloL nawalak" qa £ s dadama c "yeLosaxganu e x" wawalkinek' qa 
k'l.easeltsEk' odzEmalats laxa qlwax^akulaeneLaxg'am^x 11 wiiwal- 
k-inek'." 25 

Wa, g'il £ mese q!ulbe waldEinas lae k'!ipstEnts laxa laasasa g'ag'i- 
ll £ ye x'Lx'ixsEinala tlesEma. Wii, la et'.ed k - !ip!idxa -nEinsgEiiie 
x - IxsEmala tlesEma. Wa, la yaq'Eg'a'la. Wa, la -neka: "Wii, 
lamiEn hawaxEloL nawalak" qa $ s hxsaosases helolesElaena £ yos k" !es 
qlults'.enoxwa laxg - anu £ x u wawalk'inek - ." 30 

Wii, g-il £ mese qlulbe wal&Emas lae kMipstEnts laxa q!ots!alilaxa 
kwiidzats!§Lasexa g-inanEme. Wa, la p!a £ staxa E wape qa-'s p'.ex-wi- 
dex ts !Elxstaena £ yas. Wii, g'ihmese helale la ts !Elxstaena £ yas lae 
axwustalaxa mosgEine tsletsteqlultsEm tlesEma qa £ s Sxnlllles. Wii, 
lii dzex"stases gEmx6ltsidza £ ye lax E wabEts!awasa kwadzats!eLaxa 35 
g'inanEme. Wa, lii k!wag"altsidzEntsa ginaiiEme laxes awig - al- 
tsidza £ ye. Wii, lii ax £ edxa aek'Iaakwe q'.oyaak" dexwa qa £ s axst Eli- 
des laxa £ wape qa £ s kwiisndexa g'inanEme qa e wl e lawes yasEx e u- 
na £ yas LE £ wa Elkwa. Wa, g"il £ mese gwala lae deg"it!ltsa qloyaakwe 
dex u laq. 40 

Forming the Head of the Child. — Wii, gihmese lEmx £ un J ideda g-ina- 
nEmaxs lae ax £ edxa £ w y a £ wade pEnts'.E £ watsa dzek!wase. Wii, lii 
qwelExstEndEq qa £ s x'lxts'.anEndes laxes helk - !olts!ana ; ye. Wii, lii 
7r 1 nr,j^2l— 35 eth— pt l 42 



658 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth.ann.85 

45 on the body, face, and || head of the child, and she does not stop until 
the | child is covered with fish-oil. Then she takes a well-rubbed, 
split, medium- | sized (piece of) kelp, covers it with the oil of the 
silver-perch, and after | tliis is done she puts it around the head of 
the child just above the | ears. The piece of kelp goes four times 

50 aiound the head. || It is two finger-widths wide. | After this has 
been done, she takes the cradle and puts it down in front of her. | 
1 Cradling the Child. — She takes a well-prepared soft | skin of the 
kid of a mountain-goat and spreads it out behind her. She puts | the 
child on it. Then she takes well-twisted, thin, | long, cedar-withes, 
and places them lengthwise on the cradle; and the husband of the || 
5 woman who has given birth to the cliild takes , 

his drill, and drills a hole one | span away V~J } \ \ j~V 
from the head of the cradle, j in this way: 

and when the hole goes through, he drills another hole | four finger- 
widths away from the first one that he | drilled ; and he continues 

10 drilling holes four finger-widths apart towards the || foot-end of the 
cradle along its side; and after he has drilled these holes, he takes | a 
narrow strip of deer-skin and pushes it through the first hole, and 
places | the end of the long cedar-withe along with it. lie sews on 
(the cedar-withe) | firmly. After he has done so, lie takes another 

LExwitas lax ok!wina £ yasa ginanEme LE £ wis gogilina £ ye LE £ wis 

45 x"6mses. Wii, Siamese gwalExs lae alaklala LEqe £ wFwulx - Lali'tsa 

ghiaiiEmasa dzek'.wise. Wa, lii ax £ edxa aek'.aakwe q'.dyaak" 

LEpsaak" hela £ vva £ wada qa £ s aek"!e q'.eletsotsa dzek'.wise laq. Wa, 

g'ilmiese gsvah:xs lae qEX'SEmts lax x'omsasa g'inanEme ek'lago- 

dalax p!ep'.Esp!E £ yas. Wii, lii m6p!Ene £ staxa £ wii £ wade Jaxx'oinsas. 

50 Wii, la ma £ ldEn laxEns q!\vaq!\vax'ts!iina £ ye yix £ wiidzEwasasa 

£ wa £ wade. Wii, g il £ mese gvvala lae ax £ edxa xaaple qa e s k*ag"allle 

taxes L'.asalile. 

1 Cradling the Child. — Wit, la ax-edxa aek' laakwe papeq!waak L 

kluts'.ox qa £ nexe qa £ s LEp'.allles laxes a,La £ ye. Wa, lii q!Edzolilasa 

ginaninne laq. Wii, la &x £ edxa aek" laakwe sElbEk u wIswuIeii g'ils- 

giltla dEwexa qa £ s k'atiigEndes laxa xaaple. Wa, lii la £ wuiiEmasa 

5 mayoLa ts'.Edaq ax £ edxes sElEme qa £ s sElx - sodexa £ nEm])'.Enk'e 

laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ ye g'iig'iLEla lax 6xta £ yasa xaap'.e ga gwa- 

leg'a (fig.). Wa, g - il £ mese liix'sawe sEla £ yas lae etled sElx £ idxa 

modEne laxEns q!waq!waxts!ana £ yex awiilagalaasas lo £ gilxde 

sEles. Wii, la hanal SElaxa memodEnas awalagalaas gwE £ y5lEla lax 

10 6xsda £ yasa xaaple liix ogwaga £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese gwiil sElaxs lae ax- 

£ edxa tsleqladzo k' lElxiwakwa qa £ s nex'sodes lax (1). Wii, lak - a- 

t laLElots 6ba £ yasa gilt la wii sElbEk" dEwex laqexs lae t !Eing - aaLElots 

aElas. Wii, gil £ mese gwala lae etled iix £ edxa ogu £ la tsleqladzc 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS G59 

strip | of deer-skin and puts it through the second hole; and the|| 
long withes are not tight, in t his way. . and he 15 

sews them on. | When this lias been \~j J \ < { / done, he 
again takes a strip of deer-skin, which iscalled | 

"Sewing of the cradle-sewing," and pushes it through the third 
hole, | and he sews on the cedar-withes. He continues doing so 
through the J fourth and fifth holes; and after he has done so, 
he does the same on the left-hand side of the II cradle. Then he 20 
finishes the "strip for holding in the child," for that is the name 
of | (the cedar-withe) (2). | 

Then the man takes a piece of cedar-wood and cuts it | thin, one finger- 
width wide; | and after he has done so, he puts four of these into the 
cradle || a little more than half way down the depth of the cradle, 25 
in this way: | y\y\y\/\ V These are called "back-holders." 
At the same \~'- ' - ' ± ±~y time the midwife | splits cedar- 
withes about the thickness of the little fin- 
ger, about | one span less two finger-widths shorter than the 
inside of the | cradle; and when she has split enough of these, 
she takes four thin ]| cedar-sticks a little shorter than 30 
the back-holder, j and she takes the E3 r split long cedar- 
bark, | ami ties them on like this: ' When | this is 

done, she places it _, , on the back-holder. This is 

called ! the "back- | jj^j ) rest; "and when it has been put 

in, it is like this: 



k'lElx'iwakwa qa=*s nex - sdde lax linage). Wii, liik'les lEklutiilaxa 
giltla dEwexa, g - a gwaleg'a (Jig.). Wa, laxae t lEmg'aaLElots. Wa, 15 
g'imnese gwala lae et!ed iix-edxa ts!eq!adzo k'!ilx'Iwak u xa Legadiis 
tlEmak'agesa ttex't lEmag'Exse qa £ s nex'sodes lax (yudux u ). 
Wa, laxae t!Emg"aaLElotsa di:wexe. Wii, a £ mese la he gwe £ nakulax 
(mowe) lo £ (sEk - !a). Wa, laxae heEm gwex £ Idxa gEmxan5dza £ yasa 
xaap'.e. Wii, gihmese gwala t'.Ex"t!Emag"Exse qaxs he £ mae LegEms 20 
(ma £ l) . 

Wii, la <ix £ ededa bEgwanEinaxa k!wa £ XLa £ we qa £ s k" !ax £ wldeq qa 
pEldzowes. Wa, la niEmdime -"wadzEwasas laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!a- 
na £ yex. Wii, g'il £ mese gwala lae ax-'iilExsas laxa xaap'.exa mowe. 
Wii, lamie babanalagawe e walasgEmasasa xaap!e g'a gwiileg - a (fig.). 25 
Wa, heEin LegadEs LadEnegexdEma. Wit, laxeda mamayoltslla 
tslEdaq papEx - s-alaxa tEXEmexa yo -wag'itEns seU lax, maldEnbala 
laxEns q!waq!wax*ts!ana £ yex yix ts !Ekwagawa £ yas lax ots'.awasa 
xaap'.a. Wa, gilmiese heh'ale pa £ yas lae ax^edxa mots'.aqe wiswulto 
k!wa £ xLawa. Wii, halsEla £ mese ts!Elts!Ekwagawesa LadEneg'ex'dE- 30 
ma. Wii, la ax £ edxa ts!elts!Eq!astowe g - ilsg - ilt!a dzEXEk" dE- 
nasa qa £ s yibEdzodexa tEXEine qa g - es gwiileg - a (fig.). Wa, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae pax £ Ents laxa LadEneg^ex'dEma. Wa, heEm LegadEs 
L&dEneg'e. Wii, lamie g'a gwiile lax otslawasa xaap'.eg'a (fig.)- 



660 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [BTH. ann. so 

35 Now the cradle is placed on its side, for you know that the back- 
rest | is so placed that it does not reach up to the back of the head of 
the child. It | is put in in this way that the child may have a long 
neck when it grows up. If | the back-rest should reach to the occi- 
put, the child would have a | short neck when it grows up; there- 

40 fore || the neck of the child is bent backward when it is put into the 
cradle. | 

When the back-rest is finished, the midwife takes | shredded 
cedar-bark and measures the length of the | inside of the cradle, so 
that it is the same length as the back-rest. Then she cuts | it off 

45 and puts it on the back-rest. There are four layers of the II under- 
bedding. This is un-rubbed cedar-bark. After the under-bedding 
has been finished, | she takes well-rubbed cedar-bark and | measures 
the length of the inside of the cradle, beginning at the head of the | ■ 
cradle down to where the feet of the child are to be. Then she | cuts 
it off, and she spreads it over the under-bedding. This is called II 

50 "soft bedding." There are four layers of this over the under-bedding. 
Now it is in | this way, /I the soft bedding is the 

first to go in at the place | ^l -—) I where the head of the 

child lies. | \ ~-^~i y 

When this is done, she takes mountain-goat wool | well spun, and 

55 spreads it over the soft bedding. || The soft wool does not extend 



35 Wa, laEni qogwileda xaap!e qa £ s q!alaosax gwalaasas LadEneg'a- 
£ yaxs, yixs k'lesae lag'aa lax awap!a £ yasa ginanEme. HeEm 
lag'ilas he gwale qa g'ilt'.Exowesa g'inanEme qo q !ulyax £ wIdL6. G'il- 
£ Em lag'aeda LadEneg'a £ ye laxEns £ mEgwap !a £ yaxsEns x'omsex, lae 
ts!Ek!uxoweda ginanEmaxs lae q!ulyax £ wlda. Wa, ke £ mis lag'ilas 

40 LlotlExaleda g'inanEmaxs lae xaaptslala laxes xaap!e. 

Wa, laEm gwaleda LadEneg'a £ ye. Wa, la ax £ ededa mamayol- 
tsila tslEdaqxa kadzEkwe qa £ s mEns £ Ides lax £ wasgEmg"Eg"aasasa 
otslawasa xaap'.e qa £ iiEmasgEmes LE £ wa LadEneg'a £ yaxs laet!os £ I- 
dEq qa £ s ts!ak"Eyhides laxa LadEiieg'a £ ye lax ha £ moxsagalaena £ yasa 

45 ts!ax"ts!a k'les q!o £ yaak u k'SdzEkwa. Wa, g'il £ mese gwaleda 
ts!ax - ts!axs lae ax £ edxa aekMaakwe q'.oyaak" k'adzEkwa qa £ s mEns- 
£ ides lax £ wasgEmasas otslawasa xaap!e g - ag"iLEla lax oxtEwilts !asa 
xaaple lag'aa laxa axalaasLas gog - Eguyasa ginanEme. Wa, laxae 
t!os £ idEq. Wa, la LEpEyints laxa ts!ax - ts!awe. Wa, heEm LegadEs 

50 tElxtsIawe. Wa, laEmxae ha £ mox u sagalaxa tElxts!a. Wa, la £ me 
g'a gwiileg'a (fig.). Wa, heEm ales £ nEma tElxtsla. lag'aa lax 
axalaasLas x'omsasa g'manEine. 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwalsxs lae ax £ edxa plalEmasa £ mElxLowexa lii 
aek'!aak u yibEkwa qa £ s LEpEyindes laxa tElxts!a. Wii, la £ me heEm 

55 walalaxa p!alEm tElx £ uneye oba £ yasa LadEneg'a £ ye lax oxLaatii £ yasa 



B0AS 3 BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 661 

beyond the upper end of the back-rest towards the back of the head 56 
of the | child, and the child lies on its back I on it. | 

She takes some more well-spun mountain-goat wool for the cover 
of the | child. This is called "woolen cover." Now, when |] this is 60 
done, she takes the well-rubbed soft skin of the mountain-goat kid | 
and spreads it over the cover, namely, the cover-mat of mountain- 
goat kid. | After this has been done, she takes wool not spun, and | 
puts it in where the feet and the legs of the child will be, beginning at 
the | calf of the legs and down to the feet. This is called || "soft (15 
wool for the feet." When this is done, she takes wool and | pats it 
between her hands to press it together thin. | Then she lays it on the 
soft cedar-bark, | where the back of the head of the child will be. 
This is called | "soft wool for the head." Then she takes well- 
rubbed || cedar-bark and pats it between her hands until it becomes 70 
rounded; and | she puts it down over the soft under-bedding at the 
back of the | child until it reaches down to the soft wool for the feet. 
It is called "put | under for passing water." | 

Then she takes well-rubbed cedar-bark, || not very much, and pats 75 
it between her hands until it becomes thin; and | she folds it up 
until it is three finger-widths | wide and of the same length as the 
width of the | head of the cradle, just like a small pillow. She lifts 



g'inanEme yixa p !alEme tElx £ une. Wii, la/me nELEdzEwe £ ya gina- 56 
nEmaq. 

Wii, laxae ax £ edxa ogu £ la £ maxat ! aek"!aak u yibskwa qa mawidzesa 
g-inanEme. Wa, heEm LegadEs plalEm £ nawidze Wa, la £ me 
gwiila. Wa, la ax £ edxa hap!Ena £ yasa qa £ nexe aekMaak" q'.oyaak". 60 
Wa, hesm LEpEyesa plakme £ nawidze, yixa qa £ nexe £ nakuye. 
Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa plalEme k"!es yibEkwa qa £ s 
lEx £ edes lax k"ataiaasLas g'og'Eguyasa g - inanEme, g"agiLEla lax 
awabedza £ yas lag'aa lax g'og'Eguyas. Wa, heEm LegadEs plalEm 
tElxsidze. Wa, gil £ mese gwatexs lae ax £ edxa plalEme qa £ s aek'!e 65 
Laqi £ lalases e £ eyasowe laq qa qlEsmEnkwes qa pEldzowes. Wii, 
gil £ mese gwalExs lae paqEyints laxa tslxtsla k'adzEkwa lax axa- 
laasLasa awap!a £ yasa g'inanEme. Wii, heEm LegadEs plalEm t k1- 
q'.waple. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae ax e edxa aek'Iaakwe q!o £ yaak" 
k'adzEkwa qa £ s Laqi £ liileses e £ eyasowe laq qa k"ilx - sEmes. Wii, la 70 
pax £ its lax walalaasasa oba £ yasa tElxtsIa, lax odzoxsda £ yasa g'ina- 
nEme lag-aa lax tElxsidze. Wa, heEm LegadEs kMExsaak" k!ak'!El- 
gudzowe. 

Wa, g - il £ mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa aek"!aak u q!o £ yaak u k'adzEk" 
k - !es q!enEma qa £ s Laqi £ liileses e £ eyasowe hxq qa pEklzowe. Wa, lii 7;"> 
q !anepi £ lalaq qa yiidux u dEnes laxEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana s yex yix 
£ wadzosgEmasas. Wa, la heEm £ wasgEme £ wadzEgEgaasasa x'Qmdza- 
sasa xaaple he gwex"s £ Eme qEnole Wii, la £ wibEndxa p!alEm tr;l- 



662 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 85 

up the end of the wool | under the head and puts the small pillow 

80 under the || soft woolen pillow, for the back of the head of the child 
rests on it when its neck is bent back, | so that it may have a long 
neck when it grows up. It is called | "cedar bark pillow near the 
bottom." | 

When this is done, she takes wool and does as she did | before with 

85 the preceding cushion. She places || it on the upper side of the 
woolen pillow, where the head of the child will | rest, and it is called 
"wool next to the pillow." | Then she takes well-rubbed yellow 
cedar-bark, | which is very soft, and measures with her hand until it 
is | one span long. There she cuts it off. She gathers up one end of it, || 

90 so that it is round, splits off a narrow strip of yellow cedar-bark, 
and ties up | one end of it so that it is like this: 
This is called | "cedar-bark cushion for the side of 
the face." Two of these are made, and the ends| 
of these show on each side of the face above the ears when the child 
lies on its back in the cradle. | These cedar-bark cushions are made 

95 so that the child may have a rounded || face when it grows up. | 

After this she takes yellow cedar-bark and measures off a 
length of ] one span and two finger-widths. There she | cuts it 
off. Then she splits a narrow strip of cedar-bark, | gathers up one 

q!wap!e qa £ s axabodesa qeholbida £ we lax awaba £ yasa plalEme 

80 tElqlwap'.e qa has axaie 6xLaata £ yasa ginanEme qa Licit textiles qa 
g'iltlExowes qo q!iilyax £ wIdLo. Wii, heEm LegadEs max'tsla, k - a- 
dzEk u tElgwaple. 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa p!alEin qa £ s hemiexat! gwex -£ - 
idqes gweg'ilasaxa inax'tsla, k - adzEk u tElgwaple. Wa, axdzots 

85 lax ek" !adza £ yasa plalEme tElgwaple laxaax axasLas oxLaata- 
£ yasa ginanEme. Wa, heEm LegadEs plalEm mag'aple tElgwaple 
Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa aelclaakwe q!o £ yaak u dexwa 
qa ales tElqwa. Wa, la bal £ Itses q!waq!waxts!ana £ yasa £ nEm])!En- 
k'axs lae tlotslEndxa dexwe. Wa, la £ me lex £ iindEq qa lex ,£ Enes 

90 apsba £ yas. Wii, la dzExax5dxa tsleqladzowe dexwa qa £ s k"!ilx' £ Ides 
lax apsba £ yas qa g'es gwalag'a (fig.). Wa, heEm LegadEs dex" 
tEltElgimoLEme. Wii, lii malts !aqe axa £ yas. Wii, heEm nenlbala 
lax ewanoLEma £ yasa ginanEmaxs lae t!ex - ts!axes xaapla, yixs 
he £ mae lag'ilas exEnoLEmalaxes tEltElgunoLEma £ ye qa k'ilx'Eme- 

95 goguma £ yasa g inanEme qo q !ulj T ax £ wklLO. 

Wii, gil £ mese gwalExs lae iix £ edxa dexwe qa £ s bal £ Ideses qlwiis 
q!wax"ts!ana £ yexa £ iiEmp'.Enk'e, he £ misa maldEne £ wasgEmasas lae 
tlots'.EndEq. Wii, lii dzExodxa ts'.Eqladzo. Wii, lii aek'la qlaple- 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 663 

end well, and ties the thin end with the strip of yellow cedar-bark 
in || this way: ^esg^ This is called "cedar-bark head-presser." 100 

It is | put on @f | the forehead of the child so that its face 

may be flat- * =as ^8|r tened a little, and so that the | forehead 

may not grow to be too round, and so that | the upper end of the 
nose may be flat, and the eyes not set deep in the face. | The cedar- 
bark cushion for the side of the face and the forehead-presser together 
bring the face of the child to a good shape, II in the way the Indians 5 
want to have it. | 

When the cedar-bark forehead-presser is finished, she takes wool 
and | pats it with her hands until it becomes thin and pressed- 
together. | Then she measures it across the forehead of the child, | 
beginning at the e.yes, and going to the back of the head. This is || 
to be laid under the forehead-presser, and it is called "soft wool for 10 
the forehead." j 

When this has been done, she takes a drill and drills a hole | one 
span from the head-end of the | cradle; and when the hole goes 
through, she drills another hole | the same distance as the one she 
made on the upper side of the cradle; and || when it goes through, she 15 
takes a red-hot, long, thin stone and | pushes it into the hole, in order 
to enlarge it and to make it smooth, | in this way: ^ , 

This is called "hole for the twisted hair [ rope of \~" r ~ * '■ 
the head-presser." | 



x £ idxa apsba £ ye qa £ s yihldesa ts!eq!adzowe dex u laxa la wilbesg'a 
gwiileg'a {fig.). Wa, heEm LegadEs dex" tlak'Eme. Wit, heEm 100 
axala lax ogwiwa £ yasa ginanEine qa papagEmales goguma £ yas lo £ qa • 
k'lese xEnLEla qoquya ogwiwa £ yas. Wa, he £ mis qa pEx £ Enes ekME- 
ba £ yas x'indzasas qa k'leses walwunxsta. Wii, laicm g'awaLaleda 
dexwe tlak'Eme LE £ wa tEltElgunoLEme na £ naqe £ staaxa goguma- 
£ yasa g'inanEme lax gwE £ yasa baklume qa gwex'sdEms. 5 

Wii, g'il £ mese gwaleda dexwe t!ak"Emexs lag ax £ edxa ])!alEine qa £ s 
Lacu £ laleses e £ eyasowe laq qa pEldzowes. Wa, he £ mis qa q'.EsmEl- 
kwes. Wa, laEm heEm mEn £ yats!e 6gwiwa e yasa ginaiiEme gag"i- 
LEla lax gegEyagEsas lag'aa lax 6xLa £ yas. Wa, heEm la tElgwabE- 
£ wese dexwe t!akima £ ya. Wii, heEm LegadEs p !alEm tElqwIwe. 10 

Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa sElEme qa £ s sElx'sodexa £ nEin- 
p!Enk'e liixEns q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex g'agiLEla lax 6xta £ yasa 
xaap'.e. Wa, gil £ mese lax'sawe sEla £ yas lae et!ed sElx £ Idxa he- 
£ maxat! walala g'iig'iLEla laxa ftpsaxdza £ yasa xaaple. Wii, gil- 
£ mese lax'saxs lae ftx £ edxa x"ixsEmala gilt!a wll lex - En t!esEm qa £ s 15 
L'.Enx'sodes laxes sEla £ ye qa lalex £ edales. Wii, he £ mis qa qestoweses 
sEla £ yexa g'a gwiileg'a (fig.)- Wii, heEm LegadEs nex'siilatsa sE-'ya- 
k p !Ene lamagEnoLEina £ ye. 



664 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 86 

After she has done so, she takes the long hair of a woman and || 

20 makes it into a string. She stops when the string is five spans | 
long. Then she puts one end through the hole. | It serves to tie 
down the forehead-presser, | so that it fits closely to the forehead of 
the child on the upper part of the | nose. It is called "hair rope for 
head-presser." || 

25 After this has been done, she takes strips of dressed deer-skin, | 
and measures off a strip three finger-widths wide and cuts it off. | 
Now it is a long strip. Then she measures off three | spans, and she 
cuts off | four of these. These are called "deer-skin head-strips." || 

30 There are four of these three | finger-widths wide, and three | spans 
long. When this is done, she | takes cedar sticks and splits them 
into thin pieces one finger-width wide, | and half a finger-width || 

35 thick, and a short span long. | After she has made | four of these, she 
takes two more cedar-sticks and measures | the width of the head- 
piece of the cradle near the bottom. | She breaks them off in this 
length. Then she takes another measure at the end of the back-rest || 

40 and she breaks it off. She takes a strip of | narrow split cedar-bark, 
and with it she ties them together, making a grate of the | four pieces 

Wa, g"il £ mese gwalcxs lae ax £ edxa g'ilsgllt'.a sE £ yasa ts'.Edaqe qa £ s 

20 met!edeq. Wa, gil £ mese sEk"!ap!Enk - e £ wasgEmasas laxEns q!wa- 
q!wax - ts!ana £ ye lae gwala. Wa, lii nex'sots laxa nex'salatsa sE £ ya- 
k"!Ene lamagEnoLEma £ ya. Wa, heEm lEk!uday5xa dexwe t!a- 
k'Eme qa ales qtesala lax ogwiwa £ yasa g'inanEme lo £ ek'!Eba £ yas 
x'indzasas. Wa, heEm LegadEs medEk" sE £ yak'!En lamagEnoLEme c . 

25 Wa, g11 £ mese gwala lae ax £ edxa alagini tlEmak'ime. Wa, la 
mEns £ Idxa yudux u dEne laxes q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ ye lae t!os £ IdEq. 
Wa, la £ me g'ilsgildEilzowa. Wa, la et'.ed mEns £ Idxa yudux u p!Enk - e 
laxes q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ ye laxa alagime qa £ wasgEmats. Wa, la 
m5x u se t!osa £ yas he gwex'se. Wa, heEm LegadEs alagimdz5 t!E- 

30 mak'ime. Wa, la £ me moxsa yudux u dEn laxEns q!waq!waxts!:l- 
na £ yex ylx awadzE £ wasas. Wa, la yudux u p!Enk - laxEns q!wa- 
q!wa - xts!ana £ yex yix iiwasgEmasas. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae 
ax £ edxa k!wa £ xLawe qa £ s papEX'sEndeqxa £ nEmdEnas awadzE- 
£ wase laxEns qhvfiq !\vax'ts!ana £ yex; wa, la k"!odEn laxEns q!wa- 

35 q!wax'ts!ana £ yex y!x wagwasas. Wa, la ts!Ex u ts!ana £ ye awasgE- 
masas laxEns q!waq!\vaxts!ana £ yex. Wa, g"il £ mese gwala mo- 
ts !aqe axas lae ax £ edxa malts !aqe 6gu £ la k!wa £ XLawa qa £ s mEns £ Ides 
lax £ wadzEgEwasas 6xtEwilts!awasa xaap!e laxa mag'ixse lae k"6- 
xs £ EndEq. Wa, lii et!ed mEns £ Itsa £ nEmts!aqe lax oba £ yasa La- 

40 dEneg'e. Wa, laxae k'6xs £ EndEq. Wa, la ax £ edxa dzEXEkwe 
ts!eq!adzo dexwa. Wa, la £ me k"!Elg-Emnox u s yixs lae yibEdzodxes 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS ()G5 

of cedar-wood that she split before. The four pieces of cedar-wood 42 
are held by those | which she broke last. After they have been tied 
together, they are in this way. (They form the head-rest. 1 ) | This is 
put under what has already been put in at the || head end of the 45 
cradle. Then she takes the four pieces of dressed deer-skin | (for 
pressing the forehead), three spans in length, and puts them under 
the middle | of the head-rest in this way, rrn and she straps 
them over the cedar-bark | forehead- = ; presser; and 

after she has tightened them over the ^ forehead, | she 
puts the head-string over it, and || puts the other end on the other 50 
side of the cradle. She pulls it through backward and forward 
many times on each side of the head of the cradle. This is really 
put on tightly by the midwife. | 

When this has been done, she takes yellow cedar-bark, splits it 
into | narrow strips, and makes a mat one | span and four finger- 
widths || long and of the same width. | This is called ••yellow cedar- 55 
bark woven head-cover." | It is used to cover the head of the child 
when | he sleeps in the cradle with the forehead-presser on, and it 
covers the small part of the face that shows | and the cedar-bark 
for.ehead-presser. || 

When this has been done, she takes cedar-bark, and splits it into | 60 
long, narrow strips, and she makes a thin | rope. When she thinks 

g'ile xiiva motslaqe yixs he £ mae yipdEmasa malts !aqe k!wa £ XLd iile 42 
k'oqwes. Wii, giPmese gwal k"!ilk - aqexs lae g'a gwiile £ g - a Ladaple. 1 
Wii, la £ me axabots laxa la £ mai.iii axts!a qa q'.EdzExses laxa oxt.E- 
wflts'.awasa xaap'.e. Wii, la ax £ edxa moxsa eElag'im fclEmak'ime 15 
xa yOdux u ]>'.Enk'as awasgEmase qa £ s axabodes nenEgoya £ yas laxa 
Ladaple laxa g'a gwaleg - a {fig.). Wa, heEm qEk"E £ yexa dexwe 
t !Emak'ime yixa alag'lme tlEmak'hne. Wii, g - il £ mese gwfd lak!uti- 
'lalasoxs lae qEk"Eyindayoweda medEkwe sE £ yak - ten lacj qa £ s lii nex- 
so £ yo laxa aps6taga £ yasa xaaple. Wii, lii q!ep'.Enx - so laxa £ wax - sa- 50 
noLEina £ yasa xaaple, yixs lae ;\lak"!ala lEk!ulaso £ sa mamayoltslla. 

Wii, g"il £ mese gwrdEXs lae ax £ edxa dexwe cja £ s dzEdzExs £ Endeq qa 
ts!elts!Eq!astowes. Wii, lii yibEclzodEq. Wii, lii £ iiEmp!Enk" laxEns 
q!waq!wax - ts!ana £ yex, wii, he £ misa modEne laxEns q!waci'.waxts!a- 
na £ yex yix £ wasgEmasas. Wii, heEinxaiiwise £ wadzowes £ wasgEmase. 55 
Wii, heEm LegadEs dex" yibEdzEwak" £ naxume Wa, laEm £ naxu- 
mesa g'manEmaxs lae t!ak - imalaxes dexwe t !ak'ima £ yaxs lae 
mexts'.axes xaap!e. £ wl £ la £ naxw;ila laxa xaLlala nelalas goguma £ yas 
LE £ wis dexwe t!ak"ima £ ya. 

Wii, g - il £ mese gwiilExs lae ax £ edxa dEnase qa £ s dzEdzExs £ Endeq 60 
qa g-Usg-iltstowe ts'.elts'.Eqlasta. Wii, la niElx -£ IdEq qa e s w!l £ Enes 

i See fig. on p. 660. 



666 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Lkth.ann.ss 

63 she has twisted enough | she stops, and puts it on to the cedar-bark 
loops. She | pulls it backward and forward (lacing it on). Its 
name now is "string for lacing the child into the cradle." || 

65 When this has been done, she takes cedar-bark, splits it, and | 
twists a long rope. When she has enough for | hanging the cradle, 
she stops making the rope; and she takes the | cradle-rope and ties 
its end to the | end of the elastic branch, from which the cradle is 

70 suspended. || Then she puts up the branch near to the place where 
the mother of the child is sitting; | and after it has been done she 
ties the end of the thin rope | to its end. 1 This is called the " pulling- 
rope," which is used when the child cries. | Now she has finished 
the work at the cradle. This is all about the ways of the | 
Nak!wax*da £ x u and Kwag'ul, and the various tilings that belong to 

75 the || cradle, and their names. | 
1 Treatment of the Infant. — After four days | the kelp band around 
the head of the child is taken off. | The head of the child is 
well oiled with oil of the silver-perch. When | this has been dune, 
5 the kelp band around the head is also oiled, || and then it is put 
back around the head of the | child. It is put on tight; and when 
this has been done, | the child is put into the cradle, and | the skin 
strips and the head-string are put on tightly; and | after the woman 

62 dEiiEma. Wa, g'ilmiese k'otaq lasm hel £ asgEm laxes mElag'Ilaqexs 
lae gwala. Wa, ax £ aLElots laxa t!EX't!Emag"Exse. Wa, la £ me 
nex'sawr-iiila laq. Wii, heEm LegadEs dEnsEii tlEinak'edEme. 

65 Wa, g'ilmiese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa dEiiase qa e s dzEdzExs £ Endeq. 
Wa, la mElx ,£ IdEq qa g'iltles dEiiEma. Wa, g'$l £ mese hel £ ala lax 
tegwelEmsa xaap'.e lae gwal mEla. Wii, la ax £ edxa tegwildEmasa 
xaap'.e. Wa la ax £ aLElotsa tegwelEmsa xaapla lax oba £ yasa 
xusElaba £ yasa tegweldEmasa xaap'.e. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 

70 Liig'alllas laxa £ nExwala lax klwaelasas iibEmpasa g'inanEme. Wa, 
i^ihinese gwalExs lae mox u bEntsa wile dEnEin lax oba^as. 1 
Wii, heEm LegadEs nexayo dEnEm, yixs q'.wiigalaeda g'inanEme. 
Wii, laEm gwala eaxElaxa xaap!. Wii, laEin gwala yix gweg'ilasasa 
Nak!wax"da £ xwe LE £ wa Kwag'ulaxa £ wiixax'idalaasasa gwelgwiilasa 

75 xaaple lo £ LeLEgEmas. 
1 Treatment of the Infant. — Wii, gihmese mop!Enxwa £ se malasexs 
lae qweloyoweda £ wa £ wade qEX"SEmes x'omsasa ginanEme. Wa, la 
aek"!a q!ElsetsE £ we x'omsasa g'inanEmasa dzeklwise. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese gwalExs lae q!EledzotsE £ weda £ wa £ wade qEx'sEmesa x'omsasa 
5 ginanEme. Wii, g il £ mese gwalExs lae c}Ex"sEmdayo lax x'omsasa 
g'inanEme. Wa, la £ me lEk'.utEla. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
xaapts'.odayo laxes xaaple. Wii, la £ me £ naxwa la lak!uti £ lalasE £ weda 
iilag'ime tlEmak'ime LE £ wa sE £ yak'!ine lamagEnoLEme. Wa, g'il- 

1 See Vol. V, pi. 31, Publications of the Jesup Nor.h Pacific Expedition. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 667 

has cared for the child (the cradle) is hung up on the branch of the || 
cradle. | 10 

If the child is a girl, the mother of twins, | a good-looking woman, 
is called to come to the house of the parents of the child | when they 
untie the head-band the second time. This is after eight | days, 
when the mother of twins is coming to put her tongue to the eves and 
face of the child; || and then she presses her mouth on the child's face, 15 
so that she may be good-looking when she grows up. When | the 
child has had the head-band of kelp around its head for eight- 
days, | they call a woman, the mother of twins, to come in the | 
morning, and to take the child out of the cradle. As soon as | she 
comes, she sits down where they put down the cradle. .She first ||- 
unties the head-line, and opens the | ends of the skin strips. Then 20 
she turns back the forehead-presser, | takes the wool off the fore- 
head, and she also takes off the cedar-bark | cushions on the sides of 
the face. | Then she unlaces the cedar-bark rope. And when | all 
this is off, she takes off the bedding of the child; and when all this is 
off, || she takes the child in her arms out of the cradle. (I forgot that 25 
she | unties the kelp head-band of the child, before the woman | puts 
her feet into the water.) The father of the child brings her the | 
wash-basin, and puts it down where the mother of twins is sitting, | 
for she will wash the child. Then they pour || cold rain-water into 30 



£ mese gwala aaxsllaxa ginanEme lae tex^walelEm laxa tegwelEmasa 
xaapie. 10 

Wa, g'il £ mese ts!ats!adagEme lae Le £ lalasE £ weda yikwilavag'dle 
ex'sok" tstedaqa qa g'axes lax g'okwasa g'Ig'aolnokwasa g'inanEme 
qo et'.edEl qweloyoLe qEx'sEina £ yas x'omsaxa malgunialp !Eiixwa E sLa 
malal qa El £ Elxstowesa yikwelayag'ule ts'Edaqxa g'inanEme lo £ qa 
p!ep!Eq!iigEmeseq qa ex'sokwes qo q!iilyax £ wIdL6. Wii, g'ihmese 15 
malgiimalExse malasa g'inanEme qEX'sEmales x'omsaxa f wa £ wade 
qEX'sEmesa x'omsa, laas Le £ liilasE £ weda yikwllayag'ole ts'.Edaqaxa 
gaala qa g"axes qweltsEmdxa g'inanEine laxes xaap!e. Wa, gil- 
£ mese g"ax k!wag - allla lax hamelasasa xaapie. Wa, la heEm g il 
qweh'etsosexa sE £ yak'!Ene lamagEiiOLEme. Wa, la et!edxa £ wax - s- 20 
bax £ Idxa alaglme t lEmakime. Wii, la iiELodxa dexwe t!akime. 
Wa, la axodxa p!alEme tElqwIwe. Wii, laxae axodxa dexwe 
tEltElgtinoLEme. Wii, la qwelalaxa tlEx'tlEinag-Exse. Wji, gil e mese 
£ wPlaxs lae £ wPla axalax ma £ masa g'inanEme. Wii, g'ihmese e wFlaxs 
lae q'.Elwults!6dxa giniinEme laxes xaapie. (LlElewayEiiLaqexs 25 
qwelodaaxa e wa £ wade qEX'SEmes x-omsasa g'manEmax, k' !es-'mae 
dzex u steda ts!Edaqaxa £ wape.) Wii, la, ompasa g'maiiEme, ax £ eilxa 
kwiidzats'.eLaq qa £ s g'axe hang'alilas lax klwaelasasa yikwllayag'ole 
tslEdaq qaxs he £ mae kwiisalxa g'inanEme. Wii, la giixtsloyowa 
£ wuda e sta tsiitsoxLe laxa kwadzats!eLaq. Wa, la k' Kpstanoweda 30 



668 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. S5 

31 the wash-basin, and put | one red-hot stone into the water in the 
wash-basin | for the child. When the water is just getting warm, 
they take out | the stone. The mother of twins puts her | left foot 

35 into the water in the wash-basin, || and puts the child on her instep. | 
Then she takes well softened yellow cedar-bark, and | she squirts 
water on it out of her mouth four times, and she says, | "Now, my 
darling, I give you my good health, for I never get sick, | and every- 
thing comes to me without difficulty. You shall grow up well, || 

40 and you shall marry princes' of the chiefs of the tribes." j- 

After she has prayed, she takes a | small chamber-vessel that she 
kept hidden, and which is almost full of | her urine. She holds it in 

45 her right hand || and speaks again, and says: "Now, | my darling, 
I will put on your body this of which all kinds of sickness are afraid, | 
that it may protect you against danger, and that the spirits may be 
afraid of you." | 

And when her prayer is at an end, she pours this water into the 
chamber- vessel | in which she is going to wash the child. She 

50 takes yellow cedar-bark, and dips || it into the urine and water. 
Then she begins at the | right-hand side of the head of the child and 
washes it with the yellow cedar-bark, going along the right side of the 
body; | and after she finishes the right side, she | washes the left side 



31 mEmsgEine x'lxsEmala tlesEm laxa la q!ots!a £ wap laxa kwadzats!e- 
Laxa g'inanEme. Wa, g'il £ mese k - ox"stax -£ idExs lae k'lipwusta- 
noweda tlesEme. Wii, lada yikwllayag'ole tstedaq dzex u stases 
gEmxoltsidza £ ye g"ogu £ yo laxa £ wabEts!awasa kwiidzats'.cLaxa g"ina- 

35 iiEute. Wa, la k'.wag'altsidzEtsa g'inanEme laxes awig - altsldza £ ye. 
Wa, la ax £ edxa aek'laakwe tatElqlwaakwe q'.oyaak" dex" qa £ s mo- 
plEne sElboqases £ wapaeL!Exawa £ ye laq. Wii, la £ nek'a: "Wii, ada- 
tsaga, la £ mEn lasasEn helets!ena £ ye laL, yixgin kMesek" ts!Ex - q!ae- 
noxwa Loxgun a £ mek - walalatsa diidEk'ase; wii, he £ mis qa £ s helEin- 

40 g'ustaos g'ig'agEmdalax LOLaElgEma £ yasa g'ig'Egama £ yasa lelqwala- 
La £ ye qa £ s la £ wunEmx -£ idLos." 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwal tsMwaqaxs lae ax £ edxes qlulftLEkwexes kwii- 
kwadzEmexa halsElaEm k"!es qot!axa kwats'.exa hEs £ maxa yikwda- 
yag'ole ts'.Edaq asmesa. Wii, lii dalases helk - !olts!ana £ ye laxa 

45 kwakwiidzEme. Wa, la edzaqwayaq!Eg - a £ la. Wa, la £ neka: "Wa, 

adatsagii, laEmk - lalg'ada k"ilEmg - asa £ naxwa ts!ets!Ex - q!6lEma 

lag'aaLElal laL qa dadaniEweLol qa £ s k'ilEmaosasa haayalilalagase." 

Wa, g'il £ mese q!ulbe ts'.Elwaga £ ayas lae giixstEntsa kwatsle 

laxes kwiidzasLaxa g'inanEme. Wii, la ax £ edxa dexwe qa £ s dzop- 

50 stEndes laxa kilkweqEla £ wapa. Wii, he £ mis giigiLEla helk'IotE- 
ma £ yasa g'inanEmaxs lae kwiis £ idEq hiixEla lax helk!ot!Eiia £ yas 
gusetasa dexwe. Wii, gil £ mese gwalxa helk"!ot!Ena £ yaxs lae et!ed 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS GG9 

of the body. After this she wipes the body with | soft yellow cedar- 
bark, head and body. || After doing this, she lays the child face" down 55 
across her knees, | with the head towards the left (of the mother of 
twins) ; | and she puts the thumb of her right hand at the left of the | 
small of the back of the child, and she puts the middle finger | at the 
right hand of the small of the back, and pulls them together towards 
the middle; || and while she is doing so, she says: "Dear girl, you shall 60 
have a slender waist | when you grow up; and you shall not eat so 
much, | so that you will be stout." | 

She pulls together thumb and middle finger four times | over the 
back of the child, and she repeats four times H what she said before. 65 
After doing so, she turns the | child on its back, so that it lies on the 
knees of the woman; and she puts two | fingers of her right hand into 
her mouth, the first | and second one, wets them, and | presses them 
on the face of the child. First the region under the || eyebrows on 70 
each side of the nose is pressed into shape. Then she | presses the 
face of the child all over. This is called by the Indians | " putting the 
face of the child into shape;" and after this has been done, she | licks 
the child's eyes; and the mother of twins says before | licking the 
child: "O darling! now I give you my good looks, || and the power of 75 
my eyes, that you may not have bad eyes hereafter when you grow 

kwas £ idEx gEinx6t!Ena £ yas. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae deg'itasa 53 
tatElq'.waakwe q!o £ yaak u dex u lax x'omsas LE £ wis uk!wina £ }'e. Wa, 
g ihmese gwalExs lae hax u k'ax'intsa g'inanEme laxes okwax'a £ ye 55 
gwextalaxa g'inanEme lax gEmxot!Ena*"yasa yikwilayagole ts'.E- 
daqa. Wa, la ax £ aLElots qomases helk'!olts!ana £ ye lax gEmxodeg'a- 
£ yas qEnasasa g'inanEme. Wa, la ax £ aLElotses £ nolax'ts!ana £ ye 
lax helk' !odeg'a £ yas qEnatsa. Wa, la k'irugE £ nakulas lax nEgeg'a £ yas 
awig'a £ yasa g'inanEme. Wa, la £ nek"axs hae gweg'ile: "Helox u LEs 60 
adatsaga qaso q!ulyax U£ widLo; k'lesLEs q!eq!Ek'!ESL lax ka £ mape, 
aLas pEnL'.esLol." 

Wa, la mop'.Ena k"imgE £ nakulases qoma LE £ wes £ nolax'ts!ana £ ye 
lax awlg'a £ yasa ginanEme. Wa, la mop'.Endzaqwa a,Em nEgEltod- 
xes gale waldEma. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae nEltse £ stEndxa g'ina- 65 
nEme qa nelk'axellles lax okwax - a £ yas. Wa, la p!aq!Esasa male lax 
q!waq!waxts!ana £ yases helk - Jolts !ana £ yexes ts!Emalax - ts!ana £ ye 
LE £ we £ nolax - ts!ana £ ye. Wa, la klunqe q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yas lae 
p!ep!Eq!ugEmaxa g'inanEme heEm g'il p'.eq'.wasose bEnk' lot !Eiia £ yas 
ai:nas lo £ £ wax'sot!Ena £ yas x'indzasas. Wa, la £ naxwa p!eq!wi- 70 
e lalax goguma £ yasa g'inanEme. HeEm gwE £ yosa bak'.ume naqe- 
£ stEndEx goguma £ yasa g'inanEme. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae 
El £ Elxstod gigE £ yagEsas. Wa, la, £ nek'eda yikwilayag'olaxs k' !es £ mae 
El £ ElxstodEq : "Wa, adatsaga, la £ mEn lasasg'in exsok!wenok u la,L 
Logun ex'SEmstoenek' qa £ s k'leseLos £ yag'ilxstol qaso q!ulyax £ wl- 75 



670 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. a.nn ., 

76 up, | and that the princes of the chiefs of the tribes may fall in love 
with you, | and that your beauty may be praised by all the princes | 
of the chiefs of the tribes." | 

SO When her speech is ended, she takes oil of the silver-perch and || oils 
the body of the child; and after oiling the body of the child, | she 
ods its head; and she does not stop until the head of the child | is 
soaked with oil. When | this has been done, she puts the kelp band 
around the head of the child; | and she puts on the bedding, and || 

85 everything else that belongs to the head of the child. After doing 
this she | gathers the cedar-bark with which the body has been wiped, 
and puts it into a | water-tight box, — the same one into which she put 
the cedar-bark on which the mother of the | child sat after giving 
birth to the child; and into which the first excrement of the child, | 

90 and what was used for wiping its body, were put. This || box is 
called "cedar-bark box." j 

When the mother of twins finishes taking care of the child, | she is 
paid four pairs of blankets. | The midwife who took care of the woman 

95 receives the same pay. | They take (iff the kelp || head-band every 
eight days, and put it back around the head | after putting oil on the 
head of the child. | It is kept on for four moons. After four moons | 

76 dELo qa £ s mamawidalageLos yis LoLaElgEma £ yas g"Ig"igama £ yasa 
lelqwfdai.a-ye; he £ mis qa £ s x"ax"ElsgEmesEweL5sasa £ naxwa LOLaEl- 
gama £ yas g - igigama £ yasa LelqwalaLa £ ya, adatsaga." 

Wa, g'ik'mese q!iilbe waldsmas lae ax £ edxa dzeklwise qa £ s q'.El- 

SO slt!edes lax ok!wina £ yasa g'inanEme. Wii, g'il £ mese £ wl £ la q'.Elekwe 
ok!wina £ yas lae q'.EltsEnidEx x'omsas. Wa, al £ mese gwalExs lae 
alak"!ala la LEqsa dzeklwise x'omsasa g'inanEme; wa, g'il £ mese 
gwalExs lae (|Exsi:mdEX x'omsasag'inanEinasa £ wa £ wade qEX'sEmes 
romse. Wii, a e mese £ wi e la ax £ aLEl5dalas memamasa g'inanEme 

85 i.E £ wa gwelgwiilas x'Omsasa g inanEme. Wa, g'il £ me e gwalExs lae 
q!ap!ex £ idxa deg'edayo dex" LE e wa k'adzEkwe qa £ s axtslodes laxa 
aEmxaakwegtldasa yixla getsl^watsa k!wa £ XLawesE £ was abEmpasa 
g'inanEmaxs g'alae gwal mayoLa, LE e wa g"ale amax £ idayosa gina- 
nEme LE £ wa deg'idanaq la £ wl £ la getsla. laq. HeEm Legadeda g'il- 

1 M dasas k'adzEgwatsle. 

Wa, g'ilnnese gwala yikwllayag'ole eaxElaxa g'inanEmaxs lae 
halaqaso £ sa moxsa p'.ElxElasgEma. Wii, heEmxaawise £ vvaxa hala- 
gEmaxa mamayoltslla ts'.Edaqaxa aaxsllilxa ts!Edaqaxs g'alae 
mayoLasa g'inanEme. Wa,la hemEnfihiEm qweloyoweda £ wa £ wade 

95 qEX"sEmesa x - omsexa malgu £ nalExsa - r nala qa £ s xwelaqe qEX'Emda- 
yoxs lae gwal q'.EltsEmtsE £ we x*omsasa ginanEme lalaa laxa 
mosgEme £ mEkula. Wa, g - il £ mese mosgEmgilaxa £ mEkiilaxs lae 



boas J BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 671 

they stop putting on the kelp head-band around the head of the child. | 
And after this it is put into the cedar-bark || box; and nothing is 100 
taken off from all the things belonging to the child, | for they will be 
taken off only when it is ten months old. | 

As soon as the child is ten months old, the cedar-bark, | the yellow 
cedar-bark, and the wool bedding of the child are put | into the 
cedar-bark box; and after the hair of the child has been singed off, || 
and the anklets and arm-rings have been put on, — for the mother of 5 
twins | also singes off the hair from the head of the child, and | puts 
on the anklets and arm-rings, — she goes and hides the cedar-bark 
box | under the rock under which the cedar-bark is hidden. | 

This is the custom of the Kwag'ul, Nak!wax'da £ x u , Gwa-sEla, || 
and Awlk' !enox u . | 10 

The reason why the long-heads of the Koskimo and | Gwatslenox", 
G'ap!eiiox u , l !asq !enox u , and | l !aL !asiqwala, and NaqEmg'ilisala 
are different, is that | the kelp head-band is kept on for twelve days 
at a time, until the girl || is ten mouths old. It is a little different 15 
when the child is a boy, | for then the kelp head-band is tied around 
for ten days, | and is taken off after eight months. | The head of the 
child is also rubbed with oil of the silver-perch in the same way ] as 
the Kwag'ul women do with their children. || 



gwal qEX'SEmale x'omsasa g'inanEmaxa £ wa e wade qExsEinesa 98 
x'omse. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalEmx's lae lats'.oyo laxa k'adzEgwats'.e 
g'ildasa. Wii, laLa k'!eas lawo £ yo laxa £ naxwa gwelgwalasa g'ina- 100 
nEme, yixs 5l £ meLe lawaLExs liil helogwilaxa ginanEme. 

Wa, gil £ mese helogwllaxs lae e wPla lawoyEwe k'ek'adzEk" LE-wa 
dexwe LE £ wa p!epalEme gwelgwalasa giniinEine qa £ s la latsloyo 
laxa k"adzEgwats!e g'ildasa. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal ts'.ExiltsEmtsE £ we 
x'omsasa g'inanEme LE £ wa kunxwedEm yixs he £ maexa yikwllaya- 5 
g'ole tslEdaq ts'.EX'iltsEmdEx x'omsasa ginanEme. Wa, heEmxaa- 
wis kunxwetaq. Wii, heEmxaawis la qlulaLaxa k - adzEgwats!e 
g'ildas laxa k - adzEk!waase. 

Wii, heEm gwayi £ la £ latsa Kwakwiikwakwe LE £ wa Nak!wax - da £ xwe 
LE £ wa Gwa £ sEla LE £ wa Awik - !enoxwe. 10 

Wii, g - a £ mes lag'ilas Sguqala g'ilsg'iltEma G os g'i muxw e LE £ wa 
Gwats!enoxwe LE £ wa G"ap!enoxwe LE £ wa L!asq!enoxwe LE £ wa 
L'.aLlasiqwala LE £ wa NaqEmg'ilisala yixs malExsagh-uwae £ nalas 
qEX'sEmales ts!ats!adagEme xunox u xa £ wa £ wade qEx'sEines x'omsa, 
lalaa laxes helogw!laena £ ye. Wii, lii xiiLla oguqaia laqexs babagii- 15 
mae, yixs nEqap !Enxwa £ sae £ naliis qEx'sEmfdes xomsaxa £ wa £ wade 
qEX'sEmes x'omsa. Wii, la malgunaltsEmg'ilaxs lae axdya. Wii, la 
heEmxat! q!EltsEmdayosex x'omsasa g'manEina dzeklwise lax gwe- 
cr'ilasasa Kwakiitr'olaxsEmaxes xunokwe. 



672 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ank.35 

20 Now you know why the women of the Koskimo have long heads. | 
All the bedding in the cradles of the Koskimo women | and Kwag'ul 
women is the same. Therefore | the mountain-goat wool is prized 
highly when it is bought by the Koskimo women from the | Kwag'ul. || 

25 The only difference is in the lacing of the child among the Koskimo 
women. | They use deer-skin, and they cut a narrow strip | half a 
finger-width wide and | very long. Two pieces are cut off. After 
they have been cut off, | the woman takes the back-rest and lays it 

30 down flat || where she sits. Then she takes the long strips of thin 
dressed cedar-withes | and puts them on the edge of the back-rest, 
in this way: She takes the | narrow strip of deer- 

skin and uses ■] "" j "~~" f^T it to sew on at (1). | After that she 
measures off J— — — : J I- the cedar-withes and sews it on at 

35 (2), | and then " she also sews it on at (3), || and finally 

at (4). She does the same | at the other edge of the back-rest. 
Alter doing so, | she places the back-rest on the back-rest holder. 
Then it is finished. | It is called "deer-skin rope sewed on to back- 
rest." | This is the old style of the Koskimo women. || 

40 If a child dies, the cradle and | the clothing are taken to the 
cedar-bark cave; but when | the cluld grows up to be healthy, they 

20 Wa, laEms q!al £ aLElax lag'ilas g-ilsg'iltEina tsledaqasa G'osg'imu- 
xwe. Wa, la £ naxwaEm £ nEmaxise gwelgwalasa xaap!iisa Gogu- 
ts!axsEme LE £ wa Kwakiig'olaxsEme, yixs ke £ mae lag'ila qlEyoxwa 
p'.alEmasa £ mElxLowaxs k - ElxwasE £ waasa Goguts laxsEme laxa 
Kwag'ule. 

25 Wa, lex - a £ mes oguqalaxa t!Ex - t!Emag"Exse laxa Goguts laxsEme, 
yixs lae ax £ edxa k - !Elx - ewakwasa gewase qa £ s tlosodexa ts'.eq'.adzowe 
laqxa kModEne laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ana £ yex ylx £ wadzEwasas. Wa, 
la g'llsg'ildzowa. Wa, la malExsa t!osa £ yas. Wa, gil £ mese gwala 
ts!(:daqe tlosaqexs lae ax £ edxa LadEneg'a £ ye qa £ s pax £ aliles laxes 

30 klwaelase. Wa, la ax £ edxa g'ilsgllt'.a wJswuitowe sElbEk u dEwexa 
qa £ s k'atlaLElodes oba £ yas laxag'a gwaleg'a (fig.). Wa, la ax £ edxa 
ts'.eqladzewe k'!Elx - iwakwe qa £ s tlEing'aaLElodes lax (1). Wa, 
g"il £ mese gwala lae k'lESElaxa dEwexe lae et!ed t'.Emg'aaLElodEx 
(2). Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs lae e!ted tlEmg-aaLElodEx (3). Wa, 

35 g - il £ mese gwalExs lae et!ed tlEmg'aaLElodEx (4). Wa, la heEmxaat! 
gwex -£ Idxa apsEnxa £ yasa LadEneg"a £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
pax £ Entsa LadEneg - a £ ye laxa LadEneg - ex'dEma. Wa, laEm gwala. 
Wa, heEm LegadEs k"!Elx - Iwak u tlEmak'iigesa t'.EX't'.Emag'Exse. 
Wa, heEm alakMala g'ildzEse gwalaasas laxa Goguts laxsEme. 

40 Wa, g'il £ mese lE £ leda g'inanEme lae £ wi £ laEm layowa xaap'.e laxa 
k'adzeklwaase LE £ wes gwelgwala laxes £ waxax ,£ Idalaase. Wa, g'il- 



l«JiS] BELIEFS AXD CUSTOMS 078 

keep the cradle and the | back-rest, and they hide the clothing and 
the | cedar bark forehead-presser in the cave. The} keep thecradle 45 
in case the first-born child should have a younger sister. | 

Twins. 1 — They only change the cradle when a woman has twins: 
for if she shoidd have twin-children after having many other chil- 
dren, | the cradle is put away. | 

Then a wood-worker is asked to make for the twins cradles || with 5 
notched head-pieces. Then the wood-worker goes to work at once 
trying to finish the cradles with the notched head-boards | before the 
twins are four days old; and when j the cradles with the notched 
head boards are finished, and the twins are three days old, they 
put two feathers from the II tail of the eagle into $tt if) 

two holes drilled in thenotched headboard [ of the r-" 1 
cradle, two at each side, in this way: | \ 

Now the twins are wrapped up well in | soft yellow cedar-bark and 
in red cedar-bark. The faces of the | twins are painted red, and also 
those of the mother || and father. And the father of the twins must 15 
sit still; | he is not allowed by lus tribe to do anything; he is not even 
allowed to get fire-wood | and water. His relatives | always sit 
by his side in the house in order to get the fire-wood | and the 

£ mese helEmg"ustaq!waxedag'inanEme lii axelasE £ weda xafq>!eLi: £ wis 42 
LadEneg - a £ ye. Wa, laLa £ wI £ laEm la qlulaxa gwelgwalas le-'wcs 
dexwe t!akEma £ ye laxa k'adzEklwaase, yixs he-mae lag'ilas axela- 
sE £ weda xaap!e qo ts!a £ yanox u Les g ale mayoLEma. 45 

Twins. — Wa, lex'a £ mes Llayowatsa xaaplaxs yikwllae yixa ts'.E- 1 
daqe, yixs al £ mae jikwIlExs lae qlEyokwes sasEme. Wa, a e mese 
g - exasE £ weda xaap'.e. 

Wa, la g'ag - 6 £ nasE £ weda gitlenoxwe qa £ s xaapelex ylkwe e lats!ama- 
lExi.a qeqEXEg"E £ yo xexaapla. Wa, hex £ ida £ mese eax £ ideda g'itle- 5 
noxwe qaxs hayalomalae gwalamasxa malEXLa qeqEXEg'Eyo xexa- 
aplaxs k'!es £ mae moplEnela yikwl £ li:me g'inginanEma. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese gwala malEXLa qeqEXEg'Eyo xexaaplaxs lae yudilxuxsek"Eleda 
yikwI £ lEmeging'inanEma lae Lasedayoweda maemalts!aqeg - a £ yol lax- 
naxsdEy £ asa kwekwe laxa la maemaldzEk" sEle laxa qeqEXEg - iwa- to 
£ yasa xexaap!exa g'a gwaleg'a (Jig.). 

Wa, laEmaEmq!Eq!EnepsEmlIledayikwI £ lEmaxa aekMaakwe tatEl- 
qlwaakwe dexwa LE £ wa k'adzEkwe. Wa, la gomex u sa gfig-um- 
yEma yikwPlEine g'ing'inanEma. Wa, heEmxaawise gwale abEmpas 
LE £ wes ompe, yixs a £ mae la sEldela ompasa yikwPlEme gingina- i.", 
nEma yixs k - !esae helqlolEm axaxsalases g'okulote, wax -£ ma lEqwa 
LE £ wa £ wape la k - !es helq'.olEm la S.x £ edEq. Wa, la £ me heda i.-cle- 
r.alas la hemEnala k'.wiimelEq qa £ s axexa £ naxwa ax £ exstso £ sxa lsqwa 
r.E £ wa £ wape LE £ wa he £ maomase qaxs k'lesae helqlolEm a £ inelas- 

' Sec also pp. 631-635. 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 43 



674 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

20 water and food || for the couple, and the twins who belong to the 
Salmon, are not allowed to have misfortune | — |. 

As soon as the twins that belong to the Salmon are four days old, | 
when the navel-string comes off , they take the cradles with the | 
notched head-boards, put them down on the floor one on the right-hand 

25 side of || another woman who has been the mother of twins, and they 
put down | the other one on the left-hand side; and when everything is 
ready, | they put the bedding into the two cradles with notched head- 
boards. There is [ no difference between the bedding of twins and 
that of single children, j The only difference is that a cradle with a 

30 notched head-board is used, and that the four || feathers from the tail 
of an eagle stand on the [ notched head-hoard of the cradle, and that 
the faces of the twins are | always painted red every fourth day, 
together with the faces of their parents, and that this continues | 
until the twins are ten months old. 

As soon as the woman who has had twins before, finishes arranging 

35 the bedding || in the cradle that was put down at the right-hand side 
of the | woman who has had twins before, she takes on her arms | the 
first-horn child belonging to the Salmon. She takes off the| wrap- 
pings of yellow cedar-bark and of ved cedar-bark; and, after taking 
them all off, | she takes the split kelp and puts it around the head of 

40 the child belonging to the Salmon. || And this is different in regard t<> 

20 nokwa hayasEk'ala LE £ wis yikwIdEine idaidEyadza^ya g'lng'lna- 
nEina. 

Wa, g'il £ mese moxsekileda vikwFlEme L!aL!Eyadza £ ya gingina- 
nEme yixs lae lawaye ts!EyoxLa e ya. Wa, la £ me &x £ etsE £ weda miilEXLa 
qeqEXEg'Eyowe xexaapla qa £ s lii hanalFlEma £ nEmexLa lax heik' !o- 

25 tagawalilasa ogii £ la £ maxat ! yikwllayag'ol ts'.Edaqa. Wa, hang'all £ - 
lEma £ nEmexLa lax gEinxagawalllas lax laena £ yas £ wl £ la gwaiate 
axtslawe gwelgwiilasa mahsxLa qeqEXEg'Eyowe xexaapla, yixs 
k' leasae 6gux £ Its gwelgwalas lax gwelgwalasa £ nEmok!wedza £ ye 
mayoLEma lax ogiida laxa qeciExEg'Eyowe xexaap'.a LE £ wa maemo- 

30 tslaqe ts'.EltslElk's naxsdE £ yasa kwekwaxs lae LaLala lax agiwa £ yasa 
qeqEXEg'Eyowe xexaapla; Wit, he £ misa yikwelEme g'mg'inanEinxs 
lae heniEnalaEm giimsa LK £ wes g'Ig'aolnokwaxa maemoxsa £ nala 
lalaa lax helogwIlaxdEmLasa yikwi £ lEme ging'inanEma. 

Wa, g'il £ mese gwala yikwilayag'dle tslEdaq helax gwelgwidiis 

35 5ts!a £ wasa £ iiEmexLa qKXEg'Eyo xaa))!axa ha £ ni £ le lax helk'Iotaga- 
walllasa yikwllayag'ole tslEdaqa. Wa, gil £ mese gwala lae qlElElI- 
laxa g'ale mayobidayo LlaLlEyadze g'inanEma. Wa, la axodEx 
q!Eiiep!Ena £ yas dex u LE £ wa k - adzEkwe. Wa, g'ibmese £ wi £ laxs lae 
&x £ edxa £ wa £ wade LEpsaakwa qa £ s qExsEindes lax xomsasa idaLlE- 

10 yadze g'inanEma. Wii, heEm oguqalayosa yikwFlEme g'inanEma, 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 675 

twins; | that they do not put on the head-hand until the navel-string 41 
comes off on the | fourth day; and after putting the head-hand 
around the head of the | child belonging to the Salmon, the woman 
who has had twins (before) speaks | and says (Prayer for the twins): 
"O friend! || that is the reason why you come. You come to benefit 45 
(hose who have come to be your | parents, and you have come to 
make them rich and to | defend them against sickness, O friend 
Salmon! you, Supernatural-One!" | 

As soon as the prayer has been ended, she puts the child belong- 
ing to the Salmon | into the cradle with the notched head-board, 
and she || follows the way that is done with those who are not twin- 50 
children. | 

When this has been done, she turns her face to the other | cradle 
with the notched head-board, arranges everything in it; and after 
that, | she takes in her arms the child belonging to the Salmon, takes 
off the bedding j of yellow cedar-bark and red cedar-bark; and when 
it is all off, she takes the II split kelp and puts it around the head of the 55 
child | belonging to the Salmon; and after this she puts it into the [ 
cradle with the notched head-board; and the woman who had borne 
twins before speaks, | pressing with her left hand on the chest of the 
child belonging to the Salmon, | and says (a prayer for the second || 
twin-child in the cradle): "O friend! I beg you, Supernatural-One, GO 
to | grow up well with your brother, YayaxwE £ ya, and that you do | 



yixs al £ mae qEx'sEintsE £ we x'omsasexs lae lawiiye ts!EyoxLa £ yasxa 41 
la niop!Eiixw £ as fnala. Wii, g"il £ mese gwfd qEx'sEmdEX x'Smsasa 
L!aL'.Eyadza £ ye ginanEma, wa, la yaq'.Eg - a £ leda ylkwilayag - ole ts!E- 
diiqa. Wa, la £ nek'a (tstelwaqaxa yikwIdEme ginanEma): "Yul, 
qasta, heq'amaaqos g'axele qa £ s g'axaos ek'anomaxos g - axaqos 45 
gig'aolnokwa. Wa, he £ mes g'axelos qa £ s q'.eq'.omg'ilaosaq"; wii, 
he £ mis qa £ s dadamayaosaq", qastii, mEyoxwa £ na, yQL, £ nawalak"." 

Wii, gihmese q!idbe ts!Elwaq!ena £ yas, lae q!Elts!otsa L!aL!Eya- 
dza £ ye g'tnanEm laxa qEXEg'Eyowe xaapla. Wii, la £ me aEin nEgEt- 
tE £ wex gwayidiilase qaeda k - !ese yikwrdEina. 50 

Wii, gihmese gwalExs lae gwegEingilil laxa £ nEmexLa qEXEg'E- 
yowe xaap!a qa £ s helidalex gwelgwiilas. Wii, g - il £ mese gwiilExs lae 
q!ElElilaxa L!aL!Eyadza £ ye g'inanEma. Wii, lii axalax qiEnepsEina- 
£ yasxa dex u LE £ wa k'adzEkwe. Wii, g'ihmese £ wl £ laxs lae ax £ edxa 
LEpsaakwe £ wii £ wade qa £ s qEx'sEmdes lax x'omsasa L!iiL!Eyadza £ ye 55 
g inanEma. Wii, gihmese gwalExs lae q!Elts!otsa g'inanEme laxa 
qEXEg - Eyowe xaapla. Wii, lii yaq'.Eg'adeda yikwdayag'ole ts!E- 
daqa laxes LExwalaena £ yases gEmxoits!ana £ ye lax obtVyasa l!5l!e- 
yadza'ye giniinEma. Wii, la £ neka (tsMwaqaxa ale, xaiipts!oyo 
yikwFlEma): "Yul, qastii, la £ mEn hawiixElaLOL 'iiawalak 11 qa £ s 60 
wag'iLos helmalag'ilisLol le £ wox £ nEmwEyotex YiiyaxwE £ ya, yix qa £ s 



676 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH.AHN.-SS 

63 not leave us! Make your parents happy! | for they will always give 
away property, so that you may always obtain | new names, 

65 Ek!' eqElag'ila ! friend Salmon ! || you, Supernatural-One ! Do not come 
to bring us misfortune! Come to do good! You bring | wealth, you, 
Abalone-Maker ! You have come from the sea to us with your ] 
brother, Supernatural-Salmon, friend." | 

As soon as the prayer is ended, she puts on the bedding | of yellow 

70 cedar-bark and of red cedar bark and that of wool; and || after tlris 
has been done, she puts on the cedar-bark forehead-presser, and the 
pillow ; | and when this has been done, she puts down the cradle with 
notched head-board. She ) puts the first one, with the child belonging 
to the Salmon, on the [ right-hand side of the bed of the mother (of 
the new-born twins); and she puts the | other cradle with the 

75 notched head-board, and the || child belonging to the Salmon in it, 
on the left-hand side of the mother; | and after the mother of twins 
has done this, she puts in order the sleeping-place | of the twin- 
children and of their mother. | 

She takes cedar-poles, not thick, and | one fathom long, sharpens || 

80 the points, and drives them into the floor, one of them backwards | 
from the place where the heads of the mother of twins | and of her 
husband are; and the other one she drives into the floor at the | 
place where their feet are; and she drives one into the floor | outward 
from the place where their heads are, and the other one outward from 



62 k'.eseLos aweq'.wahiLol; wa, he £ mis qa £ s hemEnalamaos ek!eqEla- 
masxox g'ig'aohiokwex qa hemEiiala E mesox £ wa £ walasdEmx - sila qa 
aleg'eses LeLEgEmos yuLaxs ek'!eqElagilaex, qast msyoxwa^na, 

65 yuL £ nawalak u £ yak-anomasos laxes g-ax £ ena £ yos yixs ek'anomaaqos 
vixs qlomxsalisaaqos yuL ex'tsiEmg-ila, yflLaxs g'axsallsaex LSgwa 
£ nEmwEyotEk' £ nawalak u mEy5xwa £ na, qast." 

Wii, gih'mese qhllbe ts'.Elwaq!ena £ yas lae mamelalas £ wiixax ,£ id;lla- 
asasa dexwe LE £ wa k-iidzEkwe LE £ wa p'.alEine. Wii, g ihmese gwfi- 

70 Iexs lae axfiLEldtsa dex" t '.ak'Emes LE £ wis helEwaba £ ye. Wa, 
irihmese gwfda lae kagilllaxa qEXEg-Eyowe xaap!a, yixa g'ale 
q'.Elts!odaatsesa L!aL!Eyadza £ ye g-inanEma qa £ s la k - ag - alilas lax 
helk -, .6dEn5LEinalIlas kule £ lasas abEmpas. Wa, la kagilllaxa 
£ nEinexLa qEXEg'Eyowe xaap!a, yixa ale q'.Eltslodaatsesa L'.aL!Eya- 

75 dza £ ye ginanEma qa £ s lii k-ag'alilas lax gEmxanoLEmalilas abEmpas. 
Wa dhmese gwala yikwflayag - 6le ts'.Edac[a lae eax £ edEx kiile £ la- 
sasa L!aL'.EL!Eyadza £ ye glng'inanEm LE £ wes abEmpe. 

Wii, la £ mes ax £ edxa m5ts!ac[e dzE £ sEqwaxa kMese LESLEkwa. Wii, 
lii MiatoiEmp'.En-k" laxEiis baLaqe awixsgEmasas. Wii, lii dzodzox"- 

80 bEndEq wlieta £ yas. Wa, la dex £ walilasa £ nEmts!aqe laxa iiLodEta- 
lflasa ku £ le £ lasasa yikwile ts'.Edaqa LE £ wis E!aL!EL'.Eyadza £ ye sa- 
sEma LE £ wis la £ wunEme. Wii, la et!ed dex £ wa £ lilasa £ nEmts!aqe lax 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 677 

whore their feet are; || and after this has been done, she takes an 85 
olachen-net and | hangs one corner to the top of the rear post at the 
head, | and she hangs one corner to the rear post at the foot of the 
bed; and | after this has been done, she takes red cedar-bark and 
measures off two spans. | There she cuts it off. She || splits it into 90 
narrow strips. After she has split them, she | folds them in the 
middle, and hangs them to the net | which has been hung up. They 
are placed two spans apart. | When she reaches the end of the bed of 
the | mother of the twins, she puts them in, two spans || under the 95 
first row. There are four rows of red cedar-bark. | Then she takes 
the tail of a white-tailed eagle, pulls out the feathers, | and, when 
she has them all off, she takes spun nettle-bark. | This is used 
to tie on the feathers, which are hung between the | red cedar- 
bark, in this wav: , . , . , A , A ,-, A , Now it is done. || Then she 100 

. \I/*E\1/K /'■ WA> I*? -I. ^ l'1 

takes two thin lETf rf 42j~33/:3 poles and puts them across 

the two | posts ^K^t=K^T7tt^v over which the net has 
been hung, and ~ she places the | other pole 

over the outside posts. Then she takes a new, | large mat and places 
it across as a roof, and she also puts a new | mat at each end 



walalaasas g'5g"Egiiyas. Wa, lii etled dex £ wa £ lllasa £ nEints!aqe lax 83 
L'.asodEtiVyas; wii, lii et!ed dex^wa^ilasa £ nEmts!aqe lax L!iis £ alllas 
g'og'Eguyas. Wa, g'ir-'mese gwale axa £ yas lae ax £ edxa ptegwayaxa 85 
clzaxun qa £ s gexutodes apsEnxa £ yas lax oxta £ yasa iiLodEtallle Lama. 
Wa, lii gex £ wutots apsEnxa £ yas laxa Lamasa ox u sklzalile. Wa, 
gil £ mese gwala lae ax £ edxa L!agEkwe qa £ s bal £ Idesa ma £ lp!Enk'as 
awasgEmase laxEns q!waci!wax - ts!ana £ yaxs lae t!os £ idEq. Wa, lii dzE- 
dzExs £ EndECj qa t!elts!Eq!astowes. Wii, gil £ mese gwal dzExaqexs 90 
lae bEs £ idEq qa naEngExLales. Wa, tetEgudzodalas laxa p!Egwayo 
la ge £ wila. Wa, la maemalplEnke awalagalaasas laxEns q!wa- 
q!wax - ts!iina £ yex. Wii, g"il £ mese labEndEx £ wasgEmasasa ku £ lelasasa 
yikwlle lae et'.edxa malp!Enk - e laxEns q!waq!wax"ts!ana £ yex lax 
ba £ neLEliises g'ale axa £ ya. Wii, lii mots!agE £ nakiilaxa LlagF.kwe. 95 
Wa, la ax £ edxa naxsdE £ yasa £ mEl £ mElba kwekwa qa £ s nexalexa tslEl- 
tslElk'as. Wa, g"il £ mese £ wl £ lamasqexs lae ax £ edxa mEdEkwe gun. 
Wii, he £ mis la yiLEmsexs lae tetak'odalasa ts!Elts!Elk"e lax awagawa- 
£ yasa L'.agEkwe g"a gwiileg'a (fig.). Wii, la £ me gwala. Wii, la 
ax £ edxa malts!aqe wiswiil dzoxuma qa £ s k"adEtodes laxa rnaltsUiqe 100 
LeLama yix la gexutalaxa plEgwayowe. Wa, la k'adEtotsa £ nEm- 
tslaqe dzoxiim laxa Llasallle LeLama. Wa, la ax £ edxa tslEX'ase 
£ walas le £ wa £ ya qa £ s LEpEyindes laq qa salas. Wa, ts!ets!EX'as- 
£ Emxaiiwise £ nal="nEm leEl £ wa £ ye sasEba £ yas £ wiix - sba £ yasa ku £ le £ lasa- 



678 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ktii. ran 

f> of the bed of the || mother of the twins and her Salmon children. 
After this has been done, | she takes eagle-down and puts it on the 
red cedar-bark, | and the feathers which hang from the net on the 
rear of the wall of the bedroom. | 

When this has been done, she takes the after-birth of the twins 
and washes it, so that all the blood comes off; and after doing so. 

ID she II hangs it up near the bed of the j mother and of the twins; and 
she takes the wrapping of the children, and | puts it into the cedar- 
hark box. which she places at the ' outside of the head of the bed 
that she made for the mother of the twins, for that is the name of 
the | bed of the twin mother and of her cliildren. When this has 

15 been done, the || woman who has had twins before speaks, and says 
to the mother of the new-horn twins and her | husband, to her who 
is still sitting on the floor where she gave birth to the | twins near 
the fire of the house, and she says: | " Now, take care, friends! for you 
will take up in your arms these | cradles with the supernatural ones, 

20 when you go to this house which I made for them; for you || will 
really take care of both of those whom you have obtained by good 
luck, your | friends, so that they can not complain of us if they should 
get sick. | I say so, that you may do everything in the right way. | (I 
mean that the Salmon children are jealous; J for it kills one of the || 

25 twins if one if them is treated well. And | the one whom you do not 
treat well will become weak at once, go away, and leave behind his | 

5 sa yikwlle LE £ wis L!aL!EL'.Eyadza £ yesasEma. Wii,gil £ mese gwFdnx- 
lae ax £ edxa qF.mxwasa kwekwe qa £ s qEmx £ wides laxa L !aL '.EgEkiila 
LE £ wa ts'.EltslEDrflasa la k'logwlg'alll p!Egwa £ yos ku £ le £ lasa. 

Wa, g'ltonese gwalExs lae ax £ edxa maenasa vikwFlEme g'ing'ina- 
nEina qa-s aekle ts!dx-widEq qa £ wi £ lawes Elkwa. Wa, g'ibniese 

10 gwal ts'.oxwaqexs lae ge.xwalilas laxa mExwfifa laxa ku-lelasasa 
yikwlle i.i:-'wis sasEme. Wa, lii ax £ edxa qlEnepEmx'das qa e s ax- 
ts'.odes laxa kadzEgwats!e gildasa. Wa, lii hang'alllas lax LlasodE- 
talllases 8xa c ya yikwl £ lats!e g'aelasa, qaxs he £ mae LegEms ku £ !e- 
£ lasasa yikwlle LF.Hvis sasEme. Wii, g'il £ mese gwala, laeda yikwi- 

15 layag'ole tslsdaq yaq!Eg'a £ la. Wii, la melot laxa yikwlle LE £ wis 
liV'wfuiEmaxs he £ mae k!udziie mayoLelasasa yikwilasa ma £ lokwe 
yikwI £ lEms liixa £ nExwanalise lax lEgwHasa g'okwe. Wa, la £ nek'a: 
"Wiigil la yaLlai.Ex £ ne £ nEmok u qa £ s £ nEmax £ Ida £ meLos q!ElEl!lal- 
xa xexaapts'.ala e na e nawalakwa qaso g'axr. laxg'in g'okwelek - qaox, 

20 qaxsalak'!aliLaqos £ nEmalal aek'ilal qaoxs wawalkina £ yaqos, £ ne £ nE- 
qaxsmok", qa k" leases q!Emk'!alayolts6x qo lelagulx £ edlaxo. Wii,he- 
£ mesEn lagila £ nex' qa £ s walEmk"alaxda £ xwaos aek'ila laxes £ naxwa- 
Laos gwayi £ lalasLEq u . (HedEn £ ne £ nak"ile jixs odzEgEmak'aexwa 
L!aL!Eyadza £ yex ging inanEma, yixs he £ mae g'ayalatsa £ nEmdkwe 

25 laxa yikwFlEme ginginaiiErnxs aek'ilasE £ waexa £ nEm5kwe qa £ s he- 
x' £ ida £ mes lelagiilxudaxa k' !ese aek"ilasE £ wa qa £ s la lowal £ itses 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 679 

brother, and will go homo to the Salmon tribe from which he 27 
came.) | That is what I mean, friends ! that you may take good care 
of those | whom you obtain by good luck." Thus says the woman 
who has had twins before, II to the woman and her husband, j 30 

As soon as her speech is ended, the young mother of twins | and 
her husband arise, and both take up at the same time the cradles 
with the notched head-boards. | Together they go, — the woman who 
has had twins before and J husband and wife, — side by side, going 
towards the bed in the room; || and when they reach it, they put 35 
down the cradles on each side of the | place where the mother of the 
(new-born) twins is going to lie down. Now she lies down between 
the twins, | and her husband sits down near her bed. | After this 
the woman who has had twins before takes a rest, for they | never 
pass four days without changing the II kelp head-bands of twin- 40 
children. | 

When four days have passed, the woman who has had twins 
before unties | the head-band of the twin-children. She takes | 
perch-oil and oils their heads and | also their bodies. When the 
heads of the twin-children are soaked with perch-oil, || she takes the 45 
kelp head-bands and J puts them around their heads, with the 
right tightness: j and after she has done so, she paints their faces. 
She paints them both in the same way, | and she also puts the same | 



£ nicmwEyote qa £ s la nii £ nakwa laxes g-a £ ya £ nakidase maesila.) Wii, 27 
yu £ mesEn £ ne>"nak"ilo £ ne £ nEmok" qa-s iVmei.os valval laxes aek'i- 
lasLaos, qaos wa £ walk"ina £ yex," £ nex' £ laeda yikwFlayagole tslsdaqa 
laxa yikwile hayasEk - ala. 30 

Wa, g'thmese q!ulbe waldEmas lae E nEmax ,£ id r.axnlllleda yikwlle 
hayasi;k'ala qa-s r ni:mx' £ ide dag'ildaxa qeqEXEgEyo xexaapla qa- c s 
la g'Slag'iwaleda yikwilayagole ts'.Edaqa. Wii, la '"nEmagoLEmaleda 
yikwlle hayasEkalaxs lae giiyolEla laxes kii £ le £ lasLe. Wii, gil- 
£ mese lag"aa liiqexs lae £ nEmx'-Id hang - alllas lax : waxsanodza £ yas 35 
kude-'lasLasa yikwile. Wa, la £ me killkwagodxes yikwi-lEme. Wa, 
a £ mes la klwag'alile liFwfuiEmas laxa 'nExwalalile laxa kicie £ lase. 
Wii, la £ me gwfd laxeq yawas J Ideda yikwFlayag'ole tslEdaqa, qaxs 
k'!esae hayaqax mop!Enxwa £ sa i.!ai. !i:vadza £ ye qEX"sEmales x'om- 
saxa £ wa £ wade. 40 

Wii, g'il £ mese m6p'.Enxwa e sa g'axaasa yikwilayag'ole ts!Edaq ((wf'- 
lodp.x qEX'sEma £ ya x"5msasa L!a,L!EL!Eyadza £ ye; wii, la ax £ edxa 
dzek!wese qa £ s q!Els £ Ides lax x'dmsasa L!aL!EL'.Eyadza £ ye. Wa, 
lii ogwaqax ok!wina £ yas. Wii, g'ihmese LEqasa dzek'.wese x'omsasa 
L'.aL!EL!Eyadza £ j r axs lae ax £ edxa £ wa £ wade qEX'sEmes x'oms qa 6 s 45 
qExsEmdes lax x'omsas. Wii, la heh'ale lEk!utalaena £ yas. Wii, 
gil £ mese gwalExs lae gums £ idEx g'5guma £ yas £ nEmala LE £ wa £ iie- 



680 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

painting on the faces of the mother and father; that is, two bands 

50 running across the eyes, || one beginning at the end of the eyebrows 
and passing the ends of the | eyes to the lower end of the cheeks, (lie 
other across the | middle of the eyes down to the lower end of the 
cheeks. 1 | After this has been done, she puts the children into the 
cradles; | and the woman who has had twins before comes back 

55 every four days to II untie the head-bands of the twin-children, and | 
to oil with perch-oil their heads and bodies. | This continues for four 
months. 

After four months she stops putting the head-bands around the | 

60 heads of the twin-children. All the time || the faces of the children 
and of their parents are painted with ochre, until the twin-children 
are ten months old. | Mostly the | children continue painting with 
ochre even when they are grown up. | That is all about this. | 

1 did not talk about this. When the woman who has had twins || 

65 first puts the twin-children into the cradles with the notched | head- 
boards, when they are four days old, another person who has had 
twin-children, a man, | is called to come and sit down, and the | 
numaym of the father of the (new-born) twin children is called to | 

70 come into his house. When they are all inside, || the chief of the 
numaym of the father of the (new-born) twins speaks, | and says: | 

48 m5k u . Wa, la-me £ nEmax ise giimsa £ yas. Wii, heEmxaawise gvviila 
giimsa £ yasa abEmpas LE £ wis ompe, yixs L&LExstalaaxa maemaltslaqe 

50 g'iig lLElaxa £ nemts!aqe gums lax oba £ yas aEnas la £ wiibEndalax 
gE £ yagEsas lag'aa lax bEnba £ yas awodza £ yas. Wa, la nExsEmdalaxa 
£ n Hints !aqe gumse lax gE £ yagEsas g - ax £ aLEla lax bEnba £ yas awo- 
dza £ yasg'a gwaleg'a. 1 Wii, g il £ mese gwalF.xs lae xaaptslots. Wa, 
hemEnala g'axeda ylkwilayag'ole tstedaqxa m5p!Enxwa £ se qa £ s 

55 qwel £ odex qEX'sEma £ yas x'omsasa L'a,L!EL!Eyadza £ ye g'ing'iniinEma 
qa-s q'.Els £ Idesa dzEklwese lax x'ix'omsas LE £ wis eok!wina £ ye. Wii, 
lii mosgEmgilaxa £ mEkiila he gweg'ile. 

Wa, g'il £ mese mosgEmg'ilaxa £ mEkiilaxs lae gwal qEx'sEmala 
x'omsasa L!aL'.EL!Eyadza £ ye. Wii, laLa hemEnalaEm gflmsas6 £ sa 

60 gugum £ yEme LE £ wis gig'aolnokwe lag'aa laqexs lae helogwllaxa 
LlaLlEiJ.Eyadza^ye ging'InanEma. Wii, £ n5l £ nEmp!Ena hemEna- 
la £ ma g'tng'inani-:me gumsasa gugum-'vEmaxs w;lx £ mae la qlulsqWl- 
yakwa. Wii, laEin gwai liixeq. 

Wa, Ieii k'!es gwagwcxsEx-'Id laqexs gil £ mae gwata yikwllaya- 

65 goh" ts'.Edaq xaaptslotsa yikwFlEme g'ing'iniinEm laxa qeqEXEg'E- 
yowe xexna]i!axs lae moxsek'ilaxs lae Le £ lalasE £ weda ogii £ la yikwl- 
layagole bEgwaiiEma qa g'axes klwaela. Wii, la £ wi £ la Le £ lalasE- 
£ we £ nE £ memotasa ompasa yikwPlEme L!aLlEL!Eyadza £ ya qa g'axes 
£ wi £ laeLEla lax g'okwas. Wii, gil £ mese £ wi £ laei.Exs lae yiiq!Eg'a £ le 

70 g'igama £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa yikwile bEgwanEma. Wii,la £ me £ nek'a: 

1 On each side of the face one vertical line running from the outer end of the eyebrows, and one from 
the middle of the eyebrows down to the level of the mouth. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 681 

"This is the reason why you were called to come into the house of 72 
the twins, | that yon may make a dance for these children belonging 
to the Salmon, for | we will let our world know about these who came 
from the sea, from the house of Swimmer (the Salmon). || We will 75 
take these supernatural ones who belong to the Salmon out of this 
house. | Now he shall carry them in his arms." Thus he says, and 
calls the name of the | man who has had twins before, and he also 
calls a woman who has had twins, whom lie calls [ his wife, although 
the | man who lias had twin-children may not lie her husband. || 

As soon as his speech is ended, the man who has had twin-children | SO 
goes to where the woman who lias had twin-children is seated, I and 
for a short time they act as though they were husband and wife. He 
asks for ochre | and eight tail-feathers of an eagle. | Then the elder 
brother of the (new-born) twin-children |l is called by the man who 85 
has had twin-children before to come and sit down by his side | and 
by the side of the woman who for the time being acts as his wife. 

When Salmon-Head, the elder brother of the twins, comes, he 
sits | down with them, and they paint themselves with ochre, — the 
three (the man and the woman) | and Salmon-Head, for this is the 
name of the woman's child || born before she has given birth to twins. | 90 
As soon as a woman gives birth to twins, | the name of her elder 
child is Salmon-Head; and if the child horn before the twin children 



" Yixs hiie Le e lalag'il qa g'axes -'wiMaeLEla laxa yikwr'latsle g'Okwa 72 
qa £ s wag'i kwexElaxa L!ax!EL!Eyadza £ ye g'mginanEma qF.ns wagi 
nelalxEiis malax yisa g"axs e alisex g'ax £ id la g'6kwasmemEyoxwa £ na. 
Wa, hvmesEns lawilsaltsoxwa l !aL !el !Eyadza £ yex £ na £ n&walakwa. 75 
Wa, lamiesox q!ElElaLox," £ nex" Lex £ edEx LegEmasa yikwllayag'ole 
bEgwaiiEma. "Wa, yumiesox gEUEmaxs" £ nex - lcx-TmIex LegEmas 
gEnEmasxa yikwllayag'ole ts'.Edaqa, yixs wax' £ mae k' !es la £ wadEsa 
yikwllayag'ole bEgwanEma, mek'e. 

Wa, g'il £ mese qlulbe waldEmas lae hex'-'ida-ma yikwllayag'ole 80 
bEgwanEin q!ap!eg"alH LE £ wa yikwilayag - ole tslEdaqa. AVii, la £ me 
yawas-id ha^yasEk'ogwalila. Wa, la-me dak* !alax"da £ xuq gugum £ yE- 
ma lo £ malgiinalts'.aqa ts Islts lElk'sa naxsdE £ yasa kwekwe. Wa, 
hemiise £ nolasa ylkwPlEmeLlaLlELlEyadzeg'lng'tnanEma. Wa, la £ me 
Le e lalaso £ sa yikwllayag'ole bEgwaiiEm qa g'axes klwag'llilaxa 85 
yikwilayagole bEgwaiiEm LE £ wis yawas £ Ide gEnEma. 

Wii, g'ihmese g'axe Hexi !a-yc yix E nolasa L!ai.!Ei.!Eyadza £ ye k!wa- 
g-flilaq. Wii, lax"da £ xwe gums £ Itsa gugum £ yEme laxes yudukwae 
la lo £ Hex't!a £ ye, qaxs hemiae LegEmsa g - alagawa £ ye mayoLEmsa 
bstedaqaxs k"!es £ mae yikwila. Wii, la et!ed bEwex £ wida. Wa. on 
g*ll £ mese mayol £ itsa ma £ lokwes yikwPlEine, wa, la hex ,£ idaEm la 
Legade moliises Hex"t!a £ ye, wax'e ts.!ats!adagEme £ nolasa yekwi- 



682 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. anv 85 

93 is a girl, her name is Salmon-Head-Woman. After | they have been 
painted, they put red cedar-bark around the heads of the three 

05 children; and || then the man who has had twin-children before 
takes eight | tail-feathers of the eagle, and puts one over the middle 
of the forehead in the | red cedar-hark head-ring of Salmon-Head, 
and he puts one in the head-band behind; | he puts one over the 
forehead of the woman who acts as his wife, | and one behind. 
There arc two on her. Then he does the same on his own head-band 
.'()() as he did with the woman || who acts as his wife. Then he asks for 
eagle-down; | and when it lias been given to him, he \ takes it and 
scatters it so, that the down is line; and | after doing so, he puts it on 
Salmon-Head; and after | putting it on, he puts it on the younger 
5 brothers of Salmon-Head, the || two twins. And alter he has put 
down on them | he puts down on the woman acting as his wife, and 
finally on himself. | After he has done so, he and the woman who acts 
as his wife arise, | and he calls Salmon-Head to stand between them. 
Then | the man who has had twin-children speaks, and says: | 

10 "Stand up, friends! and let us go out and | follow the rides of 

Salmon-Chief!" Thus he says. And all stand up. j They all have 

on the one side of the cedar-bark head-rings a tail-feather of the 

!■") eagle, | and four feathers are on the head-band of the || parents of 



93 li'mc g-lnginanEma la LegadEX ,e its Hex - t!ega. Wii, g - il £ mese gwal 
giimsaxs lae £ nax\va qEX imtsa LlagEkwe laxes yfidukwae. Wii, la 
05 ax £ edxa yikwllayag'ole biegwanEmxa matgu £ nalts!aqe ts telts telk'sa 
naxsdK £ yasa kwekwe. Wii, la L!agEyotsa -nEmts!iiqe lax nEqewa- 
•vas L!agEkuma e yas Hex r t!a £ ye. Wii, lit L'.aap'.Entsa e nEmts!aqe 
laxaaq. Wii, la i.'.ag'Eyotsa £ nEmts!aqe laxes gEnEmbola. Wii, lii 
L'.aaplEntsa malts'.aqe laq. Wii, neEmxaawise gwale h&saqe la 
200 gwalaatse gEnEmbola. Wa, lii dak*!alax qEmxwasa kwekwe, yixa 
yikwilayag - ole bEgwani;ma. Wii, lii ts!aso-s;i qEmxwa. G'ifonese 
dax £ Idqexs lae k!ulk!ulpsalaq qa am e amayastowesa qEmxwa. Wa, 
g'il £ mese gwala, lae c|euix £ wh1kx Hex't!a e ye. Wii, gihmese gwal 
qEmxwaqexs lae qEmx £ widEx ts!ats!a e yas Hex*t!a e yexa ma £ lokwe 
5 ytkwi e lEm L!a,L'.EL!Eyadza e ya. Wii, gil £ mese gwal qEmxwaqexs lae 
qEmx £ w!dxes gEnEmbola. Wa, i;il £ mese gwala lae q!ulx's e Em qEm- 
x £ wida. Wa, gil £ mese gwiila lae Lax £ idll LE £ wis gEnEmbola. Wa, 
la Le e lalax Hex - t!a £ ye qa las L&LEXwaweq. Wa, lii yaq'.Eg'a £ leda 
yikwllayag'olc bi;g\vani;ma. Wa, la £ nek'a: 
10 "Wiigil la qlwagillLEX, e ne £ nEmok u , qEns liilagil hoquwiilsL qions 
na £ naxbaamex waldEmas maesila," £ nExdaexs lae £ nEmax' £ id q!wa- 
gilileda £ niixwa bebEgwanEm la e naxwa LaLanalis qeqEX'Ema £ ye 
L!agEx u xa £ nal £ nEmts!aqe ts'.Elts'.Elk'asa naxsde £ yasa kwekwe. 
Wa, la maemots'.aq tslElts'.Elk'e q!waq!wana £ yax qEx - Ema £ ye Lla- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 683 

the (new-born) twins. Then the parents who had twin-childivn 13 
before | take up the cradles with notched head-boards. And their 
leader is | Salmon-Head, who is followed by his father; and last by 
his mother. | Then follows the man who has had twin-children before : 
and J next tn him, the woman who acts as his wife; and behind 
follow || all the men. They go out of the house of the twin-children. | 20 
Salmon-Head and those next to him — J that is, the father of the 
(new-born) twins, and behind him the mother of the (new-horn) 
twins, — that is, j the parents of Salmon-Head. Next to them is the 
man who had twin-children, j who is carrying one of the twin-children 
in its cradle with the notched head-board; || and next to him followshis 25 
wife with the | other cradle with the notched head-board and the 
other twin-child in it; | and behind them goes the numaym of the 
father of the young twins. | Now, Salmon-Head turns to the j right 
when he comes out of the door of the house, || and the whole number 30 
follow him; and when they come to the space between the house in 
which the twins were horn anil the next one, they walk through the 
passage, \ come out behind the house, and they walk behind the house 
in which the twins were born. | They come out at the right-hand side 

(if the house | in this way: ■ — ■ Then they walk along the front 

of the house from which ; i they started, || and walk (past) | 35 

thehousein which the twin- ;'| f |j children were horn and the 

next house, and) through * L: -~- '' the passage between (that 

gEx u sa yikwile ha £ yasEk"ala. Wa, heme qlEtellleda yeyikwilaya- 15 
g'olxa £ nal-nEmexLa qeqEXEg'Eyowe xexaapla. Wa, la g alagiwa ; ye 
Hex"t!a £ ye. Wii, la niakile ompaseq; wa, la Elxueye abEmpa- 
seq; wii, hemiis la mak'Eleda yikwilayag'ole bEgwanEmq. Wa, 
la £ mes mak'ile gEiiEinboliiseq. Wii, lamiese £ wi £ la la eIxl.'i \ a 
miixwa bebEgwiinEmqexs lae hoqiiwEls laxa yikwi £ lats!e g'okwa. 20 
Wii, lii hemakule g'iilaba £ yase Hex't !a £ ye LE-wa makiliiq yixa 
j-ikwlle bEgwiinEmq. Wii, la ElxLa £ 3 T a yikwile tslEclaqa, yix g'lg'a- 
olnokwas Hex - t!a E ye; wii, he^mis makilaqexa yikwilayagole bE- 
gwanEma laxes kalaena J yaxa xaaptslalasasa L!aL!Eyadza £ ya qEXE- 
g - Eyowe xaap'.a. Wii, la makilacies gEnEme ogwaqa k'alaxa 25 
mEmexLa qEXEg"Eyowe xaap'.a xaaptslalatsa mEmokwe L!aL!Eya- 
dza £ j r a. Wii, he £ mis la ElxLa £ yaa £ nE £ memotasa yikwile bEgwain:- 
ma. Wii, la £ me hegEm £ nakiile Hex"t!a £ ye lax gwagawa £ }'aasases 
helk'!olts!ana £ yaxs g'alae lawEls lax t'.Ex - ilasa yikwFlats'.e gokwa. 
Wii, lii qas £ Id J wPla laxes £ waxaase. Wii, gil £ mese liig'aa lax awaga- :;o 
wa e yasa yikwl £ lats!e g'okwa LE £ wis apsalase lae qaqEsolsaq qa £ s lii 
nela lax aLana £ yasa g'okula. Wa, g'axe aLakaxa yikwl £ lats!e 
g'okwa. Wii, iraxe nel £ id lax hel'k!odEnwa £ yasa yikwl £ lats!e g'okwa; 
g'a gwiilcg'a {fig.). Wii., g'axe L'.asanodiilaxes g'iig'illlase g'okwa 
qa £ s lexat! qaqESElsa awfigawa £ ya gEmxagawalase g'okwa. Wii, la 35 



684 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL lBTH.AKN.S5 

36 and the next) house to the left, and | do the same as they did with 
the first one. In this way they go around four houses | to the left 
in (his way: _..„.........„.„......, When they have | gone around the 

four houses :'| |j| |;;[|:j[>|ti proceeding toward the left, until 
they come '-• *— '^-----v-t^'-^-- ^ ^j le | as t | house they go along 

40 tlie rear of the four houses and || come out of the right-hand side 
of the house in which the children were born and they all go in. | 
When they arc inside, the father of the young twins, | and his 
wife, and Salmon-Head, and also the man who had twin-chil- 
dren, | and (the woman acting as) his wife, who are carrying the 
cradles with the notched head-boards j in which the twin-children 

45 arc, stand up, and || stand in a row. Then the father-in-law of the | 
father of the young twin-children stands up and gives a copper 
plate as a marriage gift to his | son-in-law to give away to his tribe. 
He gives him no names | for the twin-children, for the right to give 

50 names | to twins belongs to a grown up male twin; || often a grown 
up twin-woman names them. | 

Now, the tribe invited by the father of the young twins come | and 
see the two twin-children, and they just | mention the name of (lie 
copper until the property of the father-in-law of the | father of the 
young twins is ready for the potlatch, This is called "buying the 

55 copper" when || it is done in this way. | 



36 heEuixat ! gwex'-'Ides gilx'de gwex' £ idaasa, yixs mosgEmae g'ig'okwe 
gEmxse s stalasE £ we lir'stalasEwaxag'a gwiileg'a (fig.). Wa, gilmiese 
£ wi £ hi lii'st Elsidaxa mosgEme g'ig'okwalae gEinxagElsElaxa alElxsda- 
°ye g - okwa qa e s lit heveka iiLanodalaxa mSsgEme g"6kwa. Wii, la L!a- 

40 sEX'sa lax helk" !odEnwa e yasa yikwl £ lats!e gokwa. Wa, lii hogwiLa 
£ wi £ la laq. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wi £ laeLExs lae asm q!wag"a £ lileda yikwlle 
bEgwanEm LE e wis gEnEme Lo e Hext!a £ yc LE £ wa yikwllayag'ole bE- 
gwanEm LE £ wis gEUEme laxes q!walxE £ wnEkiilaena £ ye k'alaxa qeqE- 
xcgEyowe xexaaplaxa xexaaptslalasasa ylkwelEme L!aL!EiJ.Eyadza- 

45 £ ya laxes yipEmlI £ lena £ ye. Wa, he^mis la Lax £ uli £ latsbEgwanEme iie- 
gflmpsa yikwlle bEgwanEma. Wa, la £ me wiiwalqiilasa i.liiqwa laxes 
nEgumpe qap!Es e edayosexes g'okulote. Wa,lak"!eas LegEm layos qa 
LegEmsa yikwr'lEme ginginanEma qaxs hets'.emasaa Lex £ ed qa 
LgLEgEmsa yikwPlEme ginginanEma la qlulyak" bEgwanEm yikwl- 

50 £ lEm. Wii, la he qliinala Lex £ ed qa LeLEgEmsxa yikwFlEme tslEdaqa. 

Wii, la e me LelElasE £ we g'okiilotasa yikwlle bEgwanEm qa £ s g'axe 

xitslaxilaxa maiokwe yikwHlEm L'.aL!Ei.!Eyadza £ ya qaxs a £ mae 

wul £ Em Lex £ edxa Lliiqwa, qaxs gwalil £ mae dadsk'asas nEgiimpasa 

yikwlle bEgwanEma. Wii, heEm LegadEs k ilx"sEmdaxa Llaqwaxa 

55 he gwex -£ ide. 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 685 

When the tribe have all come in, | the father-in-law (of the father) 56 
of the young twins buys his own copper. He does this, | that the 
twin children may have a name on account of the | copper sold at 
the time when they were born. Now, || the father of the young twins, 60 
and his wife, are dressed up. They wear blankets set with J abalone 
shells, for they wish the twins to be loved. | They are the ones who 
d<> no work for four years, and | they carry each a copper when they 
are going around the four | houses. The reason why they each carry 
a copper is that || they wish to be able to obtain them easily; for they 65 
often carry valuables when they do so, | going around the four 
houses. They do it, because they have to work | for their beloved 
one (that is, the chief's daughter), who must not do any work. [ 
Those who have many relatives do this, for it is said by the Indians 
that | all the relatives will die if they do not follow our customs; || 
that, although the father of twins | and his wife may not want to fol- 70 
low the rules, all the relatives beg them to do so, | and to purify them- 
selves every fourth day in water after the twins are | four days old, 
and that they do not [ forget to paint themselves with ochre after 
purifying themselves in water, || the twins as well as the married 75 
couple. They continue to do this until the twins are I ten months 
old. When the minds | of the married couple who are the parents 
of twins are really strong, they do not do any work for four years; | 

Wa, g - il £ mese g'ax £ wi £ laeLa yix g'okulotas. Wa, lii kilxwa yix 56 
nEgumpasa yikwile bEgwanEinxes liEsmaq Llaqwa. I let ! hegilts 
gwex ,£ Ide qa las Legadaxa yikwPlEine ginginanEme laxotg'ilaxa 
L'.aqwiixs g'alae mayol £ Idaya. Wa, la e me £ nEmala qlwalEnkwa 
yikwile bEgwauEin LEwis gEnEine yixs £ nEx £ iinalaaxa eex'tslEms- 60 
gEine £ naEnx £ una £ ya, yixs £ nekae qa £ s laxulanokweses yikwFlEme 
g'ing'inanEina. Wa, heEm mox £ unxela k'!eas ea e xena e ya. HeEm 
dalaxa e nal £ nEmsgEme idaidEqwaxs lae la £ stElsElaxa mosgEme 
g'igokwa, yixs hae lag'ilas dalaxa £ nal £ nEmsgEme LlaiJEqwa qa £ s 
holEmaleq, yixs qlunalae dalaxa naxwa lElxiilaemaxs hae gwex' £ Ide 65 
yixs la £ stElsElaaxa mosgEme g'ig'okwa. Wa, heEm gwegilas 
qaeda laEl £ wina £ yexa k - !ease ea £ xena £ ya. Wa, heEm he gwex"'"ideda 
c[!enEmas LeLELala qaxs £ nek - aeda £ naxwa baklumcjexs £ \vl £ wul- 
g'illlelaexa LeLELaliixs k"!esae £ wi £ la na £ naxts!E £ waxEns la gwa- 
gwex - s £ ala, yixs wax -£ mae qlEmsa aekilaxa yikwile bEgwaiiEm 70 
LE £ wis gEiiEme; la E naxwa £ me LeLELaliis hawaxElaq qa hemEnala- 
£ mese la £ sta laxa £ wapaxa maemop'.Enxwa £ se £ nala gag'lLEla laqexs 
lae moxsekiles yikwI £ lEine L!aLlEL!Eyadza £ ya; wa, he £ mis qa k'leses 
LlElewe giims £ Idxes goguma £ yaxs lae gwal la £ sta laxa E wape LE £ wis 
yikwPlEme L!aL!EL!Eyadza £ yaxa hayasEk'ala, Ifdaa laxa helogwl- 75 
lax - dEmLases yikwPlEme. Wii, g"il £ mese ala ldk!wemase nenaqa- 
£ yasa yikwile hayasEk - alaxs lae mox £ unxelaxa ts!awiinxe k"!eas 



686 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.S6 

78 that is, when there are many to look after them to get fire-wood 
and | food for them. || 

SO This is the way of those who have twin-children and who have no 
relatives, — | those who do work before they have twin-children. 
When (a woman) gives birth to two | children, what she often does is 
to ask | the midwife to choke the twin- | children, that they may go 

85 back home to where they came from; and || the midwife is not 
allowed to disobey the wishes of the one | of whom she is taking care. 
Then she at once strangles the twins | that belong to the Salmon. 
She tries to do this | before anyone else sees the woman who has 
given birth; and when j the twins are dead, they ask the father of 

90 the twins || to go and tell his relatives that his wife has given birth to 
two dead twins. | Then the midwife takes the afterbirth and washes 
it weU: | after washing it, she hangs it up to dry. | Then the two men 
who climb the burial-tree are asked | to come and bury the twins. | 

95 When || they come, they quickly make two boxes for the | twin- 
children. They are of exactly the same size. | When they have been 
finished, they take a board out of the right-hand side of the | wall of 
the house in which the twins were born to take out the twins; | for 
300 they make the box outside of the II house, because the Indians say 



78 ea £ xena £ ya yixs q'.enEmaes helegime qa aneqaxa li:qwa Lo e qa ha- 
£ mek'Eyala qae. 

80 Wa,g"a £ mes gwayi £ lalatsa k - lease LeLELala yikwlle hayasEk - ala,ytxa 
eeaxElaenoxwaxs k"!es £ mae yikwll £ eda. Wa, g"il £ niese mayorutsa 
ma £ lokwe ging inanKma. Wii, het!a qliinala gwex £ idaatsexs iixklii- 
laeda yikwlle tslEdaqxa mamayoltsIlaqqaqlwetslExodesexa yikwI £ lE- 
me g"ing'inanEm qa liis aedaaqa na £ nak u laxes ga'x" £ idaasa. Wa, la 

85 k!eas gwex £ idaatsa mamayoltslla tstedaq Lalegwegex waldEmases 
miimayoltsIlasE £ we. Wii. la hexndaEm q Iwets lExodalaxa yikwl- r h:me 
i.!ru.!EL!Eyadza £ ya. Wii, la £ me hayalomalaa he gwex' e Idqexs k' !eas- 
£ maeg'ax oguda doqwaxa mayoi.a tslEdaqa. Wii, g - ll e mese lelE £ leda 
yikwFlEme ging'inanEma, lae hex -£ ida £ mes omp laxsdas axk - !ala qa 

90 las nelasE £ we LeLELalasexs lE £ lalae yikwi £ lEmases gEnEme. Wii, ia-'me 
ax £ ededa mamayoltslla tslEdaqxa maene qa £ s aek"!e tsSxwaq. Wii, 
g'll £ mese gwal tsloxwaqexs lae gex £ walllaq qa lr:mx £ wldes. Wii, 
la £ me Le £ lalasE £ weda ma £ lokwe hehEwenox u laxa dExp!eqe i.asa 
qa g'axes wunEmtaxa ylkwFlEme L!aLlEL!Eyadza £ ya. Wii, gil c mese 

95 g'axExs lae halabala wulx -£ idxa ma £ ltsEme qa g'its'.Ewatsa ma s lo- 
x u de L!a,L'.EL!Eyadze £ g'ing'manEma, yixs alae £ nEmfilasa g'llgildase. 
Wa, g"il £ mese gwiilExs lae k - !ExsotsE £ we helk lodEnwalasasa yikwl- 
£ lats!e g - okwa qa qlEltsSdaasxa la lelfid yikwFlEm L!ai>!EL!Eyadze 
g'ing'inanEma qaxs hae wulasE £ weda g'ltslEwase L!asana £ yasa yikwl- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 687 

that it brings short life to those who make the j box if the bodies are 1 
pat into it inside the house of the parents, even ! in the case of 
those who are not born as twins. After the twins j have been put 
into the box, they paint their faces with ochre. Now, | the faces of 
the two dead children have been painted with ochre. || When this has 5 
been done, they put wrappings around them, | and put them into the 
box. Then | they take a long cedar-bark rope and put it around the 
burial-box | to hold down the cover, and also for the four men to 
carry them, j when they bury them. Then it is in this way: 
After || the ropes have been put around, eight Salmon people 1 1 1 | 1 1 10 
come| and stand by the sides of the burial-boxes, two [on each 
side: so that there are four people carrying | each burial-box of 
those who are dead. Then they go to bury them. | The two men 
who climb the II burial-tree go a long distance ahead, each carrying l" 1 
one short board, and they | look for a good tree with good branches on 
which to place the boards, on which the burial boxes of the twins are 
placed. As soon as they find what they are looking for, j they climb 
up, and put down the boards where | they are to be. After they h;>\ e 
done this, those who are going to bury them arrive, and || place the 20 
burial-boxes at the foot of the twin burial-tree. Then | the eight 
Salmon people sit on the ground. Now one of the tree-climbers 
comes down, takes the | rope, and puts it around the middle 

s lats!e g'okwa, yixs £ nek'aeda baklumaqexs wlwulg"llllilaexa wulaxa 300 
g - its!E e wasLasa lE £ le lax awlLEliis g'okwasa g'ig'aolnokwasa wax-tm 
k"!es yikwelEma. Wa, g'ibmese latsloyoweda yikwFlEme Ifixa 
g"Its!E £ wasas lae gums £ itso £ sa gugum £ yEme. Wa, la £ me hamElqEm- 
dEyowa gugumvEme lax gogiigEma £ yasa madokwe lelEd g'lng'inanE- 
ma. Wii, g'ihmese gwalExs lae qlEnepsEintsoses q!Enel>Eme. Wa, 5 
lawIsLe latsloyo laxes g'Igits'.E £ wase. Wa, g"il £ mese gwalExs lae 
ax £ etsE £ weda gilt'.a cIeiiseii dEiiEma qa £ s qEx'sEmdavaxa g'ltslE- 
£ wase qa Elalayasa 3 T ikiiya £ ye; wa, he £ niis qa dalaatsa mokwe bebE- 
gwaiiEin qo lal wuuEmtai.Eqxa g'a gwaleg"a (fig.). Wa, gil-nie-e 
gwala wulxsEma £ ye g'axaasa malguna e lokwe L!at!EL!Eyadza e ya 1() 
qa £ s lii LaLonElsaxa g"Its!E £ wasasa L !a,L !el !Eyadza £ yexa maemado- 
kwe lax epsana £ yas lax maemok!wina £ yasa L!aL!EL'.Eyadza £ ye dalaxa 
£ nEmsgEine g'Its'.E £ watsa la lelE £ la. Wa, la qas £ ideda wiinEmta yixs 
gEyolaaLal qas £ ideda madokwe bebEgwanEmxa heliE^wenoxwaxa 
dKxpleqe Lasa dalaxa £ nal £ nEinxsa ts!ats!Ets!fix u SEma. Wit, la : me 15 
alax ek'a Las lax helalas LlEnak'e qa paqalaatsa hanx'dEmai.as.i 
dEgats'.asa L!aL!EL'.Eyadza £ ye. Wa, g'il £ mese qlaxes alasE e we lae 
gwalElaEm la hax £ wida cja £ s la pax £ ai.Elotsa ts!ats!ax u sEme lax 
axasi.as. Wa, g'il £ mese gwfde axa £ yas g'axaasa wunEmta qa £ s han- 
g'aElsexa dedEg'ats'.e lax 6xLa £ yasa L'aLlELlEyadzep'.eqe Lasa. Wa, 20 
la kltisElseda malguna £ lokwe L!a,L'.EL!Eyadza £ ya. Wii, g'Sxe g'axa- 



688 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.85 

of one of the burial-boxes. | He throws up the other end, 

'_'.") which is used as a hoisting-rope. Then it is caught || by the other 
climber, who hoists up the burial-box. | The other climber goes up 
at the same time, holding the box,| so that it does not knock against 
the burial-tree while it is being [ hoisted up. When it reaches the 
board on which the burial-box | of the twins is to be placed, the one 

30 climber || who has remained in the tree takes it and puts it on the | board 
where it is to stay. After this has been done, he | lets go of the rope; 
the other | climber goes down, and puts the end of the rope | around the 

35 middle of the other burial-box. Then it is hauled up by the || climber 
who stays behind, and the other | climber holds the box as it is being 
hoisted up. When it reaches the place, | it is put on top of the first 
one that they have put up. Then | the end of the rope of the burial- 
box is untied and is thrown down. | The one climber goes down with 

40 it; || and when he reaches the ground, he ties another hoard to the | end 
of the rope. This is hauled up by the climber who stays in the tree; j 
and when it reaches the board where | the two burial-boxes have been 
placed, it is taken by the climber who remains | in the tree. He puts 

22 xeda e nEmokwe laxa heliE £ wenoxwe bebEgwiinEm qa £ s ax £ edexa dE- 
nEnie qa £ s qEX"SEmdes lax nEgoya £ yasa n £ EmsgEme dEg - ats!a. Wii, 
la tslEqostots apsba £ yasa dEng'ostala £ yo dEnEma. Wa, la dadala- 

25 so £ sa MiF.mdkwe h.Vwenoxwa. Wii, lii dEng'ustodxa dEg - ats!e. Wa, 
leda £ nEmokwe ha £ wenox u la £ nEma £ niikula ek'Iolida dalaxa dsg'atsle 
qa k'leses xEmsatEla laxa LlaLlEL'.EyadzepIeqe LasExs lae dEng'o- 
stalaya. Wit, g'il £ mese lagaa liixa ts!ats!ax u sEme handzosa dEg"a- 
tslasa L'.aLlEL'.Eyadzaxde. Wa, la dadanodeda ha £ wenoxwe bEgwa- 

30 nEmxa hexsii leda ek'!e. Wa, la dax -£ IdEq qa £ s handzodes laxa 
ts!ats!ax"sEme handzosa dEg - ats!e. Wa, gil £ mese gwalaaLElaxs lae 
et!ed ts'.Enkwaxotsa dEiiEme. Wa, la £ mese lasgEma £ ya £ nEmokwe 
ha e wenox u qa e s la laxa. Wa, lii qEx'sEmts oba s yasa dEnsme laxaax 
£ nEgoya £ yasa dEg"ats!e. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalfexs lae dEng - ustoyosa 

35 ha £ wenoxwe bEgwanEm laxa ek'!e. Wii, la s Emxaawisa £ nEmokwe 
ha £ wenox" dalaqexs lae ek'Sotela. Wii, gihmese lag'aaxs lae 
hank'ayEiulayo liixa g'ale la hanalaLEla. Wa, g"il £ mese gwiila lae 
qweloyowe oba £ yasa dEiiEme laxa di:gats!e qa £ s tslEqaxodes 
oba £ yasa dEnEme. Wii, la lasgEina £ ya £ nEmokwe ha £ wenoxuq. 

40 Wii, g'il £ mes6 lagilsExs lae ax £ edxa ts!ats!ax u sEme qa £ s yltoyodes 
oba e yasa dEnEme laq. Wii, la £ me dEng'ustoyosa hex'sii leda ek!e 
ha £ wenoxwa. Wa, g'il £ mese lag'ustaweda ts!ats!ax u si:me liixa la 
niEXElaLElatsa ma £ ltsEme dedEg p ats!a lae dax -£ Itsosa heniEiialaLEla 
laxa ek!e ha £ wenox u bEgwaiiEma qa £ s paqEylndes lax 6kiiya £ yasa 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 689 

it on top of the || upper burial-box; and then the other climber goes 45 
up, | and helps his friend tie the | burial-box to the twin burial-tree with 
the rope which they have used for hoisting the burial-boxes. | When 
this has been done, both comedown; | and as soon as they reach the 
ground, the eight || Salmon people rise and they go home together with 50 
the two | climbers, for the parents of the dead twins do not go along. 

Three days after the children of the parents of the twins were 
born, | in the evening, all the men || of the tribe of the parents of the 55 
twins sit down outside of their houses; | and when they are all there, 
a man who is | told by the tribe to speak, addresses them, for this 
man is not | one of the chiefs; but the chiefs have asked him | to 
speak, for the chiefs are afraid of the parents of twins, || because 60 
nobody ever succeeds in anything if the parents of twins wish ill to 
him. | Therefore the chiefs do not show that what is said is [ the 
speech which they wish to be made. The man says, | "O tribe! 1 
invited you to come here and be seated, that I may ask the parents of 
twins | whether they intend to keep the taboos. Now I will go ami 
ask them." || Thus he says, and walks into the house in which the 65 
twins were born; | and when he goes in, the woman, the mother of the 
twins, says at once | that she has heard what was said by the people 

ek'leLEla dEg'ats!ii. Wa, gil- c mese gwala lae ek'!e £ steda £ iiEmdk\\e 45 
ha-wenoxwa qa £ s la g'5x £ widxes £ iiEmokwaxs lae yil £ aLElotsa 
df'dEgatsIe laxa L'.aL!EL!Eyadzep!eqe Lasa, yises dEng - ustalayox u de 
dEiiEma. Wa, gil £ mese gwala g'axae £ wl £ la koqwaxaxs ma'lokwae. 
Wa, gilmiese gTixElsa lae £ wFla q'.wag'ilseda nialguna £ lokwe l!;il!e- 
i.!e\ adza £ ya qa £ s lax'da £ x u £ nEmax ,£ Id na £ nak u LE £ wa ma £ lokwe 50. 
hehE £ wenox" bebEgwaiiEma qaxs k'leasae las g'ig'aolnokwasa la 1cIe £ 1 
L !aL !el '.Eyadza £ ya. 

Wa, g'ilmiese yudiix u p!Enxwa £ s gwases mayoldEmasa yikwile 
hayasEk'ala; wa, g*il e mese dzaqwaxs lae k!us s Elseda maxwa bebE- 
gwanEms g"6kulotasa yikwile hayasEk"ala lax L'.asana £ yas g'dkwas. 55 
Wii, g - il £ mese £ wilg - aElsExs lae yaq!Eg - a £ leda bEgwanEine ylxa 
axk' !alasE £ wases g - 5kulote C[a yaqlEiit'.ala, yixs k - !esae g'ayol 
bEgwanEine laxa g"Ig'Egama £ ye. Wa, laLa he £ ma g'IgEgama've 
axk"!ala qa yaqlEnt'.ales qaxs kilEmaeda yikwllasa g"Ig - Egnma'"ve 
qa £ s k'lesae wEySLlenoxwa yikwllaxs hankwaaxes gwE £ ya qa te e les. fin 
Wa, he £ mis lag"ilas k"!es neltsEinala he yaq!Eg - a £ leda gigEgama- 
£ yases waldEmexsde. Wa, la £ nek"eda bEgwanEine: "HedEn lagila 
£ nex - qEns g'axe k!iis £ Elsa, g'okulot, c[En wiiLexwa yikwllax haya- 
sEk'ala aek'IlaEinLilao l5 £ k'!es. Wa, la £ mesEn lal wuLalqo," 
£ nek - Exs lae qas £ ida qa £ s le laeL liixa yikwl £ lats!e g'okwa. Wa G5 
gil £ mese laeLExs lae hex -£ ida £ meda yikwile tslEdaq he gil yaqlE- 
g"a £ la qaxs wuLEla £ maax waldEmasa bEgwanEine lax Llasamvvases 
75052 — 21 — 35 eth — pt 1 44 



690 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sb 

68 outside of the | house. And the woman, the mother of the twins, says, 
"We shall not | observe the taboos. We are going to dress in our 

70 work-clothes in || the morning, and you shall come and beat rapid 
time when we go out of this | house in which the twins were born." 
As soon as she ends her speech, | the man goes out, and repeats to his 
tribe what the , mother of the twins has said; and the man tells his | 

75 tribe to rise early, when daylight comes, and beat rapid time || for the 
parents of the twins, in front of the house in which the twins were 
born. Thus he says. J And when he ends his speech, the men all go 
home | to their houses. Tn the morning, when it gets day, | the men 
arise from their sleep, and | sit down outside of the house in which the 

80 twins were born; and when || they arrive, they take their batons 
and distribute them | one to cadi man; and when | each man has 
one, the one who spoke before, | when the tribe first sat down, goes 
into the house. He does not stay there a long time, before | he 
comes out of the door of the house in which the twins were born, and 

85 says, || "Now, beat time rapidlj !" And when he says so, all | the 
men beat time rapidly on boards. First the | father of the twins 
cumes out, and lie has hanging on his back the wedge-bag in which are 
his wedges | and his stone hammer. In his right hand he carries | 



68 gokwe. Wa, lii £ nekeda yikwlle tshsdaqa: "K'leselg'amr^x" 
£ nEmalal aek'ilal. Es £ niaeLanu £ x u q!walEnx u ltsEnu £ x u eeaxElayax 

70 gaalaLa qa £ s gaxlagii.os Lex £ ults !odEl g'axEiiu £ x u laxwa 
yikwl £ lats !ex g'okwa," £ nek'Eq. Wii, g'il £ mese q!ulbe waldEmas 
lae lawElseda bEgwiinEme qa £ s le ts!i:k' !ati:las waldicmasa yikwlle 
tslEdaq laxes g'okul5te. Wa, he £ mis waldEmsa bEgwaiiEmaxes 
g'okulote ({a £ wi £ les gag'ostil qo s nax -£ idLo, qa £ s g'axlag'Il lcxeweI- 

75 saxa yikwlle hayasnk'ala laxes yikwl £ lats!e g'Okwa, £ nek'e. Wii, 
laEm qlulbe waldEmas laxeq. Wii, licx- c ida £ mese la na e nakweda 
maxwa l)el)EgwanEm liixes g'ig'okwe. Wii, g'il e mese £ na £ naku]axa 
gaiiliixs lae nvlda Laxnvideda mexax'de bebEgwanEma qa £ s lii 
k!us £ Els lax L'.asaiuVyasa yikwi £ lats!c g'okwa. Wii, g"il £ mese £ wil- 

80 g'aElsa lae ax £ etsE e weda t!et!Emyayowe f[a £ s tslEwanagEmaexa 
£ nal e nEmts !aqe liixa £ nal £ nEmokwe bEgwani:ma. Wii, g'il £ mese 
q'.walxoxtiiweda bebEgwanEmxs lae laeLeda yaq'.Entlalax'de bEgwii- 
nEmxs g'alae k!us £ Else gokfdotas. Wa, k'!est!e galaxs gaxae 
g'axawEls lax tlExilasa yikwl £ lats!e g'okwa. Wii, la £ nek'a: 

85 " Weg'a LexEdzodEx," e nek'Exs lae £ nEmiix' £ id LexEdzodeda £ naxwii 
bebEgwiinEmxa pacjlEse LexEdzowe saokwa. Wii, he £ me g'iila- 
ba £ ya yikwlle bEgwanEma tegwek'Elaxr's qlwaats'.ases LEmlEing'ayo 
loxs £ niEx u ts!aes pElpElqe laq. Wa, laxae dak' !olts '.aliases helk'Iol- 
ts!ana £ ye laxes se £ wayowe. Wii, lii dalases gEmxolts!iina £ yaxes 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 691 

his paddle, in his left hand his || mat, as he comes walking along. 90 
Next to him comes | his wife, who carries on her back her clam- 
digging | basket, and in it is her berrying basket. J Iii her right hand 
she carries her paddle and her digging-stick: | in her left hand, her 
mat and her bailer made of || a large horse-clam shell, which she uses 95 
when digging clams; | and an old mat is spread over her back. Both 
of them, | she and her husband, wear belts. The | three go out, fol- 
lowing one another, — first the man who spoke, | next, the father of 
the twins, and last the mother of the twins. |] Then they come walk- 400 
ing along, and stand | outside the door of the house, and when they 
stop walking, I all the men stop beating time; and that | man, the 
only one who speaks, addresses them, and tells all | the people that 
tlie parents of the twins will not obey the taboos, || ami that they will 5 
continue to work as they used to do before, and that for this reason | 
they have come in their working-dresses. Then he j promises a pot- 
latch to his tribe. | 

Immediately he gives away blankets to his tribe; j and after this 
has been done, || the man and his wife, the parents of the twins, are 10 
at once allowed to work, when she gets strong enough to work. | 
Now this is ended. I 



le £ wa £ yaxs g'axae ex ,J Em qiimakfda. Wii, he c mes makdlaqes gE- 90 
nEme. Wii, laEmxae t!egwik'Elaxes dzeg'ats'.axa gaweqlanEme 
lExa £ ya. Wii, la hants!aso £ sa hamyatsle lExa £ ya. Wii, laxae 
dak"!ohs!anases helk'!olts!ana £ ye laxes se £ wayowe LE £ wis k'liliikwe. 
Wii, la dalases gEmxolts!ana £ ye laxes le £ wa £ ye LE £ wis xEloltslalayo 
£ walas xalaetsox mEt!ana £ yax dzek'aaxa gTtweqliinEme laxes 95 
LEbek'ilaena £ yaxa k' !ak* lob an a. Wii, lii c nEmalaEm wlwuseg'oyala 
LE £ we hVwiinEme. Wii, la £ me dEnoxLiilaxs yudukwae ylxs hemiae 
g'iilabesa hayasEk'alaxa yaq!Ent!alax - de DEgwanEma. Wii. lii 
mak'ilaqexa yikwile bEgwaiiEma. Wii, la Elxxa £ ya yikwile tslEdaqa. 
Wa, g'axe ex £ Em q.Vnakula qa £ s g'axe q!wag"aEls laxa idasa- 400 
lElk'ase lax t'.EX'llases g'okwe. Wii, gibmese gwal qasaxs Lae gwiil 
LexEdza £ yeda £ naxwa bebEgwanK.ma. Wii, la yiiq'.Eg'adeda bEgwa- 
nEine, yixa £ nEmox u siime yaq'.Entlala. Wa, la e me nelaxa maxwa 
bebEgwanEinxs k" !esae aek'ileda yikwile hayasEk'ala ylxs a £ meLe 
h&yolisL axax'salal laxes £ nilxwa ea £ xemvva. "Wii, hemiislag'IlasEk - 5 
he gwiila g'ilx q!waq!iilax'LEnu £ x u sg'as eeaxElayuk u ." Wii, la.une 
dzoxwa qaes g - okidote laxeq. 

Wii, hex' £ ida £ mese yax e widxes g"okulotasa plElxElasgEme. Wa, 
g'ibmese gwalEXs lae hex -£ idaEm helq lolEmses gokulote axax'sa- 
laxa yikwile bEgwanEma LF/wis gimnmaxs lae hetats'.ala axax'sala. 10 
Wa, la £ me gwal laxeq. 



692 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 



12 Now I shall talk about the mother of twins, | who, together with 
her husband, obeys the taboos. | When she is pregnant again, the 

15 woman || and her husband, paint their faces with ochre, when 
daylight comes in the | morning, and they wear around their heads 
rings of red cedar-bark, with | one white tail-feather of the eagle 
standing in the back. They wear these during the whole time of her 
pregnancy ; | and when the child is born, is at once given the name 

20 Salmon-Tail if it is a boy; || and if it is a girl, it is called Salmon-Tail- 
Woman. | Then they take one of the cradles with notched head- 
board | of the twin brothers for the cradle of Salmon-Tail, and they | 
do everything to him as they did to his elder brothers, the | twins. 

25 And when Salmon-Tail is ten months old, || he is taken out of the 
cradle. They take the cradles with notched head-boards | to the 
cedar-bark cave. | 

I have forgotten this. When the twins are ten months old, — 
that is, if they are recognized as olachens by an old man, one of 
twins — | generally this is a pair of twins, consisting of a boy and a 

30 girl, — || and leg-rings and arm-rings are put on them, | an old man, 
one of twins, is called to give them a name obtained from the olachen. 
Then he looks at their hands; and when he sees that the twins have | 
small hands, the old man, one of a pair of twins, says to the | boy, 

12 Wa, la £ mesEn gwagwex - s £ alal laxa yikwlle ts!i:daqa, ylxa aeki- 
laxs yikwllaeda ts'.Edaqe mEinala LE £ wis hVwunEme. Wa, gil- 
e mae et led bEwex £ wida lae Loma la aek'ileda tslEdaqe £ nEmala 

15 LE £ wis hVwunEme la-me qlwalxoEin gumsasa gugumyEmaxa g - alae 
£ nax' £ idxa gegaala. Wa, laxae hemEnalaEm qeqEXEmalaxa 
L'.agEkwe LeLaapIalaxa f n;ll £ nEints!aqe £ mEla fcs!Elts!Elk"sa naxsdE- 
£ yasa kwekwe; lalaa lax helosgEmg'ilax'dEniLasa bEwekwa. Wa, 
gil £ mese mayol £ Ida lae hexudaEm LegadEs Ts!asna £ ye, yixs baba- 

20 gumae. Wa, g - il £ mese ts'.ats'.adagEms lae LegadEs Tslasnega. Wa, 
la £ me ax £ etsE £ weda £ nEmexLa laxa qeqEXEg'Eyowe xaap !as e nolasxa 
yikwPlEmas abEmpas qa xaap!as Ts!asna £ ye. Wa, la £ me aEm 
la £ wll £ a nEgEltEwesE £ we gwayi £ lalase qae lax gwayi £ lalasax £ no £ nE- 
lasxa yikwi £ lEmases abEmpe. Wii, g - U £ mese helogwila Ts!asna £ yaxs 

25 lae gwal xaapasE £ wa. Wa, la £ me laj T owa malEXLa qeqEXEg'Eyowe 
xexaap!a laxa k'adzEklwaase. 

Wa, hexoLEn L'.ElewesE £ wa, yixs g-il £ mae helogwileda yikwI £ lEme 
L!aL'.EL!Eyadza £ ya yixa malt !ele dzaxuna, yisa la q!iilyak u yikwl- 
£ lEma, yixs q'.onalae bEx u k'!odEqEla, wa, la tslEdaqa £ nEmok u . 

30 Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ la qEx" £ aLEle kwekiinxwedEmas lae Le £ lalasE £ weda 
la q'.ulyak" yikwPlEma qa £ s Lex £ edes LegEmas laxes g - ayolasa 
dzaxune, yixs hiie doqwasose eeyasas. Wa, gil £ mese doqiilaqexs 
am £ amexts!ana £ yexa yikwrlEine L'.aL'.Eyadza £ ya, wa, la £ nek - eda 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 693 

" O friend Making-Satiated ! yon are an olachen, " || for that is a name 35 
coming from the home | of the olachen; and he looks at the other one 
of the twins, | and he names her Making-Satiated- Woman. When the 
twins come from | the Silver-Salmon, then the girl twin is called 
Ahalone- Woman, | and the boy is called Only-One; || and when the 40 
twin-children come from | the Sockeye-Salmon, the girl is called 
Head-Dancer and | the boy is called Head-Worker. | 

Now I shall talk again about the woman, the mother of | Salmon- 
Tail, the younger brother of the twins. You already || know that 45 
the cradles with notched head-board of the | twins, after they have 
been used for their younger brother Salmon-Tail, j are taken to the 
cedar-bark cave. The mother of twins does not keep their cradles. | 
If the woman expects another child, | the Indians are careful not to 
make the cradle before II the child is boin, for often the child will be 50 
dead when it is born; | therefore the cradle is made after the child 
is born. | When the child is born, | they make the cradle at once. 
Then | the child and his parents go straight back to the old ways. 
There are none of the customs that are being observed with twins, || 
and with their parents, and the | child of the mother who had given 55 



yikwI'lEme bEgwanEma-: "Dzaxuns, qast, memEnletEla," laxa 
bEx u k'!odEqEla, qaxs he £ mae LegEms laxes g - ax* £ idaase awlna- 35 
gwisasa dzaxiine. Wii, la d6x £ widxa £ nEmokwe yikwr-iEme lISlIe- 
yadza £ ya wa, la Lex £ edEs MfmiEnlEyega lilq. Wii, g'il £ mese g'ayola 
ylkwFlEme laxa dza'wune lae Lex'edayuwe Ex'ts'.Emg'iyega laxa 
tsIats'.adagEme yikwFlEma. Wii, lii Lex £ edayuwe £ nEmg'E £ ye laxa 
babagume. Wii, ke £ mis LegEmsa g'ayole yikwI'lEme g'inginanEin 40 
laxa niElek'e Yayaxflyiga yixs tsIats'.adagEmae. Wii, he £ mis Lex. 
6 edayowe HayalEye laxa babagume. 

Wa, la ; mesEn et!edEl gwagwex"s e alal laxa tslEdaqe, yix abEmpas 
Ts!asna £ ye, j T ixs ts!a e yasa yikwI £ lEme L!aL'.EL!Eyadza £ ya, yixs lE £ maa- 
qos q!fllaqexs lE E mae layoweda malEXLa qeqEXEg - Eyowe xexaiiplasa 45 
ylkwPlEme L'.aLlELlEyadzexslae g\v;il xaapasE £ we ts!a £ yase Ts!asna- 
£ ye laxa k - adzEk!waase. Wii, laEm k'!eas la axelaso xaaplasa 
yEkwIlayag'ole tslEdiiqa. Wii, g'il £ nu"so bEwex £ wid etleda, wii, he- 
niEnala £ ma baklume aek'ila gEyol xaiipelaxa xaap'.axs k'!es £ mae 
mayol £ ideda ts'.Edaqe, qaxsq'.unalae lE £ laleda g'inanEmaxs miiyoLE- 50 
mac. Wii, he £ mis lagilas al £ Ein xaapelasE £ weda xaap!axs lae mayol- 
£ ideda tslEdaqe. Wa, g'll £ mese mayol £ Ideda tslEdaqasa g'inanE- 
maxs lae hex ,£ idaEm xaapelasE £ weda xaii])!e. Wa, laEm naqe £ steda 
g"ina.nEme LE £ wis g'Ig'aulnokwe. La £ me k"!eas la axiilas yikwl £ lene- 
x'uiis laxa hayasEk'ala. AV<i, laEmxaawise k'les la L!ai.!Evad/.a £ ye 55 



()94 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL I Era. ANN. 86 

56 birth to twins does not belong to the Salmon. It is an ordinary 
child, | like other children that were born single. | 

The only thing that is different in the case of a mother of twins | is 
that the name of the preceding child is Salmon-Head; and when || 

GO the mother gives birth to twins, then, when Salmon-Head is ten 
months old, | his cradle is put away; and they make the two cradles | 
with notched j head-boards for cradles for the twin-children | be- 
longing to the Salmon. | They do the same as they | did before to 

05 the twins when they were born; and when || the twins have a 
younger brother, his name is | Salmon-Tail. Now I have finished | 
talking about twin-children. | 
1 Cauterizing. —The afterbirth is well washed, | and hung up until il 
is quite dry. When it is dry, | it is folded up and put into the work- 
box | of the mother of the twins. It is kept in the box as a medi- 
5 cine. || The mother of the twins takes well rubbed and scraped nettle- 
bark, and | puts it into the same box. The whole tribe | know that 
the mother of twins keeps the afterbirth. She also | keeps in the 
same box a piece of cedar-wood with a hole burnt through it. | It is in 

1.0 this way: ,- s And if a man or a woman is sick, || they 

go to the ^ mother of twins to be | cauterized by her. 

5C maydLEinas g'inanEma, visa yikwllavagole. Wa, la £ me ginanEm- 
q'.alama yu gwex'sa £ nEmok!wedza £ yex g*lng"lnanEma. 

Wa, lex'a £ mes 6gux £ idaatsa g'lnanEmaxs lae et!ed yikwfles abEmpe. 
Wa, la £ me LegadEs Hex - t!a £ ye laxeq. Wa, gih'Em et'.ed ylkwile 

60 abEmpasexs lae gwal helogilaxa liixat! et!ed Hex't!a £ ya laas itEm 
g - exasE e we xaaplas. Wa, la et!ed xexaapIlasE £ weda malEXLa qeqE- 
XEg'Eyowe xexaap'.a qa xexaaplasa la et!ed yikwPlEm l!§,l!el!e- 
yadza £ ye g'lng'lnanEma. Wii, la £ me asm naqEmgiitEwex g'ale 
gweg'ilas qaes g'ale yikwI-lEma L,!ai,!Ei<!Eyadza £ ya. Wa, gihmese 

65 et!ed mayohldEs ts!a £ yasa yikwi-lEme, wii, laEmxaawise LegadEs 
Ts!asna £ ye. Wa, lawIsLa gwala gwagwexs'ala laxEn E naxwa waldE- 
mi £ lala lax mayoL!ena £ yasa tslEdaqe. 
1 Cauterizing. — Wii. he £ misa maenas, ylxs lae aek*!a ts!5xwaso £ 
qa £ s la gex £ walI £ lEma qa alak'iales lEmx £ wida. Wii, g'il £ mese Ieiux- 
£ widExs lae aek'Ia k" !ox u sEmtsE £ wa qa £ s le g'ltsloyo lax g'ildasasa 
ylkwile tshsdaqa. Wa, la £ me pespats!anox u s. Wii, g"il £ mese gwala 
5 lae ax £ ededa ylkwile ts'.Edaqxa gune aek'Iaakwe xunkwa qa £ s lexat! 
gits!ots laxa maenatsle g - ildasa. Wa, la £ me £ naxwa q'.ale g'okii- 
lotasa ylkwile tslEdaqExs axelaaxa maene. Wa, he £ misa x'obE- 
dzowe pEgEdzowe kwax u ba k!wa £ XLawa. HeEm la gits'.axa mae- 
natsle, e g"lldasaxa g"a gwaleg'a (jig.)- Wa, g"tl £ mese tslF.x'ile 

10 5k!wina £ yasa bEgwanEme L5 £ ma ts'.Edaqe, lae laxa ylkwile tsbsdaq 



iK'-is] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 095 

Then the mother of twins opens her j box and pinches off some 1? 
of the dry afterbirth, | and she takes some of the soft nettle-bark, 
and also her stick for cauterizing. | She takes these to the 
house of the one whom she is going to cauterize. Generally they 
cauterize || the knees or the chest, or both sides of the head, | 10 
if a person has headache; or, if a, [ man or woman has backache, they 
cauterize on each side \ of the small of the back; or if they have 
pains in the chest, they | cauterize on each side of the collar-bone, 
or sometimes above the nipples; [| or when there is pain on each 20 
side of the head, they cauterize both temples | or often on the back 
of the neck and of the head, | but most frequently they cauterize the 
knees. | 

When the mother of twins arrives, she sits down. She takes the | 
afterbirth and breaks it up into small pieces. She takes the || rubbed 25 
nettle-bark and loosens it. She mixes it with a piece of the after- 
birth, | and takes the cauterizing-stick. She puts the afterbirth 
and | nettle-bark which are mixed into the hole at the end; and when 
the hole of the | cauterizing stick is full, she lays it on the place where 
she is going to cauterize. She takes | cedar-wood, puts one end into 
the fire, and, when it burns, she || sets fire to the material in the cauter- 30 
izing-stick. And when it burns evenly, | she presses it down with 



qa £ s lii x'opasos. Wii, hex' £ ida £ meseda yikwlle tslEdaq xax f wldxes 11 
maenatsle gildasa qa £ s epodexa g'ayole laxa lE £ mokwe maena. Wa, 
he-inisa qloyaakwe guna. Wii, he £ mises xTiliFxlzowe. Wa, la £ me 
dalaqexs lae lax g'okwases xopasoLe. Wii, heEm qlunala xopaso- 
wa awagoLa £ yaqEns LEHviins haqlubayex LE £ wfms ewanoLEma- 15 
£ yex, yixs ts!EX"ts!alaeda bEgwanEine. Wax - ! awiigoxLeqEnoweda 
bEgwanEine Lo £ ma tslEdaqe le x - ox'apoxLEntsosa e waxsot !Ena e ya- 
seiis XEmomowega £ yex. Wiixe ts!EnpEla la maemaltsEma x - 5pa £ ye 
laxEns hanasxawa £ yex loxs yae lox ek* !ana e yaxsEns dzamex, 
wax'i ts'.EX - ts!ala lii e wax"sanoLEma e ya 'nal-'nEmsgEine x - opa J ya 20 
loxs ci'.iinalae £ nEmsgEma xopa £ ye laxEns oxLiiyex LE £ wuns awapla- 
E yex. Wit, yiiEmxat! qlunala x'o]iasE £ vveda okwax - a £ ye. 

Wix, gil £ mese g'ax k!wag'allleda yikwlle tslEdaqa lae ax e edxa 
maene qa £ s tsotsEts!Endeq qa ales am £ amayasta. Wii, axeedxa 
qloyaakwe guna qa £ s bel-edeq. Wa, lii gwegillqasa q!welkwe maen 25 
laq. Wii, la ax £ edxa X'obEdzowe. Wa, la dzopstotsa maenqEla 
gun lax kwax u ba £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese qotlastowa kwax u ba £ yasa 
x-obayowaxs lae pax £ ai.F.lots laxes x'opasoLe. Wii, lii ax £ edxa 
k!\va £ xLawe qa £ s mex-LEndes oba £ yas. Wii, g-il £ mese xix £ edExs lae 
tsex'tots laxes x'obayowe. Wii, g11 £ mese £ nEmala xlx £ ede £ wadzE- 30 
gasasa x'obayo lae Liiqwalaxa yikwile ts!Edaqses gEmxolts!ana £ ye 



696 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 3-, 

32 her left hand | into the hole, so that it may not move; for generally 
the | person moves about when he feels the burning on his skin. 
This is the thickness | of the cauterizing-stick, and this the size of the 

35 hole at the end. 1 When || it is all burnt up, she lifts the cauterizing- 
stick, and only j the ashes of the afterbirth and of the nettle remain 
sticking to the skin. The mother of twins presses on it | with her 
first-finger, so that the ashes go in; and | after she has finished 
cauterizing, she is paid one pair of | blankets for every place she has 

40 cauterized. Sometimes she will cauterize in four places, || and she is 
paid four pairs of blankets. | 

Cripples. — Now I shall talk about children that belong to the 
Salmon, but who are not twins. | When a woman gives birth to a 
one-eyed child, then | all the men say that it belongs to the Salmon. | 

45 When a woman gave birth to a girl with a red spot like a || strawberry 
on the forehead, here at Fort Rupert, | it was said that (the girl) 
belonged to the Salmon; and a Koskimo woman gave birth | to a boy 
whose right leg was bent, who belonged to the Salmon; | and Kiinxu- 
layngwa, a | l !ar, lasiqwala woman, gave birth to a child | who was 
white mi one side of the face, and he also belonged to the Salmon; 

5(1 and || Ayaga, a Koskimo woman, gave birth to | a boy who had a 
scar on the face; | and also those who have scars on the body or 
who | lack a finger, — all these about whom I am talking are said to 

32 laxa x'obayowe qa kMeses LeguLEla qaxs q '.finable yawIx-Klllcda 
bEgwaiiEinaxs lae lEq!0t!edes L'.ese. Wii, g'aEm wagwatsa xoba- 
yoweg'a. 1 Wii, ga-'mes E wadzEgats kwax u ba £ yaseg'a. Wii, g'il £ mese 

35 q!filx" £ klExs lae wex £ Idxa x'obEdzowe. Wii, aunese la klutale 
guna e yasa maenqfila gun. Wii, a £ mesa yikwlle ts'.Edaq tslEmsgEm- 
tses ts'.Emalax - ts!ana £ ye laq qa labEtesa gfina £ ye. Wii, gll £ mese 
gwiila yikwlle ts'.Edaq x'opaxs lae halaqasdsa maluiEmxsa plElxE- 
iasgEm qaeda E nal £ nEmsgEme x - opes, yixs E nal E nEmp lEnae mosgEme 

40 x - 6pa e yas. Wa, la hrda(iaso : sa moxsa ])!ElxElasgEma. 

Cripples. —Wii, ia'nicsEn gwagwexs £ alal laxa k' !ese yikwi £ lEin 
L!aLlEyadza £ ya, yixs qlunalae mayoi.cda tslEdaqasa kluxsto; wii, 
laEm hex -£ idaEm mek'eda maxwa bEgwanEmqexs L!ai.!;iyadza-yae. 
Wax'a mEinokwc tslEdaq mayoHdaa axalaeda LlaxsEme he gwex's 

45 lEg<"> lax ugwiwa-yasa ts!ats!adagEine laxg'a TsaxisEk*, wii, laEinxae 
niexsoxs L!a,L!ayadza e yae. Witxeda miiyoLEmasa GotslaxsEine 
wak"ale helk' !oltsidza £ yasa babagume. Wa, laEmxae Llaxdaya- 
dza-ya. Wax'e mayoLEmas Ivunxillavngwa LlaL'.asiq'waxsEmexa 
e mElk'!otEma babaguma. Wii, laEmxae L!aL!Eyadza e ya. Wax'e 

50 mayoLEmas Ayagaxa Gots'.axsEmexa cjlutlosaes mayoLEme baba- 
guma. Wii, he £ mesa qlutiis ok!wina £ ye loxs q'.Ex u ts!ana £ yexa 
g'ayole lax <|!wrH|!wax"ts!iina £ yas hestasm gwE £ y5 l !a,L !el JEyadza- 

1 3 mm. thickness of gauge-stick; 8 mm. diameter of hole. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 697 

belong to the Salmon. | I have seen all this, when the people 1 of all 
the tribes follow the rules that they have II for twin-children, and 55 
their parents also | observe the taboos that belong to twin-children. | 

Navel-string. — The parents keep the navel-string, | and if one of 1 
the twins is a boy, | (the mother) wraps it in cedar-bark and gives 
it to her | near relative who is a seal-hunter, that the boy, one of the 
twins, may become a seal-hunter. II Then the seal-hunter puts the 5 
navel-string between | the prongs of his harpoon-shaft. It is tucked 
in where the cross is shown. 1 | Sometimes they put the navel-string 
at the end | of the seal-hunter's paddle. They | wrap helpline over 
it at the narrow part of the || hunter's paddle. 2 The navel-string of 10 
the | boy is put under a wrapping of dried helpline. | This is done 
with the navel-string of twins and of those who are not (wins. | 

If they wish the boy to be a canoe-maker, they put | the navel- 
string under the deer-skin lashing of the || adz of a canoe-builder. 15 
This is the navel-string right | where the cross is. 3 Often they put 
the navel-string into the neck-ring | of a canoe-maker or of a seal- 
hunter. When they wish | the boy to be a song-leader when lie 

£ yEn la gwagwex's £ alasa. Wii, Ieh e naxwaEm doqtilaqexs lae 53 
uEgEltEweEmq g'ayEmolasas leElqwalai.exes gweg'ilase qae laxes 
gweg'ilase. qaeda yikwi-lEme L!aL!EL!Eyadza £ ya. Wii, laxae g'lg'aol- 55 
nokwe E wi e laEm nEgEltEwex aekilasasa yikwile L!aL!EL<Eyadza £ ya. 

Navel-string. — Wii, hefmise glgaolnokwas axelaxa ts!etsEyox u La- 1 
yas loxs gihrnae bEgwanEina £ nEmokwe lax yikwi-lEmas lae 
q'.EnepsEintsa kadzF.kwe laxa ts!Eyox u La £ ye qa £ s ts'.Ewes laxes 
mag'ile LeLEUilaxa ale £ wmoxwe qa ale £ winoxweltses yikwrlEme. 
Wii, hex' £ ida £ meseda ale £ winoxwe la g'apotsa ts !Eyox u La £ ye lax awa- 5 
gawa £ yas oxLa £ yas dzegumases mastowexa gayoyala gF.beL'.Exa- 
wa £ yaatsa ts'.Eyoxi^Pye. 1 Wii, lit £ nal £ nEmp!Ena la paq'.Exawa £ ya 
ts!Eyox"La £ yax oxawa £ yasa alex u sa £ yas se £ wayasa ale £ winoxwe yix 
lag'ilas qEnx"sa sanaplale lax oxawa £ yas- alex"sayo se £ wayasa ale £ wi- 
noxwasa g'ale bEgwaiiEma. Wii, la £ me cplqakina ts!Eyox U£ La £ yasa 10 
babagume lax awaba/yasa lEmokwe sanap!ala, yixs e naxwa £ mae he 
gweg'ilasE £ we ts'.Eyox u La £ yasa yikwi'iEme LE £ wa k' !ese ylkwFlEma. 

Wiix'e £ nex - so £ qa £ s LeqlenoxweLa babagume c[a £ s le gip'.ai.Elo- 
dayowes ts!Eyox u La £ ye lax awaba £ yas yiLEme k p !ilxewax"sa k!im- 
Layasa Leq!enoxwaxa xwiik!una. He.Em ts!Eyox"La £ ve nEqosta- 15 
wasa gayoyala. Wii, la qlunala tex £ wuna £ ya ts!Eyo"La £ yaxa qEnxa- 
wa £ yasa Leq!enoxwe Lo £ ma ale £ wmoxwe. Wii, gihniese walagEla qa 

1 In the angle between the two prongs. The figure showing the cross has been omitted. 

'-Just above the blade. The kelp is wrapped about, it several times, so as to cover about four or five 
inches of the paddle just above the blade. 

3 Between the blade of the adz and the wrapping holding it. The figure showing the cross has been 
omitted. 



698 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ikth. ANN. ss 

grows up, the baton | of a song-leader is taken, and a hole is made in 

20 the end with a thick drill. || The hole goes in deeply, sometimes three 
finger-widths | deep. When this has been done, they | fold up the 
navel-string lengthwise, and push it into the drill-hole | at the heavy 
(Mid of the song-leader's baton. They cut | a round plug of cedar- 

25 wood and drive it over the navel-string; and || it goes in tightly, 
for they wish it to be held very firmly. | And after they have driven 
it in, they cut off the cedar-stick ) so that it is even with the end of 
the baton. | 

There is another way of doing this. They let the boy sit | in the 

30 drum; and they ask the song-leader to beat the || drum, not too loud, 
while he is singing. He does not beat hard | on the drum when he is 
beating it. They do this four times to the | boy. | 

If it is desired to make him a salmon-fisherman or halibut-fisher- 
man, | they put the navel-string into the neck ring of a fisherman || 

35 who catches all kinds of fish; and the same is done with the halibut- 
fisherman; | he also puts the navel-string into his neck ring. | All 
the expert workmen wear the naval-strings of boys, | and wear them 
around their necks. | 

40 And they do the same with the navel-strings of girls. || There are 
two ways. They are worn around the wrist | by a mat-maker or 

is babagume qa £ s nagades qo q!ulyax £ wIdL5 lae ax £ etsE £ we tlEmya- 
yasa nagade <|a £ s sElbEntsE £ wesa LEkwe sElsma. Wii, klwiibEta- 

20 £ mese sEla £ ya, yixs £ nal £ nEmp '.Enae yudux u dEn laxEns q!waq!wax"- 
ts!ana £ yex ytx E walahEdasasa sEla £ ye. Wii, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae 
k" !ox £ ilntsE £ weda ts'.Eyox u La £ ye qa £ s wlgwiLEme laxa sEla £ ye lax 
LEX u ba £ yasa naxsa £ yase t'.Knivava. Wa, la k' !ax £ witsE £ weda k!wa £ x- 
i.iiwe qa lex" £ Enes. Wii, la degwegints laxa ts!Eyox u La £ ye lax 

25 tEk*Elaena £ yasa lex -£ Ena klwa-xi.iiwa qaxs £ nek - ae qa ales Elala. 
Wa, gil-'mese gwal deqwaqexs lae k"!imtodEx oxta £ yasa k!wa £ xLiiwe 
qa Tiles £ nF.mabala lo £ oba £ yasa tlEmyayowe. 

Wii, g - a £ mes £ nEmx £ idrda gwegilasgada yixs k'.watsloyaexa baba- 
gume laxa niE J nats!e. Wii, lii axk' !fdasE £ weda nagade qa mEX'Elexa 

30 mE £ nats!axs dEnxElae k'les hasEla. Wii, laxae kMes ealtsilaxs 
niEXElaaxa mE £ nats!e. Wii, la mop!F.na he gwex' £ ItsE £ weda baba- 
gume. 

Wiix'e £ nex - s6 £ qa £ s yiihiEk!wenoxwexa kMotEla le ! wh p!a £ ye, 
wii, la c[Enx5dayoweda ts!Eyox u La £ ye laxa yiihiEk!wenox u bEgwa- 

35 nEmxa e naxwa kMok'.titEla. Wa, heEmxaiiwise gwiilaxa loqlwe- 
noxwaxa p!a £ ye, laEmxae qEnxalaxa ts!Eyox u La £ ye. Wa, la £ na- 
xwarm layowa ts'.Eyox u La £ yasa babagume laxa £ naxwa eeaxElae- 
nox" bebicgwanEm qa las cjeqEnxil laq. 

Wii, laxae heEm gweg'ilasE £ we ts!Eyox u La £ yasa ts!ats!adagEme, 

40 j T ixs malae liiliilasas gweg'ilasaxa ts!Eyox u La £ yas, yixs qEX'ts'.ana- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 699 

basket-maker, [ or around the neck by a woman who knows how to | 42 
dry halibut or who knows how to cut salmon, or by those who know 
how to dig | all kinds of clams; that the girl, whenshegrows up, may 
get these without difficulty. || And also, when they wish | a girl or a 45 
boy to be a good dancer when he or she grows up, they put | the 
navel-string of the girl around the legs of a woman who is a good 
dancer; | and when she knows well how to tremble with her hands, 
they put it around the wrist of her right hand. They do this, || that 50 
the girl may know well how to tremble with her hands when she 
dances, j And they do the same with the navel-string of the boy; it 
is I put around the wrist id' an expert cannibal-dancer, that he may 
become a good dancer | when he grows up. That is all. | 

Maturity 

This is the princess of the real chief of the numaym | Maamtag'ila. 1 
He is the head chief of all the numayms of all | the tribes of the 
whole people. They are the ones about whom I talked, i who have 
for their chief £ maxuyalidze. The chief has for his princess || 
K" !edele £ lak u . The name K' !edele £ lak u of the princess comes | 5 
from her father, when she becomes mature, and is sitting in 
the house for the maturing girl; | therefore she is called princess 
(K' !edel, "sitting still in the house")- The word k' !edef has two 
meanings. | She does not move while she is sitting there, her knees 

£ yaasa k - '.Et denoxwaxa le £ wa £ ye LE-wa L'.abatilaenoxwe tstedaqa. 41 
Wii, lii qEnxalaxa ts !Eyox u La £ yasa ts !ats ladagEmexa tMtsleno- 
xwaxa k'lawase LE £ wa xwax lenoxwaxa klotEla i.K-'wa Lawenoxwaxa 
£ naxwa ts lets !sk Swemasa qa holEmallltsa ts!ats!adagEmaq qo q!ul- 
yax £ wIdL6. Wa, he £ rnlsexs walagElae qa £ s yE £ winoxwes qo q'.ulya- 45 
x £ wIc1lo, yixa ts!ats!adagEme Lo £ ma babagume. Wa, laEjnxae la 
qEX'sIdza £ yax ts!Eyox u La £ yasa ts!ats!adagEmasa yE £ winoxwe ts!E- 
daqa. Wii, g'il £ mese xuleqlwenoxwa yF/winoxwe tslEdaqa lae 
qsx'ts !ana e yax ts!Eyox u La f ye lax helk - !olts!ana £ ya. Wa, heEm 
lag'ilas he gwitle qa xuleqiilesas ts !ats ladagEmaxs lae yE £ wmoxwa. 50 
Wa, laxaa heEm gweg"ilasE £ we ts'.Eyox u La £ yasa babagume, yixs 
laaxat! qEX'tslanesa yE £ winoxwe hamats'.a cja yE £ winoxweLEs cjo 
ci!ulyax £ wklLo yixa babagume. Wii, laEin gwala. 
Maturity 

IIe £ mae k'ledelasa alakMala g'Igamesa £ nE £ memotasa Maamta- 1 
gila, wa, heEm xamagEmalatsa £ naxwa £ nal £ nE £ memasa £ naxwa 
lelqw&laLa £ yasa loxala, laxEn waldEmxgin liix'dek' gwagwexs'Td- 
laqexs g'Igadaas £ maxuvalidze. Wa, leda g"Igama £ ye k'!edadEs 
K'!eilele £ lak". Wa, heEm g'ag'iLF.lats K'!edele £ lak u la k!edeltses5 
ompaxs g'alae exEntleda, yixs g"alae lats lag" alii laxes k'!ede £ lats!e 
exEndatsIa. Wii, la £ me k"!edel laq. Ma £ le gwebalaasasa 
kledele. Wa, la £ me aEni sEldelExs klwaelae tEsales okwaxave 



700 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth.ank.S5 

pressed | against her breasts; she is sitting still on the floor. And 

10 when she eats, || she eats four pieces of broken dried salmon, which 
are put into the dish of the | princess; and there is a little oil into 
which the four | small pieces of broken dried salmon are dipped. 
And when this has been put into the dish, her j attendant, who is 
always a shaman, takes up the dish and | puts it before the princess, 

15 and the princess only looks at the || dish which is placed in front of her. 
Then the attendant goes to draw | water, and gives it to the princess. 
Then the attendant | shaman-woman of the princess takes her 
drinking-tube of bone | taken from the wing of an eagle, and she puts 
one end of the j drinking-tube into the water. The attendant 

20 shaman-woman || holds the bucket with water, and the attendant 
woman speaks, | and says, "Now, take a drink. Don't overdo it. | 
Put the end of the drinking-tube into your mouth that you may have 
a small mouth, princess, | and do not take a large mouthful when you 
drink. You may swallow four times | that you may not be stout, 

-5 princess." Thus she says. || Then the princess puts her mouth to the 
end of the bone drinking-tube, | and she just opens her mouth and 
pushes the end of the | bone drinking-tube into it, and she just sucks 
at it and | swallows water four times. Then she stops, for the 
attendant shaman-woman watches I that she does not drink too 



laxes dzedzame. Wa, la £ me k"!edele. Wa, he'mesexs lae hamx'-Ida, 

10 wa, la mdxwedaleda k'lobEkwe xa £ masa axtslax hiVmaats'.asa k"!e- 
dele. Wa, he £ mesa holale L!e £ na qa tslEbatsesa mox £ widala am- 
"ainfiyastos k' !ope xa £ mase. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal £ alts!axs laeda ae- 
xEntsela tstedaq, yixs q'.unalae paxala dag'Jlilaxa ha £ maats!e qa £ s 
la k - agEml!las laxa kledele. Wa, a £ mese doqw.aleda k'ledelaxa liii- 

15 £ maats!axs lae k'figEmalilEq. Wii, lii tsex -e ideda aexEntsela tslE- 
daqxa e wape (ia £ s las laxa exEnta k" ledela. Wii, lii axk' laleda aexEn- 
tsela paxala ts!Edaqxa k'ledele qa ax £ edesexes nagayowe xax £ i:ii 
g'ayol lax p'.ELEmasa kwekwe. Wii, lii LlEnxstEnts apsba £ yases 
nagayowe laxa £ wiipe lax heenemasa aexEntsela paxala tslEdaq 

20 dalaxa £ wabEts!ala. Wii, lii yaq!Ega £ leda aexEntsela ts'.Edaqaq. 
Wa, lii E neka: " Wiig-illaga nax £ edLEX. Gwala hayaxsEqlaxs laaqos 
metq'.EdzEnts5x oba £ yaxsos nagayowaqos qa £ s tloguxsteLos k'ledel. 
Wii, he £ mis qa £ s klesaos awawaEmta nEkwaaqosaxa mosgEmstowe 
£ wapaxes nEx £ wetsE £ wos qa £ s k"!esei-5s pEiiL'.esLol, k" ledel," £ nex"- 

25 =lae. Wa, laEm hambEndeda exEnta k - ledelxes x5x £ Ene nagayowa. 
Wa, la £ me halsslaEm ax £ ede sEmsas lae liambEndEX oba £ yases 
xax £ Ene nagayowa. Wii, lit hiilsElaEm klumtaq. Wii, la £ me mop'.E- 
lwEin iiEx £ we(lxa £ wapaxs lae gwala qaxs doqwala £ maeda aexEn- 
tsela paxala tslEdaqa, qa k'leses niinagolost lEqaxa £ wape. Wa, 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 701 

much water. || After she has finished drinking water, she takes the 30 
broken pieces of dried salmon, | dips them into the oil which is in the 
small oil-dish, and puts them J into her mouth. She chews very 
slowly, and she continues | doing this while she is eating the broken 
dried salmon. As soon as she has swallowed her food four times, j 
she stops eating, and immediately || the attendant takes her dish ami •'!•"> 
oil-dish and | puts them away. She draws water for the princess to 
drink after eating; for | the various kinds of straps are put around the 
body of the princess, | who wears a hat with a tassel, and abalone 
shells tied to the | outside of the hat and abalone shells arc sewed 
to her blanket. || This is called "the abalone-blanket of the maturing 40 
princess," | and her hat is called "the abalone-hat of the maturing 
princess." | If her father owns a copper, the expensive copper stands 
at. the right side of the maturing princess. The copper is placed 
there | that the princess may easily get coppers to carry on her back 
to her || future husband. She continues sitting in the house for [ a 45 
month. This is called liaqadzd^'d ("flat things meeting inside of the 
house"). | She washes four times every fourth day. | Then the 
straps are taken off her body, and it is called " taking the straps off 
the body of | the maturing girl." Then the eyebrows are pulled out 
by the || attendant shaman-woman, and she cuts off | her hair. Then 50 



g'ihmese gwal naqaxa £ wiipe, lae dax -£ idxa k' lobEkwe xa £ masa qa £ s 30 
ts'.Ep!edes laxa L!e £ na q!ots!axa ama^ye tstebatsla qa £ s tslEq'.Eses 
laxes sEinse. Wii, la awak'alaxs lae malekwaq. Wa, lii hexsaF.m 
gwegilaxs ha £ mapaaxa k"!obEk u xa J masa. Wii, g - il J mese m5p!Ena 
nEx-wed laxes ha'ma £ yaxs lae gwal ha-mapa. Wa, hex' J ida £ mesa 
aexEntsela tslEdaq ax £ edEX ha £ maats!iis LE £ wa ts!Ebats!e qa'"s lii 35 
g'exaq. Wii, lii tsex -£ idxa £ wape qa nageg'esa exEnta kMedela laxes 
laena^ye £ wPlaEm qeqEX'alaLEle qEX'edEmasa exEnta kMedela LE e wis 
qwaLEXLixla LEtEmla. Wii, la e me q!Enq!Enaleda ex'ts'.Eme lax 
5sgEma £ yas LEtEmlas. Wii, laxae q!Enq!Eii5leda ex'tsteme lax iie- 
x £ una £ yas. Wii, heEm LegadEs exEiidEmk'lEn ex"ts!Emala hex-Ti- 40 
na £ ye. Wii, he- c mise LEtEmlas yixs Legadaas exEntEml extslEmala 
LEtEml. Wa, g'il £ mese ompas axnogwatsa Llaqwa, lae Laela qlEyo- 
xwe L!aqwa lax lielk'lodEnoLEmalilasa exEnta kMedela, yix lagilas 
he gwaela Lliiqwa qa holEmalesa kMedelaxes Llaqweg'iLa laxes 
hVwunEiiiLa. Wa, la £ me lalaa he gwael laxes exEndatsle g'okwa, 45 
laxes etledEX'dEmLa exEntal. HeEm LegadEs haqadz:Vlilxa exEn- 
taxs lae moplEna kwasa laxa maemop '.Enxwa e se. Wii, laEm £ wi-la 
lawoyowe qeqEX'edEmas laxeq. Wii, heEm LegadEs qwelet !edi:x 
qeqEX"Elasa exEnta. Wii, la c "me k!ulx - -itsE £ we aEnasa exEnta k'!e- 
del yisa aexEntsela ts'.Edaq paxala. Wii, heEmxaawis klEbEltsEm- 50 



702 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. 35 

52 the attendant woman takes | the straps and her seat made of soft 
cedar-bark | and goes into the woods, where she looks for a good 
vew-tree; and when | she finds it, she puts the straps of the princess 

55 on to the tree. When [| this has been done, she takes the cedar-bark 
and places it in the | cave in which the cedar-bark is hidden. It is 
finished after this. | 

The Sweat-Bath 

1 Now I shall talk about the ways of the Kwakiutl when | a man or 
woman is sick. They make a steaming-box; | that is, a long box of 
the same length as the | sick person, for the height of the steaming-box 
5 is two spans. || When it is finished, | not many stones are taken, for 
when there are many | there are twelve, and these are put on the fire of 
the. house. As j soon as they are all on the fire, a large basket is taken 
and I a man goes down to the beach to low water mark carrying a 

10 large basket; || ami when he reaches the seaweed, he plucks it off and 
puts it I into the basket. When the basket is full of seaweed, he | carries 
the seaweed-basket on his back up the beach and puts it down by 
the side of the | steaming-box. Then he takes many yellow cedar-tips 
and I places them down alongside of the steaming-box. Then he 

15 takes the seaweed || and puts some of it into the bottom of thesteaming- 



51 dEx sE £ yas x'omsas. Wa, la £ m§ gwal laxeq. Wii, la £ me ax £ ededa 
aexEntsela tslEdaqxa qEX'idEmas LE'wa k !waxLaw r eso £ k'adzEx u sa 
exEntaxde k'.edela qa £ s la laxa aL!e qa £ s aliix ek'etElii i.!F.mq!a. 
Wii, gil-'mese q'.aqexs lae <[Kxit !edi:s qEX'IdEmx'dasa exEnta laq. 

•"»■' Wa, gil-inese gwala lae ax £ edxa k!waxLawesE £ we k'adzEkwa qa £ s las 
laxa kadzEk!waase. Wa, lawesLe gwal laxeq. 

Iv !alasa 

1 La-'mEii gwagwex's £ alal lax gweg - i £ lasasa Kwag-ufaxa ts!alts!Ex - Ite 
bEgwanEm Lo £ meda tslEdaqe. Wa, heEin ax £ etsoweda k!alasaats!e, 
yixa gildEg'a g'ildasaxa £ nEmasgEmg'ig'a LE £ wa £ wasgEmxsdaasasa 
bEgwanEme ts Salts !Ex - Ita, ylxs ma e lp!Enkustae laxEns q!waq!wax - - 
5 ts!ana £ yex yix £ walasgEmasasa k!iilasaats!e. Wa, g'il £ mese gwrda 
lae ax £ etsE £ weda k"!ese q!enEm t'.esEina, yixs lE £ mae q'.enEmxs ma £ l- 
tsEmag'iyowae qa £ s xEXLanowe laxa lEgwllasa g'okwe. Wii, g - il- 
£ mese £ wilx - Lalaxs lae ax £ etsE £ weda £ walase lExa £ ya qa £ s la lEnts'.esa 
bEgwanEme laxa LlEma £ isaxa x'atslaese dalaxa £ walase lExa £ ya. 

10 Wii, g il £ mese lag'aa laxa L'.ESL!Ek u lae k!ulx ,£ idEq qa £ s lExts'ales 
laxa lExa £ ye. Wa, g"tl £ mese qot'.a lExa £ yasexa L!EsL!Ek u lae oxle- 
laxa L'.Egwats!e lExa £ ya qa £ s lii SxLdsdesElaq qa £ s lii hanolilas laxa 
k"!alasaats!e. Wii, lii ax £ edxa dedExuta £ yexa q'enEme qa £ s g'axe 
ax £ alllas lax maginwalllasa k!alasaats!e. Wii, la ax £ edxa l!esl!e- 

15 kwe qa £ s lEX £ alts!odesa waokwe laxa 6xLelts!awasa k - !alasaats!e qa 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 703 

box, so | that it is covered with seaweed. The thickness of the seaweed 16 
is four fingers | in the bottom of the steaming-box. | Then he takes 
tongs and takes up the red-hot stones and | puts them on the seaweed. 
He does the same with the other || red-hot stones, but the stones are 20 
not placed close together. | When all the red-hot stones are in, he 
throws more | seaweed on, four fingers thick. | Then he takes yellow 
cedar-tips and lays them over the seaweed ; | and when there are many 
yellow cedar-tips on it, he takes an old blanket and || water and pours 25 
water into the steaming-box; | and after he has poured water over it, 
he spreads the old blanket over it. Now the | man lies down on his 
back naked in the. steaming-box, and the | old blanket is taken and he 
is covered with it, so that only his head shows. | Then he lies for some 
time in the steaming-box until |[ the stones begin to get cold. Some- 30 
times | a sick person lies until noon in the steaming-box, if the | heat 
of the steam bath is right. If the heat of the body is so great that he 
can not endure it, | then the sick man is taken out again | and some of 
the hot stones are taken out, || that the heat may be i ight. When this is 35 
done, he lies down on it again; | and the sick person does not come out 
of the steaming-box | until the perspiration of his body begins to get 
cold. Then his body is shaking | because his body is cold. Then they 



ha £ niElxts!awesa LlEsiJEkwe laqxa modEne laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!a- 16 
na £ yex, yix wagwasasa LlEsL'.Ekwe lax oxtelts lawasa k'!alasaats!e. 
Wii, la ax £ edxa k - !ipL&laa qa £ s k - !ip!edes laxa x'lxsEmala t'.esEm 
qa £ s k'!ip!Eqes laxa L!ESL!Ekwe. Wa, la ha £ naltsa waokwe xIx - ex- 
sEinala tlesEma laqexs k'lesae mEinkalaxa tlesEme. Wa, g'il- 20 
£ mese £ wi £ laxa x'ix'ExsEmala t!esEmxs lae lExayEntsa waokwe 
L!EsL!Ek" laqxa modEne laxEns q!waq!wax'ts!ima £ yex yix wagwasas. 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa dedExwata £ ye qa £ s LEXwayEndales laxa L'.EsL'.Ekwe. 
Wa, g'il £ mese qlenEma dedExuta £ yaxs lae ax £ edxa p!Elxa £ ma LE £ wa 
£ wape. Wii, lii tsadzELEyintsa £ wape laxa k"!alasEla. Wa, g'il- 25 
£ mese gwal tsasaxs lae LEpEyintsa p'.Elxa £ ma laq. Wii, lii xanaleda 
bEgwanEmaxs lae nELEyindxa la k'SaMa. Wii, la 8,x £ etsE £ weda 
]) '.ElxElasgEme qa £ s nasEyindayowe laq. Wii, la £ me lexaEm la nelale 
xomsas. Wii, hex'sii £ mes gwetsla laxa k" lalasaats !e lalaa lacjexs 
k"!es £ mae wudEX' £ Ideda t!esEm, yixs e nal £ nEmp !Enae liig'aa laxa 30 
nEcjaleda ts !alts '.EX'ite bEgwanEm kidgexa klalasEliiq, yixs hel £ alae 
ts'.Elqwalaena £ yasa k'lalasEliiq wax'e ts!Ets!Elxkuna lit k'.es beba- 
k'.wema. Wii, he £ mis a,Em la xwelax £ ults!Ewatsa ts!alts!ExIte bE- 
gwanEm. Wii, axwiiqalasE £ weda waokwe ts'.Elqwa tlesEma, qa hel- 
£ ales ts!Elqwalaena £ yas. Wii, gil £ mese gwal lae xwelaqa kulqaq. 35 
Wa, laEm al £ Em hilts '.aweda tslalts'.Exite bEgwanEm laxa k' lalasElaq 
yixs lae wiidEX' £ ide gosiis 6k!wina £ yas. Wii, la £ me xwanale ok!wi- 
na £ yas qaexs lae klEnaesa. Wa, la £ me kwiis £ ida qa liiwiiyesa dex u - 



704 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. ss 

wash him to remove the | cedar smell from his body; and when his 

40 body has been wiped off,|| oil of the silver-perch is rubbed on his body. 
After | this has been done, they take soft shredded cedar-hark and 
wipe off his | body to remove the silver-perch oil. The reason why 
they quickly nib the body with | silver-perch oil before it gets dry and 
whde the body is still in perspiration, | is because they do not want 

45 the skin to get hard; for || they say that the skin of a sick person who 
has been steamed will bo | very painful the day after, if the silver- 
perch oil is not rubbed on the body, | because the skin gets hard, and 
he feels very sick; | hut the skin of a person gets never hard if his 
body is rubbed right away with | silver-perch oil before it gets dry.|| 

50 Tins is all about one way of (lie sweat bath. | 

There is another method of sweat bathing. As soon as the person 
conies out of | the steaming-box, be washes his body with cold water; 
and after | this is done, he wipes it with soft shredded cedar-bark. 
Then another person | takes rough sandstone and puts it into water 

55 which is in a || dish. Then he takes the root of blue hellebore and rubs 
the root of the | blue hellebore on the rough sandstone which is in the 
water in the dish. | As soon as the water in the dish becomes roily, the 
sick | person sprinkles his body with the blue hellebore mixed with the 
water, | after he finishes steaming; and when his body is all wet with 

60 the || blue hellebore mixed with water, the sick person remains sitting 

p'.ala lax ok!wina £ yas. Wa, g"il £ mese gwal deg"itaxes 6k!wina £ ye 

40 lae ax-T'dxa dzEkfwise qa £ s qlElset'.edes laxes ok!wina £ ye. Wii, g'il- 
£ mese gwala lae ax £ edxa qloyaakwe k'adzEk" qa £ s deg'ites laxes 
ok!wina £ ye qa lawayesa dzeklwise, yix lag'ilas hayalomala qtelsetasa 
dzek!wise laxes 6k!wina £ yaxs k , !es e mae lEinx £ unx £ Ida yixs he £ mae 
ales pose ok!wina £ yas qaxs gwaqtelaa L!Emx £ edes Llese qa £ laxs 

15 Lomae ts!EX'lla £ Iae i.lesasa ts!alts!Ex - Ite bEgwanEmxa lEnsases 
k!rdasax<lEm yixs kMesae q!Elset!etsa dzek'.wise laxes ok!wina £ ye 
qaxs ala £ mae la L!Ernx £ wIde L!esas. Wa, la £ lae alak"!ala ts!Ex - ila. 
Wa, la £ lae hewaxa L!Emx £ Ide Llesasa bEgwanEmaxs hex" £ idae qlElse- 
t'.etsa dzek! wise laxes ok!wina £ yaxs k - !es £ mae lEmx £ unx -£ Ida. Wii, 

50 lasm gwal laxa £ nEmx -£ idala gweg'ilasxa k"!alasa. 

Wii, g - a £ mes £ nEinx £ idala gweg'i £ latsa k'!alasa yixs g'il £ mae lalts!a 
laxes k" lalasaase, lae ts!5x £ wit!etsa wiida £ sta £ wapa. Wa, gil £ mese 
gwala lae degitasa qloyaakwe kadzEkwa. Wa, leda ogii £ la bsgwa- 
nEm ax £ edxa k'loiJa dE £ na qa £ s axstEndes laxa £ wape q!ots!axa 

55 loq.'.we. Wa, la ax £ edxa LloplEk'asa axsole qa £ s g'exesa E!op!Ek'asa 
axsole laxa k"!5L!a dE £ naxa axstalile lax £ wabEts!awe hlxa loq!wa. 
Wii, g - il £ mese nex £ wideda £ wape £ wabEts!asa loqlwe laeda ts!alts!E- 
x ite bEgwanEm xosit'.etsa axsole £ stala £ wapa laxes ok!wina £ ye, yixs 
lae gwal k'lalasa. Wa, g'il £ mese £ naxwa la k'.unqe ok!wina £ yas yisa 

60 :ixsole £ stala £ wapa lae a £ ma tsIalts'.EX'Ite bEgwanEm sEltala k!waela 



doas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 705 

still | to let it dry on his body; and when his body is dry, | another 61 
person takes oil of the silver-perch and rubs it on the | body of the 
sick person; and when his body is covered with | silver-perch oil, soft 
shredded cedar-bark is taken and it is wiped || off from the body, so 05 
that the silver-perch oil comes off. After this it is finished. | All the 
Kwakiutl tribes use the steam bath for medicine, the whole number 
of tribes. | And generally the sick person gets well. | There are only a 
few sick | men or women who do not get well. That is all. [| 

Death 

When a beloved child is dying, | the parents keep on pra3'ing to 1 . 
the spirit not | to try to take away their child. "I will | pay you 
with these clothes of this my child, Sitting-on-Fire." || Thus they say, 5 
while they put on the fire the clothes of the one who is lying there 
sick. | 

Then the parents of the one who is lying there sick pay Sitting-on- 
Fire, | that he may pray to the souls of the grandparents of the one 
who lies sick, that they may not | wish to call their grandson. And 
the parents of the | one who lies there sick take four kinds of food, 
dry salmon first. [| They break it into four pieces. When it is ready, 10 
they | take cinquef oil-roots and fold them up in four pieces. | And 



qa lEmx £ wideses 6k!wina £ ye. Wii, gihmese lEmx £ wide ok!wina £ yas 61 
laasa 6gii £ la £ me bEgwanEin ax £ edxa dzek!wise qa £ s q lElset !edes lax 
ok!wina £ yasa tsIalts'.EX'ite bEgwanEina. Wii, g'il £ mese hamElx £ Enxa 
dzek'.wesaxs lae &x £ etsE £ weda qloyaakwe k'iidzEk" qa £ s deg'itleda- 
yowe lax 6k!wina £ yas qa lawayesa dzeklwise. Wii, laEin gwal liixeq', 65 
£ niixwa £ maeda Kwakwak'Ewakwe pEtasa k'lalasa liix £ wiixasgEma- 
gwasasa £ naxwa lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wii, lix q lunala hex -£ ida £ Em ex £ ideda 
tslalts'.EX'Ite DEgwanEma. Wa, het!a holala k"!ese ex -£ ideda ts!al- 
ts!EX'Ite bEgwiinEm LE £ wa ts'.edaqe. Wii, laEin laba. 

Death 

Wa, he' e maaxs la'e wa'wik' !Egeda la' £ wina £ ye xiino'kwa; wii, la 1 
g'i'g'aolnokwas he'mEnalaEin ha'wax £ Elaxa ha'yalilagase qa k'!e'ses 
a £ wa'lila la'xes hi'loL!aena £ yasex xiino'kwas. "Wii, la £ me'sEn 
a'yaltsg'ada gwelgwii'lagasg'En xuno'kwik' Iol klwa'x'Lalii'," £ ne'- 
kixs la'e axLE'ntsa gwelgwa'lasa qE'lgwile lii'xa lEgwi'le. 5 

LaE'm £ lae hala'qe gi'g'aolnokwasa qE'lgwIlaxa klwii'x'Liila cja 
hawa'x £ Eliisexa bEx £ unii' £ yasa ga'gEinpasa qE'lgwile qa k - !es £ ma- 
£ wi'sLes Lii'lelaciElaxes ts!o'x u LEma. Wii, la e't !ede gI'g - aolnokvvasa 
qE'lgwile ax £ e'dxa mo'x £ wIdala he' £ ma £ ya, — yi'xa xa £ ma'se g'ii'la. 
Wa, la k'!6'p!edEq qa e s mo'x u s £ Endeq. Wii, la £ me's gwii'llla, wii, 10 
la e'tled ax £ e'dxa t!Ex u so'se qa £ s k - !o'x u sEmdalexa mo'sgEme 
75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 45 



706 ETHNOLOGY OP THE KWAKIUTL 



13 when that is ready, they take dried berry-cakes and | break them 
into four pieces. And when that is ready, they | take viburnum- 

15 berries, lour spoonfuls. When all this || is ready, the father of the 
one who is lying sick in bed takes the dry salmon and | throws the 
pieces into the fire, one by one. And the | mother of the one who 
lies sick in bed says, "O Sitting-on-Fire ! now eat, and protect | my 
child, vSitting-on-Fire!" 

Then the father of the one who lies sick in bed takes also cinque- 

20 foil roots; he || takes one (root) and dips it into the oil. And | 
the mother of the one who lies sick in bed says again, "O Sitting- 
on-Fire! go on, and pray to the | spirits, that they may have mercy 
on my child!" Thus she says. | 

Then the father takes also one of the dried berry-cakes, dips it | 

25 into oil, and throws it into the fire. Then he himself says, || "O 
Sitting-on-Fire ! now do have mercy on me, and | keep alive my child 
here, Sitting-on-Fire! Have mercy | and press back my child here, 
spirit, and I will take care of this, | supernatural one, that I may still 
have for a while my son here! Long-Life- | Maker!" || 

30 And when he has put all the berry-cakes on the fire of the house, 
then | he takes one of the spoonfuls of viburnum-berries, and three 
times he aims at | the fire of the house. The fourth time he pours 
them on the fire; and he | says, "Take this, Sitting-on-Fire! and 

12 laq. Wa, laE'in gwa'lila. Wa, la e't!ed ax £ e'dxa t!Eqa' qa £ s 
k - !6'p!edeq qa £ s mo'x u s £ Endeq. Wa, laE'm gwa'lila. Wa, la e't.'ed 
ax £ e'dxa tte'lse mowe'xLa k'a'tslEnaqa. Wa, laE'm ma'xwa 

15 gwa'lila. Wa, la ax e e'de 6'mpasa qE'lgwIlaxa xa £ ma/se qa £ s 
ma'hnEin'E'mke tslEXLa'laq la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la £ ne'k - e 
abE'mpasa qE'lgwIle: "Wa, klwax'Lala,', we'k'asqo laE'ms da'da- 
c mEwilxEn xuno'kwaqEn, kiwax'Lalai'!" 

Wa, la e't!ede o'mpasa qE'lgwIle ax £ e'dxa t!Ex u so'se, qa £ s da'x -£ I- 

20 dexa £ nE'me qas ts!Ep!e'des la'xa L!e' £ na. Wa, la e't!ed e ne'k'e 
abE'mpasa qE'lgwIle: "Wa, kiwax'Lalai', we'g'il la hawa'x £ ElaLExa 
ha'ayalilagasa c[a wax £ e'des wa'sEn qag-ln xuno'kwik-," £ ne'k - e. 

AVii, la e't!ede 5'mpas ax £ e'dxa £ nE'me la'xa t!Eqa' qa £ s ts!Ep!e'des 
la'xa L!e' £ na. Wii, la tslEXLE'nts. Wa, la q!ule'x's £ Em £ ne'k - a: 

25 "We'k'asla kiwax'Lalai', laE'ms we'g - Il g-a'xEn qa £ s wa'x £ Idaos qa 
q lula'lag'Iltsgin xuno'kwik-, kiwax'Lalai'! LaE'ms waxL La'la- 
gwalaqaltsgin xuno'kwik-, haya'luagasai' cja nQgwa £ me aa'xsIlaqEk - , 
£ na'walakwai', cja no'gwa £ ma £ wIsLe £ s xwa'yEnx u sIlaqEk - , gl'lg-fido- 
kwilai'." 

30 Wa, la £ wl' £ leda t!Eqa' la'x'Lala la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la e't!ed 
&x £ e'dxa £ nEme'xLa k'a'tslEnaq tte'lsa qas yo'dux u p!Ene nox u no- 
kwas la'xa lEgwi'le. Wa, la mo'p!Enaxs la'e guxLE'nts. Wa, la 
£ ne'ka: " We'k'as, kiwax'Lalai', laE'ms hawa'x £ Elalxa hy'yalllaga- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 707 

pray to the spirits | of those behind us that they have mercy on me 
and my || wife here ! Pray to the Long-Life-Maker that he may | 35 
come and take away the sickness of my child here ! Take pity on me, 
and | ask the supernatural one to come! Wa!" Thus says the 
father to Sitting-on-Fire. | Then that is finished. | 

Then the shaman is asked to think of this while he is asleep, 
when || the parents finish putting into the fire the clothes of the one 40 
who is lying sick abed and the four different kinds | of food. And 
immediately the- shaman goes into the woods, | trying to meet what 
made him supernatural. | Then the one who is sick abed is asked also 
to bear in mind, while he is asleep | at night, what the spirits of 
those behind us and || Sitting-on-Fire would say. Then the parents 45 
also bear it in mind | while they sleep during the night; for they all, 
the parents | and the one sick abed, are just the same as the great 
shaman, because | the clothes and the food were put into the fire. J 

Then they go to sleep. Then something is taken that belongs to 
the || one sick abed, and it is kept. And as soon as he goes to his 50 
bed, | he hangs it up over the head of his bed. And as soon as the 
shaman | comes back, he lies down in his bed. | The owner of what 
is hanging up over the bed thinks of it continually. | And as soon as 
the one lying sick abed dreams, laughing while he is asleep, || then he 55 
knows that he is not going to die. And when he dreams that | his 

sasEiis a'Lagawa £ ya qa wa'g'lltse waxL wa's £ IdLEnu £ x u Logiin gE- 
nE'mk'. Wa, laE'ms hawa'x £ ElaLEx q!we'q!ulagila qa g-ax- 35 
la'g'lltse waxL he'lek'aLExgin ximo'kwik - . Wag'Il la wa £ x lal 
ha'yalek' !aLEq £ na'walakwa. Wa," £ ne'k - eda o'mpe la'xa k!wax- 
La'la. Wa, la gwa'la. 

Wa, la axk!a'lasE £ weda pa'xala qa £ s q!a'p!altolilexs la'e gwa'le 
g'I'g'aolnukwe lax'La'lasa gwelgwa'liisa qE'lgwile u £ wa m5'x £ wl- 40 
dfda he' £ ma £ ya. Wa, he'x -£ ida £ mesa pa'xala la qa's £ ida la'xa a/ide. 
Wa, laE'm £ lae lal ba/bak"E e wal LE £ wa £ na'walakwamasaq. Wa, la 
axsE £ we'da qE'lgwile qa o'gwaqes q !a'p laltolIlExs la'e me'x £ edxa 
ga'nuLe qa wa'ldEniLasa ha'yalllagasasEns a'Lagawa £ ya Lo £ ma 
klwa'x'Lala. Wa, la 5'gwaqa £ me g-I'g'aolnukwas q!a'p!altolilExs 45 
la'e me'x £ edxa la gii'nuHda qaxs lE £ ma'e £ na'xwa £ ma g'l'gaolnu- 
kwa LE £ wa qE'lgwde £ nEma'x1s £ Em LE £ wa £ wa'lase pa'xala, qaxs 
he' £ mae la'x'Lalasa gwelgwa'la LE £ wa he' £ ma £ ye la'xa lEgwI'le. 

Wa, la £ me me'x £ eda. Wa, laE'mx-de ax £ e'tsE £ weda g - a'yole la'xa 
qE'lgwile qa las a'xe £ lax u s. Wa, gi'Pmese la, la'xes ku £ le'lase la'e 50 
te'x £ walllaq la'xes 6xta £ lilases kii £ le'lase. Wa, g"i'l £ mese g-ax na'- 
£ nakweda pa'xala, wii, le ku'lx' £ id la'xes ku £ le'lase. Wa, he'niE- 
nala £ mese g-I'g'aeqalaxa axno'gwadasa la ge'wil lax ku £ le'lasas. 
Wii, g'i'Pmese me'xElaxa qE'lgwile da £ lE'la, ytxs me'xae; wa, laE'm 
qla'LElaqexs kMe'seLe wa'laL. Wa, gl'l £ mese me'xElaq la'lixE- 55 



708 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

56 hair is hanging over his face, then the shaman knows that the sick 
one will die. | When he dreams that he is laughing, then the 
shaman | sings his sacred song and goes into the woods. He goes 
to search for the soul of the one who | lies sick abed, to bring it 
hack to him. At once the parents of the one who lies sick abed 

60 feel good || at heart when they hear the shaman | singing his sacred 
song. And when they do not hear him singing his sacred song, | 
then they know that the shaman dreamed that hair was hanging 
over his face. | Then he never sings his sacred song. | 

65 In the morning, when day comes, the hearts || of the parents of the 
one who lies sick abed feel bad, for they know that | their child will 
die. Then the one who is lying sick abed is growing weak very fast. | 
His parents now take all the best kinds of | food and the best clothing 
for the one who is sick abed, who is dying, j 

As soon as (the breath) of the one lying sick abed breaks, the II 

70 parents take the best clothing and put it on the one who had been 
sick abed. | After the parents have done so, the mother kicks her 
dead child four times. | And when she first kicks him, she says, | 
"Don't turn your head back to me." Then she turns around, and 
again | she kicks him. And as she kicks him, she says, "Don't come 

75 back again." || Then she turns around again. She kicks him; and 
she | says as she kicks him, "Just go straight ahead." And then 



56 malaxes sE £ ya', la q!a'LEla £ ma paxa'liiqexs lE £ le'La qE'lgwile. 
Wii, he' £ maaxs me'xElaaq da £ lE'laa; wii, he'x -£ ida £ meseda paxa'la 
yii'laqwa qa £ s la la'xa a'lJe. Wa, laE'm 15l a'lalxa bEx £ una' £ yasa 
qE'lgwile qa e s g - a'xe ax £ a'LElots laq. Wa, he'x £ ida £ mes e'x ,£ Ide 

60 na'qa £ yas g'l'g'aolnokwasa qE'lgwile qaxs la'e wuLa'x £ aLElaqexs 
ya'laqiilaeda pa'xala. Wii, gl'Pmese k!es wuLE'laq ya'laqlwala; 
wa, laE'm qla'LElaqexs lE £ ma'e me'xEleda p&'xalaqexs la'lexima- 
laaxes sE £ ya'. Wii, laE'm hewa'xa yii'laqwa la'xeq. 

Wa, la £ me £ na'x" £ idxa gaa'la. Wii, la £ me £ ya'x"SE £ me na'qa £ yasa 

65 gi'g'aolnokwasa qE'lgwile qaxs lE £ ma'e q!a'LElaqexs lE £ ma'e 1e £ 1lcs 
xuno'x"de. Wii, la £ me ha' £ labala la waL!e'mas £ ideda qE'lgwile. 
Wii, laE'm £ lae g'I'g'aolnokwas ax £ e'dxa £ na,'xwa ek' he' £ maomas 
LE £ wa e'k'e gwe'lgwala qae's qE'lgwile wii'wanE £ ma. 

Wii, g"i'l £ mese El £ E'lseda qs'lgwllde; wii, la he'x -£ ida £ me g'l'g'a- 

70 6lnox u diis ax £ e'dxa e'k'e gwe'lgwala qa £ s q!o'xts!odes la'xa qE'l- 
gwllde. Wa, g - i'l £ mese gwa'leda gi'g"aolnox u de, la'e mo'p!Ena kwa'- 
s £ Ideda abE'mpaxes xun5'x u de. Wii, la £ ne'k'Exs g'a'lae kwa's £ Ida: 
"K'le'sLEs mEle' £ xLal ga'xEn." Wii, la x'i'lp!eda qa £ s e't!ede 
kwa's £ IdEq. Wa, la £ ne'k'Exs la'e kwa's £ IdEq: "K'!esLEs e'dgEm- 

75 g'ilisLOL." Wii, la e'tled xilpleda qa £ s e'tlede kwa's £ IdEq. Wa, la 
£ ne'k"Exs la'e kwa's £ IdEq ; "A'Emlts he'gEmlesLQL." Wa, la e'tled 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 709 

she | kicks him again; and says, "Only protect me and your | 77 
father from sickness." Thus she says, and she leaves him. j 

The (body) is taken by other people after this, and is taken 
through || (a hole), planks being pulled out at the side of the house. 80 
There | the dead one is put into his coffin. Then he is | buried. 
And as soon as all those who have buried him have gone, | then the 
mother of the dead one gives all (lie best food and | the best clothes 
to other women, to go and burn them || behind the village. As soon 85 
as they have done so, they come back. | For four days the mother of 
the dead one does so, | throwing food in the morning into the fire of 
her house. | 

That is what the ancestors of the Kwakiutl do when | a child 
belonging to the nobility dies; and the II roof-boards of his father's 90 
house are at once pulled down. And all | the men onl_y stop when 
all the roof-boards have been pulled down: and that is called'' crazi- 
ness strikes [en the end] on account of the beloved one who died." 

Four days after the child has died, | those who are not related to 
him are called to cut the hair of the mother ]| and of the father, and of 95 
his brothers, for it is bad if | relatives cut the hair. When they cut the 
hair, it is | just as though they were cutting the throats of the rela- 
tives. Therefore | the Indians do this way. They will not let | the 



kwaVldEq. Wa, la me'ka: "A 'Emits da'da £ mowil g"a/xEn Lo'gwa 77 
a'sEk'," £ ne'x -£ laexs la'e bas. 

Wa, laE'm &x £ e'tsosa a'l £ 6gii £ la bEgwa'iiEm la'xeq qa £ s la lii'x'- 
so £ yo la'xa k - !Ex u sa £ wa'kwe liix apsa'inVyasa go'kwe. Wit, he'- 80 
£ mes la la'ts!odaasxa wa'nEmx'de la'xes dEg"aa'ts!e. Wa, hr'me 
wunE'mt!etsE £ wa. Wa, g"l'l £ mese la e wl' £ la qa's £ Ideda wfmE'mta 
la'e tsla'we abE'mpdiisa wa'nEinasa 'na'xvva e.lc he'-maomas LE £ wa 
e'k'e gwe'lgwala la'xa 5'gii £ la £ me tsteda/q qa liis lEqwe'laq lax 
a'Lana e yasa g'o'kula. Wa, g'f'Pmese gwa'texs ga'xae na'makwa, 85 
wit, la'La m6'p!Enxwa-se '"na'las he gwe'g'ile abE'mpdiisa wa'nE- 
ma, ts!EXLE'ntsa ha £ ma' £ yaxa gaa'la lax lEgwi'lases g'o'kwe. 

Wit, yi'Lax gwe'gi £ lasditsa gi'lx'da Kwa'g-ula, giT'mae na'x- 
sala g'ina'nEmeda wii'iiEmiixs la'e he'x £ idai:m lEk\va'xElasE £ we 
la'dEkwas g'o'kwas o'mpdas. Wa, a'l £ mes gwfd a'xso-sa £ na'xwa 90 
be'bEgwiinEmxs lE e ma'e e wi' £ laxe sa'las g'o'x"diis; wa, he'Em Le'- 
gadEs ''no'lEmsIla Lte'mkwa qae'da lE'lgvvala'"ye wa'nEma." 

Wit, la mo'p!Enxwa £ se 'na^las wa'ni;max - dEmas xuno'x"diis; wii.la 
axsE £ \va' k"!e'se LeLELa'la qa £ s g - a'xe tlo'sax sE £ yit'sa abE'mpde 
LE e wa' o'mpde, LE £ wis E na'l e nEmwotde (|axs £ ya'x"sE £ maeda LeLELa'- 95 
liixs he'e tlo'saxa sE £ ya'. G'i'l £ Em £ lae he tlo'saxa sE £ ya'xs la'e 
£ nEina'xis lo £ t!o't!Ets!Exoda'laxes LeLELa'la. Wit, he' £ mis la'gilas 
he gwe'g'ileda ba'k!ume k"!es he'lqlalaq he tlo'saxa sE £ ye'da 



710 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [Era. ANN. 38 

relatives cut the hair; that is what the Indians call had luck, when 
100 the hair is cut || by relatives. Now it is finished in this manner. 
This is just to recognize | that a relative of those whose hair has been 
cut has died, and because they feel sick I at heart for the one who 
died. | ' 

The Ghost Country 

1 A man was about t<> die. A woman was his sweetheart. | She 
loved him. Then the woman saw her lover. | "You only have pity 
for me, for I am anxious about your state in the house. | I can not 
stop crying all these nights. There is always crying on account of || 
5 the state in which you are. I long to know where you are going, 
that I | may go to the place to which you will go, for I shall probably 
not live when you get weak (die)." - ■ | " Really, take care!" said on 
his part the man to the \ woman, "and 1 will come and take you if 
the place to which I go should be good. | I shall come to take you 
that we may go to my future place. If (the place) should be bad," || 

10 said the man to his sweetheart, "I shall not come and take you. | I 
have beads for my necklace, t hat you may recognize me | if I come to 
take you. Don't consent to be taken off (by anyone else)." | 

Then the man became weak (died). He was buried. Then | the 

15 woman did not sleep, expecting her lover. Her lover came. || "Oh!" 
said the woman. "Oh!" said the man on his part. | "I come 



LeLELa'la. Wa, he'Em gwE £ ya'sa ba'klume aa'msexa tlo'sax se- 
100 £ ya'ses Le'LELa'la. Wa, laE'm gwal la'xeq. La'La a'Em ma' £ mal- 
t!ek!exs Ir/lno'kwae Le'LELa'lasa tlEwe'kwas sE-ya', yixs ts!Ex - i'lae 
na'qa e yas qaes wa'nEma. ' 

The Ghost Country 

1 Wa'wik" !Eq !a e laeda bEgwa'nEm. La'-lae La'lanux u sa mEmo'k" 
tslEda'q. La'xulanux"'laes. La' £ laeda tsteda/q do'qwaxes La/la. 
"A'Em £ lax - s ae'sayo^malaxg'in gvva'yosE'lasik" qao's gwae'lasaqos, 
kic'sck- r.!Ex £ e'nox"xox ga'ganuLcx. He'mEnalaEm q iwa'sa qaes 
5 gwe'x -£ idaasLaos. A' £ meg - in wa'laqeloL qla'Maxes laa'sLaos qEn 
lamiii'lax laxs laa'sLaosgin k!est!aakweLglnq!ula'L, qaso wa'tlema- 
s £ eLo." " A'lagaEinlax-s ya'i^ox," E ne'x -e lat !eda bEgwa'nEmaxa 
tslEda'q, qEn g'a'xeLEn da'LOL qo e'x ,e EmlaxEn laa'sLaEn, la £ me'- 
sEn g'axL axL5'L qEns la/Ens la'xEn laa'sLaEn. Qo s ya'x'SEmL6," 

10 £ ne'x E lat !eda bEgwa'nEmaxes La'la, " k" !e'st laLEn g-a'xL Sxlo'l. 
K'Je'osEs L!a' £ yala qan qEnxa'wa £ ya qa f s ma/malt !ek' !§los ga'xEn, 
qEiu.5 g'axL da'LOL. Gwa'la he'lqlalax ax<V-y6." 

La' £ lae we'k' !Ex £ ededa bEgwa'nEm. WunE'mtasE £ wa. La' £ lae 
k"!es me'x £ enoxweda tslEda'q na'k'Ialaxes La'la. G'a/x £ lae La'les. 

15 " £ ya," £ ne'x -£ laeda tslEda'q. " £ ya," me'x- c lat!eda bEgwa'nEm. 

1 See also Addenda, p. 1329. 



iioas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 711 

to take you, that we may go to the place where I have gone. 16 
Behold! it is good." | Then the woman felt of the necklace of the 
man. | "Let us go!" said the woman. Then she gathered her | 
belongings and they started. They arrived at a river. "Go 
on, shout! II that we may he taken (across)," said on his part 20 
the man to the woman. | "Come, fetch us!" said on her part the 
woman. | The children did not pay any attention; they were 
playing on the ground, poling in the river. "You | yourself shout, 
that we may be taken (across)." Then the man | just yawned. 
The children came and took them across, and || they went to the 25 
house. Then they went up and entered the house. | 

The sisters of the husband of the woman recognized them. 
Then | they sat down in the house. Her sisters-in-law turned 
around in the house. The woman opened her little bag | and dis- 
tributed spoons among her sisters-in-law. | They did nut take them. 
Then the husband of the woman said: || "Put those spoons on the 30 
fire. Indeed, they only know | what is given to them when this is 
done to them." — "That is very strange; | you only turn your faces 
in the house when I try to give you something," said the woman. | 
Then she threw them on the lire of the house, and all the spoons 
burned. I The women took from one another the spoons || when they 35 
burned inside. The women took care | of the spoons, j 



"G'a'x £ mEn axo'L qans la'lag'aEiis kVxKn laa's, e'x' £ maa'xoLEs." 16 
La' £ lae p!e'x £ wideda ts!Eda'qasa qEnxa'wa £ yasa bEgwa'nEm. 
• ' pys £ maeLEns laL," £ ne'x ,£ lat!eda tslEda'q. La' £ lae q !ap !e'x' £ Idxes 
le £ la/xula qa £ s qaVlde. La/ £ lae la'g'aa la'xa wa. "We'g'a £ la'qola- 
lag - a qans g-a'xe da/sE £ wa," £ ne'x -£ lat!eda bEgwa'nEm, la'xa ts!E- 20 
da'q. "Ge'la da'nu £ xwe';" £ ne'x -£ lat !eda tslEda'q. K!e'tsaEm £ la- 
wls qla'dzesa g'i'nginanEm a'mlEleis ta'tenoma la'xa wa. "So'- 
lag'adza £ ma -la'qula qEns g'a'xaEns da/sE £ wa. La' £ laeda bEgwa'- 
nEm a'Em £ lawis ha'xila. Ga'x £ laeda gi'nginanEm da'wilaq qa £ s 
le la'xes g - ok u . La' £ lae ho'x £ usdes qa £ s le hS'gwlL la'xes g - ok u . 25 

G - a'x £ lae wi'waqlwas la' £ wunEinasa tslEda'q awu'lpata. La' £ lae 
kludzi't. LEwi'ltses pte'Fwtimp. La' £ lae x'6'x £ wldxes Lia'iJaxa- 
meda ts!Eda'q. La' £ lae ya'x £ witsa k'a'tslEna'q la'xes phdphd- 
£ wu'mp. K - !e's £ lat!a ax £ e'dEq. La' £ lae £ ne'k'e la' £ wunEmasa tslE- 
da'q: "La'xLEnda'xwa k'a'tsiEnaqex. He'g'aEm q!a'LEladzoxs 30 
ts!a'sE £ waex, yixs he'ex gwe'x' £ idayu a'*'ma." — "( )' £ mlswist!a axa', 
a'Einl la £ s lixdawIlxsEn wa'x'ex ts!a'yoL," £ ne'x -£ laeda tslEda'q. 
La' £ lae ts!EXLa'lax -£ IdEs la'xa lEgwi'l. La' £ lae x - I'x £ ed -'na'xweda 
k'a'tslEnaq. La' £ laeda ts'.e'daq le'iiEmap!ix-Idxa ka'ts!i;naxs la'e 
k!umk!umE'lg"ig-ax- £ kleda k - a'ts!Enaxde. LaE'm ya'Lioweda ts!e'- 35 
daqxa k'a'tslEnaq. 



712 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

37 Then the woman was pregnant, and gave birth to a child. | The 
child she had borne was a boy. For a long time the woman staid in 
the house; | then she longed for her father and her mother. "Let 

40 us || see the grandparents of your master!" said the woman. "Let | 
us go!" said the man. Then they went out to go to their | house. 
They entered the house. The mother of the woman saw her | child. 
"Oh, oh, oh!" said the mother of the woman. "Welcome, | my 

45 treasure ! Now take pity on your slaves, for what || can surpass our 
need of sympathy? Welcome! | Bring your child, that I may carry 
it in my arms." | Then the woman put her child in her arms, and | 
the mother of the woman carried it. She looked the child in the 
face. "What | should there be? Its eyes were holes, its face was a 

50 little green, and moss was on the side of its face. II Then the woman 
said, "Ah!" and threw away the child. | "What is the matter with 
this chdd ? Confound it [indeed, you begin to be dead in the house!]" | 
said on her part the mother of the (woman). "Don't speak about 
me in vain anxiously, | that I should come again (and that you 
should) see me. I just had pity on you; | therefore I came and tried 

55 to get to you." Thus she said to her mother and her || father. Then 
the mother of the woman followed her. "Come, | take pity on me! 
Give mo your child, that I may carry it." — "O my dear! I am | 
going back. I do not return to you at all. You have pushed aside | 
my child," the woman just said to her mother. | The mother of the 



37 La' £ lae bowe'x £ w!deda tslEda'q. La' £ lae ma'yuHda. BEgwa' 
nEm £ lat!a mii'yoLEmasa tsteda/q. La'lae ga'leda tsteda'q. La'- 
£ lae tsHxi'le na'qa £ yas qaes omp LE £ wis abE'mp. "Ladza'x'ins 

40 do'x £ w!dEq gaa'gEmpasox g'I'yaqos," £ ne'x" £ laeda tslEda'q. "We'- 
dzaxins," £ ne'x ,£ lat!eda bEgwa'nEm. La/ £ lae Lla'sta qa £ s le lii'xes 
g - ok u . La/'lae lae'L. La/ £ lae do'x £ waLEle abE'mpasa tsteda/qaxes 
xiino'k u . "(), 6, 6, 6," £ ne'x ,£ lat!eda abE'mpasa tshsda'q, "ge'la- 
k - as £ la Lo'gwa £ e. LaE'mk - wl'wosilagag'as q!a'q!Ek'ugos qa £ ma'- 

45 sesEnu £ x 11 la e'taga'wa £ yasg"anu £ x" wl'woslla qag'anu £ x u . Ge'la- 

k"as £ la xuno'k u , ge'latsos xuno'kwaqos qsn q!al £ e'daEnLaq." 

La' e lae qlala'maseda tsiEda'qases xuno'k". LaEm £ la'wis q!al £ e'- 

deda abE'mpasa tslsda'q. La' £ lae do'qumdxa gina'nEm. £ ma,'sLe- 

lawis? Kwa'lkux u stobida £ wa, lE'nxEmbida £ wa, p!E'lp!EltsEnuLE- 

50 mala. La' £ lae "ha," £ ne'x" £ laeda tslEda'q, ts!Ex £ e'dxa gina'nEm. 
" £ ma'dzox gwa'laasaxsa g"ina'nEmx. Ladza' £ mas lE £ lEla'g'iliLa," 
£ ne'x -£ lat!a abE'mpasa g'Ina'nEm. "Gwa'las wul-'E'm lE'lwiq lalaLEii 
es wal c[En g - a'xe e't!ed do'x £ waLEla g'a'xEn. A' £ mexdEg'in wax' 
wa'sos g'a'xeldEn wax - la'x'da £ xoL," e ne'x ,£ laexes abE'mp LE £ wis 

55 omp. La' £ hie qa'tsEmaeda abE'mpasa tslEda'q: "Ge'lag'a wa'- 
x £ ex, ge'ts5s xuno'kwaqos qEn q!al £ e'daEnLaq." — -"Aadit', la £ niEn 
l&L ae'daaqaL, es wal qan la'En ae'daaq Iol, e't!edadza xe't!e- 
dExg'in xuno'giin," £ ne'x -£ lat!a a'Emxes abE'mpeda ts!Eda'q. 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 713 

woman cried in vain. The woman just started to go || to her hus- GO 
band, to the ghosts. There | she staid. She did not come back. 
That is the house of the ghosts. That is | the end. | 

The Soul of Man. — Now I shall talk | about what the shamans and 1 
twins, those who are born two | of one mother, say. This is what is 
referred to as Salmon twin. | I shall talk about this first, because she 
talked franjdy || about the sold of twin male and | female, for a 5 
woman who was called Yayaxuyega talked very openly about it. | 
She had a large scar high up between her | breasts. I asked her how 
she was hurt, and she just laughed. | She said to me, "Don't you 
know? I am a Salmon chdd, || and my sweetheart is the man who 10 
was born with me as twin | from the same mother. What you ask 
about is a spear-mark on me, | made when we were going up the river 
when I was a sockeye-salmon. | The spear of the one who speared me 
broke off. And then I went home to our house (where I lived) with | 
Maesila (guardian of salmon). Our souls always walk about among 
you || in your villages, but you don't see | us, for we are only souls. 15 
Then I | asked my sweetheart MamEnlaye £ , who was an olachen, 
to I leave (with me) our tribe, because they were talking about my 
having | ManiEnlaye £ for my lover; therefore we entered || our pre- 20 

Qlwa'saEl wa'x - e abE'mpasa tslEcla'q. A'Em £ lawis qiiVldeda 
tslEda'q qa £ s la la'xes la' £ wunEm, laE'm la'xa la /£ lenox u . LaE'm 60 
xEk'!a', k'!es ae'daaq. He'Em la g - o'kul6tseda la/ £ lenox". LaE'm 
qlulba'. 

The Soul of Man (BEx £ iinesa bEgwiiiiEme). — La £ mEn gwagwex"s- 1 
E alaJ lax waldEmasa paxala LE £ wa yikwPlEinexa ma £ lokwas mayoLE- 
mases abEmp. Wii, heEm gwE £ yo L!aL!ayadza £ ya ylkwFlEme. He- 
dEn lag - ila he g'il gwagwex's £ alase, yixs xEULElae qlweq!ulk'!alaxs 
gwagwex - s £ alae laxa bEx £ iina £ yasa yikwFlEme bEgwaiiEma Lo E ma 5 
ts!Edaqe, yixs hae xEnLEla q!weq!uhY!aleda tslEdaqexa Legadas 
Yayaxuyega, yixs lexaeda qlEta lax awagawa e yas ek"!ana e yas 
dzedzamiis. La £ mesen wuLaq lax yilgwasases; a e mese daMda. Wa, 
la mek'a g-axEn: " K'osLas k - !es qlaLElaxg'in L!aL!ayadza £ ygk' 
le £ weii waLElaxEn bEx u k" !5tagawa £ yex laxEnu £ x u j'ikwFlEmeg'asE- 10 
nu £ x u lax abEmpa. Wii, yu £ maos wiiLasE £ waq5s sElcayox g - axEn- 
Laxg - anu £ x u laq ts'.Elx'a laxa £ wa laxEn mElek'ik'. Wa, la &l £ ede 
miisasa sEX' £ Ide g'axEn. A £ mesEn la nii £ nak u laxEnu £ x u g'okwe lo £ 
Maesila. Wa, hemEnala £ mesEnu £ x u g-ax g'Ig-Elgexg-anu £ x u be- 
bExiine lax - da £ xoL laxos g'Ig'ox u dEmsex. Wii, las k!es dociiila 15 
g'a,XEnu £ x u qaxg-anu £ x u £ naxwa £ mek' bEx £ una'"ya. Wii, lie-mesEn 
la axk'!alasxEn waLElax laxoxMamEnlaya £ ye, yix dzaxunae qEnu £ x u 
g'iixe basEnu £ x u g-okwiilotaxs xEiiLElae dEntElasEnu £ x u waLalae- 
na £ ye le £ wox MamEidaya £ e. Wii, he £ mesEnu £ x u g-axela lak'lae- 



714 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [Era. ANN. 35 

21 tended mother, LaeLas, and therefore | we just call her by that 
name." Thus said Yayaxuyega. | 

Then I questioned her, because she said that all the souls of | twins 
went back to the village of Maesila at the outer edge of our world, | 
and therefore I asked her, "Is that the only place where the souls of || 

25 men go, to Maesila?" Thus I said to her. Then she said, "The | 
village of Ealexusiwalis, who is referred to by us as killer-whale, is not- 
far away. The | sea-hunters go there; for the souls of the sea- 
hunters come from | Ealex u siwahs, whom we call killer-whale. | 

30 When the souls get tired, they go home || to the village of Ealexusi- 
walis. Then | the man, the owner of the hunter's soul, does not live 
long when he goes home, and he dies, | for he is not strong when his 
soul does not hold together | his body. Now watch my lover 
MamEnlaye £ , | who came with me when we escaped from our || 

35 parents, when they talked too much about our | being lovers, for he 
says that he is going home, and that his | soul has already gone to the 
souls of the Salmon, when they die in the rivers after | spawning. 
And when they die, their souls go home | to the outside of our world. 

40 Now MamEnlaye £ || has never any strength, for he is sleeping all the 
time. | He has no happiness." Then I asked Yayaxuyega | why the 

20 dzEndxox laqEnu £ x u abEmpboIaxox LaeLasex. PIe £ mEnu £ x u lag - ila 
aEm LeqElas LegEmasox," £ nek'e Yayaxuyega. 

Wa, Ieii wuLaq qaxs 'neloiaqexs £ wi £ la £ mae aedaaqe bEx e una £ yasa 
LlfuJayadza^ye lax g'6kulasasa Maesila lax L'.asodesasEns £ nalax. 
Wa, he £ mesEn lag'ila wuLaq: "Lex'a £ mae laatsa bE.x £ una £ yasa bE- 

25 gwanEme Maesila?" £ nek'EiiLaq. Wii, la £ nek"a yixs k'lesae qwe- 
sale g'okulasasa Ealex u si\valisxi:ns gwE £ yowe max £ enox u . Wii, heicm 
hVnakiVlatsa bEx £ una £ yasa es £ alewinoxwe, qaxs he £ mae g - aya £ na- 
kiile bKx £ iina £ yasa es £ ;ilewinoxwa Ealex u siwalisexEns gwE £ yowe max- 
£ enoxwa. Wa, g'il £ mese wisq!EX -£ IdExs yae lox lae nil £ nakwe bEx- 

30 £ iina £ yas lax g - 6kulasas Ealex u siwalis. Wa, k"!est!e gala q!Qleda 
bEgwanEinexa alewinoxwe bEx £ iinenux"sa la na £ nak\va lae wik"!E- 
x £ eda, qaxs k" leasae laxwa £ ya qaes bKx £ una £ yaxs k'leasae la axala 
lax ok!wina e yas. Wii, laEms doqulalxEn wai.Elax yixnx MamEn- 
laya £ vC'X, yixEn £ nEmokwaxg'in g , axaolg"anu e x u aweqwasEnu £ x u 

35 g'ig'aolnokwa, yixs lae Lomax -£ id gwagwex's £ ala g"axEnu £ x u laxE- 
nu £ x u war.alaena^e, yixs £ nek"aex, laEin lal nii £ nax u LE, lE £ maes bE- 
x £ una £ ya liinEwex bebEx £ una £ yasa k' !ok" lutElax Lae h"'li: £ l laxa e waxs 
lae xwela £ wa. Wii, g"il £ mese £ wi £ la lelE £ lxs lae £ wl £ la nii £ nakwe bebE- 
x £ (ina £ ye lax LlasodesasEns £ nalax. Wa, la £ mesox MamEnlaya £ yex 

40 la hewiixaF.m la lalox £ w!da, yixs a £ maex la hemEnal £ Em la mexa; 
k"!es la elc!ex £ edaenoxwa." Wii, lEn wtiLax Yayaxuyega lax 



BOisJ BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 715 

heart of him to whom she referred as her lover was bad. She only 42 
laughed | and said, "His heart is bad, because I am married to | 
•max u mEwes." Thus she said. Then Yiiynxiiyega said, "We are 
always || walking along with the souls of the Salmon in the night. | 45 
for they are all human beings." Thus she said. Then I asked her 
about | the seat of the soul of the Salmon, and also of man. | She 
laughed again and said, "Why, don't you | know? It always sits 
on the head, and the || soids of the Salmon also sit on the heads; but it 50 
is different with the souls of the sea-hunters. [ They immediately go 
into their killer-whale masks, | and they go hunting seals." | 

Then I questioned her again, and I said to her, "Go on, tell me, 
now, | that I may believe that you really know what you are talking 
about. What || becomes of our souls when we sleep in the night? 55 
Doesn't the soul also go to | sleep?" Thus I said to her. Then she 
laughed again and said, "You are a | foolish man, really you are 
foolish that you think the soul \ of man, and of woman, goes to sleep. 
No, the soul never | goes to sleep at night, nor in the day. In the 
day it stays together || with us, and keeps watch over us. But when 60 
night comes, and we go to sleep, | then our soul immediately leaves 
us, and goes to a distant | land. And then we dream of the place to 
which our soul goes, | and what it is doing. Now the person is not 
dead when he sleeps, | only he has no strength when he is asleep, for 

£ yag'imas naqa £ yas gwE £ yas waLEles wEq'.wa. A £ mese daMda. Wii, 42 
la £ nek - a: "HeEin-El £ y5g'imsox naqa £ yasoxgnn lak" liinvadEsox 
£ max u niEwesax", mek'ox. Wii, laEin s nek - e Yayaxuyegaxg'ins 
hemEnalamieg'ins qaqEsala LE e wa bEx s una e yasa k* !ok" lutElaxa gaga- 45 
noLe qaxs £ naxwa £ mae bebEgwanEma," meke. Wii, laEn witi.aq 
lax klwalaasas bEx £ iina £ yasa k'!ok!iitEla r.6 e mEnsaxg'ins bebE- 
gwanEmek". Wii, laxae daWda. Wii, lii £ nEk'a: "K'osi.as k"!es 
qlaLElaa? yomaas klwalEns oxLii £ yex. Wii, laxae hei:m k!wale 
l)i;x £ una £ yasa k"!ok!utEle oxL:i £ yas. Wii, lfii.a oguqalaxa l)i:x £ una- 50 
£ yasa es £ alewinoxwe, yixs a £ mae hex £ idaEm lats!a, laxes maxEmle 
qa £ s lii alexwaxa megwate. 

Wa, laxaEn et!ed wiiLiiq. Wii, Ieu £ nek'Eq: "Weg'a gwas £ Idiox 
qEn 6q!us £ IdaoL, alaEm q!a,LElaxos waldEmi e lalag"lliiex. Watens 
bEx £ una £ yex, yixgins liig'ins mex £ edxa ganoLe k" !esae ogwaqaEm 55 
mexaa," £ nEk - EiiLaq. Wii, laxae clal^ida. Wii, lii £ neka: "YuLaxs 
nEnolaex bEgwaiiEma, alas iieiioIo, yixs ; 'nek'aaxEnc[osaq me £ xeno- 
xwa bE.x £ una £ yasa birgwanEme LE £ wa tslEdaqe. K - !e; yixs kMesae 
me £ xenoxwa bEx £ una £ yaxa ganoLe LE £ wa £ nala, xa £ nala lii q!ap!ex'sa 
LE £ wEns qaes q!aq!alalae g'iixEiis, wiix - e ganoMda liig'ins mex £ eda, 60 
wa, hex' £ ida £ mesEns bEx £ una £ ve bawEns qa £ s lii laxa qwesala 
awinagwisa. Wii, he £ mesEns g - ax mexa £ ye lalalasasEns l)Ex £ una £ ye 
LE £ wis gwegilase. Wii, laEin k'!es lE £ lt5da bEgwaiiEmaxs mexae. 
La a.Em k - !eas la laxwes, yixs mexae qaxs lag q!ane £ stes bEx £ una £ ye. 



716 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 35 

65 his soul goes traveling about; If and when it is near day, the soul 
comes back again and \ sits on top of the head of the man. Then the 
man awakes | and gets up. If the soul of a man who is asleep goes 
too far away | and comes not back again, the man remains in bed | 

70 asleep and is dead. The time when this happens is when the || soul 
goes to another man and makes a mistake." | Then I questioned her: 
"Where do the souls of | all those who are not twins and who are not 
sea-hunters go, — those of the common | people? Where do the souls 
go when the owner of the soul dies?" Thus | I said to her. Then 

75 Yayax u yega became angry and said, || "Don't they always stay in 
the village not very far from the other end | of the village? and don't 
they come walking about at night?" | Then she said, "I shall stop 
answering your questions. | It occurs to my mind that I have been 
the cause of anger for the Salmon and of the souls of the | dead ones, 

80 because 1 talk about it. I think they will come II to get me now and 
take me home." Then I said, "Are you going to die? and do you say 
for that reason | that you will go home?" Thus I said to her. 
Then she cried, | and she said, "Indeed, I have done harm to myself, 
because I talked to you, | for I have divulged the ways of the | Salmon 

85 people." Now I was really in her disfavor, and she was || really crying. 
Then I left her. I 



65 Wii, g'il £ mese ex'iila £ nax £ nlExs g'axae aedaaqeda l>Kx £ una £ ye qa £ s lii 
k'.waxLalabEndxa bEgwaiiEme. Wa, lu''x £ ida £ mese ts!Ex ,£ Ideda bE- 
gwanEme, qa £ s Lax £ wide; wiix'e qwaqwesg'ilakina bEx £ iina £ yasa bE- 
gwanEinaxs mexae } T ixs k - lesae g'ax aedaaqa. Wii, la £ me xEk' !ael 
mexeda bEgwanEme, laEin lE £ la. HeEm hex'dEms gwex £ ide bE- 

70 x £ una £ yas, yixs lae laxa ogu £ lame bEgwanEma, yixs LexLek'Elsae, 
yixs hee gwex' £ ide." Wii, laxaEn wfiLiiq lax laasasa bEx £ ima £ vasa 
£ naxwaxa kMese L!aL!ayadza £ ya LE £ wa k'!ese alewinoxwaxa baxtise 
bEgwanEma, £ wl £ ste bEx £ Qna £ yas, yixs lae 1e £ 1§ bEx £ unenok\vas, 
£ nek"EnLaq. Wii, la £ me lawas £ ida yix Yayaxuyega. Wii, la £ nek - a: 

75 "EsaeLa hemEnaia he g'okuleda k'lese alaEm qwesala lax apsba- 
lasasa g'okula. Wa, hij £ mis g'ax q!iinEme £ stElsxa gaganoLe. Wa, 
la £ nek'a: "La £ niEn gwal nii £ naxmexes waLi £ liilasE £ wos. La £ megin 
mElx £ waLElaxg in ts'.Engumelg'asa k'!ok!iitEla LE e wox bi;x £ una- 
£ yaxsa la lelE £ laxg"in la.k* gwagwex's £ ala laq; lax"Es £ meg"in gaxL 

80 dasol qEii lii nii £ nakwa." Wii, laxaEn £ nek'a: "La £ mas lE £ lLa lag'i- 
laos £ nek'Exs lEmaex lal nii £ nax u L," e nek"EnLaq. Wii, la £ me qlwii- 
g - a £ la. Wii, lii £ neka: QaL, la £ mEn q!ulex'st!Eqa qaEn gwek'lE- 
g'alase laL, qaxg'in liik' bax £ us £ idamasxEiiu £ x u gwex - sdEmaxg - a- 
nu £ x" L!aL!ayadza £ yek - ." Wa, la £ me alax £ Id w anex £ idEn. La £ me 

So alax £ id q'.wasa. Wii la £ mEn bas laxeq. 



iioas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 717 

Now her brother MamEnlaye e , to whom Yayaxiiyega | referred 86 
as her lover, was asleep all the time. He was depressed; | and his 
father Yaqal £ Enala went up to the roof of his house, | and he called 
ManiEnlaye £ to go up and help him. || Immediately MamEnlayaye 90 
went up to the roof of his house; | and when he just reached the place 
where his father Yaqal £ Enala was, his foot slipped, | and he fell 
through the roof of the house, and he was | killed. Then Yayaxiiyega 
said that his soul had | gone home long ago. Not long after this 
Yayaxiiyega || also died. This was all what the | one said who 95 
spoke openly about those born from the Salmon. 

I forgot one thing. When I asked the Salmon woman Yayaxii- 
yega | what the soul of man was, whether it is large | or small, she 
said, ''Don't you see your shadow on the || ground when the sun is 100 
shining? That is just like the soul. When | the soul wishes to sit- 
where it is always seated, | on our head, then it is small. In the 
day time it is small, | but when we are asleep, it is big, when it trav- 
els about where it is going." | 

And Yayaxiiyega said also this to her mother Laexas. || There were 5 
three elder sisters of Yayaxiiyega. She called her | mother to come 
and sit down on her bed, and she said to her, | "You and your hus- 
band are very bad, for 3 r ou do not know how | to take care of us. 

Wa, laEin a £ me wEq'.wiise MamEnlaya £ ye, yix gwE £ yas Yayaxu- 86 
yeg'a waLala aEni heniEnalaEin mexa. Wa, laEm xulse naqa £ yas. 
Wa, la ompas, yix Yaqal £ Enala lag'iis lax ogwasases g'okwe. Wa, 
la Le £ lalax MamEnlaya £ ye qa las lag'usta qa g'lwaliseq. Wa, hex- 
£ ida £ niese MamEnlaya e ye la lag'usta laxa salases g'okwe. Wa, 90 
he £ mis ales lag'aa lax axasases ompe Yaqal £ Enala laase tsaxELEle 
g - dgu £ yas. Wa, la £ me texsa laxa salases g - okwe. La £ me 
heba e ya. Wa, a £ niese f nek"e Yayaxuyeg'a qlEyohlde la nama- 
kwe bEXHina £ yasox. Wa, k - !est!a qweseg'a £ ye Yayaxiiyega 
laaxat! ogwaqa wIk'!Ex £ eda. Wa, laEm £ wi £ le waklEmi £ lalasa 95 
nEmox u me g'ax q!weq!ulk"!alasa £ naxwa LaL!ayadza £ ya. 

G"axoLEn L'.Elewesogwa, yixg'inlak'wuLaxa L'.aL!ayadza £ ye Yaya- 
xuj-ega lax g'wex'sdEmasa bEx £ una £ yasa bEgwanEme lo £ £ walas 
lo £ Ema. Wa, la £ nek"a: "Esas doqfllaxes g'ag'omasos laxa awl- 
nak'.usaxs L!esElae. Wa, heEm gwexsa bEx £ flna £ ye. Wa, g il £ mese 100 
£ nek - eda bEx £ una £ ye qa £ s lii k'.wala laxes hemEnala £ mex k'.walaasEns 
6xLa £ yex la amabido £ la. Wa, heEm amax ,£ idEx £ Emsexs £ nalae. 
Wa, gil £ mesEns mexa lae £ walas £ Ida yixslae q!Ene £ sta laxes lalalase." 

Wa, he £ mise waldEmas Yayaxiiyega laxes flbEmpe LaeLase, 
yixs yudukwae ts'.edaqe £ no £ nElas Yayaxiiyega. Wii, la Le £ lalaxes 5 
abEmpe qa g'Sxes k'.wag'alll lax qElgwi £ lasas. Wa, la £ nek'Eq: 
"Lomas £ yaex"sEma le £ wos la £ wunEmaqos, yixs £ yag ilwataaqos lax 
aek'ila g - axEnu £ x u . Wa, la £ mesEn laL na £ nak u qEnLo £ wI1olxox 



718 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth ann. 35 

Now I shall go home, and take the | souls of my elder sisters." 
110 Thus she said. It was only three II days since the time when Yayaxii- 
yega had said so to her mother when she died; | and it was not one 
winter when her | three elder sisters died, and their parents soon 
followed them. I That is all to be said about this. I 



1 Now I shall talk about what is said by the shaman, about the | 
soul of man, by the great shaman Qasnomalas. That is | his name as 
a shaman, as a | chief of thenumaym SisEiiL!e £ of the Nak !wax' da £ x u 
5 his name is G'ex"se £ stalisEme £ . || When Lanax'lanag'Ek u , the princess 
of Ts lagEyos, was very sick, | her grave-box had already been made, 
and they were about to wrap up her body. I was with the | Nak Iwax'- 
da £ x u , having been invited. When night came, the | shaman Qas- 
nomalas was asked to go and feel for the sickness. | He went and sat 

10 down on the floor towards the fire from the woman. || First he felt of 
the top of her head, and he had not felt for a long time, | when the 
shaman said, "She has no soul, it flew away long ago. | Go on, clear 
your house that my tribe the Nak !wax'da £ x u may come, | and I shall 
try to get back her soul. Now get | four kinds of sweet food, and 

15 also four pretty dishes, || and put the sweet food into them, and also 
some clo tiling of this | sick one; and none of the young women shall 

bebEx £ una £ yaxsEn £ non £ Elax - ," £ nex -£ lae. Wa, a £ mese yudux u p!En- 
110 xwa £ s £ nale £ nex"dEinas Yayaxuyega laxes abEinpdaxs lae wlk'lEx- 
£ ida. Wa, k'!est!a £ nEmxEnxe tslawEnx lae £ wI £ wEla wik"!Ex £ ides 
yudukwe £ no £ nEla. Wa, a £ mese helEwig'aye g'ig'aolnokwaseq. Wii, 
laEin laba waldEmas laxeq. 

1 Wii, la £ mesEn gwagwex's £ alal lax waldEmasa pax&la qaeda bEx £ ii- 
na £ yasa bEgwanEme, yixa £ walasda paxale Qasnomalas. Wii, heEin 
LegEms laxes pExena £ ye. Wa, la LegadEs G'exse £ stalisEma £ ye liixes 
g"IgEma £ yaasa nE £ memotasa SlsEnL'.e £ laxa Nak!wax"da £ xwe. Wa, 
5 lii alak - !ala ts!Ex - q!e Liinax'lanag'Ekwe k'ledelas Ts'.agEyose, ylxs 
lE £ mae gwalale dEg - ats!e LE £ wes qlanebEmLe. Wii, la £ mesEn g'igexa 
Nak!wax - da £ xwe yixs LelElakwae. Wii, g - il £ mese ganol £ ida lae ax- 
k" !alasE £ weda paxale Qasnomalase qa £ s la p!ex £ widxa ts!Ex - qa. Wii, 
la £ mese qa £ s lii k!wag - alil lax Llasalilasa ts!Ex - q!a tslEdaqa. Wii, 

10 he £ misgil p !ex £ witso £ se 5xLa £ yas. Wa, k'!est!e geg'ilil plexwaqexs 
lae £ nek"eda p&xala: "K" lease bEX £ una £ yasox; gEyol £ ide la p!El £ Ida. 
Wag'a ex £ w!dExs g'okwaqos qa g'axlag'isEn g'okulotaxa Nak'.wax - - 
da £ xwa qEn wiig'i liiloL!ax bEx £ iina £ yasox. Wii, laEms laloiJaLEx 
moxwidala ex - p!aemaha £ ma £ ya; he £ mise mowexLa esEk - ha £ maats!ii 

15 qa g'ets'.Ewatsa ex - p!aema ha £ ma £ ya. Wa, he £ mise gwelgvviilasoxda 
ts'.EX'q'.ax. Wii, lal k'!eas g'axltsa ealostagase tsledaqa qo exEnta- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 719 

come, because they might be menstruating," | said the shaman. 17 
Now I heard what he said, | for I went with him, because he is the 
uncle of my wife. Now we ] went out of the house, and then the 
house was cleared out; and || after the house had been cleared 20 
out, they walked and called all the grown-up | men of the Gosg'i- 
mux u , and the Nak!wax'da £ x u , and also | the grown-up women. 
But Qasnomalas did not want the young | men and the young women 
to come as spectators, because they are | careless, being lovers or 
menstruating, for their exhalation would make the sick woman 
worse, I! according to the saying of the Indians, who say that the 25 
sick one gets at once worse | when a menstruating woman comes near 
a sick person. That | is called by the Indians " to steam the sick 
one," when a menstruating woman goes to see her | sick relatives; 
and therefore the relatives of the | sick one do not want the sick one 
to be seen. And also they do not allow young people II who are just 30 
married to see the sick one, because they | believe that they are 
always in bed together, and that is the same as | menstruation. 
Their exhalation is bad for the sick one. | And if the sick one dies, | 
the Indians say that he has been affected by the exhalation. If a 
young woman goes || to see him, or a young man goes to see the sick 35 
one, they | often find a recently used napkin of a menstruating woman 
behind the I taboo house of the sick woman. I 



laxo," £ nek - eda paxala. Wa, lamiEn £ wi £ laEm wuleIqx waldEmas 17 
qaxg'in la £ mek" lageq qaxsq!uleyaasgin gEiiEmk - . Wa, la £ mEnu £ x u 
hoqiiwEls laxa g'okwe. Wa, le ekwasE-'weda g - okwe. Wii, g'il £ mese 
gwal ekwiixa g - okwe, laase qas £ ideda la Le £ lalaxa ealak"'.Ene 20 
bebEgwanEmasa Gosg'imuxwe LE £ wa Nak!waxda £ x u . Wii, he £ misa 
alak'lEne tsledaqs qaxs k'lesae Qasnomalase ketq!alaq lada ealo- 
stawe ha £ yala LE £ wa ealostagase ts!edaq la x"its!ax - ila qaxs k'!esae 
q!eq!ag'ilaleda wewaLala LE £ wa exEnta q5 lalax k"!al £ Idxa tslEX'qla 
ts !Edaqa lax waldEmasa bak !ume, yixs £ nek*aaqexs hex' £ ida £ mae xeuI- 25 
£ ideda ts'.EX'q'.axs lae nExwax' £ ideda exEnta ts'.Edaqxa .ts!Exq!a. 
HeEin gwE £ yasa bak'.ume k'!al £ Idxa ts'.Ex - q!a, yixa exEntaxs lae 
doqwaxes LeLELalax ts!Ex - qae. Wii, he £ mis lilg'ilasa LeLELalasa 
ts!EX"q!a k'!es helq'.alaq la doqwasE £ wes ts'.EX'qla. Wa, heEmxat! 
k - !es helqlolEm la doqwaxa ts'.EX"q!axa g - Eg - ilgowe Elosta ha £ ya- 30 
sEk'ala qaxsk'odElae k"!es gwal nExwala laxes g'aelase, yixs £ nEmii- 
x - is £ maeda £ nExwalaLE £ wa exEnta £ yax - sEm qaeda tslEX'qayixs k' !al- 
£ edaaq. Wa, he £ maasexs lae wlk - !Ex £ Ideda ts'.EX - q!ax - de lii hex - - 
£ idaEm £ nek'eda bakhimaqexs k - !a £ lkwae yisa alostagas ts'.Edaq la 
ddqwaq loxs alostaeda bEgwiinEme la doqwaxa ts!EX'q!a, yixs 35 
q'.unalae q!asE £ weda alomase edEmsa exEnta dzEms lax aLana £ yasa 
hose ts!EX"q!aats!esa tslEX'qla ts!Edaq. 



720 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ajjs.S6 

When all the Gosg'imux u and the Nak!wax'da £ x u had gone in, | 

40 they went and sat down in the rear of the large house. Then || a 
long narrow board was taken and was put down in the rear | of the 
house between two rows of men who sat facing each other. 1 | Then 
many batons were taken and | given to the Gosg'imux" and the 
Nak !wax'da £ x u . | After this had been done, eagle-down was taken and 

45 was put on || the two rows of men who sat facing each other in the 
rear | of the house. When this was done, the sick woman was taken 
and | was placed on a new mat which was spread in front of the | 
outer row of men in the rear of the house. | The shamans of the 

50 Nak!wax'da £ x u gave them instructions what to do; || for the Gosg'i- 
mux u did not know what would be done by the | Nak !wax' da £ x u for 
the great shaman Qasnomalas. As soon as | everything was ready, 
they all beat fast time together, all those who beat time for the | 
shaman; and they had not beaten time long, before they stopped. | 
Four times this was done. When they stopped beating fast time the 

55 last time, || the shaman Qasnomalas came in carrying his rattle. | 
Then he stood on the floor inside of the door of the house. He did 
not | make any noise. He only looked at the sick woman. Then he | 
said, "Come,L lemElxalag'ilis, — and j'ouK'Enxwalayugwa, — and you | 

GO max' nag' Em — and you Q Iwalax' ilayugwa, for I pray you to help || me. 

38 Wa, g'il £ mese £ wFlaeLeda Gosg'imuxwe LE £ wa Nak!wax'da £ xwe 
laas ha £ staEm klwaleda ogwiwalllasa £ walase g'okwa. Wa, la £ me 

40 ax £ etsE £ vveda g'ilt!a ts!eq!a saokwa qa £ s la pax £ al!lEm laxa ogwiwa- 
lllasa g'okwe, lax awagawa £ yasa k'imk'EqEgEmllla malts !agu £ nakula 
bebEgwanEma. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda q!enEme tletlEinyayuwa qa £ s la 
ts!awaesElayu laxa Gdsgimuxwe LE £ wa Nak!wax'da £ xwe. Wa, g'il- 
£ mese gwala lii ax £ etsE £ we qEmxwasa kwekwe qa £ s la qEinxwidayu 

45 laxa kimk'EqEgEinllle malts !agu £ nakula bebEgwanEm laxa ogwiwa- 
walllasa g'okwe. Wa, le ax £ etsE £ weda tslsx'qa ts'.Edaqa qa £ s 
g'axe qElgudzolIlEm laxa tslEX'ase le £ wa £ ya LEbel lax Llasalllasa 
L'.asEx -£ idalIlesa bebEgwanEme laxa ogwiwalllasa g'okwe. Wii, 
la £ me hex'sa £ ma pepaxalasa Nak!wax'da £ xwe aaxsllax gwegwalagi- 

50 lilasas qaxs k'lesae q!aLEleda Gosg'imuxwe lax gwayi £ lalasasa Na- 
k!wax'da £ xwe qaeda £ walase paxalae Qasnomalase. Wa, g'il £ mese 
£ wi £ la gwalala laase £ nEmax' £ id LexEdzodeda £ naxwa Lexemelxa 
]>fixala. Wii, k'!est!e geg'illla LexEdza £ yaxs lae £ nEmax' £ Id gwala. 
Wa, liimop'.Ena he gwex £ ide. Wii,. g'il £ mese gwal LexEdzaya eIx- 

55 La £ ye g'axaase g'axeLeda paxala, yix Qasnomalase dalaxes yadEne. 
Wa, lii Lax £ ulll lax awlLEliisa tlEX'ilasa g'Skwe. LaEm k'leas 
gwek'liilats; laEm aEm doqwalaxa ts'.EX'q'.a ts!Ediiqe. Wa, la 
£ nek'a: "Gela L!emElxalag"flis, so £ mets K'Enxwalayugwa, so £ mets 
£ nax'nag'Em, wa so £ mets Q!walax'ilayugwa, qa £ s waxaos g'I £ wala 

•'On each side o[ the long narrow board. 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 721 

You are not prostitutes." Thus he said to them. Immediately | 60 
the four women went to where he was standing. Then Qasnomalas 
asked for | red cedar-bark for neck-rings and for head-rings, and also 
for | eagle-down. Immediately they went and gave it to him, and | 
he gave it to each of the four women. When they all had || neck- 65 
rings of red cedar-bark and head-rings, the shaman j Qasnomalas put 
eagle-down on the four women; | and as soon as he had done so, he 
separated the women, who had to go each | to one corner of the 
house. Now the women were standing there. | Then Qasnomalas 
spoke again, and said, "Bring || the grave-box into which you were 70 
about to put her whom 1 shall bring back to life, and the wrapping in 
which you were about to wrap her, | if she had been taken by £ yayak'i- 
laga; f or 1 can see her | soul, which I shaU put back." Thus said the 
great shaman. Then | they put down the grave-box which was full 
of blankets, which were to have been wrapped around her | who was 
to be brought back to life by the great shaman. And he asked for || 
some clothing of the sick woman who was to be brought back to life, | 75 
and for four dishes with sweet food. | All this was put down where 
he stood. Then he asked one of the | Nak!wax'da £ x u , another 
shaman, to come and break up the grave-box, | and to throw all on 
the fire in the middle of the soul-catching house. || Then the other 80 
shaman went carrying an ax and broke the | grave-box into pieces 

g'axEn. So £ maas k'!es LeLasgasa," mek'Eq. Wa, hex -£ ida £ mesa 60 
niokwe ts!Edaq la lax Lawilasas. Wii, lii Qasnomalas dakMalax 
LlagEkwa qa qeqEnxawes Lo £ qa qeqaxEnies. Wii, he £ mise qam- 
xwasa kwekwe. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese la ts!E £ we laq. Wa, hemiis la 
ts!Ewa £ nakulas laxa mokwe ts'.edaqa. Wii, gihmese £ wl £ la la qeqEn- 
xalaxa L!agEkwe LE £ wis qeqEXEma £ ye, lae he £ ma paxala, yix 65 
Qasnomalas qEinx £ wItsa qEmxwiisa kwekwe laxa mokwe tsledaqa. 
Wa, gihmese gwala lae gwela £ liiasa ts!edaqe qa la £ s £ nrd £ nEinokwala 
lax eonegwllasa g'okwe. Wii, la £ me i.ax'LEwileda tsledaqe. Wit, 
la edzaqwa yaq!Eg - a £ le Qasnomalas. Wii, lii £ nek"a: Gelag'axI 
g"its!E £ waslaxsdasEn heli £ liilas6 £ Lex lo £ q!EnebEinlaxsdiisox qaxo 70 
liilaxsdE laLanEins £ yayak'ilagii qaxg in la £ mek' doqiilaxox dex- 
£ iina £ yaxsEn heli £ ]alasoLex," £ nekeda £ walase paxala. Wii, g'axe 
hangalilEma dEgats!e, la qot !axa plElxElasgEmexa q!EnebEin- 
laxsdiis heli £ liilasE £ wasa £ walase paxala. Wii, lii dak'Ialax 
g'ayola lax gwelgwiiliises heli £ lalasE £ wexa ts!Ex'q!a tslEdaqa 75 
LE £ wa moxLa gits!Ewatsa ex - p!aema lnVma £ ya. Wii, g - ax £ me 
£ wi £ la ax £ alelEm lax Lawilasas. Wii, la axkMalaxa g'ayole laxa 
^.ak!wax - da £ xwe ogu £ la paxala qa g'iixes tsotsEx u s £ Eiulxa dEgats'.e 
qa £ wi £ les mox u Lalas laxa laqawalllasa b:ibakwayoL!aats!e g'okwa. 
Wa, la £ mesa 6gu £ la paxala dalaxa sobayo qa £ s tsotsEx u s £ Endexa 80 

75052—21—35 eth— pt 1 46 



722 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.3B 

81 which he threw on the fire in the middle of the house; he took the 
many | blankets that were to be wrapped around her, and threw 
them on the fire in the middle of the house. Two kinds of things | 
were put on the fire by the other shaman. Then he was asked by the 
great shaman to stand in the house. | And Qasnomalas took the cloth- 

85 ing of the || sick woman, carried it as he was going around the fire in 
the middle of the | house, singing his sacred, song and swinging his 
rattle, while all the | men were beating fast time. When he came to 
the place from which he had started, | he sang his sacred song and 
threw the clothes on the fire in the middle of the house. | Then he 

90 took the dish with the sweet food, and put it on the || fire in the mid- 
dle of the house. Then he did the same with the others. They 
only | continued beating fast time, those who heat time for the great 
shaman Qasnomalas; for | all the men are called time-beaters-for- 
the-shaman. | Then the time-beaters beat very fast time. Qasnom- 
alas | took the soul when many (souls) were waiting at the door for the 

95 clothes that were being burned up. || He would say, "You are another 
one!" | and let it go. After he had been doing so for a long time, he 
took hold, with his | right hand, of the soul of the sick woman. 
Then | the time-beaters of the shaman stopped beating fast time. 
Then | the other shaman who was standing there began .to speak, and 
100 said, "Now let her who is being restored sit up, || that my friend may 
put her soul back into her." | Thus he said, and the shaman made the 



81 dEg'ats'.e qa £ s mox u Lales laxa laqawalile. Wii, la ax £ edxa q!enEme 
plElxElasgEma qa £ s lExxales laxa laqawalile. Wa, ma £ ledala £ me 
lax'Lanasa ogu £ la paxala. Wa, laEm axk' !alaso £ qa £ s he £ me Lawile 
yisa E walase paxala. Wa, la Qasnomalas dax ,£ ldxa gwelgwalasa 

85 ts!EX'q!a tstadaqa qa £ s daleqexs lae livstalllelaxa laqawalilasa 
g'okwe yalaqtila, yatElases yadEne, laaLas LexEdzayeda £ naxwa 
bebEgwanEmxes LexEdzEwe. Wa, g'ihmese lag'aa laxes g'iig"illlase 
lae yalagwatEwexs lae lEXLalasa gwelgwiila laxa laqawalile. Wa, la 
dax -£ Idxa ha £ maats!e g'its'.Ewatsa ex'p'.aomase qa £ s k'ax'LEndes laxa 

90 laqawalile. Wa, la £ me £ wl £ la he gwex' £ itsa waokwe. LaEm aEm 
hayolia LexEdzayeda Lfilexemllaxa £ walas paxS-le Qasnomalas qaxs, 
he £ mae LegEmsa £ naxwa bebEgwanEme Lalexemilaxa paxala. Wa 
la £ me alax' £ id LexEdzodeda Liilexemlle. Wa, la £ me Qasnomalase 
dax' £ idxa bEx £ iina £ yaxs g'axae qlenEm g'ax 5lastE £ wex lEqwIlag'i- 

95 laxa gwelgwiila. Wa, lanaxwe £ nek'a: " £ ya, ogMadzas qa £ s 
mEx £ edeq." Wii, la geg'illl he gweg'ile. Wa, la £ me dax -£ itses 
helk"!olts!ana £ ye laxa bEx £ una £ yasa ts'.Ex'q'.a ts!Eclaqa. Wii, la £ me 
gwal LexEdza £ yeda Lalexemilaxa paxala. Wii, la £ me yaq!Eg'a £ leda 
ogMa paxalaxa Lawile. Wii, la £ nek"a: "Wiig'ax'ox k'.wag'alfla 
100 helasE £ wex qa lalag'Isg'En £ nEmokuk - ax £ aLElodEsg - a bEx £ uneg'a- 
sox," £ nek - e. Wa, he £ misa paxala la kwlag'alilaxa ts!Ex - q!a ts!B- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 723 

sick woman sit up. | As soon as she sat up, the great shaman swung 2 
his | rattle, and all the time-beaters beat time. Then the shaman j 
went towards her, opened his left hand, and the soul was sitting on 
it. || He rattled with his right hand: and as soon as he came | to the 5 
sick woman, he gave his rattle to his friend the shaman, | who was 
holding up the sick woman. And he made the soul sit | on her head. 
For a long time he blew on the top of her head ; | and when he finished 
blowing on it, he pressed the top of the head of the sick woman. || 
Then he finished. He arose and spoke. He | said, "Now let our 10 
sisters dance." Thus he said to the four | women who were to 
dance merrdy, because he had recovered the soul of the one who had 
come hack to life, | the one who had been walking with the spirits. 
Thus he said. Then he sang with | slow time-beating, and the time- 
beaters began to sing. || Now the four women danced and the | great 15 
shaman also danced. As soon as the song ended, they finished. 
Then they were paid by him with one hundred blankets, and one 
hundred | blankets were given to the time-beaters of the shaman. 
Then the woman came back to life | after this. That is all about 
this. || 

Now I saw Qasnomalas, who was sitting on the ground | not far 20 
from the other end of the village of the Gosg'imux" at the | north end. 
He called me to come the day following, | after he had caught the 
soul of Lanax'lanae'Ek". I went I and sat down near where he was 



daqa. Wa, gil £ mese klwag'allla laas yat'.ededa £ walase paxalases 2 
yadEne. Wii, lii £ naxwa LexEdzodeda Lalexemile. Wii, la £ me gwa- 
yolaleda pa.xa.la dalales gEmxolts !ana £ ye la k'.wadzEweda bExnina- 
£ yaq. Wa, lii yatElases helk'!otts!ana £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese lag'aa 5 
laxa ts'.EX"q!a tslEdaqa lae ts!ases yadEne laxes c nEmokwa paxa- 
laxa la dalaxa ts!EX'q!a ts'.Edaqa. Wii, lii k!waxi.alabi:ntsa bExui- 
na £ ye lax 5xLii £ yas x'omsas. Wii, lii geg'ilil poxwax 5xLa £ yas. Wa, 
g'il e mese gwal poxwaxs lae'Laxwax 5xLa s yasa tslnxqla tslsdaqa. 
Wa, la £ me gwala. Wa, lii Lax £ ulila qa £ s yaq'.Eg - a £ le. Wii, lii 10 
£ nek'a: "Weg'ax'ins yEx £ weda wiwEq!wa," e nek'exa mokwe ts'.e- 
diiqa qa £ ns eek" lexsele yExwaxs lae hiLEx bEx £ una £ yasa la q!ulax ,£ I- 
deda laEmx'de g'Ig'ilgexa hayalllagase, ="nekExs lae keEin daqalasa 
nEqaxaliis tlEmyase. Wii, la £ me dEnx £ ide Lalexgmflaq. Wii, 
la £ me yEX £ wideda mokwe tsledaqa. Wii, lii ogwaqa yE.xweda 15 
£ walase paxala. Wii, g'ihmese q !ulbe qlEmdEmas lae gwala. Wii, 
la- c me a £ yaso £ sa lak''.Ende plElxElasgEma; wa, he £ misa lak"!Ende 
p'.ElxElasgEm halagEmxa Lexemllaxa paxala. Wa, la £ me q'.iileda 
ts'.Edaqe laxeq. Wii, laEm laba laxeq. 

Wa, la £ mesEn doqfllax Qasnomalas, yixs £ nEinok!wasae k!was 20 
laxa k"!ese qwesala lax apsbalasasa g - ox u dEmsasa Gosg'imuxwe laxa 
gwabalase. Wa, lii Le £ liila g - axEn qEn lii laq laxa la £ nax -£ IdES 
liix'dEmas I&lex bEx £ una £ yas Lanax'lanagEkwe. Wa, la £ mesEn 



724 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

25 sitting on the ground, and he spoke first, || and said, "O son-in-law! 
Wliat do you think about what we | were doing here last night? " 
Thus he said. I just listened to him, and I | replied to him. I said 
to him, "It was a great thing that you did, for | you hroke the coffin 
of the one who woidd have been | not a little sick." Thus I said to 

30 him. Then he laughed and said, || "That is not my wish, son-in-law. 
It is the supernatural power which told me to do | so, and the sold 
of the sick woman which I | saw flying about inside of the house. | 
Therefore I did so, and hroke the coffin." Thus said the great | 
shaman. || 

35 Then I asked him about the soid, whether the soul is large or | 
small. He said, "0 son-in-law! Did you not see | the soul last 
night, which came and sat on my hand ? | It is the size of our thumb, 
when it shrinks and | becomes small; then I put the soul on top of 

40 our || head, and it grows so that it is of the same size as our body, for | 
the body is the house of the soul, for the souls have no houses. | They 
just fly about day and night. | And the owner of the soul is their 
resting-place, and our body is their house. | Those who say that souls 

45 have houses || in this world lie. They have no houses. They just | 
fly about our world. In the morning when it is nearly daylight, | 

klwag'aEls laxa mak*alaEmliixk!wiidzasas. Wii, he £ mis gll yaq!E- 

25 g - a E la. Wa, lii £ nek'a: " £ ya, nEgiimp, wiilos naqa e yaqos qaEns gwe- 
gwalagilllasax ganoLe," £ nek - e. Wa, lEn km hoLelaq. Wii, Ieii 
na £ naxmeq. Wii, Ieii mek'Eq: "Lomafmaasas gwex ,£ idaasos, yixs 
laaqos £ nek' qa £ s tsots5x u sEiidaosaxa dEg'ats!e laxsdasa k' !ese aEm 
gwase ts!Exq!a," e nek'EnLaq. Wii, lii dah'ida. Wii, lii £ nek"a: 

30 " WrdidiilawesEu, nEgiimp, hemaase mawalakwa mek" qEn he gwe- 
x £ ide. Wii, he £ mise bKx £ iina £ yasa ts'i:x<|!a ts!i:da(|\g in la £ meg"in 
doqulaqexs g'ax £ mae p!aLi £ lala lax awlLEliisa gokwe. Wii, he £ me- 
sEn lag'ila he gwex ,£ Id tsotsox u sEndxa dEg'atsIe," £ nek - eda e walase 
pax&la. 

35 Wii, la £ mesEn wuLaq laxa bEx e una E ye wlx'se £ walas £ mae lo £ 
Ema £ ya l)KxHma £ ye. Wii, la £ nek - a: " £ ya, nEgiimp, esas doqiilaxa 
bEx £ una £ yax giinoLexa gaxe k!wadzox"ts!aiiEnd g'axEn, yixs 
yu £ mae £ walasEns qomax'ts !ana £ yex, yixs lae k' !ElwiitsEnda qa £ s 
ainiix' £ ide liighi lagaar.Elots lax bEkwanokwas lax 5xLa £ yaxsEns 

40 x'omsex lae q!wax £ Ida qa £ s lii yiiEm la E walasEns 5k!wlna £ yex qaxs 
yii £ mae g"6x u sa bEx e una e yEns ok!wina e yex, qaxs k'!eiisae g'6x u sa 
bEx £ una £ ye yixs a £ mae p'.ELEme £ stalaxox £ nalax LE £ wa giinoLe. 
Wa, lii heEm x - 5yatses bE.\ £ iinayede qaxg'ins nogwamek" g , 6x u s 
yixEns ok!wina £ ycx Wii, la i.elk'.waeda £ nek'Eq g'ogwadeda bEx £ u- 

45 na £ ye laxa awinakluse, yixs k"!easae g"5kwa. La aEm hemEnalaEm 
p!ELEme £ stala liixEns E nalax. Wii, g'il £ mese Eliiq £ nax -£ Idxa gaalaxs 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 725 

they come home to the owners of the souls. And then they tell | 47 
where they have been, and what they have seen where they have been 
all around our | world, and that is what we call dreams, the news that 
are told by the souls || when they come back to us." Sometimes the 50 
souls come back the wrong way, | when they return to the owner of 
the soul, and then the soul is hurt, — | when it comes quickly and goes 
in crosswise, or upside down, into the | body of the owner of the soul. 
Then the soul is not strong enough | to come out where it is held, and 
the man at once looks sick. || He is not strong. He does not die 55 
quickly, | but he asks a shaman to cure him, and to feel for his | 
sickness. Then the sides of the head | and the back of the head are 
first felt of by the shaman, and last he feels of the top of the | head. 
Then he knows that something is wrong about the soul. || And the 60 
shaman teLls him that his soul is in the wrong way. Then the 
man | asks the shaman to put the soul right when | night comes. 
Thus he says. And the shaman only says that he will | do so. Then 
the shaman goes out of the house | into the woods and breaks off the 
tops of hemlock-branches, || and he makes a ring out of them, 65 
through which he makes the man go. | When the ring is done, he 
hangs it up under the shelter of a thick | tree. Then lie leaves 
it. As soon as night comes, a man goes to | call a number of 



g'fixae £ wi £ la nauiak" laxes bEx £ unayede. Wii, he £ mis la tslEk'IalE- 47 
lascs lalalase LE £ wes dodEgule laxes liiliilase laxox awI £ staxsEns 
malax. Wii, hemiesEns gwE £ yo mexa e ye ts!i;k- lalEmasEns liExnina- 
£ yaxs g-axae lalaqa g'axEns. Wa, la qlunala 5dzEg - aaLEleda 1>ex £ u- 50 
na £ yaxs g'axae lalaqaxes bEx'iinayede. Wii, heEin yllgwatsa 
bEx £ iina £ yaxs ylx'ak'Enae, yixs gayalae loxs ek - laxsdaiae lax 
ok!wina e yases bExmnayede. Wii, la k"!eas laxwesa bEx £ iina £ ye qa £ s 
g - ax £ wEqawe laxes la XEk'Iayaasa. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese tslEX'qlEma- 
lax -£ ideda bEgwanEine. K-Mes la hlloqwala. Wii, la k!es gEyol 55 
lE £ la. Wa, he £ mis la hayalik' laatsexa paxala qa las p!ex c widEx 
ts!Ex - q!olEmas. Wii, lii heEm g'il p !ex e wItso e sa paxale ewanoLE- 
ma £ yas LE £ wis awap!a e ye. Wii, lii ElxLala p!ex e widEX 5xLa e yas 
x'omsas. Wii, la £ me q!al £ aLElaqexs odzasae bEx £ una £ yas. Wa, 
leda paxala nelaqexs odzasae bEx £ iina £ yas. Wa, la £ meseda bEgwa- 60 
iiEme hawaxElaxa paxala qa wiig'es hel £ idLEX bEx £ una £ yas qo 
ganohidLo, £ nek"e. Wii, a £ meseda paxala £ nek'Exs lE £ mae wiigil he 
gwex -£ idELe. Wit, lamiese lawElseda paxala liixa g"okwe qa £ s lii 
iiLe £ sta liixa aL!e qa £ s L'.EX £ widexa ''iiEnwalagwata £ yasa q!waxe. 
Wii, la £ me qEnayogwilaq qa £ s qEx - Elexa bEgwanEine. Wii, gil- 65 
£ mese gwala qEniiyowe lae tex £ iilsaq laxa t !Enyaga £ yasa LEkwe 
Lasa. Wii, g'iix £ me bas. Wii, g'ihmese giinobidExs lae qas £ ideda la 
Le £ lalaxa ealak" !Eiie bebEgwiinEm qa liis Lexemllxa pfix&laxs hele^ 



726 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 35 

elderly men to beat time for the shaman who will cure | the soul. 

70 They say this, calling the name of each man. Then || the shaman's 
messenger goes once, for all the men wish to please | the shaman, 
on account of their children, in case they should be sick; | therefore 
they all go immediately | into the house of the sick person, and 
immediately each one | is given a baton, and eagle-down is put on 

75 them || quickly, for they hear the shaman singing his sacred song | 
in the woods. Then the time-beaters of the shaman beat quick 
time. | As soon as they stop, a new mat is taken and is | spread out 
towards the fire from the time-beaters of the shaman. As soon as | 
this has been done, the man comes and sits down on it. He is naked, 

SO without || a shirt. As soon as they finish, the time-beaters of the sha- 
man beat fast time again ; | and after they have beaten time four times, 
Qasnomalas comes in | singing his sacred song, holding in both hands 
the large ring. | As soon as he comes into the door of the house, he | 

85 standsin the house and looks at the sick man. Then another || shaman 
carries in his hand eagle-down and puts it on the ring. | After he lias 
done so, Qasnomalas says, "Go on!" | Immediately the time- 
beaters beat fast time on the beating-boards. | Then the shaman 
walks holding the ring on each side. He goes to the man | and sits 

90 down on the mat; and when he comes up to him, || the shaman turns 
around. Then he puts the ring over the man. The | ring is first 

70 Lax bEx £ una £ yas, £ nek - LeqElax LegEmasa bEgwanEme. Wa, la 
£ nEmp!ene £ sta £ rna qasElg"ise qaeda paxala qaxs e naxwa £ mae gagala- 
sE £ wa paxaliisa £ nax\va bebEgwanEma qaes sasEme qo ts!EX'q!Ex - - 
£ idlaxo. Wa, he £ mes heg"ilas gweg'ile. Aeui hex" £ idaEm la £ wi £ la 
hogweLa laxa gokwasa ts!Ex - q!a bEgwanEma. Wa, lit hex' £ idaEm 

75 tslEwanaedzEineda tlEmyayowe liiq. Wii, laxae qEinxwasosa qEm- 
xwiisa kwekwe halabala, qaxs lE="mae wuLElaxa paxala yalaqlwala 
laxa fiLle. Wii, la £ rnes LexEdzodeda Lalexemilaxa paxala. Wii, 
gil £ mese q!wel £ Ida, lae ax £ etsE £ weda tslEX'ase le £ \va £ ya qa £ s g - axe 
LEp!aUlEm lax L'.asalllasa Lalexemflaxa paxala. Wii, g"il £ mese 

80 gwala g'axaasa bEgwanEme klwadzolllaq. Wa,la £ me xanala, k - !eas 
q'.EsEnes. Wii, gil £ mese gvval £ allla lae el led Lexdzodeda Lalexemi- 
laxa paxala. Wa, g'il £ mese moplEna la LexdzodExs g'iixae Qasno- 
malas yalagwata £ ya dadanEwex £ wax"sanayasea lextsla qEnfiyowe. 
Wii, g - il £ mese g'axeL lax awiLElasa tlEX'iliisa gokwe; lae Lax £ u- 

g5 lila qa £ s doqwalexa bEgwanEme. Wa, he £ mis laatsa ogu £ lame 
paxala qlwetslEmexa qEmxwasa kwekwe qa £ s lii qEinx £ wIdxa qEna- 
yowe. Wii, g il £ mese gwala lae he £ me Qasnomalas £ nek'a: "Wa." 
Hex" £ ida £ mesa Lfilexemilas Lexdzodxes tlEmedzowe saokwa. Wa, 
lii qasElIleda paxala diidanEwexes qEnayowe cja £ s lii liixa bEgwanE- 

90 maxs k Iwadzalilaaxa le £ waye £ . Wii, g'il £ mese lag'aa laqexs lae 
xil])!ldeda paxala. Wa, la £ me qEx' e dxa bEgwanEme g'ayabaleda 
qEnayowe lax x'Smsasa bEgwanEme. Wii, gil £ mese lag'aeda 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 727 

put on the head of the man. When | the ring goes down to the knees 92 
of the man, he arises; and when the ring reaches the floor, | he steps 
out with his right foot. | Then the man turns to the right. He sits • 
down again || on the mat. And he does this four times. Then he | 95 
stops. Then the time-beaters also stop beating time. Now | the 
shaman puts down his ring, and he feels of the top of the head of 
the | man. He does not do so for a long time when he speaks. Then 
the | shaman says, "Now you have been set right." Thus he says. 
Then he takes each side of the || ring, and says, "Go on!" At once 200 
the time-beaters | beat fast time, and he goes around the fire in the 
middle of the house; | and when he comes back to the place where 
he started, he throws his ring | into the fire in the middle of the 
house. Now it is done after this. And the man becomes well | after 
this. I just wanted to talk about this. || 

I asked Qasnomalas, when we were sitting down, to how many | 5 
places the soul of man goes; and he said, "There are many, | and 
these are the places to which the soul of man goes, — the sea-hunters' 
place at sea, 1 the hunters' place in the woods, 2 | the salmon coun- 
try, 3 and the owl mask. 4 | 

These which I have named are the places to which the souls go. || 
But the ghost is not a soul, for it is only seen When | it gives notice 10 



qEnayo lax 6kwax - a £ yasa bEgwaiiEmaxs lae Lax £ iilllaxs lag qEx'a- 92 
llleda qEnayowe. Wii, he £ mis la gax-wElts!ixwats helk" '.oltsldza- 
£ yasa bEgwanEme qa £ s x'ilp'Ide helk - !Ewe £ sta, qa £ s le xwelaqa 
k'.wadzolliaxa le £ wa £ ye. Wii, la mop'.Ena he gwex -£ IdExs lae 
gwala. Wii, laEmxaawise gwala Lexdza £ ya Lalexemilas. Wii, lii 95 
g'ig'alileda paxaliixes qanayowe. Wii, lii p!ex £ w!dEx oxLii £ yasa 
bEgwiinEme. Wii, k"!est!e gegilila lae yaq!Eg - a £ la. Wa, la £ ne- 
k'eda paxala: "Wii, laEms naqe £ sta," £ nek'Exs lae diidawodxes 
qEnayowe. Wii, lii £ nek - a: "Wiie." Wii, hi?x ,£ ida £ mesa Lalexemilas 
Lexdzoda. Wa, la £ me la £ stali £ lElaxa laqawalilasa g - okwe. Wii, 200 
g'il £ mese g - ax £ aLEla laxes g - iig11i £ lasaxs lae laxxEntses qEnayowe 
laxa laqawalile. Wii, la £ me gwiil laxeq. Wii, ala £ mese la ex £ ideda 
bEgwiinEme laxeq. Wii, a £ niEn £ nek' qEn gwagwex-s £ ale laq. 

Wii, Ieii wiiLax Qasnomalas laxEnu £ x u kludzase LE £ we; g-ins £ Idale 5 
laasas bEx £ iina £ yasa bEgwiinEme. Wii, lii £ nek - a: " £ ya, q'.enEmaas, 
wa heEm laatsa bEx £ una £ yasa bEgwaiiEmaxa esElexwalaLa £ ye, xa 
esElexwalalse, xa memEyoxwana, he £ misaxa dEX'dEX'alelEinl. 

"Wii, heEm la £ nakii £ latsa bEx £ iina £ yEn la LeLEqalasE £ wa," £ nek - e. 
Wii, lii k-'.es bEx £ iina £ ya lalenoxwe, yixs lex-a £ mae d5x £ waLElasqexs 10 

i The home o( the killer whales, lo which the souls of sea-hunters go. 

* The home of the wolves, to which the souls of the land-hunters go. 
3 The country to which the souls of twins go. 

* Common people become owls. 



728 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. sb 

1 1 to those who are going to die, those who see him ; for he has the 

whole body | of a man, and his bones are those of people who have long 

• been dead. It is not the same | as a soul, for they have no bones in 

their bodies, and they have no | blood, for the souls are just like 

15 smoke or shadows. || And they have no house besides our body, the 
body | of the soul-owner. That is the end. | 

I have seen Qasnomalas twice, and this is the first time I write 
about it. | 
1 Shamanism.— I will talk about the head shaman. | The " head 
shaman" is not nearly the same as the shaman of the Kwag'ul, for | 
the Kwag'ul call the head man of the Sparrow Society "head shaman." 
That is the same as q.'Entq.'adas (place-of-eating-songs) the one 
who has a head-ring of red cedar-bark and who never disappears (to 
5 be initiated) ; II that is the "head shaman" of the Kwag'ul, and they 
also call him headman of the Sparrow Society. | He is not a shaman. 
However, the N;lk!wax'da £ x u | use the name "head shaman "for the 
headman of the shamans — the head chief of the | shamans. They do 
not call the head of the Sparrow Society "head shaman;" j they call 
him WadanEin. He is the head of the Sparrow Society of the 

10 Nak!wax'da £ x u , || Gwa £ sEla, Rivers Inlet tribe, the L !ax lasiqwfila, 
Gosg'imux", Gap !enox u , Gwats !eriox u , and l !asq lenox", all of these | 



11 a £ mae q'.eqhiyak'ilaxes gwE £ yo qa dox £ waLElaq, yiqexs sEnalafmae 
bEgwanEm le £ wis xaqexa la gala lE £ la bEgwanEma. K'.es he 
gwexsa bEx £ una £ yaxs k"!easae xaxEq'.Ega £ ya yixs k"!eas £ maaxat! 
Klkwa, yixs a £ mae yu gwex'sa bEx £ una £ ya kwax'ilax LE £ wa g'ag'o- 

15 mas. Wa, la k' leas g'5x u s ogu e la laxEiis ok!wina £ yex lax oklwina- 
£ yas bEx £ unayede. LaEm laba." 

Lsn malplEua doqidax Qasnomalas i.k £ weii g'file k"!ata £ ya.' 
1 Shamanism. — lle-'mawfsLni.En gil gwagwex's £ alasLa pEXEme yixs 
k - !esae Lawagaleda pEXEme laxa paxala laxa Kwag-ule, yixs hee 
gwE e yasa Kwagule pEXEma e ya gwesEma £ ye, yix gwexsdEmas 
q!Eintq!adas, yixa qEX'Emakwusa LlagEkwexa hewiixa xis £ eda. 
5 Wa, hei:m gwE e yo pEXEmesa Kwag'ul. Wa, laxae i>eqElaso £ s gwe- 
sEma £ ye. Wa, laK.m k'les paxala. Wii, hetleda Nak!wax - da £ xwe 
LeqElas pEXEme laxa ])EXE £ ma £ yases pepaxala yix 6guma £ yas 
pepaxalas. Wii, lit k!es LeqElas pEXEme laxa gwesEina £ ye, yix 
gwE £ yas wadanEm qaxs he £ mae gwesEmesa Nak!wax - da £ x u LE £ wa 

10 Gwa £ SEla LE'wa Awlk - !enox u LE £ wa LlaL lasiqwala LE s wa Gosg"imux u 
LE £ wa Gap!enox u LE £ wa Gwats!enox u le : wii L!asq!enox u , Ha £ staEm 

' The terms for " soul " among the various tribes are as follows: — 
liKX'uiui-yf' (man on body) Kwag'ul 
bKk\va £ yi' (manhood) Gosg imux» 
q!fl e layu (means of life) DzawadEenox u 
tsleklwa (bird) LlaLlasiqw.'lla 
bEgwanEmgEmt (man's mask) Nak!\va.\-da e x" 
bela'layu (means of healing) Awiklenox" 



BOAS] 3ELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 729 

own the WadanEm, and also the NaqEing'ilisEla. The | Kwag'uland 12 
Q!6moya £ ye, £ walas Kwagul, Q !omk' luthss, | Mamaleleqala, Qweq u - 
sot!enox u , £ nEmges, || Lawets'.es, Madilbe £ , L)Enax'da £ x 11 , | AwalLEla, 15 
DzawadEenox", H&xwamis, Gwawaenox", | and Legwilda £ x u — all four 

tribes(?) — own the | "head shaman," who is not a shaman, on whose 
head red cedar-bark is placed, and who | never dances in the winter 
ceremonial. The other name of the || head man of the Sparrow Society 20 
is "head shaman;" for the "head shaman" is thesamc as a"doctor" 
in a | museum, who is just called "doctor "but who is not a doctor. | 
It is the same with the " head shaman" in the winter dance. As soon 
as the | winter ceremonial is finished, tliat man is no longer | "head 
shaman," for he is only like a head shaman in the winter ceremonial, 
when all act in different ways. || It is the same with the "head 25 
shaman" of the winter ceremonial. | If the one who is speaking 
wishes to call him "head man of the Sparrow Society," | then he calls 
hini "neadman of the Sparrow Society." When another man | sends 
him to call the cannibal to a feast, he says, "Go, now, | head shaman, 
and call our friend;" || lor the speakers do not always use the same 30 
words. | . . . Therefore they want to have only one -speaker of the 
winter dance house. 

I shall first say what I know about the shamans when they heal 
the | sick; 1 for really you are much mistaken in what you say about 

axnogwatsa wadanEine LE £ wa NaqEing'ilisEla. Wii, la hededa 12 
Kwag-ul LE £ wa Q!omoya £ ye LE £ wa £ walas Kwagul LE £ wa Q!omk!u- 
t !ks i.K : wa Mamaleleqala LE £ wa Qweq"sot !enox' J LE £ wa £ nEmges 
LE £ wa Lawets!es LE s wa Miidilba £ ye LE £ wa DEnaxda £ x u LE £ wa 15 
AwalLEla LE £ wa DzawadEenox" LE £ wa Haxwamis LE £ wa Gwawae- 
nox" LE £ wa Legwllda £ x u £ wi £ laxs mosgEmakwae, wa, ha £ staEm axno- 
gwatsa pEXEinexa k'!es paxala, yixa qEX'Emakwasa LlagEkwexa 
hewiixa yExwa laxa ts!ets!eqa. Wii, hemies £ nEm LegEmse gwesE- 
ma £ ye lo £ pExsme, yixs hae gwex - sa pExEma £ ya doctor laxa 20 
museum, yixs wiih"mae LeqElaso £ s doctor, yixs kMesae doctor. Wa, 
het'.a gwexsa pEXEme laxa ts!ets!eqa. Wii, gilmiese gwala ts!e- 
ts!eqa lae gwal pEXEmexa bEgwanEme qaxs a £ mae he gwex'sa 
pEXEina £ yasa ts!ets!eqa, } T ixs a £ mae £ naxwa ts lagEkwe gwayi £ lalasas. 
Wii. he £ mis aEm ogwaqa gwex'sa pEXEmesa ts!etse!qa. Wa. 25 
gll-'mesa yaqtentlala £ nex" qa £ s he Lex £ edayuwe gwesEma £ ye laq 
lae Lex £ edEs laxa gwesEma £ ye. Wii, g'il £ mcsa ogu £ la bEgwanEm 
£ yalaqas qa las Le £ lalaxa hamats!a qa liis khvela, lae mek'a, "Hag-a- 
xeiis pEXEma £ yex Le £ lalaxEns £ nEmokwa, qaxs k'lesae qlunala 
naqale waldEmasa ya £ yaq lEnlemlla. . . . He £ mis lag-ilas -nevso qa 30 
£ nEmox u mesa yayaqhmtemllasa ya E wexilats!e g'okwa. 

HeEinLEn g - il waldEmLa q !aq !alak - !a £ yasa paxala yixs he £ lik - a- 
axa ts!EX'q!a qaxs alaaqos klwag'ila LexLeqwalrl laxes waldEmi- 
£ lalayos, yixs £ nek - a £ yaqosaqexs q !aq !alaiElg - Esnokwaeda pepaxala 

1 The following is a reply to a request for information regarding shamanism received in the years 1897 
and 1900. 



730 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 36 

it, | when you say that the shamans nave spies who look out for || 

35 the sick among all the men. There are no | spies such as you refer 
to, who tell them about sick people, and about the place | where to 
feel for sickness of the body. | 

And this is also a mistake, what you say, when you say | that the 

40 shaman names the price to be paid by the sick person || whom he 
cures. | 

And this is also a mistake, when you say that the | shaman bites 
his tongue and swallows the blood, and vomits it, when | some one 
passes behind him when he is eating. | 

And this is also a mistake, when you say that the shaman sucksll 

45 at the place of the sickness and bites it to make a blue mark appear. | 

And this is also a mistake, what you say | about the soul being 

represented b} r dried berries; for there was a mischievous man, 

K' !eso £ yak'ilis, | whose soul was restored by a female shaman of the 

Nimkish, whose | name was HelagolsEla. K" !eso £ yak'ilis said that 

50 it was made of dried berries, [| what the shaman placed on her hand) 
and what she called his soul; but nobody ! believed what K' !eso- 
£ yak'ilis said to all the people, | that it was dried berries, for K" !eso- 
£ yak'iliswas an expert in making fun of | all the strange things that 
one sees done by the shamans. I have never | spoken with the 

55 shaman of the Nimkish, HelagolsEla, and I do not || know whether 
it is true that these were dried berries or not, as was said by K'eso- 

35 lax ts!ets!EX'(|!asa £ naxwa bebEgwanEma. Wa, laEm k"!eas q!aq!ii- 
lalslgits Yixes gwE-yos la nelas ts!EX'q!;isa bEgwanEm lo £ axiisas 
ts!EX"q!olEmas lax 6k!wina £ yas. 

Wa, laEmxae Leqwa, wa,, he'mis waldEmos, yixs nelraaqosaq 
hemieda pepaxala Lex-ed qa £ waxaats ayasa ts!EX"q!iiqexs lae 

40 helik'aaq. 

Wa, laEmxae Leqwa, wa, he'"mesexs £ nek - aaqosaq q!Ex -£ ideda 
paxalaxes kMilEine qa £ s nsqwexa Elkwa qa £ s hoqwalaxs lae qaya- 
p lEntsoxa ha £ mapae. 

Wa, laEmxae Leqwa, wa, he £ mesexs £ nek'aaqosaqexs k"!EX £ we- 

45 daeda paxalaxa axasasa ts!EX'q!olEm cja £ s q!Ex -£ Ideq qa t!ex £ wides. 

Wa, laEmxaas Leqwa yixes waldEinos, wa, he £ misa waldEinos 

qaeda bex £ una r yexa t!Eqa, yixs aletae begwanEme K - !eso £ yakilisxa 

la ax £ aLElodayos bEX £ une, yisa tslEdaqe paxalasa £ nEmgesxa Lega- 

das HelagolsEla. Wa, la £ nek"e K" !eso £ yak'ilisaqexs t!EC{ae axtsla- 

50 na £ ya £ x a £ yasasa paxala, yix gwE £ yas bEx £ una £ ya. Wa, la k' !eas 
6q!usEx K - !eso £ yakilisaxs lae ts!Ek - !alElaxa £ naxwa bebEgwfinEm 
£ nexqexs t !Eqae, yixs eg'ilwatae K" !eso £ yakilise lax aEinlalasa 
£ naxwa EmLa dogults gweg'ilatsa pepaxala. Wa, Ieii hewiixa 
yaeq!Eg'a £ l LE £ wa paxalasa £ nEmgese HelagolsEla. Wa, lEn k"!es 

55 qlaLElaq lo £ alaEin [tlEqa lo £ k - !es yix waldEmas K-!eso £ yakilis 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 731 

£ yak'ilis, | for he was a liar. What 1 mean is, that | all the people 56 
believe that HelagolsEla, | that Nimkish woman is a shaman; for 
all the men | and women of the Kwag'ul are angry on account of 
what K' !eso £ yak'ilis said || when he made fun of her, because Hela- 60 
golsEla only goes into the house of sick people | to cure them. | 

When a sick man or woman gets well, | the one who made him 
well never asks for pay, and generally they | are not paid. When 
the man is poor, then || he does not pay the shaman; but when the 65 
one who is cured is a chief, | then he would be ashamed not to pay 
the shaman, because he is a chief, for he would be made fun of by 
his | tribe if he did not pay the shaman. All the shamans act that 
way, | and not one of them names the price to be paid by the one 
who is cured, | for if it is a common man who is cured by the shaman, || 
he generally pays two pairs of blankets to the shaman, but | often 70 
he is not paid at all; and when (the patient) is a chief, | then the 
chief gives as much as is proper for the greatness of his position. | It 
depends upon his own wish how much he pays the shaman. [ The 
shaman never names the price; for the shaman does not [| talk about 75 
the chief if he does not pay him well, for | the tribe of the chief talk 
about their chief when he | pays little to the shaman. That is all 
about this. | 

qaxs lawisLae Lex u sEine bEgwanF/mena^yas. HedEn £ ne £ nak'Ile ylxs 56 
alae mfixwa oq liiseda bebEgwaiiEmaq alalc lala paxale HelagolsEla, 
yixa ts'.Edaqe paxalasa e nEmges, qaxs £ naxwa £ maeda bebEgwaiiEme 
LE £ wa tsledaqasa Kwag'ul tslEnx"s waldEmas K' !eso £ yak'Ilis ylxs 
lae aEmlalas qaxs ;Vmae HelagolsEla la laex lax gokwasa tslEx'qla 60 
qa £ s helex £ Ideq. 

Wa, g'iPmese ex £ ideda tslExqa bEgwanEm loxs tslEdaqae la 
hewiixa aa £ yalaxes la ex' £ idamatsE £ wa. Wa, la he qiunalatsexs 
hewaxae ayfisE £ wa. Wa g'il £ mese wiwoselageda bEgwanEine hie 
k - !es ayaq. Wa, g'iPmese gigama £ ye helikasE £ was laeda g'Igama £ ye 65 
max'ts!a k'les ayaq qaexs gigama £ yae qaxs lalaxe aEmlalayolaxses 
g - okiilote qo k - !eslax aya laxa paxala, lax E naxwa gweg - ilatsa 
pepaxfda k' leasae £ nEinok u Lex £ edEs qa E waxaats ayases helik'a- 
sE £ we, } r ixs g'il £ mae bEgwanEmq !ala e me helikasE € wasa paxala, wa, 
la qlunala ayasa ma £ lExsa plElxElasgEm laxa paxala. Wa, lift 'a 7n 
qiunalatsexs k'lesae aya. Wa, g'iPmese g'ayol laxa g'Ig'Egama £ ya 
lae he £ ma glgama £ ye aEm gwa e naxodEx £ \vala'"yasases g - eq!ena £ ye. 
Wa, has £ meseq naqn £ yes gwE £ yo qa £ waxaatses ayaxa paxala. Ivies 
hededa paxala £ nEmplEna Lex £ eda, yixs k'lesae hededa paxala 
gwagwex - s £ rda laxa g'Igama £ yaxs k'lesae aekla ayaxa paxala qaxs 75 
hae g'okidotasa gigama £ ye gwiigwex's-ala laxes g'Igama £ yaxs hale- 
gilae ayaxa paxala. Wa, laEm laba. 



732 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 1eth.ann.3C 

78 And this is about the shaman who, as you say, bites the skin of the 
one who is being cured | to make the skin blue. Now you shall 

SO really know [| what is done by the shaman. When the shaman is 
asked to cure a person, | he goes at once and sits down at the right- 
hand side where the sick person lies in bed. | Then he asks the sick 
person for the place where he feels | sick. Then the sick person tells 
him, putting the first finger | on the place where he feels the sickness. 

85 Then the shaman [| washes his hands in a dish containing water, 
which has been put down for him for sucking out the disease. | After 
the shaman has washed his hands, he feels of the place referred to 
by | the sick man. Then the shaman presses his | first finger on 
the place where the sickness is, and he presses it down for a long 

90 time. | As soon as he lifts his finger, he watches the || place that he 
has pressed in. If it gets red at once, he knows | that the sick one 
will get well. Then the shaman is glad. | When the place which he 
has pressed in remains white and never gets red, | then the shaman 
recognizes that the sick one can not live long | after that. When it 

95 does not get red for a long time and || gets red gradually, the shaman 
says that he will be sick for a long time. | Then he sucks at the place 
that he has pressed in; and when he lifts his head, he watches | the 
place where he has been sucking. And when it turns blue, he knows 
that | the sick one will not live long. When it | turns red, the 



78 Wii, he- r misa paxala vixs £ nek - aaqosaq qhsk'ax Llesases helik'a- 
sE £ we qa t!ex £ wides Llesas. \V;i, la £ mets alak'lalal q!al £ aLElal lax 

80 gwa £ yi £ liilasasa paxala. Wii, he £ niaexs lac ha £ yalik - !asE £ weda paxala 
fa hex £ idaEm la qa £ s k"!wag - allle lax helk' !otaga £ wa £ lilasas qslgwe- 
lasasa ts!Exq!a. Wa, la wiii.axa ts!EX"q!a lax qlak'Elasasf-x.i 
tslExila. Wii, lii neleda ts'.Ex*q!axs lac ts!Kinx ,£ itses tslEma- 
laxts!ana £ ye laxes q'ag'ile ts lEX'q !olEma. Wii, leda paxala ts.'En- 

85 ts!Enx-wlda laxa gax ha £ nela k'!ats!e q !ots !Ewax u sa £ wflpe. Wii, 
g - ll e mese gwaieda paxala tstentslEnkwaxs lac p!ex £ widxa gwE £ y&sa 
tshsx'qla bEgwanEm ts!Exila. Wii, leda paxala tslEmbEtEiitscs 
tslEnnilax ts!;inavc lax iiEqEliisa tslExila. Wa, lii gagiila tslEmFi- 
laq. Wii, g'lPmese wcx'idxes ts !Emalax - ts !ana c ye lae doqiilaxes 

90 ts!Einalasox u de. Wii, gil £ mese hex -£ idaEm L!ax £ wida, lae q.'ai.Ela- 
qexs ex -£ ida £ meLa ts!Ex - q!a. Wii, la e me ek - e naqa £ yasa paxala. 
Wa, g - il £ mese aK.m E mElstoLEle ts lEmalaasdas, hewaxa L!ax £ wida. 
Wii, heEm mamalt!ek!esa piixaliixs kMescLe giilal q!iilaLa ts!Ex - q!a 
bEgwanEm laxeq. Wii, gil £ mese gagiila k!es L!ax £ wida, wii, la 

95 LlagiVnakula, wii lii £ nek-eda paxalii<[cxs galeLe ts!Ex-q!at. Wa, la 
k'!Ex £ widxcs ts!Emalasox u de. Wii, gil'mese x - it!edExs lae doqwa- 
laxes k'!ax u mote. Wa, gil £ niese. k'!es t!ex £ wida lae qlaLElaqexs 
kleseLe gala! q'.iilaLa ts!EX - qa bEgwanEma. Wa, g - il £ mese aEin 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 733 

shaman knows that he will lie in bed for a long time. I] And when the 100 
place which he has been sucking really turns blue (?), | the shaman 
knows that he will get well quickly. ] That is all I know about the 
matter that I am talking about. | 

Iv Ialmohklanaga 

The Nak !wax' da £ x u were living at Tegiixstei. | Their chief was 1 
Q !ade. He was giving a winter dance that winter. | 

Then the sister of Qlade, Q Iwalanenega, disappeared. She had 
not | disappeared long, when Q'.walanenega became sick at the place || 
where the Nak !wax' da e x u stay when they disappear, a mountain on 5 
the ground back of | Tegiixste £ . She had not been there long, when 
she became really sick. | Then her brother Qlade became uneasy, 
because he saw that | his sister could not recover; and Qlade called 
the | chiefs of his tribe, the Nak !wax - da e x u , and the head shamans, 
into his house || after midnight. And when they were all inside, [ 10 
Qlade told them that his sister Q'.walanenega was dying. | Then the 
great shaman Lebid spoke, and | said, "Look into jour hearts, 
chiefs! for evidently the | supernatural powers of the woods are not 
near the place where our sister is staying || in her house, and the 15. 
young woman who has disappeared was menstruating. | This 
frightened away the spirits of the woods which were coming to help 
our sister. | Now, I wish that she come out of the woods, and that 

L!ax e wida, wa, la qlaleda paxalaqexs ga £ yi e lalal qElgwelLa tslEX'qla 
bEgwanEma. Wa, g'ib'mese alak"!ala t'.ex-'wide k*!ax u motas, wa, 100 
la £ me qlaLEleda paxalaqexs halHaleLe ex -£ IdLa ts!ex £ q!a bEgwa- 
nEma. Wa, heEm w5xeii qlale laxEn la gwagwaxs £ alasa. 

K" Ialmodelanaga 

G'okulaeda Nak!w r ax'da £ xwe lax Tegiixsta £ ye. Wit, la £ lae g'Iga- 1 
ma £ yase Qlade yawix'Elaxa la tslawfmxa. 

Wa, laEimlae x1s £ ede wuqlwas Q lades Q'.walanenega. Wa, kMes- 
E lat!a gala xisalas laaEl ts!EX*q!EX ,£ Ida yix Qlwalanenega lax laasas 
xix'Esalasa Nak!wax - da £ xwa a,Laap!a e yasa nEk'lEse lax aL!iis 5 
Teguxsta E ye. Wa, la £ lae gagalaxs laaEl ahix-'Id ts!EX - q!a. Wa, 
laEm £ lae nole wuqlwase Q!iide qaxs lEinaaEl doqiilaciexs k'leasae 
gwex ,£ idaas la ex -£ ides wiiq!wa. Wa, la £ lae Qlade Leltslodxa 
g'Ig - Egama £ yases g'okulota Nak !wax - da £ xwe LE £ wa pepEXEma £ yasxa 
la gwal nEgeg'exa giinuLe. Wa, g - ll £ Em £ lawise £ wI £ laeLExs lae nele 10 
Qladiises wuqlwe Q Iwalanenegaxs lE £ mae wawek'lEqla. Wii, 
hex -£ ida £ Em £ lawis £ yaq lEg - a £ leda e walase paxale Lebide. Wa , laEimiae 
£ nek"a: "Weg - a doqwalaxs nenaqa £ yaqos gig'Egame £ qaxs kleasaa- 
xEnt nExwalasa £ nax -£ nawalak!usa lax axasasEns wuqlwa laxea g'l- 
g-Qk!wala. Wa, laxEnte exentanokwa ealqlasa xisfdutse. Wa, 15 
he £ mis kilEmsa haayalilagasasa aiJe g'ax helslsaxEns wuqlwa. 
Wa, la £ mesEn £ nenk - leqEla qa g-axlag'ise l5lt!a qa g-axese qslgwll 



734 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. sa 

18 she go to bed | in this winter-dance house, so that she may be cured 
by the supernatural powers of the | winter-dance house." Thus he 

20 said, and immediately all the chiefs || agreed to what the great 
shaman had said. And as soon as he | finished his speech, they 
went out. | 

When all the Nak!wax'da £ x u had gone to sleep, | four strong men 
were asked to go to the place where those who disappear assemble. | 
They carried with them a large mat on which Qlwalanenega was to 

25 lie || when they brought her out of the woods. It was nearly day- 
light | when they came back, and they put down Qlwalanenega | 
behind a board put on its edge at the right-hand side of the | dance 
house. 1 As soon as she lay there, she was just | like dead, and they 

30 thought that she had died. She never || moved from morning, when 
daylight came, until the evening. Then | they called the great 
shaman of the Nak!wax'da £ x u , whose name was Fool, | to feel of her, 
for Qlade thought that his sister had died. | As soon as Fool finished 
feeling of her, | the great head shaman of the shamans, Fool, laughed, 

35 and said, || "O dear Qlade! clean the bedroom of our child here, | 
and clear out everything in this room. When you have | done so, 
take a new mat without black stripes, and | spread it under your 
sister, and also her bedding, for | everything must be made new; 

18 laxwa lobekwex qa wag-ilaxse £ nawalakwalIlasosa £ nax -£ nawalagwl- 
laxsa lobEkwex," £ nex £ lae. Wa, hex -£ idaEm £ lawisa g'Ig - Egama £ ye 

20 £ na.\\va ex'ak'Ex waldicmasa e walase paxala. Wii, g'il £ Em £ lawise 
gvvfde waldEmasexs lftaF.l hoquwElsa. 

Wa, g-il £ Em £ lawise e naxwa mex £ ededa Nak!wax - da £ xwaxs lae 
a.\k!rdasE £ weda mokwe le £ lak u bebEgwanEina qa las laxa qlaplEya- 
sasa xix'Esala dag'ilqElaxa £ walase le £ wa £ ya qa qElgudzEweso £ s 

25 Qlwalanenega qo g - axL laltlanoLS. Wa, laem £ lawise • Eliiq £ nax -£ I- 
dExs g'axae aedaaqa. Wa, la e me qElx £ walelEme Qlwalanenega lax 
aLadze £ hlasa k' logwlle 'Wadzo ts!Ex u sEm saok u lax helk' lotewalilasa 
lobEkwe. Wii, gllEm £ lawise qElxwalfiEmxs lae alai:l la £ nEmax"is 
LE £ wa la. lE £ la. LaEin'lae kotaso £ laEm wlk' !Ex £ lda. Wa, hewaxa- 

,30 £ lat!a q!wenal £ Idxa la £ nax ,£ Idxa gaala. Wa, la £ lae dzaqwaxs lae 
Le £ lalasE £ weda £ \valase paxalasa Nak!wax - da £ xwexa Legadiis NEnolo 
qa las plexwid qaxs lE £ mae £ neke Qliidaq laEm wlk - !Ex £ Ides wfl- 
q!wax - de. Wa, g'il £ Ein £ lawise NEnolowe gwal plexwaqexs laaEl 
dfdndeda £ walase pEXEinesa pepaxala NEnolowe. Wa, la £ lae £ nek - a: 

35 " £ ya, adii, yuL Qlade. Weg'a xekulelaxox qElgwelasaxsEns xun5- 
kwex qa £ s alaos ekwaxwa £ naxwax gex - g - aela. Wa, g'il £ Emlw!ts 
gwal, wii laLEs ax £ edLEx ts!Ex - asa k'les dzadzeqEiak u le £ wa £ ya qa £ s 
LEbabolilaosas laxox wuqlwaqEns. Wa, yu £ mesox mamaxs qa 
£ naxwa £ mesox tslEX'asa. Wa, gil £ Emlwets gwalalila laaqos ax £ edxa 

1 That is, in the rear right-hand corner, looking toward the rear of the house. 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS ' 735 

and when you have done this, take || red cedar-bark and split it into 40 
narrow strips; and when | much cedar-bark has been split, take 
four | slender newly chopped cedar-trees of the same length as | our 
sister here, and also four j stout poles half a fathom in length, which 
are to be the posts of the room in which our sister is to he down; || 
and when they have been put down there, drive one of the | posts 45 
into the floor at the right-hand side of the head of our sister, and | 
drive down another at the right-hand side of her foot, and still | 
another one at the left side of her shoulder, and the last | one at the 
left side of her feet; and when you have finished this, || take the four 50 
slender cedar-trees, and lay their ends on the | four posts; and when 
you have done so, take the | split strips of red cedar-bark, and hang 
them from the | four poles of cedar-wood, just above our sister. 
When thej- have been | hung up, take much eagle-down, and || 
strew the eagle-down on the red cedar-bark, and on our sister where 55 
she is | lying down in the middle of this frame which you made to 
hang up the | cedar-bark covered with eagle-down, and when j t ou 
have done so, sweep out the place | where you have been working, so 
that nothing is left on the floor; | and do not be weak on account of 
our sister, and go to see her. || Don't go to see her this side of four 60 
days, | otherwise you will frighten away wdiat will come to take pity 

LlagEkwe qa £ s dzEdzExsalaosaq qa ts lelts teq lastowes. Wa, gil- 40 
e mese qleiiEmes dzExayos LlagEkwa laaqos fix £ edxa motslaqewls- 
wiile alomas dzESEqwa, ylxs yfl/meLa awasgEmox £ wasgEmxsdaasax- 
SEns wiiqlwax. Wa, he £ mis motslaqa haxk - !ot tebot laxEns baiax 
dzoxuma LEsLEk u k - inaLe, qa LeLamsox qElgwilasaxsEiis wuq !wax. 
Wa, gil-'Emlwise g'ax ax-alil laq u qaso lal dex £ wahlaxa £ nEmts!aqe 45 
Lain laxox helk" !5dEnoLEma £ yaxsEns wtiq '.wax. Wa, las et lalllasa 
e nEmts!aqe Lam laxox helk" !otsIdza e yaxs. Wa, las et lalllasa s iiEm- 
tslaqe liix gEmxoltsEyap !a e yas. Wa, las ElxL&lax dex £ walilasa 
£ nEmts!aqe lax gEmxoltsklza £ yaxs. Wa, gil £ mese gwales axayos 
laaqos ax'edxa mots'.aqe wiswul dzESEqwa cpa £ s k'adEtadoosas laxa 50 
mots!aqe LeLama. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs laaqos ax £ edxa qlenEmos 
dzExe ts lelts !Eq !asto LlagEkwa qa f s gexundalaosas laxa dzedzESE- 
qwe motslaqa lax ek'!a £ yasEns wiiqlwa. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl e la la 
gex £ ulaLElaxs laaqos ax £ edxa qlenEme qEmxwasa kwekwe qa £ s 
qEmx £ widaosas laxa L!agEkw T e Lo £ mEns wuq!wa laxos laena e yex 55 
qelx"ts!a lax nExtslawasa klumodzfikwe tetEX £ unalaxa qEinokwe 
LlagEkwa. Wa, g"il £ mets gwrdalaacjos £ wl £ la xex £ wklxox yalag"Ili- 
lasaqos qa k" leases g - ael lax yag'il £ ma £ yaxsos axale £ lEmaqos. Wa, 
he e misa waxEina lElweqElasEns wuqlwax qa £ s g'axaos dox £ w!dEq u . 
Guno g'axlax dox £ wklEq u lax g vas £ agawa £ yas mop!Enxwa £ se £ nala, 60 
aLas hawinalaxwa g'axLex wax -£ ldL helElIlalxEns wuq !wax qa q !ule • 



736 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.sb 

62 and restore our sister so that she will live. | You will only bring bad 
luck to our sister if you | attempt to go to see her before four days 
nave passed. That is all, | Chief Qlade." Thus said Fool, the great 

65 shaman. || As soon as he stopped speaking, he went out. j 

Immediately Qlade did the work that he was told to do by the | 
great shaman in t lie way he was to make the bedroom for Qlwala- 
nenega. When [ it was finished, Q lade left. Now, the | heart of 
Qlade was really sick on account of his sister, for he saw that his 

70 sister || was really dead; for he distrusted the words of | the great 
shaman, for Qa!de always opposed the shamans. | Therefore he 
was really crying as he was walking along. Qlade thought | he 
would obey the advice given by the great shaman, | and Qlade 
never went near the place where his sister was lying down. || 

75 Now, two nights had passed since the dead | Qlwalanenega had 
been covered with red cedar-bark. When night came, she was 
heard | talking with the one who is called Helemil. And | Qlwala- 
nenega said that she had no sacred song; and Qlwalanenega said 
again, | "Go on, now, Helemil, supernatural one! bring me back to 

80 life, so that I 11 may be named Q lulEnts lesEmaga." For a while | 
Q!ulEnts!esEinaga was silent, as she was speaking with Helemil, | 
and then Q lulEnts lesEmaga sang this sacred song : | 



02 sox. Wa, aEmi.alts £ nex - L qa £ s a £ melamaseL5s laxEns wuqlwax 
qaso g'axL dox £ widElqox gwas'a'yasa mop!Enxwa £ se £ nala. Wa, yu- 
£ moq, g'Jgame £ , Tula QIada;" £ nex -£ lae NEiiolowexa £ walase paxala. 

05 Wa, g'iPEm'lawise qlweh'IdEXs yiiqlEiitlalaaxs lae lawElsa. 

Wa, hex' ; idaEmMa\visa g-Igama £ ye Qlade eax £ eda lax gwE £ yasa 
e walase paxala qa gwalaatsa qElgwllasas Qlwalanenega. Wa, gil- 
£ Em £ lawise gwalaxs g'axae Qliide Ms. Wa, laEm £ lae ala tslEX'ile 
naqa £ yas Qlade qaes wuqlwa, qaxs lE £ mae doqulaxes wiiqlwiixs 

70 li; £ mae alaklfda Ie-Iu qaxs wioq lustsokwalae Qliidax ale waldEini- 
£ liilasa E walase paxala qaes lelak!walaena £ ye Qladaxa pepaxala. 
Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas ala q!waq!uts!eqEla. Wa, lalaLa £ nenk'!eqE- 
la £ me Qlade qa £ s nanageg'emex Lexs £ alayasa £ walase paxalaq. Wa, 
la £ me hewaxa Qlade la £ nExwabiilax qElgwPlasases wuqlwa. 

75 Wa, he £ lat!a la ma £ lExse ganoLas la LlaLlEgEkolakwa la 1e £ 1§ 
Qlwalanenegiixs laaEl etled ganoLEXs laaEl wuxax £ aLElExs lae 
yaeqlEntlala LE £ wes gwF/ya. Helemil. Wa, lai:m £ lae £ neke Qlwa- 
lanenegiixs k'leasae yala £ x u LEna. Wii, la £ lae etled £ neke Qlwala- 
nenega: '-'Wag-ilia Helemllts £ nawalak q !ulax £ idamasol g'iixEn qEn 

80 wag-iLEii LegadElts Q lulEnts lesEmaga." Wa, gagalaEm £ lawise l!e- 
k'lala QIuIeihs lesEmaga laxes laena £ ye yaeq!ant!ala lo £ Helemil. 
Wa, la £ lae yalaqwe Q lulEnts lesEmaga ytsg'a: 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 737 

1. "O friend, Helemll! I pray you to revive me, our friend, with 83 
your | life-bringer, Helemil; with your magic power, friend! Wae 
wae wit ! || 

2. "O friend, Helemll! I pray you to make me well, our friend ! 85 
with your | means of healing, Helemll, your magic power, friend ! 
Wae wae wa! | 

3. "0 friend, Helemll! I pray you to make me right, our friend, 
with your | means of setting right, Helemll, your magie power, friend ! 
Wae wae wa ! | 

4. "0 friend, Helemll! have mercy on me with your life-bringer, || 
Helemll, your magic power, friend ! Wae wae wa! | 90 

5. "Go on, friend, Helemil! have mercy on me with your healing 
power, | that 1 may come to be a healer by the means of your | 
healing power, Helemll, by your magic power, friend! ae." | 

As soon as she had stopped singing, she talked again with the one 
with whom she had been talking before, || and QJwalanenega 95 
replied to what Helemll said. | "() friend, Helemll! how is my 
sacred song? Do I j succeed nearly in the way 1 do it, friend?" 
And for a long time | they were silent. Then Qlwalanenega spoke 
again, and | said, "Thank you, friend, Helemll, that you have had 
mercy on me, and brought me to life, |] Long-Life-Giver, super- 100 
natural one ! I will do as you tell | me, this coming night." That is 
what Q Nvalanenega | said, and it was quiet after that. | 

1. Wag"a qastii Helemll wax q !ulax" e idamaoxEns e nEmox u£ 6x visos 83 
q!weq!ulag'ilavaqos Helemllts mawalax"s, qasta wae wae wa. 

2. Wag'a qasta Helemll wax helMala e 6xEns £ nem<3x u£ ox yisos 85 
heli : l;ilayaqos Helemllts £ nawalax"s, qasta wae wae wa. 

3. Wiig'a qastii Helemll wax e naqe e stEnda £ oxEns £ nEmox u -'ox visrs 
niiqe'stEndayaqos Helemllts £ nawalax"s. <|astii wae wae wa. 

4. Wag'a qastii Helemll waxeda e osos q !weq !ulag*ilayaqos Hele- 
mllts ; nawalax"s mawalax u s qasta, wae wae wa. 90 

5. Wiigilla qastii Helemll waxeda £ 6 g'axEiiLasos helig*a £ yaqos 
qEn wax-'owe nogwa g - ax helig - ayonox u sos helig-ayaqTs Helemllts 
E nawalax u s qastii, wae. 

Wa, gil £ mese q HveMdExs lae etled yaeq!Eg - a £ l LE £ wis yaeq!Ent!a- 
lote. Wa, laEm £ lae namaxma've Q Iwalanenegax waldEmas Hele- 9,5 
mllaq: " Yul, qast, Helemll, wix - sEn yalaqulaena e ye. Le-hiueh 
nExts!axes gwE £ yaos gEn gwekMalasa, qast." Wa, la £ lae gagala 
L!Ek-alaxs laa-'las edzaqwa yaq!Eg'a ; le Qlwalanenega. Wa, la-lae 
meka: "Yul, gelakas'la qast Helemll laEins wax £ ed qlulamas 
gaxEn, g'ilg-ildokwelas e nawalak u . LamiesEn lal laxes waldEmos loo 
gaxEnraxwa negikwex." Wa, hei:m waxe waldEmas Qlwalane-, 
negiixs lae sElt !eda. 

75052 — 21 — 35 kth — pt 1 47 



738 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 3i> 

3 And before long, in the night, Q Iwalanenega was heard | singing 
her sacred song back of Teguxste £ . Now, she had really disap- 
5 peared; || and she never went to the house of those who had disap- 
peared, | (the house) behind the mountain back of Teguxste £ . | 

Then Qliide was troubled about his sister, for nobody | knew 
where Q Iwalanenega had disappeared to; | and they never heard her 

10 sacred song. || Sixteen days after she had left the dance-house, her 
sacred song was heard | back in the woods behind Teguxste 5 , and for 
a little while she came towards the beach. | Then she really came 
near the rear of the houses, | and she went far away again, singing her 
sacred song. Then | Qliide became glad, for lie knew that his 

15 sister was still alive. || Then Qliide wished that they should capture 
quickly | three of those who stayed in the woods, and also Q Iwala- 
nenega. | In the morning, as soon as daylight came, the men and 
women of the Nak!wax'da £ x u | went to catch the three who were in 
the woods. And when | those came back who had gone to capture 

20 those who stayed in the woods, and when they went into the || dance- 
house, they sang the songs of the war-dancer, the tamer-dancer, | 
and the fire-dancer; and when the three dances were over, | they 
went into their sacred room. Now, the Xiik !wax'da £ x u thought 
that | Q Iwalanenega would be a great shaman. As soon as night 

IT, came, | the Nak Iwax'da-x" were called to come into the || dance- 



3 Wii, laEm £ lawise giila nEg ikuxs laaEl wiiLEle Qlwalanenegaxs lae 
yalaqlwala lax aLlas Teguxsta £ ye. Wa, la e me alak"!ala x_"!s £ eda. Wa, 
5 hrme hewaxaEm la gwiibala laxes xisalote laxes g'ig'oklwale lax 
auiapla-'vasa nEg'ii lax aLlas Teguxsta ; ve. 

Wii, la £ me etled la qleqlaek'Ele Qlade qaes wuqlwaxs lae k- leas 
qlalasa £ naxwa bebEgwaiiEiux lax xiyats Q Iwalanenega. Wa, 
he £ misexs hewaxae wule! yalaqlwala. Wa, he £ lat!a la qlELlExsa- 

10 g'iyowe £ naliis la basa lobEkwaxs lae wuLaxa £ LEl yalaqiila laxa 
aLala lax SlISs Teguxstaye. Wa, lame g - ax yawas £ Id LlasolEla. 
Wa, k - !es £ lat!a alaEin g'ax E nExwabala laxa aLana-yasa gokulaxs 
lae xwelaqa qwesaxsda £ nakulaxs yalaqlwalae. Wit, la £ me ex £ Ide 
naqa £ yas Qlade qaxs lE £ mae q Ial £ aLElaqexs q!ula £ maes wuqlwa. 

15 Wa, laEm £ lae £ nek - e Qliide qa £ s hali £ lalalag"i k1m £ yaxa g - Ig-iya- 
k'Ela yuduk u ogu'la lax Qlwalanenega. Wa, gil-'mese £ nax £ Idxa 
gaalaxs lae £ wl £ la £ ma bebEgwanEme LE £ wa tsledaqasa Niiklwax-da- 
£ xwe la k'im-'yaxa yudukwe glgiyak'Ela. Wit, g - il £ mese g'ax 
aedaaqaxa k'lm £ yaxa glg'iyakila. Wii,g'il £ mese £ wl e la hdgwlL laxa 

20 lobEkw T axs lae qlEmtlets q lEinq lEmdEmasa olala LE £ wa hayallkilale 
LE £ wa nonltse £ stalale. Wa, g - il £ Em £ lawise gwala yudukwe ytxwa 
laaEl lats lalll laxa lE £ melats!e. Wa, lai:in £ lae nEgeqala £ me Naklwax - - 
da £ xwaq £ walasL paxale Qlwalanenega. Wa, gil £ Ern £ lawise ganul £ i- 
dExs lae qasasE £ weda Nak!wax # da £ xwe qa £ s gaxe E wi £ laeLEla laxa 



boas] BELIEFS AXD CUSTOMS 73'J 

house to sing for the three who had stayed in the woods. | As soon as 26 
they were all in, the great shaman, | Fool, arose and spoke, and said, 
"O friends! | take your batons and heat quick time on your boards 
for a long time. \ And as soon as you stop beating, then make no 
sound for a long time. || Then you will again beat fast time on your 30 
boards. You will do so | four times, for I am thinking of our great: 
friend | Q Iwalanenega. Therefore I wish that you should beat four 
times on your | boards, for we shall try to be successful, lor she may 
come into this | winter dance-house this night; and also these shall 
hear her sing her sacred song." || Thus said Fool. They never 35 
heard [ her singing her sacred song, and they only sang the songs of 
the | three — the war-dancer, the tamer-dancer, and the fire-dancer. [ 
Ami after they had finished, they went out. For two | nights they 
went in vain to the dance-house, and || four times they beat the 40 
boards in vain. Then the Xak Nva\'da £ x" went out to sleep. And 
they had not been asleep long, when the sound of the sacred song 
came from the rear of the dance-house; and as soon as the sacred 
song was ended, | they heard the cannibal cry. There were no 
whistles. | This is what the Nak !wax" da £ x u call hamdzEdzEwe £ , || and 45 
it is called by the Kwakiutl oneqwa. | It is partly a great shaman, 



lobskwe qa £ s g-axe qlEmta qa ylxwesa yudukwe g"Ig - iyak"Elax'de. 25 
Wa, g-il £ Enriawise g'ax £ wi £ laeLa laa £ las Lax £ ulileda E walase paxala 
NEiiolowe qa £ s yaq!Eg - a £ le. Wa, ladae £ nek - a: '' £ ya, £ ne £ nEmokwai'. 
Wag'a daxLEnd-Exs tlEmyayaqos qa £ s £ wl £ laos glides LexEdzodExs 
tlEmedzaqos. Wa, gil £ EmhvIts qlweHdEl laxEs gagalal tsEmotala- 
l5l. Wa, 15les etledEl LexEdzodExs tlEmedzaqos. Wa, moplE- 30 
naLEs hel gwex"'idELe qaxgin gig'aeqEle g'axEns E nEmox u dzae 
Qlwalanenega. IIedi:n lag"ila -nex- qa e s moplEnaos LexEdzodExs 
tlEmedzaqos qaEns wawuldzEwaena £ ye qa gaxese gaxeL laxa 
lobEkwaxwa ganoLex. Wa, he e mis qEns w\lLax e aLEleqe yalaqlwa- 
lases yalaqfdaya." Miex'Mae XeuoIowc. Wa, hr'me hewaxa Willi- 35 
x £ aLElaqe yalaqtila. Wa, aEin £ lawise dEnx £ its q !imq lEmdEmasa 
yfidukwexa olala LE £ wa hayallk'ilale LE £ wa nonltse £ stalale. Wa, 
gil £ Ein £ lawise gwalExs Lae hoquwelsa. Wa, ma £ lp !mxwa £ 9 lae 
ganoLas wiil £ Em lanaxwa £ wl £ laei.i.la laxa lobfikwe qa £ s wul £ me 
moplEna LexLexa. Wa, la,Em £ lawise £ wi £ la hSquwElseda Nak!wax - da- 40 
£ xwe qa £ s la mex £ eda. Wa, k - !es £ Em £ lawise gala mexax gaxaasa 
yalaqlwala laxa aLana-'yasa lobEkwe. Wa, g - il e Emlawise qlulbe 
yalaqulaena £ yasexs lae hamts!Eg'a £ la. Wa, laEm k'leas mEdzesEs 
gwex'sdEinas. HeEm gv\E £ yosa Nak!wax - da £ xwe hamdzEdzEwe- 
sE £ we gwex'sdemas. Wa, he £ mis gwE £ yosa Kwagule oneqwaxa 45 



740 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.an».?5 

partly h&mshamts !es. That is what | Qlwalanenega, who had 
become a shaman, was, when she disappeared. And it was Helemll's | 
wish who made her hamdzEdzEwe £ , although [ Qliide did not own 
the hanidzE(lzEwe £ . || 
50 (They talk much about what is done by those who disappear to 
become shamans; | for I hey use different dances when they show 
themselves, although | none belong to their ancestors, for they are 
according to the order of spirits.) j 

As soon as Q Iwalanenega had uttered the cannibal-cry she sang 
her sacred song, | and immediately the great shaman, Fool, awak- 
55 ened || all the men and asked them to go into the dance-house; | 
and when they were all inside they took their [ batons, and also the 
women, and the strong children, and | they all together beat fast 
time on the boards. They had not been | heating time long, when 
Q Iwalanenega uttered the cannibal-cry at the door of the dance- 
on house. II And as soon as she came into the house, she turned into a 
shaman. | Now, the song leaders of the Nak!wax'da £ x u did not sing, 
for | none knew that Q Iwalanenega was a hamdzEdzEwe £ . She [ 
just sang her sacred song; and as soon as she had finished singing her 
sacred song, she | uttered the cannibal-cry. Then she bit four men. || 
G5 Then the song-leaders of the Niik !\vax'da £ x u said that they would 
sing a new | song for her, and this is her song: | 

46 naxsaaple lo £ £ walas paxala LE £ wa h&mshamts !es§ lax gwex"sdaas:is 
Qlwalanenegaxs paxalax-'Idaaxs xisatae. Wa, la hasEx Helemile 
naqa £ ye laena £ yas hamdzEdzEwesE £ wa, wax -£ mae k - !es axnogwade 
QIadasa hamdzEdzEwe. 

50 (Wa, la qleiiEma q layole he' gwex -£ idiisa xIx'Esfila lae paxalax -£ ida 
yixs xisalae. Wa, lii ogiYlaEm las ledaxs g'axae nel'edaxa wax' £ me 
k'leas lax g - alEing"alisas yixs qssaax waldEina Haayalilagase.) 

Wa, g"il £ mese gwal hamtslalaxs lae Q Iwalanenega etled yalaqwa. 
Wa, hex -£ idaEm £ lawisa £ walase paxala, ylx NEnolowe la gwetslaxsta- 

55 laxa £ naxwa bebEgwaiiEm epi g'axes £ wi £ la hogwiL laxa lobEkvve. 
Wa, g - Il £ Em £ lawise g'ftx 'wFlaeLExs lae hex' £ idaEm £ wi £ ia ax £ edxa 
tlEmyayowe LE £ \va tslEdaqe Lo £ ma hel £ ak - !alasa g'ing'inauEme qa £ s 
£ nEmax -£ ide tlEmedzodxa tlEmedzo. Wa, k - !es £ Em £ lawise gegild 
tlEmsaxs gaxae hamdzElaqwe Qlwalanenega lax tlExiliisa lobEkwe. 

00 Wa, g"il £ Ein £ lawise g'axeL laxa g'okwaxs lae gwa £ sta laxes pExena £ ye. 
Wa, laEm k'leas qlEmteles nenagadasa Nak!wax'da £ xwe qaexs 
k - !esae qlaLElaqexs hamdzEdzEwesEwae Qlwalanenega. Wa, la £ me 
km yalaqidases yalax u LEne. Wa, gil £ mese gwal yalaqiilaxs lae 
hamadzElaqwa. Wa, la £ me q !Ex -£ idxa mokwe bebEgwaiiEma. Wa, 

05 la £ me £ nek'e nenagadasa Nak!wax - da £ xwe qa £ s dEnx £ Ides altsEma 
qlEmdEm qae. Wa, g - a £ mes qlEmdEmseg'a: 



boar] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 741 

1. "Who is getting food for you, Giver-of-Supernatural-Power, 67 
hamae hamae hama! | I went to get food for you, Helemil of Can- 
nibal-at-North-End-of-World. I! 

2. "I nearly perished there, Cannibal-at-North-End-of- World, | 70 
hamae hamae hama! Then I was taken into the | sacred room of 
Helemil of Camiibal-at-North-End-of-World. | 

3. "I was nearly kept by Cannibal-at-North-End-of-World, | 
hamae hamae hama ! Then my stomach was opened, || and the 75 
supernatural power was put into me by Helemil of Cannibal-at- 
North-End-of-World. | 

4. " Wlio is going to get corpses for you? Giver-of-Supernatural- 
Power, hamae hamae hama! | I went to get corpses for Helemil 
of Cannibal-at-North-End-of-World." | 

As soon as she had stopped dancing, Qiwalanenega spoke. || and 80 
said, " Thank you, friends ! I have been brought back to life | by our 
friend Helemil, and he said my name shall be QJulEnts'esEmaga. | 
And now you shall call me thus, and | none of you shall dare to make 
love to me for ten years; | and Helemil said to me that if any one 
should make love to me || inside of ten years, he would immediately 85 
kill him. Thus said our | great friend to me. And for ten years I 
shall cure | the sick ones among you. And you shall not pay me 



1. Wlhes qa hamasa £ yalag - ilaos LOgwalag'ila hamae hamae hama 67 
hex'dos lanogwa hamasa e yalag - ilts Helemllas Bax"bakwalanux ,i - 
slwakasdea. 

2. Elahax'k'asdEwesEii ayameia £ mats6s Bax"bakwalanux"srwa- 70 
krasdea hamae hamae hama, hehehex'dos lanogwa laeLEmae lax 
li:tnxlaelasdes Helemllas Bax u bakwalanux u siwak - asdea. 

3. ElahaxkasdEwesEii hak!waaiiF,mx-des Bax"bakwalanux"sl\va- 
kasdea hamae hamae hama hehehex'dds lanogwa mEgesa f yasos 
f nEiiwalak !wena £ yex-des Helemllas Bax l, bakwalanux u siwak-asdea. 75 

4. Wlhes qae lal6la' c yalag-ilaos LOgwalag'ita hamae hamae hama; 
hex'dos lanogwa laloia £ yalag-Ilts Helemllas Bax u bakwalanux u si- 
wak'asdea. 

Wit, gil £ mese gwal yixwaxs lae yaq!Eg'a £ le Q!wrdanenega. Wa, 
la e lae £ nek-a: "Gelak-as'la E ne £ nEmok u . La £ mEn q!ulax""Idamatso- 80 
sEns £ nEmokwae Helemlla. Wii, heEiu £ lawisEn LegEmLe Q!filEnts!e- 
sEmaga. Wa, laEms £ naxwal LeqEhiLES g-fixEn. Wii, he'misa 
laEms k-!easL lal nalal gagak-Eyalal g-axEn lag'aal laxa nEqaxEn- 
xela. Wit, he £ maa waldEiu's Helemlle gaxEn qaso gagak'Eyalaso- 
lox gwasa £ yasa nEqaxEnxe laLEn hex^idaEl lE £ lamasLECie, £ nekins 85 
=nEmox u dza g-axEn. Wii, he-mesa nEqaxEnxelai.En helikaLExs 



742 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann.ss 

88 for it. He said if I should ask you for pay, | that then Helemil 
would kill me." Thus said QliilEutslesEmaga | to her tribe, and 
after that she was a great shaman. || 

The Initiation of One of the Ts Iots !ena of the Awa £ ilela 

The ancestors of the numaym TslotslEna lived on the upper part | 
1 of the river of Hanwad, and their village site has the name TsEle- 
xwas. | Qleged was a grizzly-bear hunter. He was not a chief, but 
a | common man, for this is not a myth. It is a tale belonging to the 
time || when the white men came and built a house at Fort Rupert. 
5 Therefore | Qleged hunted with a gun. Qleged's wife was a | proud 
woman. Her name was Tslchvael. Therefore her name was 
Tslelwael, | because she always talked proudly, and scolded | her 
husband, Qleged, as is the way of common women, because || nothing 

10 is good for them except their pride. Now Qleged | paid no atten- 
tion to his wife when she was angry with him. One | day Ts lelwael 
used really bad words against her husband, | and therefore Qleged 
struck his wife; and | after he had struck her, he took his gun and || 

15 went out of the house to walk 1>\ the river of Hanwad. | ThenQleged 
evidently saw a grizzly bear, for | this is only guessed by the tribe 

87 tsletslExqliiqlos, wit, laLEs k'les aval giixEn, qa £ laEnLo aa £ yalalax 
laEindawisEn nogwal lE £ lamatsos Helemila," £ nex" £ lae QliilEntslesE- 
magaxes g'okulote. Wa, laEin £ walas paxala laxeq'. 

The Initiation on One of the TsIotsIena of the Awa £ ilela 

1 Gokuladae g'iiliisa £ nE £ mei)iotasa TslotslEna lax £ nElk" !odoya £ - 
yas was Ilanwadcxa Legadeda g'6x"dEmsas Tsslexwas. Wii, la- 
£ lae g'flg'Elaaenoxwe Qlegedexa k'lese g"Igama £ ya, yixs a £ mae bE- 
gwanEinq!ala £ ma, yixs k' lesaex no £ yEma, yixs qlayolaex g - ag - iLEla 
5 laqexs g"alaol g ax gox £ walisa mamal £ a lax Tsiixis, yix lag'ilas 
laEin hanLEine hanaLElas Qlegede. Wit, lsVlae gEg'ade Qlegediisa 
LEmqa tstedaqxa LegadEs Tslelwael, yix liig'ilas LegadEs Tslel- 
wael qaxs b.emEnala e mae LEmlEmqlala loxs hemEnala £ mae ae £ no- 
t laxes la-wunEine Qlegede lax gweg - ilasasa tsladagEX'sala, yixs 

10 k'leasae eg"asa OgiVla laxes LEmqaena £ ye. Wa, laEm £ lawise Qle- 
gede k"!es £ El qlasElaxes gEnEinaxs lawisaaq. Wii, la £ lae £ nEmxsa 
£ nalaxs lae ala £ yax - sEme waldEmas Tslelwaelaxes lii £ wunEme. Wa, 
heEin-lawis lagilas Qlegede k - !elax -£ idxes gEnEme. Wii, g-il £ Em- 
£ lawise gwal k' lelak'aqexs lae diix-ide Qlegediixes hauLEme qa £ s 

15 la ISweIs laxes g'okw T e qa £ s laid qas £ id £ na £ nalaaqa lax wiis Han- 
wade. Wii, laEm £ lawise Qlegede dox £ waLElanaxa g"ila qaxs 
a £ mae k'odidtses g'okulote qaxs wuLEl £ maaxs malplEnae MiilIe- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 743 

because they heard two shuts. ! It was late in the evening when the 
shots sounded. | It was dark, tin I Qleged did not come hack. || Then 20 
his tribe thought that he had been hurt. In the | morning when day 
came, lie was expected in vain to come back, | and later in the clay 
Q !eged was given up. | Then the young men of the numaym Ts lots !e- 
na made themselves ready j to go and look for Qleged, who had 
been expected (to return). They started || and they had not gone 25 
far when they saw his tracks. | They followed them, and after going 
a long way, they found the stock of his gun. | They searched, and 
they found one of his legs. ! In vain they kept on searching for 
other parts | of his body, but they found nothing else besides the 
one leg and the stock of the gun and the barrel. [ Then those, who 30 
had looked for Qleged went home. They | carried with them the 
one leg and the part of the gun. ; When they arrived at Qleged's 
house and [ told his wife the news, she told them to bury the || one 35 
leg of her husband. The reason why they talked about Tslelwael 
was that she | almost died crying for her husband, | because it was 
on account of her that lie had gone out. Now | one leg of her hus- 
band had been buried in the fall of the year, j It was towards winter 
when Qleged had been killed || by the grizzly bear. Now it was 40 



g'a £ la. Wa, laEmdae klwiig'ila dzaqwaxs lae hanLliila. Wa, la IS 
£ lae p!EclEx ,£ ida. Hewaxa E lat!a g - ax mi'makwe Qlegede. Wii, 
g - walElaEm £ lawise g-okulotas k"otaq IaEm yElkwa. Wii, hVlae 20 
£ nax -£ Idxa gaala wul £ Em £ lawise nak" !alasE £ wa qa £ s g'axe na £ nakwa. 
Wii, he £ lat!a la gala £ niilaxs lae nanox u q lalayEwe Qlegede. Wii, 
laEindawise xwanaMdeda ha £ yal £ asa £ nE £ memotasa TslotslEna 
qa £ s lalag'e liEniinuxfilax Qlegede. Wa, lax - da £ x u lae qas £ ida. Wii, 
ewilaxdze £ lae qwesg'ila qasaxs lae dox £ waLElax qaqEsmotas. Wii, 25 
hVlae qastodsq. Wii, liidae qwesg'ilaEm qasaxs lae qlaxa hanLEinas 
yix oxLax'diis. Wii, la £ lae alex -£ ida. Wii, laEm J lae qlaxa apso- 
tsldza £ yas g'oguyas. Wii, wax -£ Em £ lawise banal alax ogu £ lii g'ayol 
lax ok!wina £ yas, wii, la e lae k'leas 6gu £ la qlasos laxa apsotsidza £ ye 
g'oguj T 5 LE £ wa oxLa £ yasa hauLEm, wa, he £ mesa dzEx - s £ aniilas. 30 
Wii, g - ax £ lae na £ nakwa nEniinuxulax Q!egedEX"de. Wii, g - ax £ Em- 
£ lae dag'ilqalaxa apsotsidza £ ye g'ciguyo LE £ wa gayole laxa han- 
LEme. Wa, gil J Em J lawise lag'aa laxa gox u das Qlegede lae ts'.E- 
kliil'idEx gEUEmx'diis. Wii, laEm £ lawise £ nek - qa wunEintasE- c wesa 
apsotsIdza e ye g'ogiiyoses la e wunEmx' de, yix lag'ilas gwagwex's'a- 35 
lasa yixs halsEla-mae k' !es qlwayalisEme Ts'.elwaele qaes la £ wu- 
nEinx'de, yixs has £ maaq uaqa £ ye laena £ yas qas £ ida. Wii, laEin- 
£ lae gwala wunEmtaxa £ nEme g"5guyos hVwunEm.vdexa lavEnxe. 
Wa, la.Em £ lae gwebe laxa tslfiwunxe, yix lax'di:nias kMelax'- 
ntsE £ we QlegedExdasa gila. Wii, laEmdiiwise etled hivF.nxa la 40 



744 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.anv::, 

41 autumn again of the | following year when the two ends of the year 
meet. Then Qleged had been forgotten J by his tribe. All the | 
men and the women went out of their houses, and were sitting on 
their \ summer seats in front of their houses, for it was a fine day. 

45 They had not II been sitting in their summer seats a long time when 
wolves began to howl | at the upper end of the village. Then the 
wolves howled again | behind the village, and then wolves howled 
again | on the other side right opposite the village, | and then the 

50 wolves howled again where they had first || howled. Many wolves 
howled together. \ The howling of many wolves kept up for a whole 
day and | night. The men were curious | why they made this noise, 
for it seemed that the | wolves wanted something from the village 

55 that night. Then || the ancestors of the TslotslEna were afraid, 
because the howling of the many | wolves was coming near behind 
the village that night. | In the morning when day came one of the 
men went out of the | house, and he saw many wolves on the bank 

60 at the J upper end of the village walking along the bank, and || a 
great wolf walked out of the woods, and back of his head a man was 
sitting. At once | the man called his tribe to look at him. | And when 
the men and women came out, j they saw a great wolf and the man 



41 apsEyEnx, laEm dzedzak'owa £ nEmxEnxe. Wa, laEmdae lEne £ sta- 
se £ wc Q'.egedKx'diises g-okidote. Wii, laEm £ lawisa £ naxwa bebE- 
gwanEm LE £ wis tsledaqe hoquwEls laxes gig"5kwe qa £ s la a £ wax £ - 
ulsa lax L'.a,L!asana £ yases g'ig'okwe qaxs ek'aeda £ nala. Wa, k"!es- 

45 £ Em £ lawise alaEm gex'gas a £ waqwalas laasa gEmot!Eg - a £ leda atanEm 
lax £ nalenagwisasa g'5kula. Wa, la £ lae edzaqwa gEmot!Eg - a £ leda 
gaxanEme laxa a.Lana £ yasa g'okula. Wa, la £ lae edzaqwa EinotlE- 
g - a £ leda ai.anEin laxa apsotasa s wa lax nExk'!otasa g'okula. 
Wa, la c "lae edzaqwa g'Emot!Eg:a c leda fii.anKin lax g'iklzagwas- 

50 dasa gale gEmotlala. Wa, la £ lae qlenEma la s nEmadzaqwa gEmo- 
tlaleda axanEma; Wa, laEm e lae sEnbEndxa £ nala p £ wa ganoLe 
gEmoteda qlenEine eaLaiiEma. Wii, laEin £ lae qlayaxeda bebE- 
gwanEmas heg'ilas gwek!ale qaxs hae gwexs dadagiltsleda eaxa- 
nEinaxagokulaxaganoLe. Wa, laKm'lae -jiaxwa ts'.EndEk'eda gala 

55 E nE e memotsa TslotslEnasa g"axe xeuleIu e nExwabaleda qlenEme 
gEmotlala eai.ani:m lax ai,ana £ yasa g'okuliixa ganoLe. Wa, la E lae 
£ nax -£ idxa gaala, laa £ lase lawidseda £ nEmokwe bEgwanEm laxes 
g'okwe. Wii, la £ lae dox £ waLElaxa qlenE'm eaLanEm lax £ nalena- 
gwesasa g"okula g"ilEmg - llIsEla laq. Wii, g*ax £ lae gilolt laliseda 

60 £ walase aLanEm k'.waxLaatalaxa hEgwaiiEme. Wa, hex £ idaEm- 
lawisa bEgwanEme la gwaye £ L !esx§s g'okuldte qa dox £ wideseq. 
Wa, g'll £ Em £ lawise g'ax £ wl £ la hoquwElseda behEgwanEine LE £ wis 
tsledaqe, wii, laEmdae dox £ waxElaxa £ walase aLanEmaxs klwax- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 745 

sitting | behind his head, and many wolves walking around him. || 
G'ilalalit was the name of the great wolf | behind whose head the 65 
man was sitting. Then they recognized | that the man was Qleged, 
who was singing a sacred song. Then the old people | told ah the 
men and women to purify themselves at once. | Then all the men 
and || women broke off hemlock branches back of the | houses, and 70 
went into the water in front of the houses, and | all washed them- 
selves with hemlock branches. The great wolf J G'ilalalit was stand- 
ing still as though he was watching the | many wolves, what they 
were doing. After the people had finished purifing themselves || 
and had gone out of the river, they sat down in front of | the house 75 
of Qleged. They were watching what was going to happen. | They 
cleared the house of Qleged. j When Qleged saw the men sitting on 
the ground, he got off from the neck | of G'ilalalit, and stood on the 
beach. Then || G'ilalalit and the many wolves went back into the NO 
woods. Qleged stood on the beach | singing his sacred song, and all 
the men made ready | to catch him. When the men | went towards 
Q leged, who was standing on the beach, he pointed with the | thing 
that he held, which was like a baton, towards the mountain on the 
other side of the river. || And immediately the mountain caught fire. 85 

Laatalaxa bEgwanEme. We, heEnrlawisa qlenEme eaLaiiEm gi- 
le £ stalaq. Wa, heEm LegadEs Gilalalitexa £ walase SLanEmxaklwax- 65 
Laatalaxa bEgwaiiEme. Wa, laEm £ lae £ malt!eg - aaLEleda bE- 
gwanEme, he £ me Qlegededa yalaqula. Wa, laEm £ laeda q!ulsq!ul- 
yakwe £ nex' qa amies hex' £ idaEm £ wi £ la q !eqElax £ ideda c "naxwa be- 
bEgwanF.m LE £ wis tsledaqe. Wa, hex" s idaEm e lawisa miixwa bebE- 
gwanEm LE £ wis tsledaqe la LlEx £ wid laxa qlwaxe lax iiLamVyases 70 
g'ig'okwe, qa £ s lit hoxsta laxa E wa nEqEmalisases g'ig'okwe. Wa, 
laEm £ lae E naxwa ci!wax £ eta. Wa, aEm e lawisa E walase aLanEinxa 
G'Halatite g'iles he gwex's x'ltslax'ilax gwegwalag'ilidzasas LE e wa 
cjlenEme eaLaiiEma. Wa, g"il e Em £ lawise gwala ([!eqElax £ ide laa £ lase 
hox £ wusta laxa £ wii. Wit, lax'da £ x"dae k!us £ Elsa lax Llasana £ yas 75 
gokwas Qlegede. Wa, laEm £ lae doqwalaxes gwa £ yi £ l:ilasLa. Wa, 
hex' £ idaEinLa ex £ wetsE £ we g'okwas Qlegede, wit, laEm £ lae doqu- 
la £ ma klutslEse bebj;gwanEm lax Qlegediixs lae laxa lax oxLaata- 
£ yasa G'ilalalite. Wa, aEm £ lawise la i.a £ \ves laalaLase g"il £ yag"ida 
G'ilalalite LE £ wa cjlenEme eaLanEma. Wit, laEm £ lae Qlegede La £ wis 80 
yalaqula. Wii, laF.m £ laeda £ naxwa bebEgwanEm xwanatela qa £ s la- 
lag'e daq. Wit, g'il £ Ein £ lawise £ wi £ la qas £ ideda bebEgwanEm gwE- 
£ yolEla lax La £ widzasas Qlegede laa £ lase Qlegede ndx-'witscs daa- 
kwe he gwex"s tlEmyayo laxa nEg'ii lax apsotasa £ wa. Wit, he- 
x ,£ idaEm £ lawise E naxwa xix £ ede oguma £ yasa nEg'ii. Wit, la £ lae 85 



746 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 36 

86 Then | he pointed his fire-bringer to the mountain up the river, | 
while he was standing on the beach, and continued singing his 
sacred song. Then [ the mountain caught fire. Then | the ances- 
tors of the numaym TsIots'.Ena were afraid on account of what was 

90 done by Q!eged. || The old men encouraged all | the men, and told 
them not to be afraid. Then all | the men stood in a row, and walked 
together. 

When they came near him, the j line of men bent around Qieged; 

95 and as soon as the II ends of the line of men passed Qieged, who was 
standing on the beach, | they encircled hun. Then Q leged was in the 
middle of the circle. When | the ring of men was getting small 
Qleged disappeared and [ stood on the beach farther up the river 
from those who tried to catch him. In vain | the men surrounded 
100 him again. He did the same || as he had done before. Then an old 
man spoke, | and said, "O Tribe! let us go home for a while." I 
Then all the men agreed | to what he said, and they all started and | 
5 went into the house of Q!eged. As soon as they were all in || the old 
man spoke, and said, | "Let them call the women to come quickly, 
and the virgins." j At once four young men ] went out of the house 

86 et!ed nox-wltses xumtxiimtagila laxa nEgii, lax £ niila £ yas i.awi- 
dzasas liixes hemEndzaqulaene e me yiilaqula. Wii, laEmxae xlx- 
E ede oguma e yasa nEg'a. Wa, laEm £ lae kek'iilex £ ideda g'ala £ nE- 
£ memotasa Ts'.otslEnas gwiilag ilidzasas Qlegede. Wa, la £ laed:t 

90 qlulsq'.ulyakwe ai-.m telakliilax nenaqa e yasa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm 
qa k'leses kilida. Wa, lai:m £ liiwise yipEing'aliseda £ naxwa hebE- 
gwanr.ma. Wa, la £ lae £ nEmax £ Id qas £ ida. 

Wa, g"il £ Em £ lawise exa £ nakfda laqexs lae wag'E-'nakuleda £ was- 
gEmg'itElasasa bebEgwanEmex Q!egexle. Wii, gil £ Em £ lawise 

95 ha £ yaqe £ waxsba £ yasa bebEgwanEinax La £ widzasas Q!egediixs lae 
k'EinesgEmlisaq. Wii, laEm £ lae nExts!alise Qlegede. Wii, gil- 
£ Em £ lawise t!oxts' !a £ nakilleda bebEgwanEm, lae x'is e ede Qlegede 
qa £ s lit i.ax £ walis lax £ mllalisasa k'Em £ yiiq; wii, lae wiix" et'.ededa 
bebEgwaiiEme k - EmesgEmlisa(|. Wii, aEmdaxaiiwise, he gwex £ ides 
100 gilx'de gwex £ idaasa. Wa, la £ lae yiiq!Eg"a £ leda q'.ulyakwe bEgwii- 
nEma. Wii, la £ lae £ neka: " £ ya, gokOlot, lalag'aEmasLEns nii £ na- 
kw 7 a," £ nexlae. Wii, la-iae hexi £ da £ ma £ naxwa bebEgwanEm ex £ a- 
k"EX wiildEinas. W;i, laxda £ x u£ lae £ wi £ la qas £ ida qa £ s lii £ wl ; la 
hogweL lax gokwas Q!egede. Wii, g'il £ Em £ lawise £ wI £ laeLExs lae 
5 yaq'.Eg'a £ leda qlulyakwe bEgwanEma. Wii, la £ lae £ nek - a: "Hii- 
g'ax'i Le £ lalasE £ wa ts!Eda,qax qa g'axeso £ wi £ la LE £ wa k'!ek"!E £ v:iliix 
ha £ nak!wala," la £ nex' £ lae. Wa, hex -£ idaEm £ lawisa mokwe ha e yaPa 
la hoquwEls laxa g'okwe qa £ s lit Le £ lala £ wl £ laxa tsledaqe Li/wa k"!e- 



boas] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 747 

and called all the women and the | virgins, and when they had come, the || 
old man spoke, and said, "Listen why I j call you, women. I suppose 10 
that | you all keep your napkins. I wish that you, who are menstruat- 
ing, | and you, virgins, hum your napkins | around the great Qleged, 
who has a supernatural treasure." Thus he said. || And immediately 1"> 
the menstruating women took off their cedar-hark napkins, and | put it 
down on the floor of the house. And others who were not menstruat- 
ing went out of the house | to get their napkins which they kept. | 
When they had brought all, the | men and the women and the virgins 
went out. || They were going to try to catch Qleged; and | when 20 
they came to the place where he was standing on the beach, they 
surrounded him. Then they put fire [ to the cedar-hark napkins 
of all the women; and when the fire began to smoke, | all the men 
and the women sat down. | Then the smoke of the fire went to- 
wards Qleged, and his II fire-bringer and death-bringer disappeared. 25 
Then Qleged spoke, and | said, "Arise, and let us go home, for | 
you have made me secular." Thus he said. Now, Qleged hail 
been brought back | by this. As soon as he went into his house, 
he | told them that the wolves had gathered all the pieces of his 
body, || as they had been thrown away by four grizzly bears. 30 

k'lE £ yala. Wa, g - ax'da c x ue lae £ wI £ laeLa. Wii, la £ lae yaqlEga £ leda 
qlulyakwe bEgwanEma. Wit, lfriae £ nek'a: "Weg'a hoLelaxEn 10 
liigila £ nex' qa £ s laos Le £ lalasE £ wa yfn. ts'.edaq qaxg'in k'ota'megin- 
Lol £ naxwa axelaxes eedEmaos. Wii, la £ mesEn walaqeloi. exEnta 
yiiL k'lek'.Eyal, yixg'Eii £ ne £ nakelEk' qEns lalag'i nE £ wexse £ stEnts 
eedF.maqos laxa £ walase Logwale Qlegede," £ nex' £ lae. Wii, hex ,£ i- 
(hiF.in'lawisa eexEnta tsledaq axalaxes k'adzEkwe eedEin qa £ s 15 
axalllEles. Wa, la £ laeda k'lese eexEnta hi hoquwEls laxa g - 5kwe 
qa £ s lit ax £ edxes eedEmote laxes g'igokwe, qaxs eaxela £ maaq. 
Wii g - axda £ x u£ lae dalaq. Wii, gil £ Em £ lawise g'axExs lae £ wi £ la 
et!ede hoqiiwElseda bebEgwiinEm LE £ wa ts'.edaqe LE £ wa k'!ek"!E- 
£ yala. Wa,laEm £ lae £ wi £ la lal k - Em £ yaLEx Qlegede. Wii, g il £ Em £ la- 20 
wise lagaa lax La £ widzasas lac xEme £ stEndEq. Wa, la £ lae mEnqa- 
sE £ wa eedEmasa £ naxwa ts'.edaqa. Wii, g il £ Em £ lawise gQ £ nex £ \vidaxs 
lae £ naxwa k!us £ aliseda £ naxwa bebEgwiinEm LE £ wa tsledaqe. Wii, 
gil-Eni £ liiwise lag'aeda gii £ nequla lax Q!egede, lae x'is £ Ide daakwas- 
xa xumtxumtag-ila halaya. Wii, la £ lae Qlegede yaq!Eg - a £ la. Wa, 25 
la £ lae £ nek'a: "Weg'a q!wag - Elis qsns lalag'i na £ nakwa qaxs 
lE £ maaq6s baxus £ idamas gaxEn," £ nex £ lae. Wa, la £ me laLanEme 
Qlegede laxeq. Wii, g-il £ Eni-iawise laeL laxes g dkwaxs lae tslE_ 
klalElasa aLanEinaxs he £ mae la mamEnsgEmax £ naxwa wIwElxLa- 
las, yixs lae tslEqEme £ stala £ yosa g - fla mowa. Wii, la-laeda aLa- ;;u 



748 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL 1eth.ann.3o 

31 The wolves | had taken him into their house, and put together the 
pieces of his body. | Then four wolves had been Rent to take the one | 
leg that had been buried by the tribe; and when | they" had come 

35 back bringing the one leg, they stuck it on || where it had been 
before; and after they had done so, they sprinkled water of life over 
him. | Then Q!eged had come back to life after that. As soon as | 
night came, they bad called all kinds of animals | to come and see 
Nung"axta £ ye, the £ walas £ axaak u , that night. | It was not long 

40 before the four men || who were wolves had come back. They had 
been | all around the world, and it was not long before | all kinds of 
animals had come into the large house. And when ; all were in, the 
song-leaders had beaten time on the | time-beating boards. Then 

45 one hundered men || with wolf-head fore-head-masks had conic mil of 
the rear of the house. The masks were made like the heads of | 
wolves. Then they had gone around the fire in the middle of the 
house; and | when all had come out, the song-leaders had sung 
four | songs. And alter the last | song had been ended by the song- 
leaders, they had gone back into the sacred room on which was 

50 painted || Gllalalit. After they had finished, the speaker of the 
house had spoken, | and said, "Are you watching, J friend Qleged ' 



31 nErne laeLas laxes gokwe qa e s lii axodalax wiwElx'Lalas. Wa, 
g'axMae e yalagEma mowe eaLanEm qa g'fixes ax E etsE £ wa apsotsi- 
dza £ ye g"5guyosxa wunKintasK'wases g - okul6te. Wa, g - il £ Em £ lawise 
la aedaaqa dag'ilqElaxa apsotsidza £ ye g'ogtiyos lae k'.utlaLElodayo 

35 laxes axalaase. Wa, g'll £ Em £ lawise gwalExs lae xos £ etsosa qlula'sta 
£ wapa. Wa, laEm £ lae q!ulax" £ ide Qlegede laxeq. Wa, g'il £ Em £ la- 
wise ganoMda lae qasasE £ weda c naxwa oguqlemas gilg'aomas qa 
g'fixes x'itslax'ilax Nung"axta e ye, ylxs e walas e axaakweLaxa ganoLe. 
Wa, k'!es £ lat!a galaxs g'axae aedaaqaxa mokwe la £ naxwa bebE- 

40 gwaiiKmxs ai,aiu:in ; niaaLal. Wa, laKiu-lae £ nek"Exs la E mex'de 
la £ stalisxEns £ nalax. Wa, k*!es £ lat!a galaxs g'axae hdgwei.Eleda 
£ naxwa oguqlemas g'ilg'aemas, laxa E walase g'okwa. Wa, g"ll £ Em £ la- 
wise E wI £ laeLa, wa, hex -£ idaEm £ lawise LExEdzodeda ne £ nagadaxes 
LexEdzowe saokwa. Wa, g*ax £ lae hox £ wiilt !alileda lakMEnde heln- 

45 gwauF.m x'Txesewfilaxa x"Isewa £ yexa nanaxts !E £ wa £ max x'omsasa 
aianEm. Wa, laEm £ lae la £ stalllElaxa laqawalllasa g'okwe. Wa, 
g - il £ Em £ lawise £ wl £ l5lt lalila lae dEnx £ ededa ne £ nagade. Wa, mos- 
gEm £ laeda qlEmqlEmdEmas. \V;i, k' !es £ Em £ lawise q lulbeda Elxi.a-'ve 
dKnx'eilavasa nc ; nagadaxs lae latslalil laxa mawile k' ladEdzalaxa 

.-,n (iilalalit. Wa, laEm £ lae gwahi laxeq. Wa, la £ lae yaq!Eg - a £ le 
yayaqlEiilEinelasa g"6kwe. Wa, la £ lae ; neka: "Li: £ mas doqwalaa, 
qast, Q'.egede. LaEms lal LogwalaLExa £ walas £ axaak u ; wa, he £ misa 



BOAS] BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 749 

Now you will obtain the E walas £ axaak u and | the name Nung'axta £ ye. 53 
This will be your name, and yon will have the | fire-bringer and 
death-bringer. You shall not || stay here long, only until the end 55 
of the year. Then we shall j take you home, friend." Thus he had 
said. Thus said Qleged while he was telling his | tribe what had 
happened. Now this is imitated when they j give a winter dance, 
and that is why the Awa £ lLEla own the £ walas £ axaak u . | That is the 
end of this. 1 |l 

LegEinase Nung - axta £ ye. Wa, laEms LegadElts. Wa, g - a £ meseg - a 53 
xumtxiimtag'ilak' halaya. LaKmxaak - lal lax, qast. Wa, k'lesLEs 
gala! laq u . Aeim.es dzedzEkugwilal yul lox, qast, qEnu £ xo lal 55 
taodLos, qast," £ nex" £ lae, £ nek - e Qlegedaxs lae tslEk'laiElaxes 
g'okulote. Wa, a £ mese la nanaxts !E £ wax gweg"i £ lalasas lae yawi- 
x'Ela. Wa, heEm lag'ilasa Awa £ iLEla axnogwatsa £ walas £ axaakwe. 
LaEm laba laxeq.' 

1 For additional beliefs and customs see Addenda, p. 1331. 



VI. SOCIAL CUSTOMS 

Customs Relating to Eating 

1 This is the size into which the salmon is broken when a chief- 
tainess gives to eat to the chief. | Into larger pieces breaks it the 
wife of a | common man. | 

Distribution of Porpoise 

The dorsal fin and the side-fins of the porpoise are given to chiefs 
5 at || great feasts. To the head chief is given | the chest of the por- 
poise. The body is given | to the common people. That is all 
about this. | 

Distribution of Seal ' 

The hair-seal also teaches the common people their place; | for 

10 chiefs receive the chest . and || the chiefs next in rank receive the 

limbs. They only give pieces of the body of the | seal to common 

people of the tribes, and they give the | tail of the seal to people 

Customs Relating to Eating 

1 Wa, heEin kMopesa m5dzllasa g'Jgama e yaxs hamg'ilaaxa bE- 
gwanEme. Wa, laLa awiiwastowe k"!opa £ yasa gEnEmasa bEgwa- 
iiEinax'sala. 

Distribution of Porpoise 

Wa, heEin yaqlwemasa g"Ig'Egama-ya Liig - a 5 ye LE E wa basbEle laxa 
5 E walase sakwelaxa k'!6lot!e. Wa, he £ mis yaqlwemasa xamagE- 
ma £ ye g'Igama £ ya haq Iwayasa k' !olot !e. Wa, lii yax £ widayuwa 
ogwida £ ye laxa bebEgwanEmq lalame. Wa, hi Kin gwal laxeq. 

Distribution of Seal ' 

Wa, heEinxaeda megwate. q !ol e aLElatsa bEgiilIda £ yaxes awalox £ - 

ttnase qaeda g"ig"Egama £ yaxs yagwadaasa haqlwayowe LE J wa 

10 LasLfda laxa g'iigEle. Wa, a £ mese la yEyaqwax's £ alayo ogwida £ yasa 

megwate laxa bEgulida e yasa lelqwalaLa £ ye. Wii, la yax £ widayowe 

1 See also p. 544, lines 2U6-209. the translation of which is as follows: Only this teaches the common 
people their low position; for when cinquefoil-roots are given at a feast, the chiefs receive the long 
cinquefoil-roots, and the short roots are given to (the common people); for chiefs eat the long cinque- 
foil-roots, and all the common pnople eat the short roots. 
750 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 751 

lowest in rank. Therefore | trouble often follows a seal-feast and a 13 
least of short and long | cinquef oil-roots; for when a man who 
gives || a seal-feast with many seals hales another man, he gives him 15 
a piece of blubber from the body, [ although he may be of noble 
descent; and they do the same with the short cinquefoil-roots. | 
That is all about this. | 

Feast of Currants 

As soon as everything has been brought out and put down, (the 
woman) sends two young men | to go and invite her husband's 
tribe. They go; || and after they have gone into all the houses of the 20 
village, they come back. They are also | sent to draw water: and 
immediately each takes a | large water-bucket in each hand, and 
they go down to draw water. When they come back, they pour | a 
little into each dish that stands on the floor. When the buckets are 
empty, | they go to draw more water in the same four large || buck- 25 
ets. When they come back, carrying the bucket with water one in 
each hand, | the two water-carriers are told to put down the buckets | 
and to call those who are to eat the currant cakes. | They go into all 
the houses, and then they come back again; and when | they come 
back, the two young men who act as messengers are told to || spread 30 
the long mats around the house in which the currants are to be eaten. | 

L!odzayoxsda £ yasa megwate lax bEkwaxa. Wa, he £ mis lag"ilas 12 
qlunala xomatelasa sakwelaxa megwate LE £ wa tteqwelaxa t!Ex u - 
sose LE £ wa Laxapelaxa Laxabillise qaxs giPmae L!eL!asaleda 
sakwelaxa qlenEme megwata qa £ s lasa ogwidedzEse xiidze laxa 15 
wax" e Em g'eqamena, wa, laxae heEm gwegilayowa t!Ex u sose. 
Wa, laEin gwal laxeq. 

Feast of Currants 

Wii, g-iPmese g'ax £ wl £ la gwax'gulIlExs lae £ yalaqasa ha £ yaT"a 
ma'lokwa qa las Le £ lalax gokulotases hVwiinEme. Wa, laxda ; xwe. 
Wa, glPmese E wIlxtolsaxa gokuliixs g-axae aedaaqa. Wa, laxae 20 
e yalagEm qa £ s la tsax e wapa. Wa, hex- £ ida £ mes§ £ wax-sEnx £ wulxa 
awawe naEngatslii qa £ s lit tsex -£ Idxa £ wape, qa £ s g'axe giixtslalasa 
holale laxa loElqlwaxs lae mExela. W T ii, gib'mese £ wilgilts!aweda 
iiaEngatsIaxs lae et!edEX'da £ x u tsex' £ ida ylxaasa mosgEme awa 
naEngatsla. Wa, giPmese g-ax £ wax - sEnkulaxa £ wabEts!ala miEn- 25 
gatslexs lae axsE £ weda ma £ lokwe tsetsEyilgls, qa £ s hanEmg-aliles, 
qa £ s lii etse £ staxa t!Ext!aqLaxa qledzEdzowe tlEqa. Wa, gil'Km- 
xaawise £ wllxtolsaxa gokuliixs g-axae aedaaqa. Wa, gil £ mese 
g-ax aedaaqeda ma £ lok u etse £ stElg1s ha £ yal £ axs lae &xk-!alaso £ , qa £ s 
LEp lalllElesa gllsg-ildEclzowe le £ wa £ ya lax awr'stalllasa t!Ext!agats!e- 30 



752 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 86 

32 Immediately they obey the order of the | host who is about to give 
a feast of currant cakes. When this is done they really | go to call 
again. Now they stay longer in each house while they are calling, | 
and some of the guests begin to conic when they arc called this time. 

35 After they have gone through || the whole village, they go back again; 
and now the two messengers | take the tire-wood and put it on the 
fire. After they have done so, | they are sent by the host who is 
about to give the currant-feast to [look for faces] call a fourth time. | 
They go out, enter all the houses, | and say the following as they go 
in: " [We are] looking for a face, [we are] looking for a lace." When 

40 they find a || man or a woman, both say at the same time, | "Wo, 
wo, wo, wo! Get up and go to the feast!" This is the way | they 
speak when it is winter-dance season; l>ut they do nol say this 
during the secular summer season, for in summer they just say, 
when they go the fourth time calling, | "We come back to call you, 
the only one (who has not come yet);" and they just stand waiting 

45 for the one for whom || they went to get ready; and when he finishes, 
the | messengers go hack with him. When they come in, (it is seen 
that) | it is generally the son (or daughter) of a chief who is ashamed 
because of it. | As soon as he sits down, he asks the song-leader to sing | 
his feast-song ; (he continues) "for it is obtained by me because my child 

50 ditl not come earlier." || Thus speaks the one who has been called last ; 

31 Laxa q ledzEdzowe gokwa. Wii, hex ,£ ida e mese nanagegex waldEmasa 
qleselaLaxa qledzEdzowe tlEqa. Wii, g'tPmese gwabsxs lae alak" 
etse £ sta. Wii, la £ me gageg"illlEla lax g'ig'okwases etse e stasE £ we. 
Wii, hr'me g'iixaniEnqule etse £ stasE £ was. Wa, gil £ mese labElsaxa 

35 gox u dEmsaxs g'iixae aedaaqa. Wa, lax , da e x U£ meda ma £ lokwe etse- 
£ stElg - is ax £ edxa lEqwa qa £ s lEqwelax' £ ide. Wii, g'il £ mese gwalExs 
lae £ yalagEinsa qleselaLaxa qledzEdzowe tlEqa, qa £ s lil dadoquma. 
Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese lax*da £ xwa, qa £ s lii laLlESEla laxa gokula. 
Wa, he £ me la waldEmxtE £ wese "daddqumai'." Wa, gil £ mese q!axa 

40 £ nEmokwe bEgwanEma Lo £ ma tslEdaqe, lae £ nEmax -£ Id £ nek*a: 
"Wo, wo, wo, wo! Lax £ wld cpx £ s laos k!wela." Wii, heEm gwe- 
k"!alatsexs ts!ets!eqae. Wii, lii k - !es he gwek'liilaxs baxusaaxa 
heEnxe, yixs a £ mae £ nex # xa heEiixaxs lae mop!ene £ sta etse £ sta: 
"G'axniEnu £ x u '"iiEnqEma etse'"stoL." Wii, lii aEin i.axwemlLxes 

45 etse £ stanEmaxs lae xwanal'lda. Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs gaxaeda 
etse £ stElg - fse qaqElaxes etse £ stanEme. Wa, gil'"mese £ wi £ laeLExs 
lae qlunala miix - ts!eda alexe etse £ stanEmxs naxsalae bEk!wena £ yas. 
Wa, g'Il £ mese k!wag"alllExs lae axk'ialaxa nagade, qa dEnx £ e- 
desesa klwelayalayowa q!EmdEms, "qa gwaiiEinsEn genet !ena £ ye," 

50 £ nek'a alElxsda £ ye etse £ stanEma. Wii, hex £ ida £ mese dEivx £ edayowe 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 753 

and immediately they sing his | feast-song. When the guests stop 51 
singing, | he calls a speaker from his own numaym, | who can speak 
well; and as soon as the speaker arrives, the one who came late tells 
the one whom he called | to promise a feast, and to say that he will || 
sell a canoe for it; for generally the}' say that they will sell a canoe, 55 
and this is the way they do in summer. | It is somewhat different 
during the winter-dancing season, when the messengers go back to 
look for those who have | not come in yet before the cannibal dancers 
and the Seal Society come in ; and if | the}' do not find the one whom 
they want, and particularly a (chief's) beloved daughter, | if she 
stays away too long and does not come home, then they give up 
waiting, || and they just go and call the cannibal dancer and the Seal 60 
Society, j As soon as they come in and sit down in the rear of the 
house where the cakes of currants | are to be eaten, after making a 
speech in praise of them, (the messengers) | go out of the house. 
Then he sees the one for whom they went, | and who has arrived on 
the beach after having paddled. Then they go back into the house, 
and || tell the host that the one whom they could not find has arrived. | 65 
Then at once she is called in by the two [ messengers; and when they 
come to the one whom they are calling, the two | messengers say, 
"Only you have been awaited! Come! We have been | sent for 
you by the host to bring you in." Thus they say || to her. Then 70 
she puts on a good blanket, and, | after doing so, she walks among 



klwelayalayas qtemdEma. Wa, gil £ mese q!wel £ ideda k!welalaxs 51 
lae Le £ lalaxa egilwate lax yaq tent lalaxa Elkwe g'ayol lax £ nE £ me- 
motas. Wa, giPmese g'fixa laeda genete laxes Le £ lalasE £ we, qa £ s 
axk'lalaq, qa qasowes hamaxasa xwakluna, qaxs he £ mae qiunala 
Lex £ etso £ sa qasowe. Wii, heEm gweg'ilasxa heEnxe. Wa, gil £ mese 55 
ts!ets!eqaxs lae aogu £ qela, yixs lae dadoqumeda etse £ sta, yixs 
k'!es £ mae g'ax hogwlLa haamatsla LE £ wa meEmgwate. Wa, gil- 
£ mese k'!es q!axa lElwegEme la £ wene tslEdaqa, yixs laasnokwae. 
Wii, g - il £ mese xEULEla gala k' !es g'ax na £ nakuxs lae pEX'Idaya. 
Wa, a £ mise la etse £ stasE £ weda haamatsia LE £ wa meEmgwate. Wa, 60 
gil £ mese g"ax hogwlLaxs lae k!us £ a,llla laxa nEcjewalllasa c[!esq!a- 
dzatsleLaxa c|!edzEdzowe tlEqa. Wa, g'lPmese gwala tslEhvaqaqes 
laas lawElse laxa g'okwe. Wa, la dox £ \vaLElaxa vale etse £ staso £ xs 
g'axae g"ax £ alisax sex £ wklEX'de. Wa, la edeLa laxa g'Qkwe qa £ s 
la nenlElaxa klwelasaxs g'ax £ mae na £ nakwa la £ yag'ils etse £ sta- 65 
sE £ wa. Wa, hex' e ida £ mese la etse £ staso £ sa eetse £ stElgise ma £ lokwa. 
Wa, g il £ mese lag'aa laxes etse £ stasE £ waxs lae £ nex - da £ xweda ma £ lo- 
kwe eetse £ stElg"isa: "AEmsla ets!eltsE £ wa. Gelaga, g - ax £ mEnu £ x u 
niEnqEma e yalagEmsa klwelase, qEnu £ x u g - axe etse £ stoL," £ nex'da £ - 
xweq. Wa, hex -£ ida J mese la ax £ edxes eke nEx £ iina £ ya qa £ s iiEX £ un- 70 
des. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalExs lae qagexa etse £ stanEinaq. Wa, 
75052—21—35 eth — pt 1 -48 



754 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

72 those who are calling her. | The two messengers go in first; and as 
soon as they enter | the door of the feast-house, they say, | "Look at 
her! She has arrived now." And as soon as the woman walks in, || 

75 the guests all shout, and say, "You have been called, you have been 
called in!" The | woman goes in and stands in the rear of the house, 
just I outside of the feasters, between them and the fire in the middle 
of the house; | and at once her father gets up and tells the song- 
leader to I sing his daughter's song. Then the guests begin to sing, || 

SO and the woman begins to dance; and as soon as the | singing stops, 
the woman sits down among the women to whom she belongs, | and 
her father promises a feast to his tribe. | 

Huckleberry Feast 

1 When this has been done, 1 the husband and the wife get the | 
huckleberry-dishes and spoons, | and put them down at the left- 
hand side of the door of the house in which huckleberries are to be 

5 eaten and also oil. | The woman puts them down, while || the 
husband clears out the house, and he | spreads the mats for the 
huckleberry-eaters to sit down on. | As soon as he has done so, he 
calls his tribe to come in to | eat huckleberries; and as soon as he has 
been to all the houses, | he goes back again ; and now two young men 

72 he £ mis g'Slag'iwa £ yeda ma £ lokwe eetse £ stElg'isa. Wa, g'il £ mese laeL- 
da £ x u laxa tlex'flasa k!weladzats!e g'okwa, lae £ iiEmax' £ Id £ nek'a: 
"Wag'a, doqwalalag'ax £ Emga." Wa, g"il e mese laeLeda tslEdaqaxs, 

75 lae £ naxwa £ ma klwele £ nek'a: "Genet, genet, genet." Wa, a £ meseda 
tslEdaqe qasa, qa £ s la Liix £ ulll laxa ogwiwalllasa g'okwe, lax 
Uasahlasa klwele lax awagawalilas i.E £ wa laqwawallle. Wa, 
hex' £ ida £ mese ompas Lax £ idlla, qa £ s wiixexa nenagade, qa- 
dEnx £ edeses qlEmdEmases xunokwe. Wa, hex' £ ida £ mese dEnx £ e- 

80 deda klwele. Wa, la yEx £ wldeda tslEdaqe. Wa, g - il £ mese q!we 
l £ ldeda dEnxElaxs lae klwaqeda tslEdaqaxes ts!Edaqwtite. Wa, 
la £ me qasowe ompas cpaes g'okulote. 

Huckleberry Feast 

1 Wa, gil £ mese gwalExs 1 lae hogwlLeda ha £ yasEk'ala qa £ s la k"!E- 
nEmg'alilaxes gwatgudats!eLe loElq'.wa; wa, he £ misa kak'EtslEnaqe 
cja £ s g - axe mEx £ alilElas lax gEmxdtstolilases gwatelatsleLe g'okwa. 
Wa, he £ misa L!e £ na. Wa, he £ meda tslEdaqe g-ax ax £ alIlElas, yixs 

5 la'aLes hVwunEme ekwaxes gwatelatsleLe g'okwa. Wa, lfixae 
LEp lalllElasa leElwa £ ye qa klwadzoltses gwatelagiLaxa gwadEme. 
Wa, g'il £ mese gwab'alllExs lae Le £ lalaxes g'okulote, qa g'axes gii- 
gwadEmg'Exa gwadEme. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wllxtolsaxa g'okfllaxs 
rr'&x&e aedaaqa. Wa, laEin gax liig'aya g'ayole lax £ nE £ me- 

'When the berries have been cleaned. Continued from p. 5Sl,llne34. 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 755 

who belong to his numaym come with him. || When he invites to the 10 
huckleberry feast, he says, | when he first invites the tribe, "I invite 
you to | come and eat the huckleberries of Breakfast-Food-Giver." 
Then he sends the two | young men to call again; and they say, 
"We come to call you again | to eat the huckleberries of Breakfast- 
Food-Giver;" for this name belongs to the huckleberry feast || when 15 
they are given at a feast to many tribes. They have to call | four 
times for a huckleberry feast. When | the people come in, the host 
who gives the huckleberries at once gets ready, | and at the same 
time the guests begin to sing the songs. | Then they put the huckle- 
berries into the dishes, so that they are half full. II They take oil and 20 
pour it over them, so that it is one | half huckleberries and one half 
oil. After doing so, | they distribute the spoons; and when every 
one has his spoon, they put the | huckleberry-dishes one each in 
front of six men; | and after they have been put down, they || all eat 25 
with their spoons, and they eat the huckleberries covered | with oil; 
and they do not stop until they have eaten all the huckleberries | and 
oil. After they have been eaten, they all go | out of the house. | 

Viburnum-Berry Feast 

Now I shall talk about viburnum-berries, which are given at a l 
feast, | for this feast is next in greatness to the oil feast, | which is 

motasxa ma £ lokwe ha £ yal £ a. Wii, he £ mis waklEmsa gwatela- 10 
Laxa gwadEmaxs g'fdae la Le £ lalaxes g'okulote: "Le £ lalEiiLoL, qa £ s 
layos gwatgut lax GamolsElas." Wa, lii £ yalaqasa ma £ lokwe ha £ y&- 
i £ a qa las etse £ sta. Wa, lii £ nek'a: " La £ nii:nirx u etse £ staai qaEns, 
gwatgiidasLe GamolsElas," qaxs he £ mae g - ega £ ya gwadEinaxa Legad- 
g - Ile khveladzEina laxa q!enEme lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, laxae moplE- 15 
ne £ sta etse £ stasE £ weda gvvatgutLaxa gwadEme, Wa, gil £ mese g - 5x 
£ w!laeLExs lae hex ,e ida xwanal £ Ideda gwatelaLaxa gwadEme, yixs 
laaLal dEnxElasa klwelayalayowa gwatgutLaxa gwadEme. Wa, 
la £ me k!ats!alasa gwadEme laxa l6Elq!we, qa naEtigoyoxsdales. 
Wa, lii ax £ edxa L!e £ na, qa="s klungiLEyindes laq. Wa, la £ me nax- 20 
saap!cda gwadEme LE £ wa L!e'"na. Wa, gil £ mese gwiilExs lae ts!E- 
wanaedzEma k"akEts!Enaqe. Wa, g"il £ mese wilxtoxs lae k'aedzE- 
ma gwegwatgudats !e loElqlwa laxa q!eq lELokwe bebEgwanEm laxa 
£ niil £ nEmexLa loqhva. Wa, gil £ mese £ wIlg - alilExs lae hex ,£ idaEm 
£ naxwa £ yos £ Itses k - ak - Ets!Enaqe, qa £ s gwatgut !edexa t!Ep!EgEh"- 25 
saxa L!e £ na gwadEina. Wii, ah'mese gwalExs lae £ wl £ laxa gwadEme 
LE £ wa L!e £ na. Wa, gil £ mese £ wl £ laqexs lae hex ,£ idaEm la £ wi £ la li5- 
qiiwElsa. 

Viburnum-Berry Feast 

Wii, la'mesEn g\vagwex'sEX ,£ IdEl laxa ttelsaxs lae tlElseleda 1 
t!Elyadasa tfelse, yixs he £ mae makllaxa L!§ £ nag"ilaxa L!e £ naxs £ wa- 



756 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ANN. 35 

the greatest feast given to many tribes. Next to the | viburnum- 
5 berry feast is the seal feast, which is given to many tribes. || These are 
put into house-dishes, the killer-whale | dish, hair-seal dish, whale 
dish, sea-lion dish, | beaver dish, grizzly-bear dish, wolf dish, and | 
Dzo'noq !wa dish, and also into the double-headed | serpent dish. 
These which I name are the dishes out of which the}' eat at great 

10 feasts, || and belong to the various numayms of the different tribes. 
When they have a winter dance in winter, they come together to 
have a great dance, | all the tribes. They are invited by the one who 
is going | to give a viburnum-berry feast. When they go the first 
time to invite, | they put down all the berry -boxes on the left-hand 

15 side of the door of the II f easting-house inside, and also oil-boxes. 
Generally | there are two boxes full of oil to be poured into ten 
boxes | of viburnum-berries, when these are given at a feast. There 
are also the various kinds of house-dishes. | There are always four 

20 kinds. These are | left outside the feasting-house. The II small 
long dishes for feasting are placed behind the boxes containing the 
berries and the | oil-boxes, and the spoon-baskets are also | put 
where the small dishes are. Mats are then spread all round the 
house | for the guests who are to eat the viburnum-berries to sit 
down on when they come. When | those who are to eat the 
viburnum-berries have come in, after having been called four times, || 

3 lasae klweladzEma laxa qleiiEme lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, he £ me gwasa 
tlElsa megwatelaxa megwataxs sakwelag'ilaeda q!eiiEme lelqwala- 
5 La £ ya. Wii, ha £ staEm lEx u ts!oyo laxa leloqulilexa max £ enoxwe 
loqullla LE £ wa megwate, LE £ wa gwE £ ymie, LE £ wa iJexEne loqulll 
LEwa tslawe loqullla, LE £ wa nane, LE £ wa aLanEme loqulila, LE £ wa 
dEndELagesE £ we dzonoq!wa loqullla; wa, he £ misLeda £ wax - sgEmlIle 
sIsEyoLa. Wa, ha £ staEm ha £ maats!exEn la LeLEqElasE £ wa laxa 

10 axnogwadas laxa £ nal £ nE £ memasasa oguxsEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya. 
Wa, he £ maaxs lae ts!ets!eqa la tslawunxa, lae ts!Ets!aqEweda 
LelElaxa £ naxwa lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, la Le £ lalasE £ wa yisa tlElsela- 
Laxa t!Else. Wa, g - il £ mese la g'aleda g - ale £ sta Le £ lalaxs g'iixae 
mEx £ alllElayEwa t!et!Elyats!e laxa gEmxotstalI £ las tlEx'ilasa tlEls- 

15 t!ayats!eLe g'okwa; wa, he £ misa dedEiigwatsle L!e £ naxs q!u- 
nalae ma £ ltsEma dedEiigwatsle L!e £ naxs klungEmaxsesa nEqasgEine 
t!et!Elyats!eye klweladzEmasa bEgwanEme. Wa, he £ misa loqull- 
laxs hemEnalae mowexLa laxes gwegwex'sdEme. Wa, heEm 
mEXEsa L!asana £ yasa t!Elst!ayats!eLe g'okwa. Wa, he £ misLa £ wl- 

20 £ la mExolIla leloguma aLalllasa t!et!Elyats!e LE £ wa dedEiigwatsle 
L!e £ na; wa, he £ misa kek - ayats!e g - ax hax'hanela lax memExoli £ - 
lasasa lelSgiinie, yixs lE £ maaxat! LEpse £ stalekwa g'okwasa l§Elwa £ ye 
qa kludzEdzEwIltsoltsa tlElstlasLaxa tlElse. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ - 
laeLeda t!Elst!asLaxs lae mop!Ene £ sta etse £ stasE £ wa, la hex -£ idaEm 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 757 

they sing the great feasting-songs, and | all the members of the 2.5 
nurnaym of the host sit down together. After | singing, the mem- 
bers of the nurnaym of the host get up. | The young men go out of 
the house and take hold of the four house-dishes, | which they bring 
in. They put them down all heading to the rear of the feasting- 
house. || They take hold of each corner of a berry-box and pour | the 30 
viburnum-berries into the house-dishes. Then they go and | pour 
one box of berries into each of the house-dishes; and as soon as this 
has been done, | they take the small f easting-dishes and put them 
on the edge of the other berry-box. | They take a long-handled ladle 
and dip it into the berries. || When it is full, they empty it into each 35 
one of the small dishes; | and when the viburnum-berries are in 
them, they put the dishes on the floor, just behind the | house- 
dishes. Generally they do not touch two of the berry-boxes, | and 
they give large spoons to the chiefs of the guests who have been 
invited to eat viburnum-berries. | When the berries have been put 
into the small dishes, they pour much || od over them. They take a 40 
long-handled ladle, dip it | into the oil, and rill it. Then they pour 
the oil over the berries in the house-dish. | They also take one ladleful 
of oil, which they | pour into each of the house-dishes. After this 
has been done, | the speaker of the host stands up and speaks. || He 45 
asks the chiefs of all the tribes to take care | and to try to eat all the 

dEnx £ Itsa £ walayalayo mEn £ lala qlEmdEma. Wa, a £ mese k!usala 25 
£ n§xweda £ nE £ memotasa ttelsElaxa t!Else. Wa, g-il £ mese gwal 
dEnxElaxs lae qlwalex'Elfle £ nE £ memotasa tlElselaxa t!Else. Wa, 
la £ me hoqiiwElseda ha £ yal £ a, qa £ s la dadEbEndxa mEwexLa leloqulila, 
qa £ s gaxe mEX £ alIlElas gwegwegEmala lax ogwiwalllasa t!Elst!aya- 
tsleLe g'okwa. Wa, la dadanodxa tlElyats'.e, qa £ s lii guqasasa 30 
tlElse laxa ISqulile. Wa, lax"da £ x u£ me £ nal £ nEmsgEm t!Elyats!e 
giiqadzEmas laxa £ nal £ nEmexLa leloqulila. Wa, g-il £ mese gwalExs 
lae ax £ edxa lElogume qa £ s la hang'agEnts laxa waSkwe t!et!El- 
yats!a. Wa, la ax £ etsE £ weda tsexLa, qa £ s la tsestano laxa tlElse. 
Wa, la £ nal £ nEmexLa qoqut!a laxa £ nal £ nEmexLa lEloguma. 35 
Wa, gIPmese la t!Elts!alaxa ttelsaxs lae mEx £ alllElayo lax aLalllasa 
loElqulile. Wa, la heniEnalaEm k'!es Labalaxa ma £ ltsEme t!et!F.lya- 
ts!a, qa £ s tleqiilalxa g'Ig'Egama £ yases tlElselagilaxa t!Else. Wa, 
g - il £ mese £ wiwElts!Ewakweda lElogiimaxs lae k!miq!Eqasa q!enEme 
L!e £ na laq. Wa, la ax £ edEx - da £ x u xa £ walase tsexLa, qa £ s tsex ,£ Ides 40 
laxa L!e £ na, qa qot!esexs lae giiqlEqas laxa loqidlltslala tlElsa. 
Wa, laEmxae £ nal £ nEinexLeda tsexLa qoqutla laxa i.!e £ naxs lae 
giiqlEgEm laxa £ nal £ nEmexLa loqullla. Wa, g'il £ mese gwalExs lae 
Lax £ iillle Elkwasa t!Elst!ayasaxa tlElse, qa £ s yaq!Eg - a £ le. Wii, laEin 
£ nex" qa weg'es yaL!Ewlla gIg"Eg8ma £ yasa £ wI £ WElsgEinakwe lelqwa- 45 



758 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Leth. ANN. 36 

47 viburnum-berries in the house-dishes. | He calls the young men of 
his numaym to carry the | house-dishes and to put them down in 
front of the tribe first in rank of those who are to eat the berries. 

50 Then | the young men arise and take off their || blankets, for they 
do not want to have them in the way if they should get twisted 
around their feet | when they lift the house-dishes. As soon as the 
blankets are off, | one of them, the oldest one, speaks, and tells | the 
young men to take hold of each end | of the house-dishes; and 
they all go and take hold of each end, and others take hold of the 

55 sides. Then || the eldest one shouts while lie is standing in the house, 
" Wooye!" | and the young men also cry all at the same time, 
"Wooye!" | After they have done so four times, they lift the house- 
dish and | put it down in front of the tribe highest in rank among 
the tribes. These are the Mamaleleqala; | that is, if the Kwag'ul 

60 give the viburnum-berry feast. || Then the oldest one of the young 
men follows them; and as soon as they put the dish down in front 
of the guests, he says, | "This dish is for you, Mamaleleqala, for two 
of you, also for the Qweq u sot!enox u ." | Then they shout as they did 
before, "Wooye!" for the dish which they give to the Nimkish | and 
Lawets !es. There are again two (tribes), and they receive one house- 
dish. Then they go to the | other house-dish and they cry " Wooye !" 

65 and they put it down before the Maamtag'ila || and Gwawaenox". 



46 laLa £ ya, qa £ s giinx £ Idel £ wa £ wilaalxa ttelse g'etslaxa ISElqiilile. 
Wa, la Le £ lalaxa ha £ yal J ases £ nE £ memote, qa lalag - Is k'ax'dzamotsa 
loElqulite laxa niEkwetEma £ yasa t!Elst!asLaxa tlElse. Wa, he £ mis 
la q Iwagilllatsa ha £ yiil £ a. Wa, laEm £ naxwa xanEmgalilElaxes 

50 £ naEnx £ ii £ na £ ye, qaxs gwaqtelae aodzEk'Ialaq qo x'ilpseslax laqexs 
lae wig'ElIlaxa loElqiillle. Wa, g'iPmese £ niixwa la xaxEnalaxs 
lae. yaq !Ega £ leda £ nEmokwe lax q !ulyak!uga £ yas. Wa, la £ me waxaxa 
ha £ yal £ a qa weg'Is dadEbEndxa loqttllle. Wa, lii £ naxvva dadE- 
bEndeda ha £ yal £ aq. Wa, laxae dedag'aga £ yeda waokwaci. Wa, he- 

55 £ mis la £ neg - atsa q!ulyak!flgayasex a £ mae Lawlla: "Wooye!" Wa, 
la £ naxwa £ neg'aba £ ya ha £ yal £ a £ nEmadzaqwa: "Wooye!". Wa, 
het'.ala mop!Endzaq\va wooyexaxs lae weg - ililaxa loqiillle qa £ s lit 
hanxclzamolllas laxa niEkuma £ yasa lelqwalaLa £ yexa Mamaleleqala, 
yixs Kwag'ulaeda t!Elst!a £ yasaxa t!Else. Wii, la lasgEme q !ulya- 

60 k!iiga £ yasa ha £ yal £ a, wii, gl^mese hanx'dzamoliLEma lae £ neka: 
"Loqulas Mamaleleqala mfi £ ltaLEs lo £ Qweq u s6t!enoxwe". Wa, la 
et!ed heEm gwek - !alaxs wooyexae, qa loqulas £ nEmgese lo £ Lawe- 
ts !esaxs ma £ ltae LE £ we laxa £ nEmexLa loqiillla. Wa, lii et!etsa 
£ nEmexLa loqfdlla wooyexaxs lae k'ax'dzamolllas lax Maamtag'ila 

65 l5 £ Gwawaenoxwe. Wa, la etletsa ElxLa £ ye wooyexaxs lae kax- 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 759 

And with the last they shout again, "Wooye!" and they | put the 66 
dish down in front of the DzawadEenox" and Haxwamis. Then | 
all the house-dishes have been put down, and the young men take 
up the small dishes | and put these one in front of each four of the 
men, | and the larger ones each in front of six men. As soon as || 
they put down all of them, the speaker of the host who is giving the 70 
viburnum-berry feast stands up and tells them to | start in and 
eat the viburnum-berries; and immediately the | chiefs of each two 
tribes stand up from their seats. They leave their | blankets on the 
ground in their seats, for they leave them there | where they were 
sitting, and they go and sit around the house-dishes || which contain 75 
the viburnum-berries; and they eat with their spoons, for the food 
has already been given to them; | and the common people also eat 
with their spoons | out of their small dishes; and as soon as they 
have eaten, | the speaker of the host' who gives the berry-feast speaks, 
and tells | the members of his numaym to gather in the house and 
to sing the feasting-song. || Then the child of the host stands out in 80 
front of them; and | when the members of the numaym sing the 
song, his daughter dances; | and when they have sung one- 
half of the song, the guests j shout, "Woosq u !" They shout all at 
the same time, " Woosq"!" Then | two men, the nearest relatives of 
the host, take || each one large long-handled ladle and carry it on 85 
their shoulders, | dancing a little while. After doing so, they go | 
and dip the ladle into the box which has not been touched. As soon 



dzamolllas lax DzawadEenoxwe LE E wa Haxwamise. Wa, laEin 66 
£ wllg'allla loElqidllaxs lae £ naxwa £ ma ha £ yal £ a k'lk - ag'illlaxa IoeI- 
giime, qa £ s lii k'ax'dzamolilElas laxa maemokwe bebEgwanEina 
l5xs q!eq!ai>aeda waokwaxa awawe loElguma. Wa, giPmese 
£ wilg'al!lExs lae Lfix-'uhle Elkwasa t!Elst!ayasaxa ttelse, qa £ s wiixexa 70 
t!Elst!asLaxa tlElse, qa wages t!Elst!as £ Ida. Wa, hex -£ ida s mesa 
g'Ig'Egama ; yasa maemaltsEmakwe q!wagillla laxes k - lets !ena £ ye 
£ naEnx £ unalaxes naEnx £ una £ ye, ylxs a £ mae xixilgelalaq laxes 
kludzelasde, qa £ s lii k!iisagElllaxes loqula t!et!Elsts!ala loElqulI- 
laxs lae £ yos £ itses k'ak'!Ets!Enaqe, qaxs la £ mex - de tslswanae- 75 
dzEm laq. Wa, laxaeda bebEgulkla £ yas ogwaqa £ yos e Itses k'ak - E- 
tslEnaqe hixes leloqfdeda loElgtime. Wa, g'iPmese J yos J ida, laas 
yaq!Eg'a E le Elkwiisa ttelstlayasaxa t!Else. Wa, lai<:m waxaxes 
£ nE £ memote, cpi q!ap legible, qa e s k!wamelale dEnxEla. Wa, 
he £ mis la L!asgili J lats xiinokwasa t!Elst!ayasaxa ttelse. Wa, g"Il- 80 
J mese dEiix £ ide £ nE E memotasexs lae ylx £ wide tslEdaqe xun5x u s. 
Wa, g11 £ mese nExsEmallla yixwilxs lae woosq 11 , mek'eda ttelstla- 
saxa t!Else. Wa, la £ me £ nEmatlzaqwa woosqwaxa. Wi'i, he £ mis la 
dax -£ idaatsa ma £ lokwe max - mEg'll LeLELaliisa tlElseliixa tlElsaxa 
malmEine awa, g'ilsgiltlEXLfda tsetsexLa, qa E s wekileqexs lae 85 
yawas'ld yEx-wIde. Wa, gIPmese gwalExs hie qas £ IdEx"da £ x u , 



760 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

S7 as I the ladles are full, they go to stand in front of a | chief, of one 
90 who belongs to the Mamaleleqfila, and the other one || in front of one 
who belongs to the Qweq u sot!enox u ; and they say when they give 
them I to them, "Now, chief, draw in your breath!" Then the one 
to whom it is given stands up, | takes the spoon, and drinks the juice 
of the berries; | and when he has had enough, he pours what is left 
over into the house-dish, | while the daughter of the host is still 
95 dancing. || The two men continue doing this with the two | long- 
handled ladles; and when the boxes are empty, they stop. Then the 
guests go out I when this is finished. When those who have eaten 
the viburnum-berries go out, | then the members of the numaym 
take the house-dishes that have been given | to the head chiefs of the 
100 various tribes, || and they divide (the contents of each between) the 
chiefs of the tribes that have been eating together; and when | all 
the small dishes have been taken out, they keep quiet. That is all 
about this. | 

Salmon-Berry Feast 

1 As soon ' as all the salmon-berry pickers have brought their salmon- 
berries, I and when (the host) has poured them all into the oil-box — 
for sometimes | five salmon-berry boxes half fill the oil-box | which 



87 qa £ s lii tsex £ Id laxa k'!esEm Labal t!et!Elyats!a. Wa, g'il £ mese 
qoqut!eda tsexLaxs lae qas £ IdExda £ xwa, qa £ s la Laxiimlilaxa 
g'Ig'Egama f ye £ nEmok u g'ayol laxa Mamaleleqala; wa, la £ iiEmokwa 

90 g'ayole laxa. Qweq u sot!enoxwe. Wa, la £ nex'da £ xwa lae tslalas 
laq: "LaEm xwotledLOLe g'lgama^ye," £ nekixs lae Lax E iilileda tseqa- 
sE £ we, qa £ s dax £ idexa tsexLa, qa £ s nax £ Idex £ wapalasa tlElse. 
Wii, g'iFmese helak - !EsExs lae qEpts!5tses anex'saye laxa loqiill- 
iaxs he £ mae ales yala yixwe xunokwasa ttelstlayasaxa t!Else. 

95 Wii, la £ me yala he gwegileda ma £ lokwe bebEgwiinEmsa ma £ le tse- 
tsexLa. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wl £ laxs lae gwala. Wa, a £ mise la h5quwEl- 
sexs lae gwala. Wa, g'il £ mese la £ wI £ lEWElseda t!Elst!asdiixa 
tlElsaxs lae kek'aodale £ nE £ memotasa t!ElsIliixa tlElsexa loElqfdlle 
laxa xamagEma £ ye g-Jg-Egamesa £ nal £ iiEmsgEinakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya. 
100 Wii, lii a,Em ma £ lts!Eq lo £ g'Igama £ yases ma £ ltsEmakulotaq. Wii, 
g'il £ mese £ w! £ lEWElseda lElogumaxs lae sElt !eda. Wii, laEm gwala. 

Salmon-Berry Feast 

1 Wa, 1 gihmese g'iix £ wllg - allsa hamsax'daxa q!EmdzEkwaxs, lae 
£ wi £ laEm la guxtslalas laxa dedEngwats!em5te, ytxs £ nal £ nEmp!E- 
nae sEkMasgEma q!EmdzEgwats!e naEng'oyala dedEngwatslemot 

1 Continued from p. 212, line 33. 



boas] SOCIAL, CUSTOMS 761 

is used for the salmon-berry feast by a man — as soon as he has every- 
thing || in the box that the engaged women have picked, he calls | his 5 
tribe, for salmon-berries are only given to one's own tribe. | They go 
at once and bring the oil, which is | placed on the floor. Now, I do 
not want to talk about it again, | for it is all the same as is done with 
the viburnum-berries || when they are eaten, as I first described when 10 
they are put into house-dishes, | and it is done in the same way with 
salmon-berries in house-dishes. I have seen here | the Kwakiutl 
when they do this, when they are eating salmon-berries | and od out 
of house dishes. They first give to the Maamtag'ila, | and with 
them are the G' exsEm ; and the next are the Kiikwak !um, together 
with the SeiiLlEm; || and to the Layalalawa, together with the 15 
Lafilax - s £ Endayo. | Each of these had one carved dish; that is, when 
a salmon-berry feast is given by the Q!omoya £ e, | and it is done in 
the same way when a salmon-berry feast is given by the Walas 
Kwakiutl: | for it is the same way for the viburnum-beny feast and 
for the salmon-berry feast. | There is only very little difference, for 
the oil is given in large ladles to the chiefs || to drink in the salmon- 20 
berry feast. That is all about this; | for there is no way in which 
they are cooked. | Thej 7 have too much juice to be dried into cakes. 
That is the end. I 



q !EmdzEkwelasosa £ nEmokwe bEgwanEma. Wii, gIPmese £ wI £ laeLe 
hamyanEmasa tsledaqe he £ lanEmaxs lae hex-'idaEm lada Le £ lalax 5 
gokulotas, qaxs a £ mae tlEiiselayoweda q JEmdzEkwe hixa g'okiilote. 
Wa, laEmxae kex -£ idaEm la axwultalelEma L!e £ na, qa £ s g'iixe 
ha £ nela. Wa, wEhnesEn £ nex" qEn edeltslaxstale gwagwex - s £ fda 
laqexs a £ mae la naqEmg"iltawi £ liilax gwayi'liilasasa tlElselaxs lae 
t!Elst!asa laxEn g'ale gwagwex - s £ alasa ioqfililtsloleda tlElse. Wa, 10 
la heEmxat! gweg'ileda lEX u ts!odaxa qlEmdzEkwe, yixEn doguie 
laxg'ada Kwag'ulEk' ; yixs hae gweg'ilaxs lEx"laq\vaaxa qlEmdzEkwe 
L!e e naqEla. Wa, heEm g'il kax -£ Itso e seda Mafimtagila. Wii, la 
ma £ lta lo £ G'exsEme. Wii, lalasa Kukwakliime ma £ lta lo £ SeiiLlE- 
me. Wii, lalasa Layalalawa ma f lta LE £ wa Laalax - s £ Endayo laxa 15 
£ nal £ nEinexLa leloqulila, } r ixs hiie q lEmdzEkwilanokwa Q!omoya £ e 
Wii, liixae heEin gweg'ilaxs hiie q lEmdzEkwilanokwa £ w<ilase Kwa- 
gida, yixs £ nEmmaes gwayi £ liilase LE £ wa tlElsaxs lEx u ts!oyae. Wii, 
la halebida £ we ogux £ lda £ yiis, yixs L!e £ naeda la tseqElaxa g'ig'iga- 
ma £ yasa q teq lEmdzEgwiixa qlEmdzEkwe. Wa, laEm laba laxeq, 20 
qaxs k - !easae hanx'LEndaeneq, qa L!obatsa qlEmdzEkwe. Wa, 
laxae q!Eci!ekine saaqas lax t!Eqag"ilasE £ we. Wii, lawesLa Laba. 



762 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 36 

Ckabapple Feast 

1 The name of the boiled crabapples is changed when they are put 
into | the empty oil-box, when winter comes. They | are called 
"crabapples in water," for that means crabapples and water. | 
Therefore they are called " crabapples in water." || 
5 Now I will talk about a crabapple feast, which the | chief gives to 
many tribes. Generally they have ten | boxes of crabapples with 
water; and, if a chief is (very) angry, he may get twenty | boxes of 
crabapples and water. I mean that the price of each box of crab- 
apples and water is ten pairs of blankets | when it is sold. That is the 

10 same as || ten dollars for each box of crabapples and water; | and 
this is also the price of the box of viburnum-berries. Each box 
contains five | coal-oil tins of crabapples. | The common people 
can not afford to buy these. | 

Now I will talk about the. invitation to a crabapplc-and-water 

15 feast; || for first of all they get the house-dishes ready, which | are put 
down outside of the feasting-house. | The host also sends out two 
young men of his numaym to | go and get fire-wood for the house- 
fire in the feasting-house. They | take a Chinook canoe, and the 

20 young men go to get a dead cedar. || They do not go to get fire-wood 

Crabapple Feast (TsElxwelaxa tsElx u sta) 

1 Wit, laEm Llayowe LegEmasa q!5lkwe tsElxwaxs lae g"Its!a laxa 
tsElwatsle dEngwatslemota, yixs lae ts!awiinx £ eda. Wii, laEm 
LegadEs tsElx"sta, yixs he £ mae £ ne £ nakilqexs tsElxwa LE £ wa £ wape; 
lag'ilas tsElx"staxElasE £ wa. 
5 Wii, la £ mesEn gwagwex's £ alal laqexs lae tsElx u stag'ileda g'lga- 
ma £ ye qaeda q!enEme lelqwalaLa £ ya, yixs qlunalae nEqasgEina 
tsElx u staats ! lox g'il £ mae. lawisa glgama £ yaxs lae ma £ ltsEing - 6stowa 
tsetsElx u staats!e, yixEn memakilaxs naEnqaxsaxwaasa ptelxElas- 
gEma £ nEinsgEme tsElx u staats !exs kilxwasE £ wae £ nEina,xis lo £ 

10 nEqasgEin dziik' !Ema laqexs £ nEmsgEmaeda tsElx u staats!e. Wa, 

heEmxaawis lax u sa tlElsaxs £ nEmsgEmae t!Elyats!a, yix sesEk'las- 

gEmtslaeda £ iiEmsgEme tsElx"staats!exa koninatsle k!EWElx u sEma. 

Wa, he £ mis wayatsloltsa bEgwlleda £ yasa g'ig'igama £ ye la £ xwas. 

Wa, la £ mesEn wiig'il gwagwex - s £ alal laqexs lae Le £ laleda tsElx u - 

15 stag'ilaLaxa tsElx"sta, yixs he £ mae gil ax £ etsoses ISElqulile, qa 
g'axes mExEs lax l !risana £ yases tsElx u stag'i £ lats!e g'okwa. Wii, 
laxae £ yalaqasa ma £ lokwe ha £ yiil £ a g'ayol laxes £ nE £ memote, qa 
las aneqax lsqwii, qa £ s tsElx"stag"ilax-dEma lEgwila. Wii, la £ me 
ax £ edxa xwedEkwe xwakliina, qa £ s anegatslexa LledzEkweda 

20 ha £ yiil £ a. Wit, laEm lc'.es he fineqaxa lEqweda LlEma £ ise, yixs hiie 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 763 

from the beach; but they go ] to the woods on the islands, for they 21 
do not need to go far into the woods to find a dead cedar. | It is not 
long before they come back, carrying a load of blocks of dead cedar- 
wood. | When they reach the beach of the house, they are met by 
the numaym of | the host. They carry on their shoulders the cedar- 
wood || which they carry up from the beach, and put down | outside 25 
of the feasting-house. When it is all up, | they go and call two or 
even four young men of | the numaym (to go inviting). As soon as 
they have been to all the houses, they come | back. Then they put 
out the boxes containing the crabapples, || and place them inside the 30 
door on the left-hand side of the feasting- | house. If there are ten 
boxes of crabapples, there will be five | boxes of oil to be poured on. 
They bring out everything and put it down, | and also four long- 
handled ladles are brought down and are hidden | on one side of the 
door. When everything is ready, the || young men carry in the 35 
blocks of dead cedar-wood and build a fire | in the middle of the 
feasting-house. After this has been finished, | and when the fire in 
the middle of the house blazes up, they go calling again. They call 
four times, | then all those who are to eat the crabapples come in. 
When they have come, | they sit down in their proper seats. They 
never move their seats. Then || the drum is taken to them to sing 40 
the feasting-songs. | First of all, they sing the feasting-song of the | 



leda arJasa maEmkala, qaxs k"!esae aLales LledzEkwe. Wa, 21 
k - !est!a galaxs g'axae aedaaqamalaxa tEmgikwe iJedzEkwa. Wa, 
gihmese g'ax £ alis lax LlEma £ isasa g'okwaxs lae lalale £ nE £ memotasa 
tsElx u stag"ilaLaxa tsElx u sta, qa £ s lii wawig'alaxa anegaiiEme l!§- 
dzEkwa, qa £ s la wex"wusdesElaq laxa L!Ema £ ise, qa £ s lii wIx'Elsaq 25 
lax l !asana £ yasa tsElx u stag'i e lats!e gokwa. Wa, giPmese £ wi £ los- 
desExs lae Le £ laleda ma £ lokwe loxs mokwaeda ha e yal £ a g'ayol 
lax £ nE £ memotas. Wii, giPmese la £ wIlxtolsaxa gokiiliixs g'axae 
aedaacja. Wa, la J me hanolt!alilElaxa tsetsElx u staats!e, qa g'axes 
hax'hanel lax gEmxotstrililas aweLEliis tlExiliisa tsElx u tsawats!eLe 3Q 
g'okwa. Wa, g'IPEm nEqasgEma tsetsElx u staats!axs lae sEk - lasgEma 
dEndagwats!e klungEmaxses L!e £ na. Wa, he £ mis g - ax £ wFla hax'ha- 
nele. Wa, he^misa mEwexLa fiwa, tseqEla tsetsexLa g - ax qlulaLel 
lax apsostalllasa t!EX"ila. Wa, giPmese £ wl £ la la gwalllExs lae 
weg'iLEleda ha £ yal-axa tEingikwe L!edzEk u lEqwa, qa £ s laqolllexa 35 
awagawalllasa tsElx u tsawats!eLe gokwa. Wii, glPmese gwalExs lae 
xiqostawes laqollla^yaxs lae etse^sta. Wii, la £ me mop!ene-staxs 
g'axae £ wI £ laeLeda tsElx u tsax u Laxa tsElxwe. Wii, g - ih"mese e wl-lae- 
lexs lae klustalll laxes k!wa J yexa k - !ese Leqwi £ liila. Wii, hex -£ i- 
da £ mese liiyowa mEnatsle laq, qa dEnx £ idesesa k!wela £ yala q!Em- 40 
dEma. Wa, la £ me he g'il dEnx £ Idayose k!wela £ yala q!EindEms 



764 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

42 chief of the head tribe, the Mamaleleqala, if the Kwakiutl give a | 
crabapple feast. After this song is ended, the Qweq u sot !enox u | 

45 sing their f easting-song; and when || that is done, the Nimkish | sing 
their f easting-song; and when they end their song, | the Lawets !es sing 
their f easting-song ; and when | they are through singing, the Maam- 
tag'ila sing their | feasting-song; and when the songs are ended, they || 

50 take the drum and put it down near the door of the house. | Immedi- 
ately they go and take the house-dishes from outside of the | house, 
and put them down with the head towards the rear of the | house. 
They take one of the crabapple-boxes and pour | the contents into 

55 the house-dish for the Mamaleleqala and Qweq u sot !enox u . II When 
the crabapple-box has been emptied, they put it | out of the house. 
Then the young men take another | box of crabapples and pour them 
into the house-dish for the Nimkish. | Then they put the empty box 

60 out of the I house. The young men come and take another || box of 
crabapples and pour them into the house-dish for the Lawets !es, | 
and they go again and put the empty box out of the house. | Then 
they take another box of crabapples and pour them into the | house- 
dish fcr the Maamtag'ila, and then they put the empty box | out of 
the house. Then they come in again, and take many small dishes, || 



42 g'Igama £ yasa mEkwetEina £ yexa Mamaleleqaliixs Kwagulaeda tsElx"- 
stag'ilaxa tsElxwe. Wa, g'il £ mese qlulbe dEn £ xena £ yasexs lae 
dEnx £ ideda Qweq"sot!enoxwases k!wela £ yalayo qlEmdEma. Wa, 

45 g il £ Emxaawise q liilbe dEii £ xena £ yasexs lae dEnx £ ideda £ nEmgesases 
k !wela e yala q !EindEina. Wii, g'il £ Emxaawise q lulbe dEn £ xena £ yasexs 
lae dEnx'kleda Lawets!esases k!wela £ yala qlEmdEma. Wii, g'il £ Ein- 
xaawise qkllbe dEn £ xena £ yasexs lae dEnx £ ideda Maamtag'ilases 
k!wela £ yala qlEmdEma. Wii, g - il £ mese qlulbe qlEmdEinasexs lae 

50 ax £ etsE £ weda m.Enats!e, qa £ s la, hang'alllEm laxa ostalilasa g - okwe. 
Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese la ax £ etsE £ weda loElqultte laxa L!asana £ yasa 
g'okwe, qa £ s g'axe mEx £ alilEm gwegugEmala lax ogwiwalllasa 
g'okwe. Wa, lii ax £ etsE £ weda £ iiEmsgEme tsElx u staats !e, cja £ s lii 
gflxtsloyo lax loqiilaLasa Mamaleleqala LE £ wa Qweq u sot!enoxwe. 

55 Wii, g'il £ mese £ wllg'ilts!aweda tsElx"staats!iixs lae hanwildzEin 
lax L!iisana £ yasa g'okwe. Wa, g'iixaeda ha £ yiil £ a ax £ edxa £ nEms- 
gEme tsElx u staats!ii, qa £ s lii guxtslots lax loqiilaLasa £ nEmgese. 
Wii, laxae hanwllsasa lolapmote tsElx"staats!e lax L!iisana £ yasa 
g'okwe. Wii, g - axaeda ha £ yal £ a, qa £ s ax £ edexa £ nEmsgEme 

60 tsElx u staats!ii, qa £ s lii guxtslots lax loqiilaLasa Lawets !ese. 
Wa, liixae hiinwElsaxa lolapmdte lax L!asana £ yasa g'okwe. Wa, 
laxae ax £ edxa £ nEmsgEm§ tsElx u staats!a, qa £ s liixat! gflxts!6ts lax 
loqiilaLasa Maamtag'ila. Wii, laxae hanwElsaxa lolapmote lax Lla- 
sana/yasa g'okwe. Wii, g'axe edeLExs lae ax £ edxa loElgiime 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 765 

and put the crabapples into them so that they are all | half full. 65 
They do not empty all the boxes containing crabapples, [ but they 
keep one of them, which | they do not touch. Then they take the 
four boxes of oil and | pour the oil over the crabapples until there is 
half as much oil as crabapples || in the carved dishes and small 70 
dishes. After this has been done, | they distribute the spoons; and 
when every one has his spoon, | the speaker of the host stands up and 
gives out | one of the house-dishes containing crabapples and water 
to the Mamalelaqala and Qweq"sot !enox u . | Then the young men go 
to each side of the carved dish Hand shout four times, "Wooye!" as 75 
they lift it up. Then they go and put it down | immediately in 
front of the Mamaleleqala and Qweq u sot !enox u ; | and as soon as they 
put it down, one, the oldest of the young men, | says, "This house- 
dish is for you, Mamaleleqala, for two tribes, for you and the 
Qweq u sot!enox u . | Now, eat!" Then the young men go and || stand 80 
on each side of another house-dish, and they shout again four times, 
"Wooye!" | and lift it up. Then they go and put it down in front 
of the Nimkish; and the | one who gives out the dishes says, "This 
house-dish is for you, Nimkish. Now, eat!" | and they shout also in 
the same way for the house-dishes of the other chiefs of the Lawets !es | 
and Maamtag'ila. As soon as the four house-dishes have been put 
down || the host picks out the one who had given before a crabapple feast 85 

q!exLa qa £ s tsets!alesa tsElx u sta laq. Wii, la £ me £ naxwaEin naEngo- 65 
yoxsdalaxa tsElx u sta. Wa, la k' !es E naxwa £ wIlg - E$ts laweda tsetsElx u - 
staats!axa tsElx u sta. Wa, la axelaxa £ nEinsgEme tsElx u staats!ii. Wa, 
laEm k' !es Labalaq. Wa, la &x £ edxa mosgEme dedEngwats !a, qa £ s 
k!ungEqes laq. Wii, laEm naxsaapieda l !e £ na p £ wa tsElx u sta 
laxa t6Elqulllts!ala LE £ wa lElogumts!ala. Wa, g - il £ mese gwalsxs lae 70 
ts!EwanaedzEma k'ak'EtsiEnaqe. Wa, giPmese 'wllxtoxs lae Laxu- 
llle Elkwasa tsElx u stagilaxa tsElx u sta. Wa,la £ me k'ak'!Eg'altsa £ nE- 
mexLa tsElx u stats !a la loqulll laxa Mamaleleqala LE e wa Qweq u so- 
t!enoxwe. Wa, la £ mesa ha £ yal £ a lax £ wax - sanodza £ yasa loqulll. 
Wa, la moptena wooyexaxs lae wegilllaq, qa £ s la k"ax"dzamolilas 75 
lax nExdzamolllasa Mamaleleqala LE £ wa Qweq u sot lenoxwe. Wa, 
g'il £ mese k'iig'alllEmxs lae £ nek'eda £ nEmokwe q!iilyak!ugesa ha £ ya- 
l £ a: Lociulas Mamaleleqala, ma £ ltalts lo £ Qweq u sot!enoxwe. Wa, 
laEms hamx" £ IdLOL." Wa, la aedaaqeda ha £ ya £ l £ a, qa £ s laxat! 
qiwagagEndxa £ nEmexLa loqiilila. Wa, laxe wooyexa mop!Enaxs 80 
lae wlg'illlaq. Wa, la k'ax'dzamolllas laxa £ nEmgese. Wa, lae £ nek - eda 
k'akMalElg'ise: "LoqulaLes £ nEingese. LaEms hamx ,£ IdLOL." Wa, 
laxae heEm gwek"!alax loqiilasa waokwe g'Ig"Egamesa Lawets !ese 
LE £ wa Maamtag'ila. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wllg - allleda mEwexLa loElqulilExs 
lae k'ak-oqEwasa tsetsElx u staats!e laxes lelfilwIgEme lax g - ig'Ega- 85 



766 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL [eth. ann. 36 

86 to him, [ which he is now paying back with his own crabapples 
that he has in the boxes; | for thus it is made clear, who was 
the one who had given a crabapple feast before. [ Then the one who 
gives out the dishes says, as he | puts down the box with crabapples 

90 in front of the chief: "This dish is for you, LelEgEmllla. || It is 
difficult for me to take this from you, chief." [I just use | this name, 
LelEgEmllla, for his name, in order to show plainly what they say | 
when they give out the house-dishes and the crabapple-boxes]. As 
soon as all | have been put down, they take the small dishes and put 
them | in front of the common people of the chiefs; and when they 

95 all have them, || then they eat with their spoons. They eat the 
crabapples. | The young men build up the fire with the dead cedar- 
wood to make the guests feel uneasy ; | and when the fire in the middle 
of the feasting-house burns up well, | the speaker stands up and calls 
100 his | numaym together to assemble close to the door of the || feast- 
house. Then he tells them to go ahead and | sing the new feasting- 
songs, for they have new songs made for a | crabapple feast the same 
way as they do for an oil feast or a viburnum-berry feast. | They all 
stand together in a circle. | Only the near relatives of the host and || 
5 the host's daughter do not go there, because she | will dance. Now 
they sing the new feasting-song, | and immediately the daughter 



86 ma £ yasa aloguxsEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ yaxa wax ,£ me k - !es q!eq!Ets!axa 
tsElx u sta, yixs he £ mae awElx - isllasE £ weda tsetsElx u stag'ilaenoxwe la 
lelogwatsa tsetsElx u staats!e. Wa, g"a £ mes waldEmsa leak - !alElg'isaxs 
leahangEmlilEmatsElx u staats!elaxag"Igama £ ye:"LoqulaLesLelEgEm- 

90 Ilia. Yu £ mEn laxumx -£ itsEwol laLg"Igame £ ." (La £ mEn aEin Lek'anE- 
max LelEgEmlllase qsns LeqElasE £ wa, qa awElg'iltsIlex gwek' liilasasa 
k - ak" lalElg'ise leloqulile, LE £ wa tsetsElx u staats!e.) Wii, g'il £ mese £ wll- 
g'alllExs, laeax £ etsE £ wedatsetsElx u stats!alaloElgiima, qa £ slak'ax - dza- 
molIlElayo laxa bEgulida £ yasa g'Ig'Egama £ ye. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wTlxtoxs 

95 lae £ yos £ Itses kak'EtslEnaqe. Wii, la £ me tsEtsElx v, staagux -£ Ida. Wii, 
la £ me alax ,£ id lEciwelax £ ldeda ha £ yal £ iisa l !edzEkwe lEqwa, qa odzElqE- 
lesa tsEtsElx u staagwaxa tsElx u sta. Wa, g"il £ mese alax' £ Id la x'ix £ e- 
deda klwelasdEma lEgwilExs lae Lax £ Qlileda Elkwe, qa £ s Le £ lalexes 
£ nE £ memote, qa g - axes q!ap!eg - illl laxa max'stalilas awiLElasa tsE- 
100 tsElx u stag*aats!e g'okwa. Wa, la £ me waxaq qa weg'is k!wamllala 
dEnx £ etsa altsEme k!wela e yala qlEmdEma, qaxs q!EindadEg'Ilaeda 
tsElx u stiixs klweladzEinae he gwex - sa L!e £ nag - ila LE £ wa t!Elstagiliixa 
tlElse. Wii, la £ mese £ wi £ la q Iwag'alila liixes kilx'alaena £ ye. Wii, la £ me 
lex - aEm k - !es la max'niEg'ile LeLELalasii tsElx u stag'ilaxa tsElx u sta. 
5 Wa, he £ mise tslEdaqe xun5x u sa tsElx u stag'iliixa tsElx u sta, qaxs he £ mae 
yixwaLe. Wii, la £ me dEnx £ itsa klwamiliilayowe altsEm q!EmdEma. 
Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese la lolt!aleleda ts'.Edaqe xun6x u s, qa £ s yix £ wlde. 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 767 

comes out and dances. | She is followed by four men who carry on 8 
their shoulders | each a long-handled ladle. They separate in twos 
as they dance, || two on each side of the woman. The four men do 10 
not | dance long. Then they leave the woman, who is still dancing. | 
Two men go to the box containing the crabapples, j dip the long- 
handled ladle into it, and the other two men dip theirs | into the oil. 
Then the two go and give it to drink to || the chiefs who have given a 15 
crabapple feast before; and the two others give | the oil to the chiefs 
who have given an oil feast before; and this is | what they say, stand- 
ing before the one | who is going to be given to drink," Now, chief, | 
draw this in !" Then the chief stands up, | takes hold of each end of 
the ladle, and drinks; and when he has had enough, || he pours 20 
what is left over into the house-dish. As soon as the crabapples are 
nearly | gone, the two men dip up the whole of what is left, | and 
two other men do the same | with the oil. The woman is still 
dancing; and then | the four men who are giving to the chiefs to 
drink (for that is the name of the work that they are doing) || dance. 25 
The}- do not dance very long before they pour the contents of the 
two | long-handled ladles with crabapples and with oil into the | 
fire; and after they have done this, the guests | shout, "Woosq u !" 
That is as though | they would say, "The food that we are eating is 

Wa, a £ mese ElxLalaxa mokwe bebEgwanEm wiwex - sEyap!alaxa 8 
£ nfd £ LiEmexLa tsexLaxs lae £ wax - se £ sta, qa £ s la ogwaqa yix £ wld lax 
£ wax - salllasa tstedaqe yixwa. •• + •• Wa, k'!est!e gegilll 10 

men woman men 

yixweda mokwe bebEgwaiiEmxs lae basa tslEclaqaxs yalax"sa £ mae 
yixwa. Wit, la £ meda nia £ lokwe bebEgwanEm laxa tsElx u staats!e, qa £ s 
la tsex' £ itses tsexxa laq. Wa, laxaeda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm tsex' £ Id 
laxa L'.e £ na. Wii, la £ me lal naqamasLeda ma £ l5kwasa tsElx u sta laxa 
tsetsElx u stag - Ilaenoxweg-Ig - Egama £ ya. Wa, lada ma £ lokwe naqamasl- 15 
tsa L!e £ na laxa L!eL!e £ nag'ilaenoxwe g-Ig-Egama £ ya. Wa, g-a £ mes 
wahlEinsexs lae Laxumalilxes naqamatsoLe: "Wa, g'igama £ ye, 
laEms xut!edLOL." Wa, hex -£ ida £ mese Lax £ ullleda g-Igama £ ye, qa £ s 
dadEbEndexa tsexLa qa £ s nax £ idelaq. Wa, gil £ mese helak^ESExs 
lae aEm guqEyintses anex - saye laxes loqula. Wa, gil £ mese Elaq 20 
£ wl £ leda tsElx u staxs lae £ wi £ la tsex" £ ldeda ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm 
laxa tsElx u sta. Wa, laxae heEm gwex- £ ideda ma £ lokwe bebEgwa- 
nEm laxa L!e £ na, ylxs he £ mae ales yixweda ts!Edaq. Wa, lax'da- 
£ xwa mokwe bebEgwanEinxa tlequlg ise, qaxs he £ mae LegEmse eaxe- 
na £ yas, yix £ wida. Wa, k - !est!e geg-illlExs lae guxLEntsa malEXLa 25 
tsetsElx u stats!ala tsexxa LE £ wa malEXLa L!eL!e £ nats!ala tsexLa laxa 
lEgwlle. Wa, g - il £ mese gwal he gwex -£ ldExs lae £ nEmadzaqwa ba- 
sEla £ nek-eda tsEtsELx u stagaxa tsElx u sta-woosq u . Wa,la £ me £ nEma- 
x - is l5 £ £ nek - eda tsEtsElx u stag - axs ex - p!asE £ wae laxes ha £ maena £ ye. 



768 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. as 

30 sweet." || After the feasters have finished the f easting-song, they 
stop | eating. Then the speakers of each side | exchange compli- 
ments; and when they stop speaking, all go out. Then | the house- 
dishes are taken by the feasters of the numaym to those who have 
not eaten all the contents. That is all | about this. || 

Feast of Salal-Berries and Crabapples Mixed 

1 When a chief wishes to give a very great feast, when he gets angry 
(with another chief), | he buys many boxes of crabapples with water 
and | many bundles of dried salal-berry cakes and oil. When | he 
5 has them all, he takes a small canoe, which is || washed out well. 
When it is clean, it is carried into his house. | His wife unties the 
covers of her salal-berry boxes, for | sometimes they use five or even 
eight salal-berry boxes, | if the chief has much property to buy them 

10 with. | Then the woman takes them out and puts them || into the small 
canoe. Now, there is one salal-berry box | to each canoe. They are 
put into the canoes to soak. | Then she asks the young men of her 
husband's numaym | to go and draw much fresh water. | The young 

15 men go, carrying a bucket in each hand, and draw water; and || when 
they come back, they pour it into the canoe for soaking the dried 
salal-berry cakes. | When the salal-berry cakes are just covered, 



30 Wa, g'iFmese q!wel £ ideda klwamelala dEnxElaxs lae gwal tsE- 
tsElx u stag"eda klwele. Wa, la £ me yaeq!Eiit!aleda ayilkwasa £ wa- 
£ wax'sawa. Wa, g"ll £ mese q!wel £ IdExs lae koqiiwElsa. Wii, la £ me 
k'aodalayowe leloqulasa k!welde yis £ nE £ memotas. Wa, laEin gwal 
laxeq. 

Feast of Salal-Berries and Crabapples Mixed 

1 Wii, he £ maxs Lomax ,£ Idae £ nek"eda g"igama £ ye, qa £ s tslEndEg'ime 
£ walas klwelasa, wa, la k - ilx £ wldxa qlenEme tsetsElx u staats!a le- 
£ wa qlex'sayokwe t!Eqa. Wa, he £ misLeda L!e £ na. Wa, g'iFmese 
£ wl £ la laLEqexs lae ax £ edxa am £ amaye xwaxuxwagiima, qa £ s aek - !e 
5 ts!oxiig - indEq. Wii, g'iFmese eg"ig - axs lae LEleLElaq liixes g'okwe. 
Wa, la gEnEmas x - ox £ widxes t!et!Eqaats!e xaxExatsEma, yixs £ nal- 
£ nEmp!Enae sEk - lasgEma lox la,L £ maax ma £ lgunaltsEma t!et!Egats!e 
xaxExatsEma, yixs q!enEmae dadEk'asasa g'Igama £ ya qa £ s kilomq. 
Wa, he £ mis la axwults!alas5sa tslEdaqe, qa £ s la. pElx ,£ atExsElas 

10 laxa xwaxwagume. Wii, la £ me £ nEmsgEma t!Egats!e xaxatsEm 
laxa £ nEmts!aqe xwiixwaguma. Wii, g - il £ mese £ wi £ la la pagExdzE- 
kwa xwaxuxwagumasa tlEqaxs lae ha £ yalaax ha £ yal £ iis £ nE £ memo- 
tases la. £ wunEme, qa las tsaxq!enEma £ WE £ wap!Ema. Wii, liix'da- 
£ xwe £ nax u£ ma ha £ yal £ a £ wj £ wax'sgEmxa naEngatslax lae tsa, qa £ s 

15 gaxe giix £ alExsElas laxa pepegwats!axa tlEqa xwaxuxwaguma. 
Wa, g - il £ mese t lEpEya £ naxweda t !Eqiixs lae gwala. Wa, la £ me hex'sal 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 769 

they stop. They leave them there | a whole day and ;i whole night, 17 
soaking the salal-berry cakes, for | the chief is going to give a feast 
to many tribes. In the morning, when day conies, they bring into 
his house the house-dishes and || the small dishes and the spoons. 20 
They also | bring dead cedar-wood. Now it is already piled up 
crosswise in the middle j of the house. When everything is in 
readiness, they take a rest: | and in the evening the chief calls his 
numaym j to a meeting. When they are all in, the chief tells them 
to take care || and to be ready to help him if | some of the guests 25 
should try to put the lire out, and he tells his numaym what he is 
planning to do. | He calls the names of those who art' to speak 
when the house-dishes are being handled, and who are to speak for the 
small canoe which is to he a feasting-dish. | Then he asks the song- 
leader to sing || a feasting-song. Then the song-leader sings | the 30 
song which he kept to himself. Now they learn the song; and when 
his assistants can sing the tune of the song, j then (the men) put the 
words into it, whatever they wish to say, J and whatever they heard || 
the rival chief say against the chief who is going to give the great :i."i 
feast. When | they can sing this song, the chief sends the young 
men | the night (before the feast) to call the tribes, when it is secular 
season. | Immediately the young men go and J call the names of all 

gwaelxa £ nala le £ \v;i £ iiEmxsa ganoi.a pex"stalli.eda t teqa, qaxs lE £ mae 17 
klwelasLa g'Igama £ yas laxa qlenEine lelqwalaLexa lfn.a £ nax -£ IdElxa 
gaala. Wa, <Vmise -naxwaEm g'ax gwavguhleda leloqfillle LE £ wa 
lElogume LE-wa k'ak'Etstenaqe lax g - okwas. Wa, he>"misa Lie- 20 
dzEkwe lEqwa. LaEinxae gwfilala geg'ustalakwa lax awagawali- 
lasa g'okwe. Wit, g'ihmese 'nii.xwa gwax'gullbsxs lae x - os £ id £ wi £ la. 
Wii, g - il £ mese dzaqwaxs lae Leltslodeda gigama £ yaxes E nE £ memote, 
qa g - axes £ wI £ laeLEla. Wa, gihmese e wi £ laeLExs lae ha £ yaL!oleda 
g"Igama £ yaq, qa £ naxwa £ mes gwalala, qa £ s g - 6x £ wIdelaxEq, qo k'lil- 25 
xasolaxses Le £ laiiEinLe. Wii, laEin nex -£ alllElas gwalaasases na- 
qa £ ye hixes £ uE-memote. Wii, la-me LeLEqElaxa yaq lEnt lalila 
qaeda leloqfillle. Wii, he £ mis yaqlEiit !alai.a qaeda leloqulile xwa- 
xuxwagiima. Wii, he £ mis lii helatsexa nagade, qa dEnx £ edeses 
niEn E la £ laya k!wela £ yala qlEmdEma. Wa, hexida-mese dEiix £ e- 30 
deila nagadases q!EmdEmg - ilts!ala. Wa, la £ me qtemdela. Wii. 
g-ihmese qleda £ naxwa k!wek!wanoLEmex ayasa qlEmdE- 
maxs lae £ naxwa £ ma bebEgwiiiiEme qayasEntses £ nenk'!ega £ ye 
qa £ s lii wiildEink' !indayoxa qlEmdEme, LE £ wis wuLEle wal- 
dEins apsek!Esasa £ walasLe k!welasa g - Igama £ ye. Wii, gil £ mese 35 
q!;ixa qlEindEmaxs lae £ yalaqeda giganur'yasa ha £ y;il £ a. qa liis 
LelElklusaxa la ganuLa laxa e naxwa lelqwalaLa £ ya laqexs baxnsae. 
Wii, hex' £ ida £ mese lada qlemala hii £ yal-a, qa £ s lii £ wa £ wllxtEwa 

750.JL.'— 21— 35 ETH— PT 1 49 



770 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [bth.ann.35 

40 the men in each of the II houses. When they have called all the names 
of those | who live in each of the houses, the young men shout, to- 
gether "This is for ' Making-Satiated!" They come out and go into 
the next house, | and one of the young men who call says, 
"We come | to call you," calling the name of the man; and hecon- 

45 tinues || saying this, calling them, until they reach the end of the 
houses. Then they all j scatter and go home to their houses. All 
the tribes | go to bed early; for they do not know what the chief is 
planning, | and they are afraid of the feast of salal-berry cakes and 
crabapples | and oil, if there is much of it, because it makes one feel 

50 squeamish. Therefore || all the chiefs and common people are 
afraid of it; | but there is no way of not going to the feast, because 
they would be laughed at | by the numaym of the host. The host 
gets up early in the morning, and he | himself wakes up the members 
of his numaym to come and eat breakfast in his house. | As soon as 

55 they have done so, they dress themselves, and || those who carry the 
long-handled ladles blacken their faces. There arc four of these, | 
and they paint their faces as though they w T crc angry. The chief 
who is host does the same | if he is going to break a copper for a 
crosspiece over his fire. Then lie also blackens bis face, | and he 
puts on an angry face, and his speakers dress the same as J he has 



LeqElax LeLEgEmasa £ naxwa bebEgwanEm laxa £ nfd £ nEmsgEmse 

40 g'ig'okwa. Wii, gil £ naxwa £ mese £ w!lxtodEx LeLEgEmasa g'okwa- 
x"lla laxa £ iiEmsgEmse gokuxs lae £ nek' £ nEmadzaqweda ha £ yfd £ a, 
qa PoLElasa. Wa, la hoqiiwF.lsa, qa £ s la laxa apsalase gokwa. 
Wii, laxae £ nek'eda £ nEmf>kwe laxa ha £ yal £ a Le £ lalElg - isa: "La £ mEiurx" 
Le £ lal6Lai'," Lex £ edEx LegEinasa bEgwanEme. Wa, hex - sa £ mese 

45 gwekliilaxs Le £ ]alae. Wa, gfl £ mese laxtolsaxa g'qkulaxs lae £ naxwa 
gweTida qa £ s la na e nak u laxes g'igokwe. Wa, la £ me £ naxwaEm 
gax'staela lelqwrdaLa £ ye, yixa k' !ese q laLElax naqa £ yasa g'lga- 
ma £ _ye, qaxs kilEmaeda malaqEla tlEqa LE-'wa tsElx u sta. Wii, 
lie s mesLeda L!e £ n;'ixs qlenEmae, yixs ts!Enk!idEmae. Wii, he £ mis 

50 lalaesElayosa £ naxwa gig'Egania £ ye L6 £ mes bEgiilIda £ ye. Wa, laxae 
k'leas gwex £ idaas k - !es la klwela gwaqMae q lEing'ilayos £ nE £ me- 
motasa klwelasLe. Wii, la £ me gag'ostaweda k!welasLe, qa £ s la. xame- 
LlEsEla gwitxes £ iiE £ memote qa g'iixes tiigwekwa lax g'okwas. 
Wa, g'iPmese gwalExs lae q!walax" £ id £ wl £ la. Wii, la £ me ts!ots!E- 

55 tslElEmakwa tsetsats !exsilaLaxa tsexLa, yixs mokwae. Wa, la £ me 
lElwesEmakwa. Wii, he £ misa g"Igama £ ye, yixa klwelasLe, yixs 
g'iFmae yagun5lislxa iJaqwa. Wii, laxae ts!ots!ElEinda. Wii, 
laEmxae lElwesEmakwa. Wii, he £ misLa Elkwiis heEmxae g^vale 
q!walax'a e yas. Wii, liiLe £ naxwaEm cjIwalEnkwe £ nE £ memotas. 



B0AS 1 SOCIAL CUSTOMS 771 

done. Now all the members of the numaym are dressed; [| and after 60 
tins, they send out four men to go and call again, | for the first 
calling of the tribes has been given the night before, j As soon as the 
messengers come back, they take a paddle and | stir with it the 
soaked salal-berries ; and as soon as all the water j has been soaked 
into the salal-berries, they are mushy. Then the four men take || . 
long-handled ladles and dip them J into the crabapples, and pour 05 
these on the soaked salal-berries. j They do not stop until all the 
crabapples have been put on the salal-berries. Then , they take the 
house-dishes and put them down heading towards the rear of the 
house, and they stir the || salal-berries mixed with crabapples. When 70 
they are mixed,- they j dip them out with their ladles from their 
small canoe into the house-dishes. Then they put them into the | 
house-dishes. When these are half full, there is enough in them; j 
and after they have done so, they take small dishes and put them 
down at | one side of the door. After doing so, they go again calling 
(the guests); || and when the people come who have been called, the 75 
speaker of the host stands up J and calls out to those who are coming 
in, and assigns to them their seats. Then he | says, "Walk 
on, chief, to your seat that belongs to your position!" | Every 
man knows his seat, j and they go right to it and sit down. As 
soon as || all are in, they give the drum to the head tribe, | the SO 



Wa, g'ibmese gwab'allla laas e yalagEmeda mokwe, qa £ s la etse £ sta, 60 
qa laenennaLas LelElk!tisasE £ weda lelqwalaLa £ yaxa ganuxe. Wa, 
g'ibmese g'ax aedaaqeda etse £ staxs lae ax-"edxa se £ wayowe, qa 
xwetEga'yes laxa peqlugElIle tlEqa, yixs lae £ wl £ WElaqeda -wape 
laxa tlEqa. Wa, he £ mis lagilas la gEnke. Wa, la ax £ ededa 
tsetsatsexselElg ise mok u bebEgwaiiEmaxes tsetsexLa, qa £ s tsex £ I- 65 
des laxa tsElx u sta, qa £ s la giiqlEqas laxa pegEkwe tlEqa. Wa, 
al-mese gwalExs lae £ wI : wElaqeda tsElx'sta laxa tlEqa. Wa, laxae 
&x e edxa leloqiillle, cpa £ s g'axe mEx^llllElas. Wa, la £ me gwegwe- 
gEmlll laxa ogwlwalitasa g'okwe. Wa, lax - da £ xwe xwetElgEndxa 
malaqEla tlEqa LE £ wa tsEl.x"sta. Wii, g - il £ mese lElgoxs lae tse- 70 
x -£ itses tsetsexLa xwaxuxwagume loquhla, qa £ s la tsEyasElas laxa 
leloqiillle. Wa, gib'mese naEngoyoxsdalaxs lae ha £ yalats!a. Wa, 
g'll £ mese gwalEXs lae ax'edxa li:logume, qa g'axes mExel laxa 
apsostalilasa tlEX'ila. Wa, giHmese gwatexs lae etled etse J sta. 
Wa, gil'mese g'axe etse e stanEmas lae Lax £ ulila Elkwasa klwelase, 75 
qa £ s q!ax - sldza £ yex hogwiLElaena £ yasa bebEgwanEme. Wa, hesm 
e neg - atse: "Qasak - as g'Igama £ ya laxs gugilasaos k!wa £ ya g"iga- 
ma £ ya." Wa, lii £ naxwa £ ma bebEgwanEme qlalaxes k!wa £ ye. 
Wa, la £ me he £ nakulaEm laq, qa £ s la k!wagalll laq. Wa, g-il £ mese 
E wi e laeLExs lae hex £ idaEm XEmsasosa mr.natsle laxa mi-.kuma £ ya 80 



772 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKITJTL Letb. ann. 35 

£$2 Mamaleleqala, to sing their song. ( You know how the drum is passed 
to every one of the tribes, | (beginning al the head tribe), for each one 

85 has I a song for the feast. When [ i they have all sung their feast- 
songs, the drum is put away and placed | at one side of the door. 
Then they go and distribute the house-dishes; and when this has 
■ been done, they carry the canoe which serves as a house-dish | and 
put it down in front of the one who has given a feast of salal-berry 
cakes j and crabapples before, for this is to show who has given such 

90 a feast: the giving of the ! small canoe. Then they call out the name 
of the former host. | and then he speaks proudly. As soon as | 
everything has been distributed, they pass about the small dishes 
among the common people of the | chiefs. When everything has 
been given out, they eat with the spoons, for these | have been dis- 

95 tributcd already. Now the speaker rises and calls his numaym to 
assemble and | sing their feasting-song. | 

I have forgotten the oil, for they pour some on the | mixed salal- 
berries and crabapples in the house-dishes. As soon as | the song- 
leader has sung the first song, the daughter of the host comes out, || 
100 carrying in one hand the copper: and when the numaym | of the 
young woman's father sings, she dances, holding ! the copper the 
lower end up in the right hand. Then lour men come out, carrying 

81 Mamaleleqala, qa dEnx E edeses klwelayalayEwe qlEmdEma. Wfi, 
laEmLas £ naxwa qlalax laxtodalaena £ yasa mEnatsle lax gwalllEla- 
ena £ yas £ waxasgEinagwasasa lelqwalaLa £ ye, yixs £ naxwa £ mae klwel- 
g - a £ l dEnx £ etses k!wek!wela £ yala qlEinqlEmdEma. Wa, g"il £ mese 

85 £ wl £ la k!\velg'a £ lExs lac ax £ etsE £ weda mEnatsle, qa s s la xEinstoli-iEm 
lax apsostalilasa ttexila. Wa, la £ mese hex'idaEm k"ax ,£ idayoweda 
leloqulfle. Wa, g'il £ mese £ v\i £ laxs lae LElEmgilllEma leloqulfle xwa- 
xuxwagiima, qa £ s lii kaxdzamolIlEin laxa klwelesElaxa malaqEla 
tlEqa LE £ wa tsElx"sta, qaxs hermae awElx'isalayoseda leloqullle 

90 xwaxuxwaguma. Wii, he £ me la LeqElasE £ we LegEmasa klwcle- 
sEla. Wa, he'mis la LEmq!alag"llilats yaq!Ent!alae. Wa, g - il £ mese 
£ wilgalilExs lae k*ax" £ idayoweda tElogume laxa bEgulkla £ yasa g'lg'E- 
gama £ ye. Wit, gil £ mese '"wflg'alllExs lae £ yos £ Ida, qaxs lamiex'de 
tslEwanaedzEina kak'EtslEnaqe. Wii, heme Lax £ ulileda Elkwe. 

95 Wii, la £ me Le £ lalaxes £ nE £ memote qa q lap !eg"lllles qa wiig'es k!wa- 
melg - a £ l dEnx £ eda. 

HexoLEn LlElewesE-'wa L!e £ naxs la £ mex - de k!unx £ Idayo laxa ma- 
laqElatslaliixa tteqa LE £ wa tsElx"sta leloqullla. Wa, gil-mese" 
doqaleda nagadiixs g'axae 1 a 1 1 lallle tstedaqe xunox u sa klwelase 
100 dak" !olts lanaxa Llaqwa. Wa, gil-mese £ naxwa dEnx £ ede £ nE £ me- 
motas ompasa tslEdaqaxs, lae ylx £ wida. Wii, la £ me ek'laxsda- 
leda rJaqwitxs dalaases helk" !ots!ana £ ye laq. Wii, he £ mis g - ax 



n0AS ] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 773 

on their shoulders the empty j ladles. They dance on each side of 
the woman while she is dancing, two on each side of her. | The 5 
four men do not dance long before they go hack to where the oil- 
boxes have been put down. All four of them J dip into the oil with 
their ladles until they overflow. Then | they go, so that the oil 
drips out, and they give it to the chiefs, || and the chiefs stand up. 10 
They take hold of each end of the ; overflowing ladle; and then the 
men who handled the ladles say to each of them, | " Now, chief, draw 
this in with your breath," mentioning his I name. Then theyreallv 
drink all the oil; and j if some of the chiefs can not drink it, they 
just || put their lips to the ladle and pour it into the feast-dish. 15 
They continue doing this, although they have now , stopped singing 
their feasting-song. When the [ oil-ladle reaches the rival of the host 
who gives the salal-berry and | crabapple feast, the ladle is filled 
entirely with oil; and li they treat it roughly when they go to the •_>() 
place where (the rival) is sitting, so that the oil drips out, j and the 
young man who brings it pretends not to see him in his seat, and 
thus he lets I the oil drip on the chief who is sitting down. Then 
he stands up | and speaks, and sends out some men of his | numavm 
to bring a hundred blankets, or even two hundred. || Then some men of 25 



hox £ ult lalllatsa mokwe bebEgwaiiEm wIwix'SEyap lalaxa lopEmtsla- 3 
we tsetsexLa, qa £ s yix £ wlde lax £ \viix - sagawallla.sa tsbsdaqaxs 
ylxwae. Wa, la-"me maemalokwa bebEgwanEme lax £ wax - sagawa- 5 
bias. Wa, k'lest'e gegilll vixweda mokwe bebEgwanEmxs lae 
ai.e ; "sta lax hax'hanPlasasa dedEngwats !e, qa £ s la £ naxwaxs mokwae 
tse £ stases tsetsexLa laxa L!e £ na. Wa, la* alakMala tsetsKxulaxs lae 
qas'Ideda ts lets laoqiilxLalaxa L'e £ niixs lae tseqElilax g'Tg'Egama've. 
Wa, hex'-ida r mese Laxiimgillleda g - Ig - Egama £ ye, qa £ s dadEbEndexa ]o 
tsetsawek'ilaxa L!e £ na tsext-a. Wa, hermis la £ neg - atsa tsatsexsilElg'ise 
bEgwanEiua: "Wa, gigiima £ yii. laEtn xumt ledi.oi.ai'." i.ex £ edE.x i.e- 
gEmas. Wii, la £ me alax'-id nax'ideda nenaq lenoxwaxa l !e £ na. Wa, 
gil'mese wayatslala aaqeda vraokwe glgi;gama-ya lae ai;m ham- 
g - agEndxa tsetsawek'llaxa L!e £ na tsexLa, qa £ s la giiqEylnts \:> 
laxes loqula. Wii, la £ me he.vsaEin gwegilaxs wax-"mae lai.al 
qlwel'ideda k!wame £ lala dEnxEla. Wa, g'il £ mese lag'aa tseqlena- 
£ vasesa L!e £ na laxa hayotasa klwelasasa malaqEla tteqa LE £ wa 
tsElx"staxs lae alax -£ id la qotlamasxa tsexi.iisa L!e £ na. Wii, hi 
eMtsilaxs lae guyobsla lax k!wae £ lasas, qa tsawelcilesa L!e £ na. £0 
Wa, la esbola doqulaqexs klwaelae. Wa, he-'mis la tsawex £ aLE- 
latsa L!e c "na laxa g - igama £ yaxs klwaelae. Wa, he £ mis la i.nx-ulT- 
datse, qa £ s yaq!Eg - a £ le. Wii, la £ me £ yalaqasa g-ayole lax E nE £ me- 
motas, qa liis gEmxaxa lak^Ende ptelxElasgEma loxs ma £ lp!Enya- 
gae. Wii, la hex -£ ida £ mese la hoquwElse £ nE £ memotas. We. laEin l., 



774 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ieth. ann. 35 

26 his numaym at once go out, but | he never takes the ladle, and the 
one who handles the ladles [ returns with it. Then he tells his 
numaym to take care not | to let their fire be putout by the fire of the 
rival chief: and while he says this, he pours into the fire [ the oil 
(that was to have been drunk) ; and then he says to the fire, "Now, || 

30 spirit of the fire, open your mouth, son, so that you get enough to 
eat!" I 

Then those who went out to get the blankets come in, | and then 
the members of the numaym of the rival chief each takes hold of 
an end of the | blankets and spread them over the fire of the host. | 

35 Now they put it out, and then the host goes and takes more II salal- 
berries and crabapples, and the copper which his daughter was car- 
rying I when she was dancing, and he pushes it under the feast-fire. | 
At the same time the four young men who handle the ladles dip them 
into the oil; and when they are | full, they pour the oil into the 
fire; | and then those who try to put out the fire run away on account 

40 of the heat, for || the oil and the blankets are burning together; and 
then I the host takes the oil and pours it among his rivals. | 

Nolis, who died some time ago at Alert Bay, tried to put out the 
fire with seven canoes, | and he had the oil poured on his face by the 
great host of the Lawetsles. Besides, | he put on four hundred 

45 blankets. The house was nearly || burned. All the roof-boards were 

26 hewaxa dadalaxa L!e £ nats!ala tsexLa. Wit, tVmeseda tsatsexsllElgfse 
g"ax aedaaqas. Wa, la £ me ha £ yaL!5laxes £ nE £ memote, qa k'leses 
k'!ilx £ ide lEgwIlases glgama £ ye. A'nie. £ nek'ixs lae gu.xLEntsa 
L!e-na laxa lEgwile. Wa, he £ rais la £ neg"atsexa lEgwIle:" Wii, 

30 klwaxxala, aqalala, wisa, qa £ s poLElaos." 

Wii, g - ax £ me hogwlusleda lax'de gEmxaxa p!ElxElasgEme. Wii, 
hex'ida £ mese g'iig'alaplo £ nE £ memotasa g - eqEmx ,£ Ide dadEnxaxa 
plElxElasgEme, qa £ s lii LEpLalas laxa klwelasdEma lEgwIla. Wii, 
laEm k'lilxaq. Wii, he £ mis la ax £ edaatsa k!welasasa malaqElii 

35 tlEqa LE £ wa tsElx u staxa Llaqwa, yix daax u dases xiinokwaxs 
gaxex'de yixwa, qa £ s L&yabodes faxes klwelasdEma lEgwIla; wii, 
lada mokwe tsetsaxsilElg'is tsex ,£ id laxa L!e £ na. Wa, lii £ naxwa 
qoqiitlaxs lae £ nEmax ,£ Id giixLEnts laxa klwelasdEma lsgwila. 
Wa, he £ mis la yawas £ ld bawatsa k"!ilxaxa Llesaliisa lEgwile, qaxs 

40 lae xTx'aqiiweda i.!e c na LE £ wa plElxElasgEme. Wii, he £ mis la 
guqElgEndaatsa klwelase g'Igamesa L!e £ na laxes hilyote. 

Yix Nolisde lax £ yillse laek - !ilxasa aLEbotsIaqe xwaxwfiklflnaxs 
lae guqEmtsosa L!e £ niisa £ wiilase klwelatsa Liiwetslese. Wa, he- 
£ misa moplEnyag'e p!ElxElasgEina; wii he £ misa gokwax halsEla- 

45 £ mae k'les £ naxwaEm xumt!edes sala. Wii, he £ mEn dogid ala k"!il- 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 775 

burned. And this is the most real attempt at | putting out the fire 4fi 
of a feast that I have seen. The feastgiver of the Lawetsles had 
two hundred j blankets and five canoes, and also small cuppers. 
This is the | worst thing that chiefs do when they really get angry, 
and II at such a time the house-dishes are scorched by the lire. | 50 

When all this is done, they go out. Then | the floor of the house 
is soaked with oil. j The numaym of the host go out and carry the 
house-dishes and the small canoe that served as a feast-dish to those 
to whom they belong; and as soon as they have been carried out, itis 
finished. || That is all about this. | . 55 

Feast of Qot !xole 

Now, when the winter conies, the owner of the qot !xole [ intends 1 
to give a feast to his people of berries mixed with oil. | Then he sends 
out the young men belonging to his numaym to | call his guests: and 
as soon as they go, his wife takes the dishes and puts them down 5 
next to her place, and also her spoons, j and shredded cedar-bark to 
wipe out the dishes and spoons. Now she wipes them out while 
her husband is clearing out the house. He also spreads down j 
mats for his guests to sit on; and he takes out the II box containing 10 
the berries and oil, which is put down at the left-hand side of the j 
door of the house. As soon as the young men have called four 

x £ edamasxa k'welasdEma lEgwIla. Wa., la ma s lp!Enyaga £ me p!El- 46 
xElasgEmasa klwelase Lawetslesa; wa, he £ misa sEk!ats!aqe xwa- 
xwakluna; wa he £ misLeda LlaiJagume. Wa, heEin alakMala 
e yax - sEm gweg'ilatsa g"Ig'Egama £ ye, yixs alak"!alae laElwis £ Ida. Wa, 
he £ mis la E naxwaEm la k!wek!umElx -E Idaatsa teloqullle. 50 

Wa, giFniese gwatexs lae hoqiiwElsa. Wa, la £ me '"naxwaEm 
la LEqe awlnagwllasa gokwasa L!e £ na. Wa, fr'mise la £ wl j la la 
k'aodale E nE E memotasa klwelasaxa leloqulfle LE e wa lelociEla xwa- 
xuxwagum lax klkiikElaq. Wa, gik'mese £ \\ idawElsExs lae gwala. 
Wit, la f me gwal laxeq. 55 

Feast of QotIxole 
Wii, la £ mes ts!awiinx-IdExs lae £ nenk' !ex : ideda qodadasa qot!- 1 
xole, qa e s wiig'e qotqwatamasxes g"6kfllote laxa Llakwe qotlxola. 
Wa, la £ mese e yalaqasa ha e yal e a g'ayol laxes -iiE ; memote, qa las 
Le e lala. Wii, gil-mese laxs lae hex -£ ida e me g-EiiEmas ax £ edxes IoeI- 
cjlwe, qa £ s g'iixe . niEx £ al!lElaq laxes klwaelase LE £ wis k - ak"Ets!E- 5 
naqe LE-wa qloyaakwe k'adzEkwa qa f s dedEg"iganoxes loElqlwe 
i.E £ wa k'ak'EtslEiiaqe. Wa, hr'me dedEg'ig'as laq, yixs laai.es la- 
E wunEme ekwaxa awi e stal2ases g"5kwe. Wa, laxae LEp lalllElaxa 
leF.l £ \va £ ye, qa k IwadzEwesolts i.e £ laiiEmi.as. Wa, he £ misa Llagwa- 
ts!e qotlxole Lawatsaxs g-fixae hanstolllas lax gEmxotsalilas t!Exi- 10 
his g-okwas. Wa, g'iFmese mop!Ene £ steda ha £ yrd £ a la etse £ staxs 



776 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Hern. ann. 35 

12 times, | the guests come in: and when they are in. they sing | an 
ordinary song, not a feast-song. | After having sung four songs, the 

15 young men take the dishes and II put into them the oil and berries. 
■They do not put much in, because it is difficult to eat and to 
swallow. Therefore they put a little into the dishes. After this 
has been done, they put them down, one dish in front of each | 
four men. At the same time when they put down the dishes, | the 

20 spoons are distributed; and when everything has been placed, II the 
guests begin to eat the oil and berries. They never | eat it all, 
because it is hard work to eat it. When they | have finished, they 
go out. That is all about this. | 

Social Position and Marriage Laws ' 

1 Chief's Daughter. 2 — Generally the princess of ) Chief £ maxuyalidze 
gets married at once when Iv' !edele £ lak u | comes out of the place 
where she has been sitting still. As soon as the princess is married, 
she I has the name modzll (Keeping-up-the-Blanket) , if she becomes 
the modzll of a real chief. || 

5 However, she remains a princess of the chief if her husband is a 
common man. | Then she is never called modzll as wife (of the com- 



12 g'axae £ wrlaeLes Le £ lanEme. Wa, g iPmese £ wilaeLExs lae dEnx £ i- 
deda klwelasa qlEmdEniexa k'lese klwelayalayo qlEnulEma. Wa, 
g - il £ mese mosgEmodExs lae ax £ ededa ha'yfd'axa loElq !we, qa £ s la 

15 tsets!alasa Llakwe qotlxole laq. Wa, lii k!es q!eq!Ets!a, qaxs alae 
laxuml lax qotqwattsE £ wa Llakwe qotlxola. Wa, he £ mis lag'ila ho- 
laltslaweda loElqlwe. Wa, gil-mese gwatexs lae k'agEinlllElas laxa 
maemokwe bebEgwanEma. Wii, la 'nEmfdagillla k'iisa loElqlwe 
LE £ wa k"ak - Ets!Enaqaxs lae ts lEwanaedzEma. Wii, giFmese e wil- 

20 g'alilExs lae qotqwat!edExda £ x"xa Llakwe qotlxola. Wii, la k!ets!e- 
nox" £ wI £ lasE £ wa, qaxs alae laxuml lax ha £ ma £ ye. Wii, g'il £ mese 
gwfdExs lae hoqiiwElsa. Wii, la £ me gwal laxeq. 

Social Position and Marriage Laws ' 

1 Chief's Daughter.-' — Wii. lii qlunala hex ,£ idaEm qadz§LasE £ we k'!e- 
delasa g*Igania £ ye miaxuyalidze. ytxa lalosEla k'!edeltse K:!ede- 
leflakwe. Wii, g'ilmiese qadzeLasE £ weda k"!edete lae hex' £ idaEm 
LegadEs inodzele yixs alak'lalae g - igama £ yes modzelide. 

5 Wii. wiix' ; mese kedeltsa g"Iga,ma £ ya la £ wadasa bEgwanEmq la- 
lame, wii, lii hewaxaEm Leqalayuwe modzele lax gEnicmas. Wii, 

1 For additional matter sec Addenda, p. 1333. 
^Continued from p. 701, line .",:. 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 777 

mon man), | and she is still the princess of her father the chief. I 7 
just wanted to talk | about the common men. j 

Now when the princess is married to a chief, then she is || called a ID 
modzil, when she first goes into the house of her husband. | Now I 
am talking about the chief of the numaym Maamtag'ila. j £ maxu- 
yalidze, whose princess is K' ledeledak 11 . Not | long after she has 
been married to her husband, her father pays the marriage debt : and 
she has for her canoe mast | an expensive copper. And he gives as a 
marriage-gift a name to the husband || of his princess and much food 15 
with it, and also canoes. | This is what is called "paying-t he-marriage- 
debt, sitting-in-the-canoe-of-the-princess;" for generally there are 
twenty | who sit in the canoes of the princess of a real chief, | when 
they put down the copper j bracelets and small coppers and many 
dishes and the || anchor-line of many spoons;when all this has been 20 
put | down Chief miaxuvalidze says, "Now f will go and | call my 
princess that you may see her come.'' Thus lie says, and goes into j 
his house. And before long he comes back walking ahead of j his 
princess, and the chief stands outside id' his || house, and his princess 25 
comes and stands by his side. She wears j a blanket covered with 
abalone shells, and entirely covered with abalone shells | is her hat. 
Her abalone-covered blanket j is called " the-heavy-abalone-covercd 



IfiLe k - !edelts;iEmses g"igama £ ye ompa. A ; mi:n £ nex - qEn gwagwex - - 7 
sEX' £ Ide laxa bEgwanEmq lalame. 

Wa, la £ me lawadeda k'ledelasa g'igama £ ye, wa. la hex* £ idaEm 
LegadEs modzlle, yixs g - alae laei. lax g'okwases la : wunicme, laxEn 10 
heena'ye gwagwex - s £ alase g"igama £ yasa E nE £ memotasa Maamt ag'ila 
lax £ maxuyalidze, yixs kMedadaases K - !edele £ lakwe. Wa, k'!est!a 
gala la-'watses hvwunEine lae qotex'a ompas. Wa, la Lak'Eyalaxa 
qteyoxwe Llaqwa. Wa LegEmg'ElxLala qa LegEms la £ wunEmawa- 
ses k"!edele LE £ wa qlenEme ha £ mayaaxses LO £ ma xwaxwaklunaxa 15 
gwE £ yasa qotex'a k!waxsalats!esa k"!edele, yixs qlunalae maltsEm- 
g'ustawa k!waxsalats!e xwaxwaklunas k'ledelnsa alak"!ala gigE- 
ma'va. Wa, gihniese £ wl £ la g'ax ax £ EldzEmaxa l lax laqwak" line 
k - !6kiila LE £ wa L!ax!axsEme; wa, he £ misa qlenEme teloqlwa LE £ wa 
mogwaiuV'ya qlenEme k - ak - ats!Enaqa. Wa, g - il £ mese £ wi £ la ax- Hi) 
: "i:lsa laeda g'igama £ ye £ maxuyalidze £ nek - a: "LamiEii lal i.e-'la- 
lalxEn k'lt'dela qa £ s g"5.xlag - aos dox £ waLElaqe," mek'Kxs lae laeL 
laxes g-okwe. Wa, k - !est!a galaxs g-ftxae aedaaqa g - alag - i- 
weses k'.edele. Wa, hr'me i.axullseda g'lgama^e lax i.lasana- vases 
g-okwe. Wit, g-axe kMedelas LawunSdzElsaq. Wa, la-me nicxu 25 
nalaxa mEgEsgEmalaxa exts!i:me. Wa, laxae ; "naxwai:m ex'tslEme 
osgEma-"yas LEtEmlas. Wa, beEin i.egade ex'ts lEmsgEme r ni:x £ u- 
neses ex - ts lEmala 6max - dEmk' !ed iiEx'Tme. Wa, la r.egade LEtEmlas 



778 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [ETH. ANN. SB 

blanket," and her hat is called | " the-heavy-abalone-covered hat." 

30 Then the chief, II the father of K' !edele £ lak n speaks, and says, 
"Come and look at this | weight which originates with our family 
history, when the chieftainess carried the copper. Now stand up, | 
son-in-law, I will dress you." Thus says the chief, and takes | the 
alialone-covered blanket of the chieftainess and her abalone-covered 
hat and | promises to give them to his son-in-law, and he takes his 

35 copper and gives || it also to his son-in-law. Then he calls his son-in- 
law to come and | take them. The son-in-law comes and stands in 
front of his | father-in-law and of his wife, the chieftainess. Then 
the | abalone-covered blanket is put on to him and the abalone- 
covered hat is put on to him, | and he is given the copper. Then the 

40 chief says to his || son-in-law, "O son-in-law! now I have changed 
your chief's dress, | son-in-law. Nowgo! It is finished. Youliavemy 
chieftainess for your wife." Thus he says, | and takes off the large 
ear-ornaments of abalone shell on each ear of the chieftainess and 
the j nose-ornament of abalone shell and attaches the ear-ornaments 
to his son-in-law, and | he also puts the nose-ornament of abalone 

45 on to him. Then his son-in-law || goes back and stands where his 
nuinayin is standing, and he | speaks, and says, "Look at me, 
numaym! ) Now my whole chief's dress has been changed by my 
father-in-law. [ Now the chieftainess my wife, has no dress." Thus 
he says as he walks along j and goes into his house, and the property 

yJs e.vts iF.mala omagEml LEtEml. Wii, la £ me yaq !Eg , a £ ledag"igama £ ye 

30 omps K'!edele'lakwe. Wa, la £ neka: "Weg'a, doqwalaxg'ada no- 
yambalisEk' o £ ma lax dalaeda o'maxa Llaqwa. Wa, Lax £ uls lag - a 
nEgiimp, qF.n q!walax -£ idaOL," ; nek - eda g"Igama £ yaxs lae axodEX 
ex - ts'.Emala e nEX £ unesa o-ma i.E-wes ex"ts!Emala LEtEml. Wa, la £ me 
lak" !Eg - a £ lts laxes nEgumpe. Wii, la ax £ edxa Llaqwa qa £ s sapledes 

35 laxaaxes nEgumpe. Wa, la Le £ lalaxes nEgumpe qa he £ mes g"Jix 
ax £ edi:q. Wa, g'axe nEgumpas Lax £ uls lax iiEqEmalasases nE- 
gumpe LF/wis gEnEmas 5 £ ma. Wa, la £ me £ nEx £ unyowa ex'tslE- 
mala £ nEx £ une laq. Wa.laxae LEtEmdayuwaex/ts'.Emala LEtEml laq. 
Wii, lii tslaya Llaqwa laq. Wa, lii E nekeda gigama £ yaxes nE- 

40 giimpe: "Wa, nicgump, la £ mEn L !ayEwi £ lalaxos g'exdEmk" Itnaqos, 
nEgiimp. Wii, hag'a, laFins gwal gEg'adEsg'En o £ mak\" -'nek'Exs 
lae axodEx awawe xogum ex'tslEm £ waxsodatEwesa 6 £ ma le £ wii 
kedzelba £ yas ex'tslEma, qa £ s tleg'atodales laxes nEgumpe. Wii, 
laxae kedzelbEntsa extslEme laq. Wii, lawisi.a nEgumpas la 

45 qas £ ida qa £ s lii Lax £ uls lax Lax £ wEdzasas £ nE £ memotas. We, la £ me 
vaq!Eg - a £ la. Wii, la £ nek'a; "Wag'a, dox £ wid gaxEn, nos £ nE £ me- 
mot. LaEmg"a L!ayEwi £ lalaso £ giin g"exdEmk"!Eng'a ylsEii nEgumpe. 
La £ me aEm la xanalalElseda o £ maxEn gEnEme," £ nek , Exs lae qas £ ida 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 779 

with which the marriage debt has been paid is carried II into his 50 
house. When everything has been carried in, it is given away to 
all | the tribes, when day comes. That is all about this. | 

When the father (of a princess) dies, then her brother has her for 
his princess. Then he is no longer her brother, for | she is now the 
princess of her brother who is now her lather. [ Only the eldest one 
of the brothers has his youngest sister for his princess. II As soon as 55 
she gets married, she is modzil of her husband; | and her elder 
brother pays the marriage-debt to the husband of his princess, his 
sister, | because they never stop calling the daughter of a chief 
princess, | unless she becomes a chieftainess. When she is chief- 
tainess, she is no more | princess, and she gives the name princess to 
her daughter; || but the name modzil is different, for she has only the 60 
name modzil | when she has for her husband a chief. If she should 
separate from her husband, | then she is no longer called modzil of 
her husband; but if j she takes another husband who is a real chief, 
then she is again | modzil of her husband. That is all. || 

Chieftainess.' — It hurt ( £ niaxulayfigwa's) heart that she was never j 1 
called the modzil of (Wag'idis) ; for thus they call tin- wife of a | real 
chief as soon as a chief ^ marries a princess of j another chief (it is 
well for me to name the other || chief, so that you kn< iw how they call the 5 

qa £ s lii laei> laxes g'okwe. Wii, la e me mEweLElayowa qotenayowe 
lax g'okwas. Wa, gihmese E wI £ laeLa lac yax £ widayo laxa '"naxwa 50 
lelqwalaLa £ yaxa la £ nax' £ ida. Wa, laicm Laba laxeq. 

Gil £ Em lE £ le omps lae bEgwaiiEm wF.qNvas hela k'ledadES. Wii, 
la £ me wEq !wanux u s qaxs la £ me k - ledeltses wEq Iwaxes la ompa, yixs le- 
x - a £ maeda E nolast!EgEma £ yasa E nE £ mema la k/!edadEses ts!a £ ya ts!E- 
daqa. Wa, giPmese lawada visa gigama £ ye lae mSdzIltses hVwiinEme. 55 
Wa, he £ mise noliis la qotexax lanvunEmases kledeles WEqlwa 
laqexs hewaxae gwal LegadEs k'ledela tstedaqe xunox u sa g"Iga- 
ma £ ye lag-aa laqexs lae o £ ma. Wii, gih'mese la 6 £ maxs lae gwal 
k-Iedela. Wii, la £ me lasases k'ledele LegEm laxes xiinokwe is!e- 
daqa. Wa, lii ogwaqaleda modzele yixs lex"a £ mae Legadaatses mo- 60 
dzile, yix hVwadaasa gigama-ye. YViixe \v !asa LE £ wes la £ wunEme 
lae hex- £ idaEm gwal LegadEs modzllases la £ wunEme. Wax'e la- 
£ wadEx- £ Itsa ogMa alak : !ala g?gama £ ya lae etled la LegadEs mo- 
dzllases hVwiinEme. Wii, lar.m laba. 

Chieftainess. 1 — Wa, heEm ts'.EX'ila lax naqa-'yas ( £ maxulayugwa) 1 
yixs hewaxae Leqalasos modzilas (Wag'idis) liix gwek - lalasaxa gknE- 
masaalak-!alag-Igama £ ya,ylxsgll £ maeqadzeLasE £ wa k" ledelasagTga- 
ma £ ye, yisa ogiVla gigama £ yae — ex'EmLEULo Lex £ edEx LegEmas 
£ nEmokwa g-igama £ ya qa £ s q!ala5sax gwekMiilasax ale gEiiEms, — yix 5 

' Continued from p. 1117, line 2S4. 



780 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Iexh.ann.35 

6 new wife) E maxuyalidze. | And when E maxfl.yalidze lias been married 

four days | to his wife, then all the men say, "Go on, let us | sec the 
chief taincss of onr chief £ maxuy.alidze," | and they all go into the 

10 door of the house. Then the || leader says, "We come to sec the 
back of the chieftainess of | E maxuyalidze." If she is a good chief- 
tainess, she arises and | takes her belt. She lifts her blanket so that 
it is | just below her knees. Then she puts on her belt; | and after 

15 doing so, she quickly spreads mats on the floor || for those to siton who 
come to see her back. Then she | gets food for those who come to 
see the back of the chieftainess of 'maxuvalidze. J 

This is called by the Indians "a good chieftainess of the chief," 
who does | this, and they call her modzll ( = lifting-blanket-in-the 
house), because she lifts her blanket, and puts on her belt. She is 

20 a bad || chieftainess of the chief if she just sits down when those conic 
in who come to see her back. J She just asks her husband's young 
men to [ take care of the food that she is going to give. After those 
have eaten who come to see her back, | they go out. Often the 
chief | tells his chieftainess to go away, and to go to her house, 

25 because the chief is ashamed || if the chieftainess does not lead his 
tribe to their places when they j come into his house. That is all 
about this. | 



6 E maxuyalidze. Wa, g'il E mese mop!Enxwa E s qadzeLayag - ule E maxu- 
yalidzaxes gEnEme lae E naxwa E ma bebEgwanEme E nek - a: " Wedza- 
xins dogwig"alllaxox modzilaxsEns g"igama e yax laxox e maxuyali- 
dzax." Wa, lax - da E xwe hogwiLa laxa tlEX'llasa gokwe. Wa, la 

10 E neke g"alag'iwa E yas: "GaxEnu-'x" dogwigwalllax modzilexs ! ma- 
xuyalidze," nek'e. Wa, g*tl E mese eka modzile lae hex" E idaEm 
Laxmllla qa £ s dax'-ide.xes wuseg'ano. \\-\, lii mos e idxes ; 'iiex £ u- 
na E ye qa halsEla E mes bEnagawes okwiix'a-yas lae wuseg'o E yotses 
wiiseg"anowe. Wii, g"ll E mese gwala lae hanakwila LEplalilElasa 

15 leEl E wa E ye qaklwadzaliltsosa dogw!g"alilaq. Wa, la E me la ax E edxa 
lnr'miii.asa dogwig" alflax modzilas E maxuyalidze. 

Wa, hi'icni gwE e yosa baklume ex' mod/.iltsa g"igama E ya he 
gwexse. Wa, licicm lag'ilas LegadEs modzil, yixs lae mos E idxes 
E nEx E una E ye qa E s wuseg - o E yodeses wuseg'ano. Wax'eda E yax - sEme 

20 niodziltsa g - Ig - ama E ye a E mese klwaeb'.xs g'axae hogwiLeda dogvvl- 
g - alilaq. Wa, a E mes la axk - !ale la E wunEmasexa ha E yal E a qa he E mes 
aaxsllax hamg - ilay5Laseq. AVii, g ikmese gwfil ha E mapeda dogwi- 
g'alilaq, lae hoqtiwElsa. Wii, lii qlunala aEmhex' E ida E ma g - igama E ye- 
qayawElsaxes mSdzil qa las nir'nak" laxes g'okwe; qaxs max'ts'.aeda 

25 g"igama E yaxs k"!esae q!ax*sIdza E yes modzilaxes g'okulotaxs g'axae 
hogwlL lax g'okwas. Wa, lawesLa laba. 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 7M 

Endogamy. — I'll talk about LalellLla, head chief | of the numaym 1 
DzedzEmeleqala of the Nak!wax'da £ x u . j Now LalellLla had for his 
wife the daughter of his younger brother YaxLEn, | whose name was 
Ha £ meLas. The first wife of LalellLla was his niece. || Then LalellLla 5 
married again XwelageLas, the | princess of Hayalk'En, chic!' of the 
numaym SesEnL !e £ of the | Gwa £ sEla. Then LalellLla had two wives. 
His head wife was his niece | Hiim £ eLas, and his second wife was 
XwelageLas. Then | Ha £ m§Las gave birth to a daughter, and she 
was named Llaqwag'ilayugwa. || Then his second wife gave birth to 10 
a boy, and j he had the name Sewid. As soon as Sewid was grown 
up, | he married Llaqwag'ilayugwa, and Sewid and j Llaqwag'ila- 
yugwa were not married for a long time. Llaqwag'ilayugwa had a 
younger sister | Llalaga. Then Llaqwag'ilayugwa married Helamas,|| 
the eagle of the numaym G'exsEm of the Nak!wax'da £ x u . ] Then 15 
Llalaga married Gwales G'exk'Endze, head chief of the numaym | 
Sesr.ni. leof theNak !wax"da £ x u . And \ Ilelamas andhiswife l laqwag'i- 
'avugwa had not been married for a long time when she was with 
child, | and her younger sister Llalaga was also witli child. And 
i. Ifiqwag' ilayugwa had been with child for six H months her husband He- 20 
lamas [became ill and after a short time he died. | He left his wife i.laq- 
wag' ilayugwa with child. Then l laqwag' ilayugwa gave birth j to a boy, 

Endogamy. — HeEmi.nn gwagwex , s £ alasLe LalellLlaxa xamagE- 1 
ma £ ye gigamesa £ nE £ memotasa DzedzEmeleqalasa Naklwax'da-'x". 
Wii, la £ lae LalellLla gEg'adics tslEdaqe xiinokwases ts!a £ ye YaxLEn- 
xa Legadiis H;i £ meLas. Wii, heEm g"il £ El gEnEms LalellLlaxes i.ole- 
gas. Wii. la-lae etlede LalellLla gEg"adEx -£ IdEs " XwelageLas yix 5 
k'ledelas Hayalk'En, yixa g*igama £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa SesEin. !a £ yasa 
Gwa £ sEla. Wii, la £ me ma-lele LalellLla. Wii, la £ me gF.qEinalTle Lole- 
gasase Ha £ meLas. Wii. lit alele XwelageLas. Wa, la £ me mayohide 
Ha £ meLasasa ts lats ladagEm. Wa. la £ me LegadEs Llaqwag'ilayu- 
gwa. Wii, lii maydhide alele gEiiEmsesa babagume. Wa, heme in 
LegadEs Sewide. Wa, gih'mese q lulsq !ul £ yax £ wida lae Sewide 
gEg"adEx -£ idES Llaqwag'ilayugwa. Wa, k'est la gala gEg'ade Sewi- 
diis Llaqwag'ilayugwa, wii, laEm ts !a £ yanokwe Llaqwag'ilayugwas 
Llalaga. Wa, la la £ wadEX' £ id etlede Llaqwag'ilayugwas Helamasxa 
kwekwasa £ nE e memotasa G'exsEmasa Nak !wax'da £ x u . Wii, lii 15 
Ia. £ wadEX" £ ide Llalagas Gwales G'exk'Endzexa g"igama £ yasa E nE £ me- 
motasa SesEnLle yisa Nak!wax'da £ x u . Wii, k' lest la giila ha £ yasEk'ale 
Ilelamas LE'wes gEiiEine Llaqwag'ilayugwa lae l>Ewex-\vida. Wa. 
laxae ogwaqa bEwex £ wide ts!a £ yase Llalaga. Wii, he-mes ales qlE- 
LlEsgEing'ilaxa '"mEkula bEwekwe Llaqwag'ilayugwa lae yawas £ id 20 
tslEX'qlEX' £ Ide la'wunEmase Ilelamase, lae wek'lEX-lda. Wii, la ; me 
l)Ewegwil r rdaxes gEiiEmx'de Llaqwag'ilayugwa. Wa. la mayoHde 
Lliiqwag'ilayugwiisa babagume. Wii, la £ me la Legadeda babagumas 



782 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. m 

and the boy had the name | Helamas. And i. Iftlaga also gave birth 

25 to a girl, and || her name was Ha £ yosdesElas. And when ILVyos- 
desElas grew up, | she married Helamas; and Helamas had not been 
married long | with his cousin Ha-yosdesElas, when she was with 
child, and | she gave birth to a | girl. 

30 She did not live long before she died. Then || Ha £ yosdesElas gave 
birth to a boy. He lived for twenty days. | Then he died. Then 
she gave birth to another boy, | and he lived. His name was K'ene, 
ami he is now six j years old. | 

35 I tried to learn why the relatives descended from || LalellL !a do this, 
and also the various tribes, | for many chiefs of the tribes do the 
same. | They marry the daughters of their younger brothers. Then 
the one whom I asked said to me | that they do this because they do 
not want their privileges to go | out of their family. They keep their 

40 privileges among themselves || by doing so. 1 | 

1 Marrying outside of one's own tribe. — I will talk about a | prince of 

a chief who takes for his wile the princess of a chief | of another tribe. 

This is called " taking a wife outside." | Then the wife "takes a hus- 

5 band outside." fur thus it is called when || they do this, as was done 

Helamase. Wa, laxae mayol £ ide L'.alagasa ts !ats ladagEme. Wii, 

'-'5 la £ me LegadEs Ha £ yosdesElas. Wii, g11 £ mese' exEntlede Ha £ yosde- 
sElas lae qadzeLasos Helamas. Wii, k - lest la gala ha £ yasElcale Hela- 
mase LE £ wes £ nEmwEyote Ila-ydsdesElase lae bEwex £ wida. Wa, lii 
ma'yol-itsa ts lilts ladagEme. 

W;i, k- lest la gael qlulaxs lae wek'licx-'ida. Wit, la etled mayo- 

30 l c ide Ha £ yosdesElasasa babagiime. Wa, g'ig'agalag'ilaxa e nala cjlfi- 
laxs lae wek-!Ex="ida. Wii, la etled mayol £ itsa babagiime. Wa, 
laine qlula. Wa, laEm LegadEs K'ene. Wii, lak* qlELlEx £ Enxe 
ts'awEnxas K - ene. 

Wa, Ieii q!aq!e £ staax lag'ilas he gweg'ilaxa £ iiEmxLfda £ nE £ me- 

35 maxa g'a £ ya lax Lalebila EE-'wa «il £ 6guxsEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya 
<|axs cjlenEmae he gwegulasa g - Ig"Egama £ yasa lelqwalaLa £ yexa 
gEg'adiis xunokwases ts!a £ ya. Wii, la £ nek'En wuLasE £ waqexs 
hiie lag'ilas he gweg'ilaxs yax'stosaa laltslawes k"!ek - lEs £ o laxes 
e nEmxLalaena e ye. Wii, lii alaEm la asm wElx'ElqElaxes k - !ek - lEs £ o 

40 laxes gweg'ilase. 1 

1 Marrying outside of one's own tribe. — Hcleu gwagwex - s £ alasLa le- 

WElgama £ yasa gigama £ yaxs lae gEg'adEsa kledelasa g'igama £ yasa 

5guxsEmakwe lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wii, heEm LegadEs gEg'adExtla. 

Wii, lii gEUEmas la £ wadExt!a qaxs he £ mae LegEmsa he gwex ,£ ide lax 

5 gwex -£ idaasasEii xunokwe 'iiEmogwis, lae gEgadExt'.a laxes gEiiEme 

'This form of marriage is called t!Ent!E»o. In Kurt Rupert there are two chiefs who married the 

daughters of their half-sisters. One of these i Kuaiiox'dze of the Laalax-'sEndayu, who married the 

daughter of his father and of his stepmother. His wife's name is UaUaqoliMak". See also Addenda, 
p. 134-1. 



B0AS 1 SOCIAL CUSTOMS 783 

by my son £ nEinogwis when he took from outside his wife | l laqwag'i- G 
layugwa. Then Llaqwag'ilayugwa, the princess of | Chief Gwex- 
se £ sElasEine% took as her husband from outside my son | mEinogwis. 
Now we are all related by marriage to the father of i Llaqwag'i- 
layugwa and to all those to whom marriage presents were given by 
mEinogwIs. Now || Llaqwag'ilayugwa lived in marriage away from 10 
her house in the house of her husband £ nEmogwis here in [ Fort 
Rupert. Now Llaqwag'ilayugwa is called "obtained from far off 
outside | by £ nEinogwis." Only the woman is called "obtained 
from far off outside." | "Obtained from far off outside" is not said 
of mEinogwis when he takes a wife from outside | from another tribe. 
When || Llaqwag'ilayugwa wishes her husband mEmogwis to give 15 
a feast, she says to her | husband, -HEmogwis, "Let us go to 
your father-in-law | Gwex'se £ sElasEine £ to get some tiling out of his 
house, so that you may give a feast, for you | have taken me from a 
long way off." Thus she says. And immediately they start | to get 
something out of the house, and they go to Qalogwis, for Gwex- 
se £ sElasEine £ is the head chief of the || numaym SesEiiL !e £ of the 20 
Lawetsles, and Gwex'se £ sElasEme £ | can not avoid giving a mar- 
riage gift of food to his | son-in-law, mEinogwis, because the princess 
of the chief has been taken faraway. | If Gwex'se £ sElasEme £ should 
not take notice of his princess when she | comes to get something 
out of the house of her father, then Gwex'se £ sElasEme £ || and his 25 
princess would be ridiculed by their tribe the Lawetsles, and 

Llaqwag'ilayugwa. Wa, g'axe Llaqwag-ilayugwa, ylx k'ledelasa 6 
g"igama e ye O w ex'se £ sElasEma £ ve la £ wadExt lasEn xundkwe £ nEmo- 
gwise. Wa, lanu £ x" e wi e la la Lawalagala lax ompas Llaqwag'ilayu- 
gwa lo £ £ naxwe ts!6ts!akwas £ nEmogwise. Wa, g"ax £ me hesEkwa 6 le 
Llaqwag'ilayugwa lax g'okwases la £ wunEme £ nEmogwise laxg - a Tsii- H) 
xisi;k'. Wa, la £ me LegadEs Llaqwag'ilayugwas qwesExtlanEms £ ue- 
mogwise. Wa, la £ me lexa £ ma tslEdaqe LeqElaso £ s qwesExtla. Wa, 
lii k'!es qwesExt!axElasE £ we £ nEmogwise qaes laena £ ye gEg'adExtla 
laxa oguxsEmakwe lelqwalaLa e ya. Wa, gil £ mese £ nek - e Llaqwag'i- 
layugwa qa klwelaseses la £ wfmEme £ nEmogwise lae £ nek'a laxes 15 
hVwuiiEme £ nEmogwise: "La £ vvadExt!eg'En; wIxeus lax nEgiimpae 
Gwex - se £ sElasEma £ ya qEns lii g'okune, qa £ s klweladzEmos lE £ maaqos 
qwesExtlanEma g'axEn," £ nek'e. Wii, hex ,£ ida £ mese la ale.\ £ wideda 
g'okune qa £ s lii lax Qalogwis qaxs he £ mae xamagEme g'Igamesa 
e nE £ memotasa SlsEULa £ yasa Lawets!ese (lwr'x'sr'sElasEm:i s y(;'. Wii, 20 
lii k' !eas gwex ,£ idaasa Gwexse £ sElasEma £ ye k' !es wawalqalaxes nE- 
gumpe £ nEinogwise qaxs qwesExt lanEmaax k'ledelasa g'igama £ ye 
qo k" leslaxe Gwex'se e sElasEma e ye q liisElaxes k' ledelaxs lae 
g'okilne laxes ompe lalaxe aEmlala £ yolaxe Gwexse £ sElasEina £ ye 
LE £ wis k'ledelases gokulote Lawetslese. Wii, la £ me LegadEx'de L!a- 25 



784 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth.ann. 35 

26 l laqwag'ilayugwa | would bo called a princess whom her father, the 
chief, dues not love. That is | the end. | 
1 The Eagles. — This was your question, how the eagles j were 
obtained by the ancestor of the mimayni Maamtag'ila; namely, 
Llaqwag'ila. the prince | of e maxuyalidze. He was the one who was 
the first chief of all the | tribes, although first among them was 
5 £ maxt !alaLe £ and all || the first ancestor of the different numayms. | 
Only -maxuyalidze was the first to make a potlatch; and therefore | 
he thought that he was the only one who was the first to make a 
potlatch. And j it occurred to him that the eagle was the only head 
chief and leader who was feared by all the | birds, and that therefore 
10 he would be the eagle, because he was the first one || to give a pot- 
latch; anil therefore the head chief, the Eagle, began to be feared | 
by all the tribes. It is the same as the eagle who is the first to eal 
of any carrion and of what he catches: and afterwards come | the 
different kinds of birds each of which eats on the beach what is left 
over by the eagle. | And ^maxuyalidze tried to imitate this. There- 
in fore he is now the head || eagle of all the numayms of the Kwakiutl. | 
And the DzEndzEuxq !ayu, the nuinaym of the Walas Kwakiutl, 
say j that Doqwayis first got the eagle, and the | numaym Maamta- 
g'ila say that they had the first | eagle, and the name Llaqwag'ila is 
20 still the first among all the eagles || of all the tribes. That is all. | 

26 qwag'ilayugwas weme k'ledeltses g'igama e ye ompa. Wa, hiEm 
laba. 

1 The Eagles. — He £ maes \vilLasE ; wa kwekwe, yix lag'ilas kwekwe 
g'alaxasa E nE £ memotasa Maamtag'ila yix L!aqwag"ilaxs LEWElgE- 
ma £ yaas e maxuyalidzexa -nEmox"-me gil g'ales g'igamesa e naxwa 
lelqwaLaurya, yixs wax -£ mae g iilagalax £ maxt !alaLa £ ye lo £ e naxwe 
5 g'alEmg'alise g'ig'Egamesa alogwaq liise £ nal £ nE £ memasa. Wa . 
lex'aEm-lawise g'il p!Es £ ide c maxuyalidze. Wa, he £ mis lag'ilas 
g'Ig - aex £ edExs £ nEmox u£ mae g"flg'ilenox u sa lax p!asap!a. Wa, la 
g"ig - aex £ Idxa kwekwaxs 'liEmae ogiime lo £ g'alabe k'ilEmsa £ naxwax 
ts!elts!Ek!wa. Wii, he £ mis hlg'ilas £ nek - qa £ s kwekwa qaes g'alaba- 

10 £ yae plEsa. Wa, he £ mis lagilas gwalElaEiu ogume k'ilEm glgE- 
ma £ ya kwex"sa £ naxwa lelqwalai.a e ya he gwex'sa kwekwaxs g'il 
qliclsae laxes lemEiise LE £ wes xabanEme. Wii, al £ mese gTixeda 
alogu £ la ts!elts!Ek!wa hamg'Elis lax hemaxLa £ yasa kwek u . Wii, 
he £ mis la nanaxts !E £ wasos £ maxuyalidze; he £ mes liig'ilas la ogumesa 

15 kwekwekwasa £ naxwa £ nal £ iiE £ memasasa Kwakugule. 

Wii, la £ nek'eda DzEndzEnx - q!a_yoxa £ nE £ memotasa £ walas Kwa- 
gulaxs hae gil axnogwatsa kwek", yix Doqwayise. Wii, la £ nek - e 
nE £ memotasa Maamtaguliixs he £ mae g'il kwekwe laxes laena £ ye 
kwekwa. Wa, hex'sii £ mese Llaqwag'ila g'alaxasa £ nfixwa kwekwe- 

20 kwasa e naxwa lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wii, hiEm laba. 



BOisJ SOCIAL, CUSTOMS 785 

Names and Crests of the Maamtag'ila. — This is when | the son of 21 
? maxuyalidze, who had the name YaqoLas, began to be a prince: i 
that is, when he had a man's name, when the father of | YaqoLas 
gave a potlatch on account of the greatness of the name of his prince 
laqoLas. || Then £ maxuyalidze gave his eagle(-seat) to his prince 25 
YaqoLas, | and also the eagle-name Llaqwag'ila; for that | was the 
name of £ maxuyalidze, Llaqwag'ila, when he was an | eagle. When 
he made over his eagle (-seat) and the name | Llaqwag'ila that goes 
witli it to his prince Llaqwag'ila, and when || Llaqwag'ila took the 30 
name of his father £ maxiiyalidze, he | himself gave a potlatch for 
his greatness — for he was now an eagle — | and oix account of his 
name Llaqwag'ila. And all the | privileges were given to Llaqwa- 
g'ila by his father £ maxuyalidze, the house with the carved | posts, 
the two speaking-posts in the form of men || at each side of the door, 35 
standing on top of the heads of grizzly bears, | and eagles sitting on 
top of the heads of the grizzly bear of the | post on each side of the 
rear of the house of £ maxuyalidze. And large | coppers lay flat on 
the chests of the eagles on the posts in the rear of the | house. And 
the front of the house was painted with a copper, as it was first [| 
found by the ancestor of Chief £ niaxiiyalidze at K' lodagala, for | that 4d 
is where the ancestors of Chief niiaxiiyalidze lived, at K" lodagala | 
inside of Gwadze £ ; for £ maxuyalidze's numavm were the Maam- 

Names and Crests of the Maamtag'ila. — HeEm gag'iLElats la 21 
LEWElgama c 'ye xiinokwas £ maxuyalidzaxs hie i.egadEs YaqoLas, 
yixs lae LegadEs LegEinasa bEgwanEme, yixs lae p!Esa 5mpas 
YaqoLas, qa o £ mayos LegEmases LEWElgama e ye YaqoLas. Wa, 
la £ me lase £ milxuyalidzases kwekwe laxes LEWElgama e ye Ya- 25 
qoLas LE £ wa LegEmasa kwekwe, ytx Llaqwag'ila qaxs he £ mae 
LegEms £ maxiiyalidze yix Llaqwag'ila, j-ixs he £ mae ales he 
kwekwe. Wa, g'ih'mese lasasa kwekwe LE £ wa LegEme £ nami £ lalotse 
Llaqwag'ila laxes LEWElgama £ ye Llaqwag'ila; wa, g - il £ mese lasa 
lae LegadEx ,£ Ide ompas Llaqwag'ilas £ maxuyalidze. Wa, la £ me 30 
xamax' £ id plEs £ Ide Llaqwag'ila C[a o £ mayoses laena £ ye kwekwa 
LE £ wia la LegEme Llaqwag'ila. Wa, laxae £ wi £ la layowa £ naxwa 
k'!ek'lEs £ 6 lax Llaqwag'ila vises ompe £ maxuvalidzexa k'lexk' ladzE- 
kwas LeLame g'okwaxa ma £ lokwe bebEgwanEm yeyaqlEiitlEq 
LeLam lax wax'sotstalilasa tlEX'ila LeLaxQtEwex x'ix'dmsasa ne- 35 
nane. Wa, la kwekwekwa k!wek!fidzEta} r ax x'ix'omsasa nenanexa 
LeLamasa £ wax'sotiwalilasa g'5kwas £ maxuyalidze. Wa, la £ lae awa 
LlaLlEqwe paqala lax oba-"yasa kwekwekwe LeLamasa ogwiwalllasa 
g'okwe. Wa, la £ lae k'latEmalaxa g'okwaxa Llaqwa, yixs g'alae 
Logwesa g'alasa g'Igama £ ye £ maxuvalidze lax K'lodagala, qaxs in 
he £ mae g'okulats gilg'alisasa g'igama £ } T e £ maxuyalidze K'lodagala 
lax ots lawas Gwadze £ yixs £ nE £ memodadae £ maxuyalidziisa Maam- 
75052—21—35 eth — pt 1 50 



786 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. 35 

tag'ila. I The dull-white Seagulls were the ancestors of | Chief 
£ maxiivalidze. It was he who was named MatmatEla; namely, || 

45 the dull-white Seagull. He is now called Matag'ila. | Now Matag'ila 
had many men who are now named Maamtag'da; for that | is the 
numaym of his children, when there came to be many of them. | That 
is what is said about the first one, the head of the | numayms, the | 

50 Maamtag'da. Now you know what I say. || That is all. | 
1 Names. — Now I will talk about what I have been asked by you in re- 
gard to I the family names of the chiefs. I will talk about the chief | 
of the numaym Kiikwak him of the Kwexa, YaqoLadze. | He continu- 
ally changed wives, and with each one a name was given to him by 
5 Ms father-in-law, really || great names. He used these names given 
in marriage for a short time | when he gave a potlatch with the 
blankets which he obtained as a marriage-gift from (each of) his 
fathers-in-law; | and when he gave an oil feast with his marriage- 
gift, then he used the name given in marriage as a feast-name. | 
They desire to keep the feast-names obtained | from the father-in-law, 

10 for the feast-name is like the || winter-name. When the Kwakiutl 
first begin to perform the winter ceremonial, they all change their 
names | — men and women. Thus it is also with the | guests of a 
chief who gives a feast with od, a great od feast. | As soon as aU the 
guests go into the house in which the od feast is to be given, | the 

43 tag'ilaxwa wex'doxsEmex £ niElsgEm ts!ek!wa, yix gllg-alisasa 
g'Igama £ ye £ maxuyalidze ; heEm LegadEs MatmatElaxa wex'dox- 

45 sEme £ mElsgEm ts!ek!wa. Wa, he £ mis la LegadEs Matag'ila. Wa, 
la q!ex' £ id bEgwanEme Matag'ila, la Lex £ edEs Maamtag'da laxes 
£ nE £ memote, yixs he £ mae la £ nE £ memotses sasEme lae q!ex -£ ida la 
bEgwanEm. Wa, yQEm gwalaats g'llg'alisasa £ mEkuma £ ye £ nE £ me- 
motsa Maamtag'da. Wa, laEmxaas qlalaxg'in lax - waldEma. Wa, 

50 laEm lfiba. 
I Names. — Wa, la-'mesEii gwagwex's £ alal laxes wELasEwosxa LexLE- 
gEmelasa g'Igama £ ye. Wa, heLEn gwagwex's £ alasLeda g'lgama- 
£ yas £ nE £ memotasa Kukwak !umasa Kwexa, yix YaqoLadze, yixs gE- 
g'adElkwae. Wii, la q SwalxoEm LegEmg-Elxxale nEgumpas, yisa ala 
^ awa LeLEgEma. Wa, a £ mese yawas £ id Legadssa LegEmg'ElxLa £ yaxs 
lae p!Es £ itsa p !ElxElasgEine wawalqalayoses nEgumpaq; wax'e 
L!e £ na wawalqalayo. Wa, la LegEmg'ElxLalaxa k IweladzEXLayo 
LegEma. Wa, heEm lalaxulaaso £ LegEma k.'weladzEXLayo LegE- 
masa nEgumpa, yixs hae gwex'sa klweladzEXEayo LegEinasa ts!e- 

2Q tsleqa yixs g'il £ mae ts!ets!ex £ ideda Kwag'ulaxs lae £ wl £ la Llayu- 
XLada bebEgwanEme LE £ wis ts!edaqe. Wa, he £ mise gwex'sa 
Le £ lanEmasa g'igama £ yaxs k!welasaasa L!e £ naxa £ walase L!e £ nag'ila. 
Wa, la g'il £ mese £ wi £ laeLeda Le £ lanEme laxa L!e £ nag'i £ lats!e g - 6kwa 
lae Lax £ iilile Elkwasa g'igama £ ye qa £ s yaq !Eg'a £ le. Wa, la £ me LeLEqE- 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 787 

speaker of the chief rises, and speaks, and calls || the chiefs by their 15 
feast-names, those who have given an oil feast; | hut he does not 
call the names of those, even if they are head chiefs, who have | not a 
feast-name. Then the chiefs are ashamed | because their names have 
not been called; and therefore coppers are generally broken | in oil 
feasts by the chiefs who are guests, in order to cover their shame, || 
when their names are not called. This is called "extinguishing the 20 
fire of the | oil feast." When the feast is at an end, all the men go 
out; I and then the_y have no longer their feast-names, | but they 
are called by their potlatch-names after this, | which are the true 
family names; for the chiefs do not like to keep || the names obtained 25 
in marriage as their potlatch-names. Oidy when they first give 
away blankets do they | use the names which the}' obtained from the 
father-in-law. After they | have given away blankets, all the men 
go out. I Then the chief has no longer the name obtained from his 
father-in-law, for he | has again his name YaqoLadze. He puts 
away the II name obtained in marriage. When his princess takes a 30 
husband, the name | given in marriage is given to the son-in-law; 
but no I famdy name can be given away in marriage to the | husband 
of a princess, because they keep their names and all the | privileges 
for the eldest son, because all the privdeges belong to him. || That is 35 
the end. | ' 

lax k!wek!weladzEXLiiyasa g - Ig - Egama £ yexa k!wek!iilats!enoxwasa 15 
L!e £ na. Wit, la. k"!es LeqElasE £ wa wax ,£ Em wElgEme g'lgamexs 
k'leasae klwelatsdzEXLayo LegEma. Wit, la max - ts!eda g'lgama- 
£ yaxs k - !esae Lex £ etsE £ wa. Wa, heErn lagilas q Iiinala k'oqwasE £ weda 
Llaqwa laxa L!e £ nag - ila yisa g - Igama £ ye klwele yixs mamx'tslEsIlae 
qaxs k'lesae Lex £ etsE £ wa. Wa, heEm LegadEs k - !ilxax lEgwIlasa 20 
L!e £ nag'ila klwelasa. Wa, g'il £ mese gwala klwelase, lae £ wi*la hoqii- 
wElseda £ naxwa bebEgwanEm. Wa, la £ me gwal Legatses k!wek!wela- 
dzExLiiyo laxeq. Wa, la £ me LeqElaso £ ses p!ep!EdzEXLayo laxeqxa 
ala i.exLEgEmela qaxs k - !esae hlxfdanokwa g'Ig'Egam a £ yasa Le- 
gEmg-Elxxe. plEtsaas LegEma, ylxs g'il £ mae yax £ witsa p lElxElasgEme 25 
lae Lex £ edEs LegEmg'ElxLa £ yases nEgumpe. Wa, g'il £ mese gwal 
yaqwasa p lElxElasgEmaxs lae hoquwElseda £ naxwa bebEgwanEm. 
Wa, lii gwal Legadeda g'Igiima £ yasa LegEmg'ElxLa £ ye et!eda cpa £ s lit 
xwelaqa Legatses LegEme YaqoLadze. Wit, a £ mese la g-exaxa 
LegEme LegEmgElxLe. Wa, gihmese la £ wade kMedelas lae LegEm- 30 
g-ElxLalaxa LegEmg - ElxLex - de liiq, laxes nEgumpe. Wa, lii k - !eas 
gwex -£ idaats iix £ ed laxes LexLEgEmele qa £ s la LegEmg-ElxLalaq lax 
la £ wunEmases k - !edele qaxs axelaaxa LeLEgEine LE £ wes £ naxwa 
k'!ek - !Es £ 6 qaes LEWElgEma £ ye, qaxs £ wl £ la £ mae has laxa k"!ek!Es £ o. 
Wa, laEm laba. 35 

' See Addenda, pp. 1315-1385. 



788 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL Ibth. ann. sb 

Speeches Delivered in Feasts 

1 When the chief of the numaym SenLtem invites the | other 
numayms of the Kwag'ul to a feast, then as soon as | all the guests 
come in the speaker of the chief arises and he | turns his face to the 
5 place where his numaym SenL !Em are sitting next to the [I door of the 
feast house. Then the speaker of the chief speaks, | for the speaker 
of the chiefs of the numayms always | first speak to the chiefs of the 
numayms and their names | are called. And this is what (the 
speaker) says to his numaym as he is | speaking: || 

10 "Indeed, Chief £ nEmogwis, indeed HamisElal, indeed | Ma £ nakul, 
am I not going to talk with gladness to the guests of my | chief, for 
they have all come into this house, into this good house | of my 
chief?" Thus he says, and turns Ids face to the guests. | Then he 
says: || 

15 "Welcome, Chief AwaxElag'ilis; welcome, Chief K'imk'EqEwed ;| 
welcome, Chief Tstex £ ed; welcome, Chief Hfiwllkulal; welcome, 
Chief | Llaqwalal; welcome, Chief G'exk'Enis, come now to | jour 
seats, to the seats of your late fathers, and just sit down | in your 
seats, chiefs, which are prepared for you. Now sit down well, 

20 chiefs, |1 and your people. You do not come here, chiefs, to | feel 
badly in this house of my chief. Now, sing feasting-songs | to tell 

Speeches Delivered in Feasts 

1 Gil £ Em he Legale g'Igama £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa SenLteme laxa alo- 
guq'.Ese £ nfd £ nE £ mematsa Kwag'ule qa las klwela. Wa, g'il £ rnese 
£ wI £ laeLeda Le £ lanEme lae Lax £ ullle Elkwasa gigama £ ye. Wa, la 
gwegEmala lax k'.udzelasases £ nE £ memota SenLteme laxa max'sta,- 
5 lilasa ttexllasa k'weladzatsle g'okwa. Wa, la yaqteg'a £ le Elkwasa 
g'Igama £ ye qaxs hemEnala £ maeda a £ yilkwasa g'Ig'Egama £ ye he gil 
yaq!Eg'a £ ltsE £ we g'Ig'Egama £ yases £ nE £ memote, yixs lalaxtEwae 
LeLEqElax LeLEgEmas. Wa, g'a £ mes waldEmsexes £ nE £ memotaxs 
lae yaqtent'.ala: — 

10 " QiiLaLEn glgame £ nEmogwis; qaLaLEn HamisElal: qiiLaLEn 
Ma £ nakul. Es c "maeLEn wag'il momF.lk - !alaltsox Le £ lanEmaxsEn 
g - Igama £ yex qa5xs g'axae £ wi £ laeLa laxwa lax aek - laakwa g'okwax- 
SEii g'Igama £ yex," £ nek - Exs lae gwegEmx -£ Id laxa Le £ lanEme. Wa, 
la £ nek - a: — 

15 "Gelag'a gigame AwaxElag'ilis; gelag'a g'Igame K'imk'EqEwed; 
gelag'a g'igame Tstex £ ed; gelag'a g'igame Hawilkulal; gelag'a 
g'lgame Llaqwalal; gelag'a g'igame G'exk'Enis. Wa, gelag'a laxwa 
klwayaqos liixox k!wek!wa £ yaxs easwulaxoxs a £ maqos la klwastoll- 
lasE £ wa g'ig'Egame. La £ mo aek'!aakwa. Wag'a hel £ alll laqo g'lg'E- 

20 game le £ wos g'Igedaqos. Wa, hewets g'axelos g'ig'Egame, qa £ s 
£ 'yax'q!Esalaos laxox g'okwaxsg'En g'igamek'. Wa, wag'il lak!welg'a £ l 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 789 

our world, chiefs." Thus speaks the speaker, | and turns his face 23 
to his numaym and says: | 

"O numaym! Now the word of my chief has gone to the floor of 
the house; for || the way we speak in this house of my chief has been 25 
marked out by our ancestors, for us to do as they say | in the way we 
do in this house of our chief. Now give a | drum to our chiefs that 
they may sing." Thus he says to the | young men of his numaym. 
At once they take the drum to the rear | of the feasting-house, and 
the three || numayms, the Maamtag'ila, G'exsEm, and Lo s yalaiawe, | 30 
sing one song. As soon as the f easting-song is at an end, | the 
Kukwaklurn sing. And when their feasting-song is ended, | the 
SenL !Ein sing. And when their feasting-song is ended, the | Laalax'- 
sfEndayo and the Elgtinwe £ sing one feasting- || song. And when 35 
their song is ended, then there are | four feast songs by the seven ; 
numayms of the Kwag'ul when they are invited by another | tribe. 
After they have finished singing, a young man | takes the drum from 
the rear of the feasting-house — some || Indians say instead of klwela- 40 
dzats.'e, \ Jc!welayats!e, and both words are right — and he | puts it 
down inside of the door. Then many | young men prepare the food 
for the guests. And after they have done so, they put the | dishes 



dEiix £ edEl qa £ s nelaosaxEns malax g'ig'Egame," mek'eda Elkwaxs 22 
lae gwegEmx ,£ Id laxes £ nE £ memote. Wit, lii E nek'a: 

"Wa, £ nE £ memot la £ me lag'alile waldEinasEiis g'lgama^yex qaxs 
lE £ maolex xiilt UxlidzEinsEns g'alEmg'alisa qEns gwek'lalas laxEns 25 
g'Sxex gwaelas laxwa g'okwaxsg'Eil g'Igamek". Wa, wag'ats iue- 
£ nats!a laxEns g"Ig"Egama £ ye qa wag'es k!welga £ l dEnx £ eda," £ nek'ex 
ha?yal e ases £ nE £ memote. Wii, g'il £ mese laya mE £ nat!se laxa ogwi- 
wahlasa k!weladzats!e g'Skwa, lae dEnx £ ededa yudux u SEmakwe 
£ nal £ nE £ memasaxa Masimtagila Le £ wa G'exsEm LE £ wa Lo £ yalalawasa 30 
£ nEinsgEme q'.EmdEma. Wii, g'ilmiese q!ffibe k!we £ la £ layas lae 
dEnx £ ededa Kiikwaklume. Wii, g'il £ mese q!fdbe £ k!we £ la £ layas lae 
dEiix £ ededa SenLlEm. Wa, gil e mese qlulbe k!we £ la £ layas lae dEnx- 
£ ededa Laalax - s e Endayo LE £ wa Elgunwe £ , ylsa e iiEmsgEme k!we £ la- 
£ layo qlEmdEma. Wii, gil £ mese qlulbe k!we £ lii £ layas, wii, la £ me 35 
hamosgEingowe k!we £ lii £ layo q'.EinqlEmdEme dEnx £ edayasa aLEbos- 
gEmakwe £ niil £ nEmematsa Kwag'ulaxs Le £ lanEmaasa 6guxsE £ makwe 
lelqwalaLa £ ya. Wa, g - tl £ mese £ wi £ la gwiil dEnxElaxs laeda hel £ a 
a,x £ edxa mE £ nats!e laxa ogwiwalllasa k!we £ ladzats!e g - okwa, — yixs 
£ nek"aeda waokwe bakluma yixs Lex £ edaaxa k!weladzats!e g'okwa, 411 
k!welayats!e g'okwa, wa, lii maxwaEm nEqa laxes waldEme, — qa £ s 
lii hang - alilas laxa awlLEliisa t!Exila. Wii, la aaxsileda qleiiEme 
ha £ yal £ axa ha £ miiLasa k'.wele. Wii, g - il £ mese gwala lae k'agEmlihs- 



790 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth ann. ss 

45 before the guests. As soon as all has been put down, || the guests 
begin to eat what has been put before them. And when they have 
half finished | eating, the speaker of the numaym Maamtag'da | 
speaks. He also speaks first to his fellow-guests, and he | turns his 
face to his fellow-guests, and the speaker says: | 

"Indeed, Chief AwaxElag'ilis; indeed, Chief K'imk'EqEwed; || 

50 indeed, Chief Ts!Ex £ ed; indeed, Chief Hawllkulal; indeed, | Chief 
Llaqwalal; indeed, Chief G'exk'Enis; do we not | speak with glad- 
ness to them on account of the way we come into this great house of | 
Chief £ nEmogwis ? " Thus he says, and turns his face to the door. | 
Then he says: || 

55 "Sit still, great numaym, you SenLlEm, and listen | to me. Wel- 
come, Chief £ nEmogwis; welcome, Chief | HamesElal. Indeed, I 
shall say this, Chief Ma £ nakul. Oh, welcome, | welcome ! you have 
done this well. Keep on, | Chief £ nEmogwis, look out and do not let 

GO the fire of || your house go out, Chief, on account of your tribe, Chief, 
that we may come | and be happy in your house, Chief. Now we are 
treated with sweet food, | Chief. Walk along the trail of the chief- 
maker, Chief j £ nEin5gwis. Thank you, Chief, for your kindness 
to your | people, Chief." Thus he says, and turns his face to his 

65 numaym. || And he says, "Let us say this, chiefs^ Wa wa!" After | 

lasa loElqlwe laxa Le £ lanEme. Wa, g'il £ mese £ wllg'allla laase £ wl £ la 

45 hamx -£ ldeda Le £ lanEmaxa la k*agEmalIlEq. Wa, g'il £ mese nExsE- 

g'ilallla la ha £ mapaxs lae yaq!Eg - a £ la Elkwasa £ nE £ memotasa Maam- 

tag'ila. Wii, laEmxae he g'il yaq!Ent!alaso £ ses k!welwute. Wa, la 

£ nek'a £ wa £ wax'sgami £ lala laxes k!welwute.Wa, la £ nek'eda Elkwe: — 

"QiiLaLEn, g'Igame AwaxElag'ilis; qiiLaLEn g'Igame Kimk'F.qE- 

50 wed; qaLaLEii g'Igame Ts!Ex £ ed; qaxaLEn g'Igame Hawllkulal; qa'La- 
LEn g'Igame Llaqwalal; qaLaLEn g'Igame G'exk'Enis; es £ maeLEns 
wag'il moniElk' lalaltsox g'axa qEns gwaelas laxwa £ walasex g'ox u sa 
gigama £ ye £ nEmogwise," £ nek'Exs lae gwegEmx ,£ Id laxa t!ExiIa. 
Wa, la £ nek'a: — 

55 "Weg'a, sElt!edEx £ walas £ nE £ mem, yiiL SenLlEm qa £ s hoLelaos 
g'axEn. Wii, g'elag'a g'Igame £ nEmogwis. Wii, gelag'a g'Igame 
HamesElal, qaLag'En waldEmLEk' g'Igame Ma £ nakfll. Wa, gela- 
g'a. Wa, gelak'as £ o lax'a eg'Einaxs g'Igame yixs hemEnala £ maaqos 
g'Igame £ nEmogwis q!aq!a £ lala qa k'lesesox k'!Ex £ alll5x lEgwIlaxsos 

60 g'okwaqos, g'Igame qag'as g'okul5tg'5s, g'Igame qEiiu £ x u g'axe 
ek' !eqEla laxos g'okwaqos, g'Igame. La £ mEnu £ x u ex'p!asE £ wa, g'I- 
game. Weg'a a,Em qiisax lax tlExiliisa g'Igameg'ila, g'igame c nE- 
mogwis. Wit, gelak'as £ la, g'Igame qaos ek'ex £ naqe qag'as g'eged- 
g'os, g'Igame," £ nek'Exs lae gwegEinx' £ Id laxes £ nE £ memot. Wa, 

65 la £ nek'a: "QEns £ nek'e g'lg'Egame. Wa, wa." Wii, g'il £ mese 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS Till 

he has finished speaking, the speaker of the house arises, and speaks. | 66 
He says: | 

"Indeed, true is the speeeh of the one who is speaking. It is true 
what you said. I take | notice of the meaning of the words of the old 
man to which you refer: || 'Keep on walking the trail of the chief- 70 
maker, Chief.' That j is what my chief, £ nEmogwis, is doing. He is 
walking along fast, | for indeed he walks on the road of bis grand- 
father Henak' !alaso e , | who knew how to invite the great chiefs, who 
knew how to give oil-feasts, who knew | how to break coppers. 
This is the trail followed by my chief, || £ nEmogwis. This is a hand- 75 
some chief. That is what I say, numaym | SenL Ieiu. Now, I will 
press down the food eaten by the chiefs invited | by our chief." 
Thus he says, and turns to the guests. | And he speaks again, and 
says as the | guests finish eating: || 

"Go on, go on, Chief AwaxElag'ilis; go on, Chief | K'imk'EqEwed; SO 
go on, Chief Ts!Ex £ ed; go on, Chief Hawllkulal; | go on, Chief 
Llaqwalal; go on, Chief G'exk'Eiiis; go on | with your people, 
chiefs. Now it is well prepared j for what you were invited by my 
chief." Thus he says, and turns to his || numaym, the Seni. Ieiu, and s.- 
savs, "Wa, numaym! Now | it has gone to the floor what was 
marked out by our ancestors, what we should say | when we are 
here." Thus he says. Then it is ended. | . 

gwal £ alll yaqhsntlaJalae Lax £ ullle Elkwasa k!we £ lase qa £ s yaq!Eg"a-le. (iG 
Wa, la £ nek'a: — 

"QaLa waldEmasa yaq'.Entlala alases waldEmos yixEn q!5sgEma- 
lIltsE £ we E mEk!ugelilasa waldEmasa q'.iilyakwe, yixs laaqos £ nek'a: 
'weg'a axm qasax lax t !ex iliisa g'lgameg'ila, g'igame.' Wii, keEmk' 70 
gwalagEn g'lgfimek', yixg'a £ nEmogwisEk - , ylx'ak' laxes qa e nakula- 
ena £ ye qiiLaxs qasta e yaax t!Ex - iliises gagEmpe Henak - !alasE £ wexa 
LelElaenoxwe £ walas g'igama £ yaxa L!e £ nag"ilaenoxwexa q!Elt!e- 
noxwe. Wa, yo e mes t lEX'lla qaqEseltsg"in g'Igamek" laxg'a £ iie- 
mogwisEk* laxg'ada ex'stok" g'Ig;ima £ ya, qEns £ nek'e, e nE e memo1 7.", 
Seni-lEm. Wa la 'mesEn LagunsalxEns g'ig - Egama £ yex Le £ lanEma- 
seus ■; u : ma £ yex, " £ nek'e. Wa, la gwegEmx" £ Id laxa klwele, wa, 
la ed .aqwa yaq 'Eg' a e la. Wii, la -neka yixs lae gwal £ wi £ la ha £ mapeda 
k'.wele: — 

"Wiik'as, wak'as g'igame AwaxElag'ilis; wtik'as g'igame Kim- 80 
k'EqEwedt : wiik'as g'igame Ts'.Ex £ ed; wak'as g'igame Hawllkulal; 
wak'as g'igame Llaqwalal: wiik'as g'igame G'exk'Eiies. Wiik'as 
lag'aqo le £ wos g'lgEdiiqos, g'Ig'Egame. La £ m5 aek' laakwaxos g'a- 
xelaqos Le e lanEmsg*En g'Igamek', " £ nek'Exs lae gwegEmx' £ ld laxes 
£ nE £ memota SenE'.Eme. Wa, lii £ nek'a: "Wa, £ nE £ memot, la £ me S5 
lag'allla xiilt laledzEmasEns g'alEmg'alise cjeiis gwek'Ialas laxEns 
gg'axexwaelasa," £ nek'e. Wii, laEm laba. 



792 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [etb. Ann. is 

1 Now you will see that the names j of the chiefs of the numaym 
SenLlEin are called out first by the speaker. When he gives notice, | 
all of them listen to his speeches. First | the head chief of he chiefs, 
5 £ nEinogwis, is called. Then he || names the one next to £ nEmogwis, 
HamesElal. Then he names next to | HamesElal, Ma £ nakula, for 
that is the order of the three chiefs of the | numaym SenL !eiu ; for 
they come down to the younger brothers beginning with the | eldest 
brother, calling the name of the next one until he calls the youngest 
one. That is | when the numaym SenL tern give a feast. And even 

10 when a || common man gives a feast, the three chiefs are always 
named. | The name of the host, who is a common man, is never 
called by the | speaker when he gives notice to his numaym that he 
will speak, | when the guests of the host first come in, and when he 
presses down the food of the | guests after they have finished eating. || 

15 And when the speech to his numaym the SenLlEin is at an end, 
then he | turns to the guests, and he calls the head chief of each 
numaym by name. | First he names the head chief of the | Maamta- 
g'ila, AwaxElag ihs; and next, | K'imk'EqEwed, who is the head chief 

20 of the numaym G'exsEm. Then he names || Ts !EX £ ed, the head 
chief of the numaym Lo £ yalalawa. Then he names | Hawilkfilal, 
the head chief of the numavm Kiikwaklum. I Then he names 



1 Wit, laEms doqulaqexs hexsii £ mae g'il LeLEqalasosa Elkwe 
g'Ig'Egama £ yases £ nE £ memota SenLtem yixs lae q!aq!agEmlaq qa 
£ naxwa £ mese hoLelax waldEmfflalas. Wa, heEin g"il Lex £ etso £ se 
i..iixuma £ yas gIgEgama £ yas ylx £ nEmogwis. Wii, la Lex £ edxa ma- 
5 k"llax £ iiEmogwise HamesElal. Wii, lii i.ex £ edxa mak'iliix HamesE- 
lale Ma £ nakula, qaxs he £ mae gwiilaatsa yudukwe g - Ig'Egamesa 
£ nE £ memotasa SenLlEme, yLxs ts!a £ yaxa £ nakulae giigEi.Ela laxa 
£ nola la Lex £ edxa makila, wii, lii Lex £ edxa amayEnxa £ ye, yLx hae 
k!we £ lasa £ nE £ memotasa SenL'.Eme. Wa, wax -£ mese he k!we'"lasa 

10 bEgwanEmqlalame, lii hex'siiEm LeqElasE £ weda yudukwe g"Ig"Ega- 
ma'ya. Wa, la hewaxaEm Lex £ etsE £ weda k!we £ lase bEgwanEni(| la- 
lama yisa Elkwiixs lae q!aq!agEmlaxes £ nE £ memotaxs yaq!Ent!aleLe 
laqexs g'iilae £ wI £ laeLe Le £ liinEmasa k!we £ lase loxs lae Lagiinsaxa 
klwelaxs lae gwal ha £ mapa. 

15 Wii, lii q'.ulbe waldEmasexes £ nE £ memota SeniJicm lae gwegEm- 
x -£ id liixa Le £ lanEnie qa £ s £ n5l £ nEmok'OLEle LeqElax i.ei.axuma £ yasa 
£ nal £ nE £ memase. Wii, he £ mis g'il Lex £ etsose Laxuma £ yasa £ nE £ me- 
motasa Maiimtagila, yix AwaxElag ilise. Wii, lii niakile K'lmk'E- 
qEwede, yLx Liixuma £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa GexsEm. Wii, lii i.ex £ edEx 

20 Ts'.Ex £ ed, yix Laxuma £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa Lo £ yalalawa. Wii, lii Lex- 
£ edEx Hawllkulal, yix Laxuma £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa Kukwak!um. Wii, 
lii Lex £ edEx Llaqwalal, yix Laxuma £ yasa £ nE £ memotasa Laalax's £ En- 



boas] SOCIAL CUSTOMS 793 

Llaqwalal, head chief of the numaym Laalax's £ Eiidayo. | And last he 
names G'exk'Enis, head chief of the | numaym Elgtinwe £ . That is 
when the speaker of the chief of the || numaym SenLlEin is speaking. 25 
He never names the common men, | even when they give a feast. | 
And the speaker of the guests praises the common man | who gives 
the feast. And this is the way of the speaker of the | host, and of the 
speaker of the guests. That is the end. || 



dayo. Wa, lii ElxLala Lex £ edEx G'exk'Enis, yix Laxuma e yasa £ ue- 23 
£ memotasa Elgunwa £ ye, ylxs yaqtent !alae Elkwasa g"Igama £ yasa e nE- 
£ memotasa SeniJEme. Wii, la £ me hewiixa Lex-edxa bEgwanEm- 25 
qlalaxs k!we £ lasae. 

Wa, hetleda Elkwiisa k!we £ lckwe tsMwaqaxa bEgwanEmq!aliixs 
k!we £ lasae. Wa, g'aEm gwek'lalatsa Elkwiisa k!welase lo £ Elkwasa 
k!we £ lekwe. Wa, laEm laba. 

Swear-Words (Hankwa) 

1. HiislElol, Go and die. Generally used by women in friendly 

banter. 

2. LalE £ laa, you are dead there. Used in friendly discussion 

when a person feels that he can no longer carry on his argu- 
ment. 
2a. HanLalEloL, die yourself. Retort to the preceding. Used, 
however, not in friendly discussion, but after a serious quarrel. 

3. LE J lwest!a axa, you are dead there. Used in a bantering 

way, or at the end of an argument. 

4. LE £ ldzewest!a axa, you great one are dead there. Used 

often at the end of an argument between husband and wife, 
or by men after a quarrel. 

5. LE £ ldzamasa, indeed, you are dead there. Used as a re- 

proach, for instance, when a person, by his lack of skill, has 
broken an object or hmt another person. 

6. X'ist5lil laq u , show your teeth and your orbits there 

(meaning that the skull is lying on the ground). 
6a. QJulegKmalaEmlnesLas laxes waldEmos g'axEn. WawanEmg'i- 
lagas. I hope what you wish will happen to me will 

HAPPEN TO YOL T , DEATH-BRIXGIXG-WOMAX. Retort to 6. 

66. Wiidzo, WawanEingilagas, go away, Death-brixging-womax ' 
Sometimes used like the preceding. 

7. Xidzll lox, show your teeth on the floor of the house. 
la. Q'.Exstolil lox, you bite the floor of my house at the 

door. These (7 and 7a) are used in a quarrel. 

8. Le £ 1x'S £ 51 15X, DIE HERE ON THE GROUND. 



794 ETHNOLOGY OF THE KWAKIUTL [eth. ann. as 

Sa. IIuxeiiIeIol, I wish you would die right here. Retort to 8. 
Used by men only, particularly men of high rank, in quarrels 
over social matters. 

9. YagWll l6x, LIE DOWN DEAD ON THE FLOOR OF MY HOUSE. 

9a. Yaq!Qs lox, lie down dead on the ground. Retort to 9. 
Used in a similar way as the preceding. 

10. Yaxstolll laq", lie down dead on the floor of my house. 
10a. YaxwElsnesLas qa £ s lE £ la5s laxs Ladzasex, oh, if you would 

DIE ON THE GROUND WHERE YOU ARE STANDING! Retort to 

10. These (10 and 10a) are never used by women, but par- 
ticularly by chiefs. 

11. WexEnLas yaxwEls qa £ s lE £ laos laq", I wish you would lie 

DOWN ON THE GROUND AND DIE HERE. 

11a. Sol 1e £ H qa £ s q lulegEmalamaos liixes waldicmos g'axEn, you 

SHALL DIE, AND YOUR OWN WORD SHALL KILL YOU FOR WHAT 

you said. Retort to 11. Used by men. 

12. WexEiiLas lF/lg'aElsa laxos Ladzasaqos qa £ s halax ,£ idaos k'!ea- 

gwaElsa, I WISH YOU would die at the place where you are 
standing, and disappear. Used in quarrels during potlatch. 

13. Hask'la, die with your teeth in your head. 

13a. Ladza £ mas lE E lLa q !aq laxstalanEmamilg'EnLol qa £ s halabala- 
miei.os 1e £ 1l, die now, for the death-dealing point of my 
tongue will kill you quickly. Retort to 13. This is con- 
sidered the worst insult. 
Following are swear-words of the DEnax'da £ x u- 

14. QatsEmakoi., your head has been cut off. 

14a. PIoqomakoL, you are a body without head. Retort to 14. 
There is one particular swear-word of the DEiiax"da £ x u against 
the Anvali.Kla numnym K - !ek'!aenox u . 

15. KliniLKinakoL, your face has been adzed. This refers to 

the fact that a member of that numaym was killed by the 
DEnax'da £ x u by cutting his face with an adz. 



INDEX 



Abalone— Page. 

blanket covered with 701, 777, 778 

hat covered with 701, 777, 77S 

Abalone shells 0S5, 777 

Afterbirth— 

belief regarding 606 

of twins 678, 686 

of twins used for cauterizing 694 

treatment of 653-655 

Alder-leaves 589 

Alder-tree 57 

Alder-wood, as fuel for drying berries 273 

Anchor 511 

Anchor stones 180 

Animals, game, belief regarding hearing of.. 637 

Assembly of chiefs and shamans 733 

assembly of numaym 769 

Attendants at feast 43S 

Attendants of chdxf 762-763 

Attendants of host 758 

Back-protector 142 

Bag of sea-lion hide 109 

Bait— 

clams used for 162 

cockles and clams (or 178 

for fishhooks 179 

for fish traps 162, 182 

mussels used for 182 

sea eggs used for 182 

Barnacles— 

gathering of 499 

method of preparing ;,D1 

steamed on beach 501, 505 

Baskets— 

for cooking berries 138,284,288 

for huckleberries 140 

for steaming 555, 561 

for viburnum berries 138 

for wild carrots 139 

new, custom regarding 607 

of cedar bark . . 136, 139, 226, 22S, 235, 240, 252, 254 

open-work, making of 134 

rack for holding 171 

set of, for berry picking 204, 

205, 206, 20S, 209, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 220, 269 

Beaver dish 756 

Beddlng, of child, hidden in cave 671,673 

Belief regarding coffin 687 

Beliefs— 

regarding birth 651-657 

regarding cripples 696 

regarding currants 575 

regarding fern roots 524 

regarding hearing of game animals 637 

regarding maturing girl ' 700 

regarding twins of opposite sexes 713 

relating to devilfish 614 

relating to first halibut of season 247 



Page. 

Beliefs and customs 603-748 

Belt 143 

Berries, frame for drying 107 

Berry baskets, set of 211,216 

Berry-cakes— 

bundles of 263, 268, 281 

making of 271 274,279 

storing of 274,275 

Berry-pickers— 

hiring of 211, 220 

payment of 220 

Bird-cherry bark 1.57 

Birth, customs and beliefs regarding S4g 

Blanket, pin for, made of yew-wood 118 

Blood, of seal 450 

Blood-soup 456 i;,; 

Blubber, of seal 456, 158, 163 

Blueberries 300 

Boards— 

making of 61, 82-S3 

sewing of 77, 93, 98 

Body, feelings of, as signs 603-605 

Boiling with red-hot stones 545, 546 

Bottle of kelp 540 

Boxes— 

bending side of 70-76, 90 

boiling in 459, 460 

bottom of 7s, 91 

caulking of 299 

cutting kerfs in side of 68 ,u 

fitting bottom of 91 

for berry-cakes 263, 268, 274, 2S1 

for cured seaweed 294, 2% 

lor herring-spawn 254-255 

for mixing salal berries 265 

for picking salmon-berries 140,211 

for preserved salmon 239 

for soaking dried fish 315, 318,319, 324 

made water-tight 92 

making of 60-92 

making side of 62 

measures of side of 65 

painting side of 88 

pegging side of 76-77,79 81,90 92 

sewing side of 77,88 

squaring of 70 

squaring side of 63 65,84 85 

steaming side of 71 74,88-90 

top of 81 

Bracken-root, digging of 1% 

Breakfast— 

codfish eaten at 253 

dog salmon eaten at 300, 313 

fat food avoided at so- 
green salmon eaten at 316 

salmon eaten for 350 

Bunch-berries (chamaepericlineum una- 
laschkense) 596 



Page. 

Buoy of fishing line 180 

Burial— 

burning of food at 709 

of parts of body 743 

of t wins 686 

pulling down of roof at 709 

Butchering — 

of mountain-goat 174,428,441 

of porpoise 446 

of seal 451 

Cannibal and shaman, a ceremonial 739 

Cannibal ceremonial 741 , 7 12 

Cannibal-cry 739, 740 

Cannibal dancers 275,753 

Canoe— 

as marriage gift 777 

bottom-boards of 96 

care of 94-97 

landing of 193 

loading of 192 

protected against spirits 615 

runway for 96, 97 

use of, in picking berries 206 

2111,211,215,216,218,219 

used as feast dish 

Canoe-builder— 

customs of 615 

making a successful 697 

Capture of novice 747 

Carrots— 

boiled in kettle 557 

digging of 200 

preparation of 

Carvings in house 785 

Castorh m. weather charm m6 

Caulking of box 299 

[ZING 694 

Cave for cedarbark, used at birth or ma- 
turity 671, 672, '172 

Cedar 166,167,171 

for firewood 7ii3 

stripping of bark of 616 

yellow 163 

Cedar-bark 191 

beater 1 2» 

belief regarding 131 

breaker - - 109, 127, [28, 133 

implement for peeling 14.; 

implement for splitting 117, 124 

packing of 122, 123, 132 

peeling off tree 120, 121, 131 

preparation of 130 

qualities of 122, 125 

red 677,735 

red, for shaman 721 

shredded 660, 661 

shredding of 126-129, 132 

splitting of 125 

yellow, shredded 062, 668 

Cedar-bark rope 75, 76, 90, 100, 158 

Cedar-bark towels 775 

Cedar mats 125 

Cedar-tree— 

felling of 60 

prayer to 619 

Cedar-withe rope 101 



Cedar-withes ill, 115, 119, 120 

for sewing wood 77, 93 

Cedar- wood, for boxes 82 

Ceremonial— 

acquisition of , not belonging to family . . . 740 

winter 342, 560, 564 

winter, food for 285, 289, 299 

Ceremonial house 738 

Ceremonial interval, four days as 709 

Charm— 

against sea monsters 608 

blue hellebore used as 175, 608 

chiton 650 

lizard as 645,646 

octopus used as 649-652 

Peuccdanum seed used as 175, 608 

snake tail as 649-051 

toad feet as 649-651 

used in childbirth 649-651 

Chiefs— 

afraid of parents of twins 689 

marriage of daughter of 777 

order of names in feast 792 

position in feast 766,767 

rival, in seal feasts 460,461 

social position of daughter 776-779 

Chiefs, food of — 

blood-soup of seal 457 

currants and salal-berries 578 

fern-roots 523 

limbs of seal 459 

long cinqucfoil-roots 541, 544 

parts of porpoise 750 

parts of seal ' 750 

salmon-cheeks 329 

winkles 510 

I'imeftainess 776,779 

duties of 780 

proper behavior of 396 

Child— 

cradling of 658 

new-burn, treated by mother of twins 667 

new-born, washing of 652, 656 

Children, means of having 644 

Chiton 293 

as charm, used in childbirth 650 651 

boiled 483 

eaten by poor people 488 

eaten raw 485 

gathering of 480 

large, baked 4S6 

large, boiled 487 

large, gathering of 484 

names of 480 

roasted 480, 482 

Chopplng-block 514 

Cinquefoil— 

preparation of 535 

steamed in box 536 

ClNQUEFOIL-FEAST 538-542 

CrNQUEFOIL-GAF.DEN 189-192 

OlNQ UEFOII -ROOTS— 

bundles of 191, 192 

cooked in kettle 542 

digging of. 1SS-19J 

long 190, 191 



Ill 



Cinquefoil roots— Continued. Page. 

long, eaten by chiefs 541, 544 

short 190, 191 

short and long 539 

short, eaten by common people 541,544 

Clams— 

as bait 162,178,181, 183 

opening of 179 

steamed, with devilfish 474 

with seaweed 516 

Clover— 

cooking of 527, 531 

digging of 186-188 

preparation of 528 

Clover-garden 186 187 

Clover-root— 

baked 533 

raw 531 

Cockles, as bait 17S 

Codfish— 

black 382, 392 

drying of 253 

eaten at breakfast 253 

eyes of 388 

fresh 379, 3S2 

heart 3SS 

method of cutting 253,379, 180, 182 383 



red. 



392 

roasted 390. 391 

tainted 386 

Coffin, belief regarding 6S6 

Copper 655, 684, 685, 770, 772, 775, 777, i 78, 7S5 

breaking of 770, 787 

purchase of 685 

small 777 

used by maturing girl 701 

copper bracelets 777 

Corpse— 

clothed in best clothing 708 

kicked by mother 70S 

Crabappi.es— 

and water, price of 762 

brittle 594 

feast of 762 

inoil 594 

mashert, mixed with salal- berry cakes. . . 594 

mashed, steamed 594 

picking of 213 

preserved in water 2S6 

Crabs, as weather charms 620,625,628 

Cradles 658-665 

deposited in caves 072 , 692-693 

Cripples, beliefs regarding 696 

Cryptochiton— 

baked 508 

preparation of 500 

Currants 601 

belief regarding 575 

cakes of 275-281,572 

custom concerning 616 

effect of 576 

mashed, with salal-berries 577 

picking of 208 

raw 575 

Customs relating to— 

birth 651-657 

canoe-building 615 

currants 616 



Customs relating to — Continued Page. 

drinking before meais 377 

eating 607, 750 

felling of trees 617 

fern-roots 521-522, 616 

fish-cleaning 332 

halibut-spawn 37s 

k<lp-fish 393 

new berry-baskets 607 

rinsing mouth 377 

salmon 304, 328, 329, 609 

sea-eggs 4yx, 637 

sea-slugs 476 



607, 



stripping of cedar- bark 131,616 

twins 674 

Cutting-board, for fish 225,219 

Dance— 

Are 738,739 

of attendants of chief 773,767 

of chief's daughter 754.7 "9,766,767,772 

of chief's relatives 759-760 

of women 723 

tamer 738,739 

Death 705-710 

hair cut after 799 

signs of 603-604, 707-708 

DEATH-BRINGER 7J7 

Deer— 

creation of, reference to 398 

tail of, as charm 649 

ulna of 117, 124, 1.57 

Deformation of head— 

among Koskimo r,7i 

among KwaguZ 671 

Of Child 656, 658, 662, 663, 664, 665. 666 

of twins 675 

DENAX'DA £ X U 218 

method of cooking mountain-goat skin. . . 443 
method of cooking salmon 323 

Dextai.ia, used in weather charm 624 

Devilfish— 

beliefs relating to 614 

boiled 470 

boiled with oil 473 

catching of 1.85,470,474, 475 

female, not boiled 472 

hook for 151-152 

scorched 472 

steamed with clams 474 

Digging-stick 118, 186,188, 521 

for clover 146 

for cryptochiton 150 

for roots 149 

Dish— 

beaver 756 

double-headed serpent 756 

dzo'noqlwa. 756 

for pounding salal-berries 59 

grizzly-bear 756 

hair-seal 758 

kiilenv-hale 756 

sea lion 756 

wolf 756 

Dishes 320, 360 

for feast 325 

house 766, 764 

making of 57-59 



Dishes Continued. Page. 

measurements of 57-58 

sizes of 59 

Dog-fish, skin of, for polishing 104, 10S 

Dog-salmon— 

backbones of 226, 229-230 

cheeks of 231-234 

customs relating to 609 

cutting of 22!), 221,229, 306 

first of season 302, 350 

fishing for 223. 224 

head of, roasted 234 

middle piece of 225 

pectoral fins of 230-231 

quarter-dried 236 

refuse of 304 

roasting of 223-225, 305 

spawn of 235 

split 227- 229 

tail of 226 

Dogwood-berries, picking of 220 



as omens 642, 643 

explanation of 725 

meaning of 707, 70S 

means of induciug 707 

sexual, meaning of 642,643 

Dress— 

of women 1 IS, 186, 189, 

195, 197, 19S, 200, 20S, 210, 213, 219, 221 

of maturing girl 701 

Driftwood, for fuel 181, 256, 281, 287, 296 

Drinking after meals 311,314, 

315, 321, 328, 329, 338, 339, 344, 345, 346, 
348, 353, 354, 358, 359,361,362,386,408 

Drinking before and after meals 377 

Drinking before meals 314, 319, 

321,327,328,331,334,317.352.356,367,380 

DRINKING-TUBE 7110 

DRUM 320, 763, 772, 789 

Drying-frame, for making berry-cakes 260, 

271,278 

Drying rack 233, 238 

for seaweed 293 

Dzo'NOQlwa dish 756 

Eagle 781, 784 

collar-bone of 443 

name of 785 

use of tail-feathers of. . . 635, 673, 677, 681, 682, 692 

Eagle-down 678, 682, 726, 735 

for singers 720 

symbolizing snow 633 

used by shaman 721,726 

Ear-ornaments 77S 

Eating, customs relating to 750 

Eel-grass 335, 554 

eating of '. . 512 

gathering of .■ 510 

pole for gathering 155 

used in steaming food 245 

Elderberries— 

hook for picking 155 

mixed with salal-berries 267 

picking of 204, 567 

presenation of 255-263 

unripe 567 

Elderberry-cakes, eating of 564 

Endogamy 781 



Erythronium-- 

boiled 547 

digging of 197 

preparation of 544 

raw and baked 548 

Eyebrows, pulling out of 701 

Eyes— 

of codfish 38S 

of kelp-fish 395 

Face painting 770 

Family 397 

Family history 77s 

Feast 320 

attendants at 43s 

gift given in return for 766 

of currants 751 

of huckleberries 754 

of mountain-goat brisket 433-436 

of mountain-goat meat 437 

of qotlxole 775 

of salal-berries and erabapples mixed . . 767-775 

of salmon-berries 760 

of viburnum-berries 755 

oil 755 

promise of 753, 754 

seal 756 

seats in 771 

Feast-name 786, 787 

Feast-songs 333, 437, 565, 

753, 757, 759, 763, 764, 766, 769, 772, 788 

Fern, as weather charm 623,628 

Fern-fronds 4S2, 533, 536, 538, 555, 586 

used in steaming 257 

Fern-roots— 

belief regarding 524 

cleaning of 518 

digging of 195, 196, 616 

eaten with salmon-spawn 343 

eating of 523 

not dug by young women 616 

preparation of 524 

steaming of 517 

with salmon-spawn 342 

preparation of 526 

used as medicine 527 

Fire— 

for heating stones. ... 72, 87, 105, 164, 265, 276, 282 

produced by magic 745-746 

put out with blankets 774 

Fire-dance 738, 739 

Firetongs 335 

Firewood 762 

Fish— 

cutting-board for 225 

See also Codfish; Devil-fish; Dog-fish; 
Flounders; Halibut; Kelp fish; Perch; 
Salmon. 

Fish bones, thrown into fire 411 

Fish knives 242 

locked in roasting tongs 306 

Fish soup, eaten after meat 412 

Fish trap 182, 183 

success of 613 

Fisherman, successful, how made 698 

Fishing 178-184 

Fishing line 179 

Fishing places, hereditary 223 

quarrels over 224 



Page. 

Fishing-tackle , for flounders 157 

Flounders u ; 12! 

boiling whole 115 1 1 7 

catching of 178,413 in 

cutting of 415 

eaten with spoons 417 

steamed 41S-121 

Fog , gathered by mother of twins 632 

Food— 

as marriage gift 777 

gathering of 184-222 

of head-chief 275, 2S9 

of poor people 275,488 

preservation of 223-304 

taken home from feast 370, 

435,480,514,524,642,557 

Food-mat 307,311, 312,318, 321, 326,328,331. 

334, 337, 344, 349, 356, 357, 359, 362, 363, 
369, 371, 379, 3S5, 391, 392, 399, 425, 515 

Fort Rupert 742 

Four, the ceremonial number 620,623, 

626, 627, 630, 633, 634, 635, 636, 639, 
640,645,646,650,653,66S,>i.;>.i,7.;!l 

cauterizing in four places 696 

circuit around four houses 684 

four cries 758,765 

four dancers 767, 772, 77:; 

four days 499,329,481,679,685,709,735 

four guests 396 

four invitations 763, 752 

four kinds of food 705,718 

four messengers 561, 734, 749, 770 

four months 670,680 

four mouthfuls of water 7ix> 

four pieces of food 700 

four persons bury twins 687 

four purifications 701 

four songs 369, 789 

* sacrifice in four pieces 703 

taboos for four years 685 

time-beating four times 720 

Frame— 

for drying berries 167 

for steaming cinquefoil-roois.. 535,536,539,542 

Fuel, driftwood used for 181,256,281,287,296 

Garden-bed 1S6, 187, 1S9, 190, 191 

Ghost, child of 712 

Ghost country 7H>-713 

Ghost village 714 

Ghosts 727 

attracted by yawning 711 

do not hear shouts 71 1 

materials used by 711 

Gift, given in return for feast 766 

Girl, maturing, belief regarding 700 

Goat-hunting 173 

Gooseberries— 

picking of 221 

preparation of 597 

Gooseberry jam 598-599 

Great-inventor 622,62 

Grizzly-bear dish 756 

Guests — 

led by hostess 332 

served according to rank 321 

speeches of 334 



Gwa s ye— Page. 

cinquefoil roots at 190 

clover growing at 188 

crabapples in 213 

Gwane— 

dog-salmon in river of 223 

salmon in river of 231 

i:\v\mia (sun-dried salmon)... 350 

Hair, child's, singeing of (i.n,C7l 

llAM: . I 1 I T1XG OF— 

after death 7119 

maturing girl 7111 

mother of infant 655 

sign of mourning 603 

smybolic of throat-cutting 709 

Hair-line 158 

for fishhooks 179 

Hair-rofe 064 

Halibut— 

apron 21s 

beliefs concerning 247 

blistered ball-dried 363 

1 11 tiled dried 364 

bones gathered after meal 358 

bones thrown into water 246 

cutting of 240-250 

dried 360 

dried apron 248 

dried fins of 248 

dried head of 248 

dried stomach 248 

dried tail of 248 

drying of 249-251 

eaten with seal blubber 463 

edges, boiled 368 

edges, Newettee name of 379 

edges, roasted 370 

fins, boiled 247 

fins, soaked dried 375 

first of season 247 

head dried 371 

heads and backbone, fresh 357 

intestines 245, 247 

middle piece of 378 

preserving 241-252 

ribs of 24S 

rough edges of 248 

skin and meat 36I 

skin, poked 367 

skin, scorched 365 

soaked in cam e 271,272,275 

spawn 377, 378 

stomach, dried, boiled, and soaked 373 

tips 359 

treatment of stomach when fresh 245 

Hammer 267, 270 

Ham M er-STONE 506, 510 

Hat 208 

Head, of child, deformation of 657 

658,662,663,66-1,665,666 

Head-chief, food of 

Head-rings, of red cedar-bark 721 

used in twin ceremonial 6S2, 692 

Head-shaman, use of term 728 

Heart, of seal 455, 157 

Hellebore root, blue— 

used as a charm 175, 608, 636 

used for washing 704 



Page. 

Hi mi 01 K-BRANCHES 162, 1S4, 4411, 414, 461, 177 

for purification 74.". 

ring of. for shaman 725-727 

used in oven 518 

Hemlock-tree 151, 152, 154, 155, 159, 165 

Herring spawn 254 

eating of 425 

fresh, on cedar branches - . . 422 

gathering of 184, 255 

h 1 1 [-soaked 424 

soaked 422 

with kelp 126 

with salmon-berry shoots 428 

Hook— 

for devilfish 151-152 

for picking elderberries 155 

Horn— 

bending of 103, 104, 10S 

hardening of. with tallow 108 

polishing of 104,108 

steaming of 103, 105, 107 

Horn spoons 570 

making of 102 108 

El ikse-clam, shell o( 197, 261, 27 1 . 278, 279, 292 

House of root-digger, prayer lo 618 

ll.ii 9E-MSHES 756,757,761,762,764,769,771 

Huckleberries- 

boiled 296 

cleaning of 580, 582 

mashed 581 

mixed with salmon spawn 298 

picking of 209 

Huckleberrv feast 754 

Hunter— 

killed by grizzly bear 742-743 

notice of departure 637, 642 

taboos of 639, 641 

taboos of wife 637 

Hunting 171 178 

Industries 57-172 

Infant— 

head-cover for 66". 

treatment of 656-699 

Initiation 733, 742 

return from 738 

INTESTINES OF SEAL 453,454,455,457 

In v ITATION 320, 382, 3S3, 384, 490, 503, 528, 

537, 570, 581, 752, 755, 762, 763, 770 

during ceremonial season 752 

during secular season 752 

to breakfast 32S 

to eat roasted salmon 307, 310 

to feast 329, 330, 427, 561, 565 

to feast, return of 439 

tomeal 356,365 

Jealousy, lack of 640 

Jump-line 141,142 

KIai.moi.ki.ana a 733 

Kelp— 

used in weather charm 629 

with herring spawn 426 

Kelp-bottle 310, 574, 657 

for tallow 431 

Kelp-fish 393-409 

broiled dry 402 

' cutting of 397,403,405 



Kelp-fish Continued. Page. 

eyes of 395 

fishing for 181 

gills and stomach boiled 405 

roasted 40S 

split 403 

wind-dried 400 

Killerwhale— 

soul of hunter goes to 727 

dish 750 

village, home of souls after death 714 

Kidney-fat, of mountain goat 429 

Kidneys, of seal 453, 454, 455, 457 

Knife, mussel-shell 398 

Knight Inlet 323,443,509 

cinquefoil roots at 190 

clover growing in 188 

crabapplesin 213 

lupines in 198 

olachen in 299 

qotlxole berries at 218 

Viburnum berries in 216,586 

Koskimo— 

cradles of 672 

deformation of head among 071 

manner of cooking perch 411 

manner of eating salmon 310 

means of having children among. 044 

weather charm of 630 

Kwakiutl— 

chitons not eaten by 483 

cradling of infant 660 

deformation of head among 670 

manner of cooking perch 411 

shaman of 728 

weather charm of 630 

Ladle 25S. 259, 26J , 270, 277, 292, 301 , 

333,337,339,340,341,357,362,757 

Land-otter, as weather charm 626,628 

Leaves, used in oven 7.1 S 

Lily-bulbs— 

boiled 563 

digging of 201 

feast of 560 

Lives of seal 453,454,455,457 

Lizard as charm 045, 640 

Long-life giver 737 

Long life maker 706,707 

Lungs of seal 455, 457 

Lupine-roots— 

boiled 550 

digging of 198 

catenraw 199 

effect of eating 199, 551 

steamed 552 

MaAmtag-ila— 

names and crests of the 785 

sea-gull, ancestor of 786 

Marriage— 

debt, payment of 777, 779 

gifts 432, 777 

out of the tribe 782 

Mast 99, 100 

Mast-dole 101 

Mat— 

cedar-hark 125,405 

for seat 307 



Mat-maker, means of making a chili a suc- 
cessful . i 

Mats 202,203,221,240,251, 254,256, 264,' 

spread before guests : 

Maturity i 

M ituring girl, dress of 

Medicine, experts in i 

Menstruation 521,1 

beliefs regarding effect of.... . 608,719,733,' 

Messengers 427,751,' 

Midwife 050, i 

pay of i 

Mortar box : 

Mosquitoes, protection against, by tallow... 
Mountain-goat— 

butchering of 428, 

fat of < 

kidney fat of 

meat, boiled 437, 

meat, cooking of 

meat, roasted 

meat, steamed 

plucking of wool of 

stomach-fat of 

wool of G I 561 ■ 1,663 I 

Mourning, hair cut as sign of I 

Mussels— 

gathering of 

used for bait 

Mussel-shell, knife of : 

Nak!wax-da £ x" 666,718,733,734,738 739 ' 

Name, acquisition of, not belonging to family. ' 

change of 

family ' 

family, not given away 

given a fter feast ■ • 

given in marriage 777,' 

given in whale-feast 

marriage-names put away ; 

of chief \ 

of new-born infant t 

of ten-months-old child f 

potlatch ' 

Names and crests of the Maamtagila .. ' 

Naming of twins 684, 1 

Navel-string 652,655. f 

oftwinsused for magical purposes G97-' 

used for magical purposes 696, ( 

Neck of child sh\ped f 

Neck rings, of red cedar bark, for shaman . . 

Net, for sea-eggs 

Netting-measure 

Netting-needle 

Nettle-bark 

for cauterizing ( 

Newettee— 

Chiton eaten by 

whale flensing among . 

Nimkish River, cinquefoil roots at 

Nimkish tribe, preservation of dog-salmon 



by. 



salmon catching by. 
Nose-ornaments 



75052—21—35 eth— pt 1- 



Novice— Page. 

brought back by wolves 741,745 

capture of 738, 717 

N'i'mwm 221,390, 

597,399, 100, 126,437, 159,472,483, 19 I [92, 193, 
513,528,55 i,5R5, 566 575, 582, 592, GOO, 611 , 680, 
683, B£9, 718,742, 753,755, 756,757, 758,759 760, 
766, 768,769,770,771,772,778,781,784, 788, 789 

ancestor of 734 

disli for 59 

Number, ceremonial— 

eight days, interval of 670 

sixteen days, interval of 738 

ten years, period of 741 

Sec also Four, the ceremonial number; 
eight: sixteen: ten. 

Ocher 624, 630, 635 

for painting twins 673,674,681,685.1 57,592 

red, given to new-born child 652 

Octopus, used as charm to facilitate child- 
birth 649 651 

Oil— 

boiled with salmon 322 

drunk from ladles 7fll 

eaten with salmon 310, 311, 314, 316, 323 

feast of 755, . 87 

mixed with water 301 

of silver perch 666,704 

rubbed on body 666,704 

oil-box 756 

for preserved crabapples 2S9 

for preserved qotlxote 292 

for preserved viburnum berries 283,302 

making of 82-92 

measurements of 83 

< >ii,-i. isn 310,311,312,313,315,317,318,319,321, 

123 124 126 127 147 151 360 363 365,379,400, 
125, 128,51 I, 523, 525,532, 13,549 I 571 

Olachen, fishing of 198 

i ' lath en net (.77 

Ornaments 77^ 

Oven 144,519,520,521,587 591 

Owls, souls of common people become 727 

Paint— 

black 58 94 95 

mixed with salmon-spawn 236 

Tainting £ ;i ■ 

of twins and their parents 679 

Patient, arrangement of room for 734 

! \-, of midwife 670 

Pay of twins' mother 670 

Payment— 

dependent on rank of debtor. 731 

for cauterizing 696 

Pegs 74 75,88,90 

Perch ti h . 

cutting of 410 

fishing of 183 

Koskimo manner of cooking 411 

Kwakiutl manner of cooking 411 

ted 413 

trap for 159 

Perch-oil 633,657,666,070,671,679 4 

for mixing paint 94 

polishing wood with 14S 



Page. 

Peucedanum seeds, used as a charm 175, 608 

Pin, of yew-wood, for blanket 118 

riNE 143, 181, 398 

PtNEWOOD TONGS 229 

Polishing horn 104 jog 

Porpoise— 

butchering of 446 

distribution of 750 

head and tail given to steersman 447 

intestines of, thrown into sea 447 

names of parts of body 4.M1 

preparation of 445 

POTLATCB 092,784 

after payment of marriage debt 779 

Prayer— 

to cedar tree 019 

t0 chi >d 068-669 

toerab , 

to dog salmon 009 

to house of root digger 618 

to silver salmon til 1 

to Spirit of Fire 705,706 

to stones used for heating water 656-667 

to tree to be felled 617 618 

to twin 

to weather 636 

Princess 7 - ; 

Privileges 

Prying-stick 1 S1 , 

Prororo .-.213,210 

Purification 085 745 

QIa'neqe-' LAK'i, creates deer, reference to. . . 398 
Q6t!xole— 

eaten fresh with oil 290 

kept in boxes 291 

picking of 218 

preserved in oil 291 

Qi ahum,, between husband and wife 742 

Rack— 

for drying m,23S 

for holding baskets • 171 

ItANK .'.'.'.'.. 405 

of tribes 7«;o 

Rattle 72 1,723 

Raven, cries of, as signs G0 t ; 

Recipes HI 

Rinsing of mouth 311,312,313,314, 

319,321,329,331,347,351,352,350,302, 
364,367,486,487,504,510,51 

Rival chiefs 4 )(l — :J 

invited to feast ' 437 

Rivalry 751,768,787 

Roasting on hot stones 345 

Roasting-TONGS 241, 370, 371, 390, 398 

Roof, pulled down after death 709 

Room, for mother of twins 076-678 

Roots, preservation of lg8 

Rope, cedar bark 75,76,90,100,141 

Sacred room 

, . 748 

of novice ~, s 

Sacred songs 736,737,738,739,740,745 

of shaman 70S, 722 726 

Sacrifice— 

after death 70g 

of clothing 70 - 

of food 705 



Page. 



Sacrifice— Continued. 

to souls 

t" ^I'lril (if Fire ' -™ 

Sail- '"" 

mat - 100 

wooden „- 

Sai.ai.-derries— 

cooking of „,. 

dish for ~ 59 

inferior quality 2 09 

pi;king cf . . ^1. 

preparation of 7^0 -, n 

preservation of 204-2C9 

""' '.'.....'.... 571 

wi I h elderberries, long strips of 209 

with mashed currants 577 

sai.ai.-berry cakes 509 594 

Salmon— 

blistered 30 q 

b °' M m 

bones of, thrown into sea 393 

carried up by women 2 24 

cheeks 329 

1 old roasted 312 

eaten with seal-blubber : 4Q3 



fins and (ails. 



327-329 

fresh dried 3 , - 

^"•' : ?i; 

guts, boiled 355 

middle part of. soaked 324 

inusli made of 322 

old, dried 3 ,- 

"Id, roasted 313 

preserved brittle ' 310 

preserved in cellars 217 322 

refuse of, thrown into river '304 

roasted r>s4 

roasted, eaten after elderberries. 509 

scorched 3og 

c 'id, dried 52g 

soaked backbones, boiled or blistered.. 325 320 

soaked green 3Ig _-.,,, 

split backs 305 

sun-drisdi wasilc) 35u 

See aim Dog-salmon; Silver-salmon; 
Sockeye- salmon. 
Salmon-berry— 

feast 760 

picking of 2U 

shoots, with herring-spawn 428 

sprouts with salmon-spawn 342 343 

- ilmoni "UNtry, souls of twins go to '727 

- W MnN-HEADS— 

boiled o QC 

, , •"6 

fresn 331 

mush of, boiled 33 g 

1 red 332 

steamed 334 

Salmon-spawn— 

chewed by painter 343 

cla - vc >' 340 

fur restoring voice : 342 

milk >' '.'. 339 

roasted 3 . , 

sticky 343 

with fern-roots 342 343 

with huckleberries '293 

with paint 236 



I\ 



Salmon-spawn— Continued. Page. 

with salmon-berry sprouts 342, 143 

with seaweed 516 

Salmon village, abode of souls 714 

Sandstones— 

for grinding berry-cakes 267 

for rubbing down born 103, 109, 127, 1 14, 157 

for sawing 109 

Sawing with sandstone 109 

Scarlet berries 300 

Sea-eggs— 

blue, beliefs regarding I ■ 7 

blue, gathering of 498 

boiled 491 

eating of, terms for 489 

flat, eaten raw 494 

flat, gathering of 494,495 

flat, males not eaten raw 496 

flat, males roasted 196 

flat, picked oil" rocks 

for bait 182 

gathering of 488 

males not eaten raw 489 

males roasted 490 

net for 163 

protected against spirits by firebrands. . . 014 

raw 

raw and roasted 4S8 

roasted 496 

spear for 154 

spearing of 182 

Sea-lion, hide of, used 1" make bag 109 

Sea-lion dish 756 

Sea milkwort— 

digging of 194 

effect of eating 559 

preparation of 557 

Sea monsters, charms against " IS 

Sea-slugs— 

baked....: 180 

boiled 175 

catching of 17", 176 

eaten in winter only 478 

roasted 179 

Seagull, ancestor of Maamtagila 7s0 

Seal-bladder, for keeping spawn 

Seal blood, soup of 450 

Seal blubber 456,458,460 

Seal dish - - 756 

Seal feast 756 

promise of 401 

Seal head— 

cooked 462 

given to steersman 462 

Seal hunter, protects implements against 

contamination 608 

Seal-meat, steamed 461 

Seal Society 753 

Sealing 174-178 

Seals— 

boiled 459 

butchering of 451 

distribution of 

insides of, cooked 455 

singeing 451 

singeing, custom regarding 607 

sleeping-rocks of 17$ 

tongue of 453,454, 455,457 



Seats— i> ng c. 

in front 788 

order of 7>.:c, 77 1 

Seaweed— 

boiled 514 

curing of 292-290 

gathering ul 185 

powdered 290, 515 

treated with chiton soup 293 

used in oven 519 

with clams 516 

witii salmon-spawn 510 

Secular season 7"i 

Serpent dish, double-headed 756 

Sewing of wood 77,88,93 

Sexual intercourse, effect of 719 

Shaman 707,71 1,734 

as assistant of girl 700 

goes to meet Supernatural Power 707 

payment of 723,730,731,741 

procedure of 725 ,729-733 

sacred song of 7ns 

sucking body of patient 732 

supernatural power of 7_*4 

taboos of 711 

women as assistants of 71 s 

Shamanism 7 1 8 , 72s 

Shell spoon 279 

Sickness— 

signs of 61 I 604 

urine protection against 668 

Spins 603 606 

1 lody feelings as 603-605 

cries of raven as 606 

ofdeath 603-604,605,707 708 

of eating all 007 

of recovery from sickness 707 

ofsickness 603 604 

of success in hunting 605,642 

of success of fish-trap 613 

of visitor coming 005 

of weather 605 

Silver perch, oil of— 

for annointing body 704 

for head of child 

SUV ER-SALMON 210, 348 

boiled 353 

first caught, treatment of 610 

roasted 24 1 

spawn 237 

spawn of, boiled 345 

spawn of, with fern-roots 523 

Sinew, for tying 158 

Singeing of seal 451 

Singers, place in house of 72 i 

Singing before meals 3-50 

Sdnging-m asters 342 

Skunk-cabbage 208, 

257,258,260,268 271 275,276,278,444, 
161, 182, 53 I, " . 

for use in oven 335 

Sleeping-rocks of seals 178 

Snail as weather charm 

Snake tail as charm, used in childbirth 

Snare for goat-hunting 173-174 

Snow, symbolized by eagle down 633 



Page. 

Soaking-box 324, 327, 329, 3 16.352 

Soaking dried meat in canoe 433 

Social customs 750 794 

Social position and marriage laws.... 776-787 

s00keyf.-sai.m0n 238,346 

name of 612 

old 239 

spawn 237 

S MON'S EiL. BOO 

Son-in-law, substitute for 432, 433 

Song-leader 769 

Songs 369,737,741,776 

for feast 

for winter-ceremonial 342 

order of 772 

sacred 73\ 737, 738, 739, 7 10, 745 

sacred, of shaman 708,722,726 

Soul 70S. 713, 7:tn 

abode of 727 

abode of, alter death M 

comes to sacrifice 722 

invisible 713 

leaves body - ■ 724 

leaves bo I] af night 715 

like shadow 728 

like smoke 728 

of sea-hunters 71 ~> 

out of place 72"i 

recovered by shaman Vis 

restored to sick person 722 723 

seat of, nn tin 1 head 717 

similar to shadow 717 

size of 724 

Spade, for digging lily-bulbs 144 

Sparrow Society 560 

chief of 72s 

Spawn. See Herring; Salmon: Dpg-salmon; 
Silver-salmon; Soekeye-salmon. 

Speaker 753, 757, 765, 77 1 , 7S7, 78S 

Speaker of Chief 400 

Speaker of house 342 

Speaking-posts 785 

Spear— 

for flounders 157 

for sea-eggs 154 

Speeches delivered in feasts 788 793 

Spirit of Fire 70"> 

feeding of 774 

Spirits— 

cure by 730 

frightened by firebrands 014 

frightened by painted face 615 

Spirits of woods 733 

Spits— 

for eating 492, 503 

for roasting 482 

Spoon-baskets 238,756 

SPOONS 330, 345, 349, 358,368, 407 

as marriage gifts 777 

of horn 570 

horn, making of 102-108 

Spruce-root 107, 111, 116, 118 

Si \ . ; 1 \' i ; 

for drying roots 166 

for winter provisions 194 



Star-fish as weather charm 030 

Steaming — Page. 

halibut 246 

horn 103, 107 

in pit 257-259 

on red-hot stones 335 

wood 71 71,^ 90,94 

STEAMLNG-BOX 255, 283, 288, 291 , 297,528 

Steersman, payment of 463 

Stirring-paddle 298 

Stomach of seal 453,454,455 

Stomach-fat of mountain-goat 432 

Stone-hammer 578, 5S8, 5^4,595 

Stones— 

hot, for cooking food 244, 

264,277,300,335,418-419,439,481,553 

hot, for steaming 258, 501 

hot, for steaming wood or horn. . . 71,87,94, 105 

Sck.t of mountain-goat 429 ' 

Summer-seat :t in, 74 1 

Supernatural power 747 

■• m: words 793-794 

Sweat bath 702 

I \ Bl in 

linn i for sick people 710 

of canoe-builder 615 

of hunter 039 

of hunter's wife 037 

of husband of pregnant woman 049 

of parents of twins 673,085 

i il 521,522,615,639 641,741 

Tallow 035 

> 11. of 429-430 

lor hardening horn or wood 108, 

144,146,148,150,151, 156,165 

for protection from cold 431 

for protection from mosquitoes 205 

for protection from sunl mm 43 1 

Tamer-dance 738, 739 

Time-beating 62S, 090, 720, 722, 723, 720, 739 

Toad feet as charm 049-051 

TONGS 348, 351, 352, 355, 300, 369, 374, 477 

for cleaning spruce-roots 113,116,120 

for holding cedar-bark 128, 133 

for hot stones 73,75,88, 89, 105, 107, 258 

for lifting boiled fish 315,317,318,321 

for roasting 229, 232, 234, 244, 306 

small used for eating 568 

Towels 129, 531 

white cedar bark used as 314 

Trade— 

berry cakes used in 269 

herring spawn used in 254 

Trap, for perch, measurements of 161 

Tree — 

burial 689 

felling of, custom relating to 617 

prayer to 617 

Tribes, rank of 758 

Turning around, ceremonial of 030, 708 

Twins 713 

afterbirth of 678 686 

belief regarding 713 

burial of 686 

ceremonial circuit of. 682 



Twins— Continued. Page. 

ceremonial for 692 

control of weather by 631 , 633 

cradle of '. 673 

customs regarding 674 

lolled 686 

mother of, treats new-born child 667 

name of elder brother of 681,694 

names of 684 

painted after death 6S7 

parents of, call wind 631 

parents of, feared by chiefs 689 

parents of, gather fog 632 

parents of, released from customs 690-691 

predict death 717 

room for mother of 676 678 

younger brother of 692, 694 

Unifoltum dilatatum 601 

Urine — 

for prevention against sickness 668 

for soaking cedar withes 77, 120 

for washing 461 

used in steaming canoes 94 

Viburnum berries — 

feast of - - 755 

picking of 210 

preserved in water 281 285 

preserved with oil 300 302 

price of 762 

ripe sucked 585 

steamed 586 

with water and oil 583 

Virgin performs weather ceremonial . . - 636 

Visitor coming, sign of 605 

Wadanem, leader of Sparrow society 728 

War dance 73S, 739 

Washing hands after meals 315, 

322,328,331,334,338,348,358 365 

Water of life 74S 

Weather— 

charm, mythological explanation of — 622,625 

charm, northwest wind called by 629 

charm of Koskimo 630 

charm of Kwagul 630 

charm, star fish as 630 

charms 620-637 

charms, crabs as 620, 625, 628 

controlled by twins 631 



Weather— Continued. Page. 

influenced by blue sea eggs 637 

signs 605 

Weaving of cedar bark 137,138,142 

Wedge 387,394, (91, i24 ■• I 

for marking 83 

U h \i I 461 

flensing of 464 

Whale blubber, boiled 467 

Whale feast 464 

Whale oil, trying out of 166 

Whale tail, boiled 468 

Whetstone 242 

Widow 521 

house of 604 

u end, called bymother or father of twins... ii31 
Winkles— 

gathering of 509 

preparation of 509 

Winter ceremonial 342,560,564,733,756 

clover eaten during 188 

food for 285 289, 299 

Winter dancers 342 

Winter name 786 

Witchcraft 572 

Wolf dish 756 

Wolf masks 748 

Wolves bring back novice 744-745 

Wolves restore dead hunter to life. 748 

Wolves, souls of land hunters go to 727 

Woman— 

as assistant of shaman 721 

follows husband 783 

married, visits father 783 

Wood— 

bending of 70-76, 90, 164 

hardening of, in fire 144, lis, 150 

hardening of, with tallow 144, 

146.148,150,151,156,165 

sewing of 77, 88, 93 

splitting of 168 

steamingof - 71 7!.^s 90,94 

Wool of mountain goat 600,661,662,663 

plucking of 443 

Yawning attracts goats 711 

Yellow cedar 163 

preparation of bark of 129-130 

Yew wood 144,146,149,150,154,181 



O 



v 



^ 
V 



